Industrial Revolution
New Agricultural Revolution
• Farming– *Enclosure movement
• Put small farmers off the land
• Created a labor pool
– *Improvements• Fertilize, mixed soils,
seed drill and stronger horses
• *Population Explosion– 1715-1789 in Europe
120 million to 190 million• Due to declining death
rate
• *Energy– Coal used for steam
power
20.1
Britain Leads The Way
Britain leads the way
• *Natural resources– Large supplies of coal and iron
• *Increased labor force– Pop. increase and enclosure movement
• *New technology– Enlightenment taught progress by technology
• *Economic conditions– Trade accumulated capital– Increased pop. = increased demand
• *Political & social conditions– Stable pro business government– Strong navy– Religious groups promoted hard work and thrift
HMS Victory is the only 18th Century ship of the
line still to be found anywhere in the world
20.2
Steam Engine
• Most revolutionary invention
• James Watt design the modern steam engine.
• led to many new inventions, most notably in transportation and industry
The Steam Engine
Changes in the textile industry
• Putout system too slow• *Inventions
– John Kay’s “flying shuttle” weaving
– Steam locomotive...1830 Manchester to Liverpool
– Steam boats... 1807 Robert Fulton “paddle wheeler”
• Steam freighters with iron hulls by 1880
The flying shuttle was thrown by a leaver that could be operated by one weaver.
James Hargreaves’ “spinning jenny”
1764
Enabled one person to spin 6 to 7 threads at a time.
Richard Arkwright’sWater Frame 1768
• Spinning machine that ran continuously on water power
• Developed to weave cotton textiles
Hardships of Early Industrial life
• *Urbanization....People moving to the city– The poor forced to live
in foul slums• No running water• No sanitation system• Diseases spread rapidly
Where home is a hovel, and dull we grovel,Forgetting the world is fair.
20.3
The Factory
Factory system made workers slaves to the machines
• *Rigid discipline– 12 to 16 hour shifts– Many job accidents and
safety issues
• *Women workers preferred– Adapted to machines
easier– Easier to manage– Paid them less “It is about half past five by our clock at home
when we go in....We come out at seven by the mill. We never stop to take our meals, except at dinner.”
Child labor
• *Nimble fingered, quick moving and small
• Orphans used with official permission
Leo 48 inches high, 8 years old. Picks up bobbins at 15 cents a day in Elk Cotton Mill.
The Working Class
• Protests were treated harshly
• Forbidden to form labor movements
• *Methodism spreads–Improvement through sober moral ways–Channel anger to social reform
*The New Middle Class
• Merchants, Inventors, Investors and Artisans
• Believed in Laissez Faire
• Believed the poor were lazy and/or ignorant– Should work their way up
Problems and Benefits of the Industrial Revolution
• Problems– Low Pay, Unemployment,
Dismal living conditions
• *Benefits– More new factories created
more jobs
– Wages rose , workers could buy more
– Cost of Railroad travel fell
– Wealth was spread around more than ever
New Ways of Thinking
Economics…*Laissez-faire• Free market would level out• Iron law of wages…higher wages =
bigger families = more labor = lower wages = more unemployment
Population• Would grow faster than the food supply• Did not happen and living conditions
improved
20.4
New Social Ideas
• *Utilitarian– The greatest happiness for the greatest number
of people
• *Socialism– People as a whole should own everything– Social Utopians
• Self sufficient communities modeled after socialism
• Robert Owen…built one in New Lanark, Scotland
Scientific Socialism*“Marxism”
Based on the scientific study of history by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
• The *bourgeoisie (the haves) always struggled with the *Proletariat (have nots)
• Predicted that the Proletariat would eventually win and set up a classless communistic society
Karl Marx, 1818-1883
The Communist Manifesto
• Weakness
• By 1900 the standard of living of the Proletariat improved
• Nationalism became more important than working class loyalty
The industrial Revolution Spreads
• New powers, France, Germany and United States– *Caught up to Britain fast,
Why?• Abundant supplies of coal
and iron ore• Could follow Britain’s lead
22.1
*New methods of production
• Interchangeable parts
• Assembly lineHenry Ford
The first Ford…1896
Technology and industry
• Steel ... 1856, Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron.
• Chemicals– Medicines, aspirin, perfumes, soaps, margarine
and fertilizers.– Alfred Nobel invented dynamite
• Electricity– *Edison’s light bulb illuminated whole cities
• city life quickened • factories could produce after dark
Transportation
• *Horseless carriage....Gottlieb Daimler (Auto) combined with Nikolaus Otto (internal combustion engine) 1886
1886: The first 4-wheeled automobile
• Orville and Wilbur Wright’s airplane 1903
Communications
Telegraph.... Samuel Morse…. by 1860's undersea cable
Telegraph Receiver
June 25, 1876
Centennial Exhibition
Philadelphia
Telephone...Alexander Bell....1890's
Radio....Guglielmo Marconi....1901
New directions for Business
• *Monopolies or cartels....Controlled entire industries– Fixed prices, set productions
quotas, divided up markets– Standard Oil Co. of Ohio...John D.
Rockefeller• controlled oil wells, refineries, pipelines
and stations• Called “Robber Barons”
22.2
Growth of Cities
• *Population doubled between 1800 and 1900….Why?– Death rate fell– Improved farming methods– Food storage and distribution methods– Improved medical advances
Medicine• The link between germs and
diseases “germ theory” proved– *Louis Pasteur...vaccine for rabies
and pasteurization– Robert Koch identified the bacteria
that caused TB
• Hospitals– William Morton.... Anesthesia– *Florence Nightingale....sanitary
measures• First school of nursing
– Joseph Lister....antiseptics...prevent infections
The New City
Life in the cities
• Settlement shifts–Urban renewal...replacing medieval planning
•Rich built nice neighborhoods on the edges•Poor crowded into slums near the factories
–High crime rates, alcoholism–Improved slowly
–*Developed sidewalks, sewers and skyscrapers
–Had music halls, parks, museums, education and more
Working class struggles
Reforms• Mutual-aid societies to help sick or injured
workers• All men could vote• Right to organize unions• *Passed laws regulating conditions in
factories and mines– outlawed child labor– 8 hour work day– disability insurance
Changing attitudes
*Social order changes• Upper class....old nobility plus super-
rich industrial and business families• High middle class....mid-level
businessmen and professionals• Lower middle class....low-level
businessmen and professionals• Low class....workers and peasants
22.3
Changing Values• Social code
– Children are to be seen but not heard– Marriage for love and profit– Cult of domesticity...”home sweet
home”
• *Women’s rights– Broke professional and educational
barriers– Suffrage faced intense opposition
• women too emotional• should be protected from grubby politics
• Universities expanded
New science of geology stirred religious debate
• 1856...Neanderthal man discovered
This reconstruction depicts the adult male Neanderthal unearthed at the Amud cave site in Israel, who lived more than 50,000 years ago.
Darwinism…. all forms of life evolved over millions of years
• Natural selection....the strong survive
• *Social Darwinism– Applies natural selection
to war and economics– Encourages racism
• *Social Gospel....urged Christians to do social service– Salvation Army..1878
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Published in 1859
Charles Darwin
Changes in the arts
• *Romanticism...sought to excite strong emotions
• Bold artwork, romantically disturbed heroes and strong composers– The orchestra took
shape in the early 1800's– Beethoven...strong
emotional symphonies
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827)
22.4
Realism verses Photography• Realism...represent the
world as it was• 1840's....photography
created a new art form that was very realistic
Claude Monet
Taken in 1839
• *Gives rise to impressionists–Painters did not blend brush strokes
Into The 1900’s
The End
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