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TranslationMemoryTools............................................................................................................................26
Terminology M anagement....................................................................................................................................26
Aut om ate d T ran slation .........................................................................................................................................27
Controlled Authoring ............................................................................................................................................27
TRANSACTIONCOSTS ...............................................................................................................................................27
OTHERCOS
TS...........................................................................................................................................................29AvoidableCosts ...............................................................................................................................................29
LostorDelayedRevenueOpportunities....................................................................................................29
ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................................................................30
POTENTIAL FOR ROI..................................................................................................................................................30
SAMPLECOMPANYABC............................................................................................................................................30
QuantifyReducedTranslation Costs from Improved TM Leveraging.....................................................31
Monthly cost after Translation Management System implementation ....................................................32
Estimation of the Potential Increase in Leveraging Efficiency ............................................................................32
Quantify Saved User Time from Transaction Automation ..................................................................................32
Estimation of Potential Transaction Time Saved ................................................................................................33Quanti fy Oth er R educed Costs ............................................................................................................................33
Estimation of Other Reduced Costs.....................................................................................................................34
Sum ma ry of Proje cted Cos t Savings for Company ABC .......................................................................................34
Implementation Process Overview......................................................................................................................35
Estim ation of Implem entation Cost s ...................................................................................................................36
Summary of Implementation Costs.....................................................................................................................37
Estimation of the Software License Fee and Ongoing Costs ...............................................................................37
Ca lcula ting ROI ....................................................................................................................................................37
Company ABC Projected Monthly Benefits .........................................................................................................38
FINDINGS ...........................................................................................................................................................40
STRATEGICBUSINESSADVANTAGES.........................................................................................................................40
ADVANCED ENTERPRISE TRANSLATION SOLUTION...............................................................................................................41
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................42
RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................................................................43
BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................................................44
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Letter of Transmittal
June 30, 2013
Zahiruddin Mohammad Babar
Course Coordinator
Department of Management Information Systems
University of Dhaka
Subject:Submission of the report onTranslation Management Systems
Dear Sir,
In compliance with the fulfillment of the requirements on the subject Networking:
Telecommunications, Corporate & Social, I would like to present the report entitled
Translation Management Systems, in accordance with your instructions.
The main purpose of the document is to analyze the process and benefits of Translation
Management Systems (TMS). The report is intended to increase the knowledge and
understanding on the descriptive knowledge of TMS. This will also help understand how to
successfully implement TMS in an organization in order to increase organizations overall
productivity.
I hope that this report will meet your approval.
Sincerely Yours-
Bidhan Nath
ID: 03-011
MBA 3rd
Batch
Department of MIS
University of Dhaka
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Executive Summary
Most organizations have already tackled Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer
Relationship Management (CRM), sales force automation, even Supplier Relationship
Management (SRM) and got email and data storage secure and compliant, so what's next? An
overlooked business process that is crying out for central control and automation is Localization
which is performed through Translation Management Systems or TMS. By implementing TMS
organizations will be able to drive efficiency and productivity to increase customer satisfaction
and drive revenue growth. A Translation Management System (TMS) manages the flow of
global content through the localization process, including translation, the sharing of linguistic
data and the application of reusable content via workflow automation according to business rulesand project information held in its knowledge base. Translation management technology
automates the translation process, centralizes linguistic assets and enables collaboration across
the entire translation supply chain.
Translation Management Systems or TMS incurs cost to the organization like: localization cost,
transaction cost etc. But on the other hand it provides many benefits to the organization.
Implementing a Translation Management System can help companies reduce localization costs,
reduce time to market and improve translation quality. Other key benefits of using such
translation management systems include: increase in translation throughput leading to faster
delivery of information and generation of increased revenue. Being web-based ensures faster
returns on investment. Real-time reporting systems ensure greater visibility across the translation
process.
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IntroductionThe growth of every business is denoted by its growing range of products and services,
expansion into new markets and the range of communication channels. However, to be
competitive in the constantly expanding global marketplace, enterprises need to attract new
customers. In todays changing business environment, enterprises face the challenge of
managing high-quality multilingual content for their products and services, which would give
them faster time-to-market. Further, with the linguistic landscape of the World Wide Web
changing, enterprises with their footprints on the web also needs to make their website
compatible and localized to regional languages. The initiative taken by the enterprises to
translate content into multilingual format ensures global communication and also empowers
enterprises to take decisions and facilitate commercial transactions. The need for a translationmanagement solutions that can provide for instant translation have led leading service providers
to design and develop translation management systems that can not only reduce the translation
costs but can also ensure product information is available across the web in shorter time period.
Translation Management systems manages the flow of information by localizing, translating and
sharing of data and application through an automation work flow and ensures that the content is
ready for a global audience. Other key benefits of using such translation management systems
include: Increase in translation throughput leading to faster delivery of information and
generation of increased revenue. The centralized translation memory and dictionaries ensures
improved quality and consistency in translation to achieve maximum leverage of previously
translated content. Being web-based ensures faster returns on investment. Real-time reporting
systems ensure greater visibility across the translation process. Made up of content repository,
work flow environment and centralized linguistic data, the process includes translation, vendor
selection, work distribution, project administration, production, publishing, delivery and
archiving. Besides offering a secure communication over Internet, this also allows collaboration
between globally spread teams. The translation management system streamlines and localizes the
entire supply chain by unifying people, process and technology. Translation management system
enables complete control over terminology and provides a centralized access to most of the
approved terms paving way for a faster global market penetration.
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Translation Management System
Translation Management System or TMS is a holistic system that manages the project
information, process workflow, and language assets required for large-scale translation activity.
Using proven database, workflow and integration standards and technologies, translation
management integrates the separate people, content systems and language assets involved in the
translation process from across an organization as well as different suppliers. Translation
management incorporates project management capabilities in addition to workflow, ties into
translation memory and translator tools, and stores information about individual translation
resources. A Translation Management System (TMS) manages the flow of global content
through the localization process, including translation, the sharing of linguistic data and theapplication of reusable content via workflow automation according to business rules and project
information held in its knowledge base. Information is tracked through every step in the
translation process whether using internal or external resources. A Translation Management
System or TMS in short, is a complete system for managing translation activities (SDL
corporation). Translation Management Systems typically include the following components:
Project Management
Translation Memory Management
Workflow Management
Cost Management
A TMS replaces the traditional translation process where a project manager manually handles
file exchange between the translator, editor, proof reader and other stakeholders of the translation
workflow that a company uses. Instead of the manual exchange, the TMS system handles all
communication and keeps a centralized Translation Memory which eliminates the manual
maintenance needs and therefore reduces costs and room for error. Most Translation
Management Systems also offer an integrated CAT (Computer Assisted Translation)
environment which eliminates the need for linguists to employ their own tools.
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Rather than dealing with globalization (a particularly vague term for many people anyway), these
systems focus on one major consequence of going globalthe need to manage multiple streams
of foreign-language content at a website, in a publishing system, for marketing collateral, or in a
call center. Unlike average CMS, these solutions have been optimized around three core
technologies:
Translation technology:
Not surprisingly, at the heart of most of these TMS solutions is an integrated translation
memory server for storing and leveraging previously translated content. Plugging into
that backbone will be some web-top translation tools that improve translator productivity
and mark-up tools for reviewing foreign-language content in its context.
Process management:
Most CMS products focus on getting documents or web pages into the system, edited,
formatted and then displayed. TMS systems insert themselves into that workflow, adding
the ability to send streams of dependent translations through that same workflow and
diverting them to various translation tools when appropriate. The TMS initiates
processes, tracks the status of these multiple streams of content, and sends notifications.
These systems usually include threaded discussions, calendars, task lists, and other
collaboration aids for content creators, editors, translators, and reviewers.
Business management:
Global deployments add collaborators to a CMS project. The TMS adds project
management for translation-specific tasks, resource and vendor management for
capturing information about translator or agency rates and availability, and reporting
capabilities that integrate with financial systems like QuickBooks for invoicing and order
tracking.
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CxO Strategy - The Next Big Win:
Localization
Most organizations have already tackled Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer
Relationship Management (CRM), sales force automation, even Supplier Relationship
Management (SRM) and got email and data storage secure and compliant, so what's next? An
overlooked business process that is crying out for central control and automation is Localization.
Fix it and organizations will drive efficiency and productivity to increase customer satisfaction
and drive revenue growth. The proof exists as other global organizations like HP, Philips and
Avaya have done just that -- reducing costs by 50%, increasing efficiencies by 30+% and
accelerating time-to-market by up to 50%.
Targets for GrowthMany organizations are targeting growth through expansion into new and expanding markets
around the globe. Companies spend between one-quarter of 1 percent and 2.5 percent of their
non-U.S., non- Anglophone-market revenue per year to localize products for six to ten markets.
(Common Sense Advisory, 2005)
Using Fortune 500 companies as an example, in 2009 this equates to a minimum localization
spend between $2.41m and $794.7m per year. Applying this across all Fortune 500 companies
indicates an average annual spend of around $100m per company. With volumes of content
experiencing exponential growth and multiplying communication channels, localization costs
and complexity will continue to increase making it a key area for reduction and centralization
before it spirals out of control. (SDL PLC, 2011)
The Problem
Overcoming the multi-lingual content challenge is the key to future global business. Getting it
right, generates new business in untapped global markets, improves customer satisfaction, and
gains a competitive advantage in the global marketplace.but organizations first need to
understand where they are starting from.
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Organization should answer these questions:
How much content does your organization translate?
What types of content are translated?
What are the foreign languages you support?
Who is responsible for these translations?
Do they align with corporate messaging and reinforce the global brand?
Which departments, divisions and regions are translating?
How much do each and all the translations cost?
How did we end up here?
Typically within an organization, translation starts as a small project in a single department,
working with a lone translator on a single type of content, like product manuals. Then translation
expands. Marketing translates brochures. Support translates frequently asked questions. More
and more departments translate, working with many different suppliers on multiple types of
content in many languages. From research and development, manufacturing to marketing and
sales, through to customer service and support, content expands further from product manuals
and brochures to annual reports and websites. Suddenly translation is everywhere.
Given the variety of global content being created and translated at an ever increasing rate,
marketing becomes concerned that corporate branding and customer experience is inconsistent
across the organization. In an increasingly global market, customer experience needs to be as
close to identical as possible no matter where they are located. The problem is, for one reason or
another, the process is not centralized and theres little to no leverage across departments. The
costs are likely hidden in departmental budgets so nobody has visibility of the whole and
consistency across all translated content is a harder thing to achieve. Furthermore, with
increasing content volumes and proliferating delivery channels, translation costs are rapidly
increasing and directly impacting profits.
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The Obvious Opportunity
How big is the market opportunity for your organization if you market and sell your
products? Using English language materials in France, compared to using French language
materials?
According to research by Common Sense Advisory, at most an organization can reach only 30%
of a market if it approaches it in non-native language.
In fast moving and competitive markets, getting a new product to market quickly increases the
revenue opportunity before competition enters the market. If organizations could reduce time-to-
market and simultaneously ship localized products into multiple regions how much more revenue
could they achieve?
This approach is one way to build business case and ROI model for tackling the issue of
translation in your business. Of course organizations will also be looking to control costs. To
reach broader audiences, global marketers must make localization a priority (Bellisent, 2000).
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The Solution
Commercially proven translation process automation systems, called Translation Management
Systems, have been available for over a decade, often handling millions (even billions) of wordsof translation per year.
They deliver results across three key areas:
Automating Processes by eliminating the many manual steps in the translation process.
Insuring an efficient, reliable and repeatable process while controlling costs and providing
visibility across all projects.
Centralizing translation assets. By creating a central database of existing translations andterminology the costs of translation can be reduced by re-using existing translations and
corporate branding is enforced across all translated content.
Collaboration between translation managers,
More efficient Global Information Management, including automated processes for managing
the content lifecycle, better content and translation leverage, and improved localization quality
lead to measurable cost savings (Global Information Management, 2007). Implementing TMS
technology reduced translation overhead by 85% and costs by 35%. It also facilitated the
simultaneous launch of web catalogues in 57 countries, translated to 35+ languages to support
Philips sense and simplicity (Gilbane Group, Inc. , 2008). Additionally, through integration with
other business systems like content management and web content management systems the
delivery of multi-lingual content can be a seamless part ofan organizations business.
Translation Management Systems (TMS) are a key part of a global content and language strategy
called Global Information Management. This strategy is essential to help an organization
engages with its customers; form brand awareness, to sales and after-sales support across
languages, cultures and channels. Having a strategy is essential but the ability to execute is often
when reality bites and the strategy fails. Translation Management Systems are proven technology
with many organizations choosing to deploy hosted or cloud-based solutions over the past
decade.
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What Can Be Achieved?
So whats the reality then? Translation management has genuinely delivered the following
results for global companies:
Reducing translation costs by 35%
Increased translation management process efficiency by 30% or more
50% faster time-to-market
Where do should Organization Start?
If an organization thinks that it has a problem, heres a suggested starting point in quest to regaincontrol:
1. How big is the problem? Conduct a translation audit - do a quick survey in your organization
to establish which departments are translating.
2. Identify content, languages, costs so you know what you are dealing with.
3. Establish a simple business case using the numbers in this document as a basis.
Convincing Other Organizational Members
Often it can be difficult to convince others in your organization to take active interest. Here are
some reasons why they should:
CEO: There is a revenue growth opportunity
CFO: There are cost savings to be made and a growth opportunity
COO: Increasing productivity through a defined process means organization can do more with
the same team.
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CIO: Translation assets (translation memory, terminology) are your intellectual property so
organization needs to protect and control them. Then its all about efficiently managing
information in many languages across multiple channels.
CMO: Deliver brand consistency across the globe for a truly global brand. (Beninatto, November2002)
Organizations can realize benefits in the form of increased revenues, lower external localization
costs, increased productivity of internal people and processes, reduced exposure to fines
because of non-compliance, improved customer experience and improved branding /
consistency with Global Information Management. (Forrester, 2007)
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Business Benefits of Translation
Management TechnologyTranslation management technology automates the translation process, centralizes linguistic
assets and enables collaboration across the entire translation supply chain. Some most common
benefits of Translation Management Systems are discussed below:
Automates processes:
Translation throughput is increased and time-to-market reduced by automating manual
processes.
Centralizes linguistic assets:
Centralized translation memory (TM), terminology and dictionaries ensure consistency and
accuracy across enterprise.
Enables collaboration
Increased collaboration and integration between translators, departments, connected systems
and translation vendors improves cooperation and the efficiency of the translation process.
Translation Management Systems (TMS)enables a business to deliver consistency of
content and maintain branding, all from a centralized solution for managingcorporate terminology.
Centralization
TMS facilitates an organization to share and leverage organizations
terminology to createcentralized term bases from file-based terminology to
ensure that all users are sharing the mostup-to-date terms. Enables sharing of
terminology throughout thesupply chainwith the XML-basedindustry standards
TBX (TermBase, eXchange) and OLIF(Open LexiconInterchange Format).
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Customize terminology workflow and approval process
Facilitate a terminology approval process by controlling term base settings,
managing usersand defining roles and securityparameters so thatonly the right users
can add, edit, apply or viewterms.
Consistency
Ensure content isconsistent fromthestartApplypreferred terminology during
theauthoring ofcontent through Global AuthoringManagement System toensure
content isconsistent at thesource. This facilitatesthe translation process as the same
server-based terminology is used fromsource throughto translation.
Performance
TMS stream-lines the traditional translation process by sharing Terminology throughout the
translation supply chain. With a new level of server performance on common Microsoft
environments, users can reduce translation costs and achieve a lower Total Cost of
Ownership.
Bring control to any workflow
Enterprise management functionality allows control over large or small installations with
single or multiple servers via one intuitive web based interface that combines user
management with the ability to customize TM settings and language resources.
Deliver global information faster to generate increased revenues from global
markets:
TMS increases the Translation throughput and reduces time-to-market by eliminating
unnecessary steps and automating manual processes.
Improve quality and consistency
Centralized translation memory (TM), terminology and dictionaries together with automated
QA checks of TMS system ensure translations conform to quality criteria, adhere to legal
requirements and support global branding.
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Maximize leverage from global information assets
Tight integration of authoring and content management with translation assets ensures
previous translations are reused wherever possible.
Provide greater management visibility
TMS provides real-time reporting of performance metrics for continuous process
improvement.
Unifying people, process and technology
TMS manages and streamlines the entire localization supply chain of participants including
project managers, translation agencies, freelance translators, linguistic reviewers, and subject
matter experts. Traditional TMS integrates with existing authoring tools and content
management systems and manages the application of translation memory, terminology, and
automated translation. Any resource involved in the localization process, or requiring
information about its outcome, can be granted access to the system and given appropriate
roles in the workflow. Utilizing a web-based architecture and robust user-based security
ensures that everyone involved has appropriate access from wherever they are located.
Rapid return on investment
Some enterprise systems require months or years to implement. TMS, however, uses web
protocols, services and standards to enable rapid integration into enterprise information and
applications. The system is completely flexible in how it can be configured, with the software
and assets located in-house or hosted as appropriate. The option of completely outsourcing
the infrastructure, software and data enables the system to be up and running very quickly,
and the low initial outlay offered by this model leads to a rapid return on investment. On-
premise implementations are easier to customize and integrate with other internal systemsand allow for greater control.
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Components ofTranslationManagement
System
TMS comprises three major components:
Thecustomers translatablecontent repository,
Theworkflowenvironmentand
Thecentralized linguistic data appliedduring thetranslation process.
Each of these components communicatessecurelyover the Internet allowing global
teams tocollaborate acrossa distributed environment.
Figure: Components of SDL Translation Management Systems
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ProjectManagement
A task-based workflow, consisting ofhuman and system tasks , isestablished for each
content type and target language. Individual resources receive notification via e-mail
when they have workto do, and users can also view aweb-based summary of alltheir
outstanding tasks. Projects can be created based on any number of localization jobs,
allowing for consolidated scheduling of each stage of the project and the setting of
specific milestones, with reminders sent to users before delivery dates. The project
manager canmonitor thestatus of each job and reassign tasksas necessary.
AutomatingtheprocessAfter aprocess hasbeen defined, TMSmonitors thesourcecontent forchange. When
achange isdetected, the processbegins with TMSautomating much of the work,
including extraction of the translatable text, application of translation memory,
costing, invoicing and all aspects ofmanagingthe content through the translation
process.
TranslationMemoryandTerminologyManagementSome TMS allowssequencing and categorization oftranslation memories, with theoption
to apply penalties to allsegments from atranslation memory. Thisenables maximum
reuse ofpreviously translated text, even when its quality isunknown or it is from a
different language within a language family. Translation memories are accessed in a
number ofways.
Fromremote Trados Studiodesktops using webservices
Through export to and import from SDL TradosStudio formats
Through export to and import from the TMXformat
Using online translationediting and review
Multi-vendorsupport andorganizational isolationSome modern TMS like: SDL TMS can manage multiple suppliers oflocalization services,
keeping assets secure across organizational boundaries. Robust user administration and
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authentication includes integrationtoexternal directory services such as LDAP.Whether
deployed in-house orhosted by SDL, the whole localization supply chain can have
secure access to theprojects being managed by thesystem.
User portalsWebportals provide secure access to all thefunctionsand services of thesystem. When
users log in, users privilegesdetermine which functions they are able to access. Power
users arepresented with ahierarchical menu tree withshortcutbuttons toprovide quick
access to common functions. Forad-hoc translations or for infrequent users, a simple
customizable user portal is available that allows rapid submission, authorization and
tracking ofjobs.
DesktopIntegrationWith SDL TMS, translators can download translation packages including
terminology and translation memories and use their preferred translation
environment, such as SDL Trados Studio, for offlinetranslation on the desktop. The
SDL TMSadministrator can optionally allow the translator to access the centralized
translation memory and terminology from within SDL Trados Studio.
ReportingSDL TMSprovides acomprehensive set of standardreports covering many different
metrics, such as translation memory leverage, translation costs and savings,
productivity oflinguisticresources and jobstatus. Standard reports are available ina
variety of rich formatsincluding: Adobe PDF, Microsoft Excel2007, Microsoft Word
2007, CSV and RTF. Custom reports can bedefined providing the business analysis
needed to makebetter informed decisions.
IndustryStandardsSupportSupport forindustry standards is built in to SDL TMS. Translation assets aremanaged in
Unicode, with fullsupport fortranslation memory exchange using TMX. The system is
built on amodern, XML-basedarchitecture that ensurescontent retains structure and
stylethroughout the translation process. Data istransferred in and out of SDL TMS via a
sophisticated and secure XML-basedmessaging system.
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The Business Case for Translation
Management Systems
Market pressures are pushing localization teams to produce localized content in less time and for
less money, without sacrificing quality. Organizations are now looking at how to optimize
localization processes to deliver the next round of savings. Globalization Management Systems
(GMS) have promised to save time and money by automating much of the manual work related
to creating and managing multilingual content. The reality in many cases has been very different.
High software license costs, long and complex implementations, lack of integration with other
translation technologies and limited process automation have led to little or no ROI. All types of
business processes involved in translation of all types of business content demonstrates how a
Translation Management System can overcome these shortcomings and rapidly deliver
substantial ROI.
The Opportunity
The end-to-end localization process consists of many different tasks, but they fall into just two
broad categories: translation and transaction. Translation activities include all linguistic tasks
related to the actual rendering of source words into target languages: translate, edit, proof and
review. Industry-standard Translation Memory (TM) and Computer Assisted Translation (CAT)
tools automate repetitive translation tasks to reduce translation cost and time.
Transaction activities include project management and coordination for source content and any
other manipulation on its way through the entire localization process. As content becomes more
modular, updates more frequent and the end-to-end process more complex, transaction costs
consume more and more of the project budget. In many scenarios these costs are actually higher
than translation costs! Without translation management technology, there is no effective way to
significantly reduce transaction costs.
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Automating the ProcessTranslation management technology automatically performs transactions at a fraction of the cost
and time required by a human being. The Translation Management System detects new or
modified content, initiates a translation job, provides cost analysis, routes the content through
defined workflows, applies translation memory and terminology centrally, facilitates translation
review and approval, manages shared assets and returns finished translations to the proper
location. Human resources are freed from repetitive, non-productive labor and can be redeployed
to more productive and strategic tasks.
Implementation PathA specialized consultant analyzes and optimizes existing workflows and creates the workflow
rules, user roles, views, reports and integration points that are used to process the source
material. Once these are in place, the Translation Management System manages all content types
and languages itself. Minimal maintenance and incremental process enhancements keep the
system aligned with changing business requirements.
Potential Cost SavingsCompanies with large localization expenditures quickly recoup implementation costs and
achieve ongoing savings when transaction costs are a significant portion of the total budget.
Correctly estimating hard and soft cost savings, such as improved quality and reduced rework, iscrucial to constructing an accurate and compelling business case.
In addition to easily-quantifiable cost reductions, implementing a Translation Management
System brings many other benefits. Best practices are enforced by a scalable system that can
apply a proven process to new languages and markets with little incremental effort. Previously
hidden costs become visible and manageable.
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How TMS Work
The Translation Management System manages the process of translating original language
content into one or more target languages and delivering the approved translations back to
specified locations. It administers all aspects of this process. All human stakeholders have
defined roles and tasks in this secure, online environment. The system automatically manages the
interaction between the various human and software-generated tasks based on user-specified
workflow rules. The goal is to automate as much of the manual work as possible that is involved
in creating and managing multilingual content. This workflow framework offers a dramatic
improvement over traditional localization processes. It eliminates many of the traditional delays
and disruptions of localization management. The most advanced Translation ManagementSystems use a web-based interface that is accessible from any internet-connected computer.
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Functionality of TMS
A Translation Management System typically includes the following functionality:
Change DetectionAny content source, including file systems, Content Management Systems (CMS) and customer-
specific databases, can be monitored to automatically detect new or modified content. Customers
using common content management systems benefit from standard tools that monitor and detect
changed content. Customers using proprietary or homegrown file management systems require
small, custom-developed applications (integration code) to monitor for change.
Content Extraction and PackagingContent extraction is triggered when changed content is modified or otherwise flagged as
updated. Changed content is automatically extracted and packaged for transmission to the
localization vendor. Business rules define into which languages, and to what depth, each
category of content is to be translated. Some sample categories are: press release, marketing
brochure, general website, support website, technical documentation, online help, user interface.
Categories can be more detailed such as Product Group A/Language Group C/Product Datasheet.
File PreparationDepending on the source format, some manipulation may be required to prepare the files for
analysis and translation. This might include performing format conversions and running scripts
or macros. For example, image paths might need to be updated to point to the correct language
directory.
File Analysis, TM Management, Job Costing and Scheduling the master Translation Memory
(TM) is used to analyze all files, however small. Negotiated pricing and volume-based
turnaround times are applied to the analysis results. A price quotation and timeline are created
and sent to the localization coordinator by e-mail.
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Customizable WorkflowsWorkflows can be defined to accommodate a wide variety of scenarios. Administrators and
project managers generate workflows that comply with their business rules and are suitable for
the type of content and languages they are translating into. Throughout the workflow,
participants are notified by e-mail when they have new work in the system. This ensures that no
delays occur during the translation process. A unique project number is assigned to track all
project resources.
Online and Offline Translation ToolsThe appropriate translators are notified automatically, and they log in to the system and translate
content either online or offline. Translator queries are tracked through the system; the answers
are distributed to all translators.
Facilitated Translation ReviewDesignated reviewers receive notification when translation is ready for review and log in to the
system to review translation in context. They add their comments or corrections at the segment,
job or project level and the files are returned to the translator for verification and
implementation.
TM ManagementWhen review is complete, the master TM is automatically updated with the approved
translations.
Content Delivery and ReintegrationAt the end of the localization process, the Translation Management System restores the original
content format and returns the translations to a pre-specified location in the content repository or
the staging server.
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Metrics and Reporting ManyMetrics can be tracked: word counts, leverage against TM, volume per language and content
type, deadline compliance, costs, workload, quality compliance. Metrics are presented in both
standard and custom reports: All Jobs Status, Job Status, Jobs Overdue, Task History, Average
Translation Cost, All Invoices, Job Invoice, Production Cycle Summary, Project Manager
Tracking Sheet, Translation Memory Savings, Translation Memory Statistics, and Translation
Summary by Language, Translation Summary, and Weekly Productivity.
Figure: Tradition Translation Management Systems Work Process
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LocalizationCosts
A lllocalization costs fall into one of three categories: translation (linguistic),transaction
(management and administration) and other (avoidable costs and opportunity costs
associated with reduced efficiency, such as lostrevenue). Automation can help reduce
costs in all three areas for both the company and its localization vendor. Thus,
implementing aTranslation Management System canreduce the total cost oflocalization,
not just themore visible,outsourcedcosts.
Translation(Linguistic)Costs
Most translations areproduced byhighly-qualified, well-paid human beings. Their fees
aretraditionallycalculated on aper-word basis: the more words, thehigher the cost. The
best way toreduce translation costs is to reducethe number of new words that humans
need totranslate. Fourstrategies help achieve thisgoal:
TranslationMemoryTools
As the translator worksthrough the material, atranslation memory application captures
segments of text and theirtranslations in adatabase. Asegment is usually aphrase or
sentence. The next time the same or a similarsegment isencountered, the TM software
offers the already-translated segment to the translator. Thus, the tool reducesthe
number of new words that need to be translated. Over time companies build up
translationmemoriescontaining all theirpublished material.
Terminology Management
Terminology Management tools store key terminology in a centralized database.
Terminology is clearly defined with a single, approved translation maintained in each
language. This speeds up the translation process and improves the quality and
consistency oftranslations. Tight integration with Translation Memory tools further
improves productivity.
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Automated Translation
In some circumstances, thetranslation of new words can beautomated. Thisrequires the
right type ofsource content as well as the tight integration ofsoftware and services that are
provided byknowledge-basedtranslation (KbT). Theoutput quality isthen sufficient for
skilledpost-editors tocomplete the task, typically in less than one third of the time and at
less than half the cost of human translation.
Controlled Authoring
Translatorthroughput is alsoaffected by the quality of the source materials. Controlled
authoring environments enforce best writing practices and generate more predictable
content. Automation technologies workmore efficiently withpredictablecontent, which
furtherreduces thenumber of new words. Reducing translation costs is not the topic of this
white paper, but the tools are mentioned here because the tight integration of all
translation technologies within the TranslationManagement System is a key factor in
achieving faster implementation, more efficient processing and faster ROI.Translation
management systems interact faster and more efficiently withtranslation technologies
(especially TM,terminology and KbT) than dohuman beings.
TransactionCostsA ll transactions consume time and contribute to project overhead costs. The Translation
Management System automates these transactions. Human resources are freed up and costs
reduced inboth thecompany and thelocalization-vendororganizations.
On theCompany Side aproject manager would need toperform the following tasks:
Identifycontent to betranslated.
Extractcontent to betranslated from thecontent repositoryor filesystem.
Putcontent into a format suitable for delivery fortranslation.
Writeinstructions for thebenefit of thetranslator orlocalization vendor.
Assemble a Localization Kit for thetranslator orlocalization vendor.
Deliver Localization Kit tolocalizationvendor (CD, email, FTP).
Verify that the localizationvendor hasreceived the Localization Kit.
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Receive aquote and negotiate pricing with localization vendor.
Agree to a deliveryschedule with localization vendor.
Obtaininternalapprovaland authorizelocalizationvendor toproceed.
Track delivery oftranslated content against agreedschedule.
Coordinate review and amendmentcycle.
Receive completed translation from localization vendor.
Return finaltranslations to thecorrect locations.
Perform a final QA ofstagedcontent.
On the Localization Vendor Sidealthough the localization vendor incurs these costs, the
customer normally pays forthem in the form of Project Management, Project Setup or
Translation Memory Management fees.
For most projects aproject coordinatorwould need toperform the following tasks:
Acknowledge translationrequest fromcustomer.
Create new translationproject.
Analyzematerials.
ApplyTranslation Memory and determinecosts.
Sendquote tocustomer.
Notifytranslators and confirm theiravailability.
Startproject aftercustomer authorizes.
Convert files intoappropriate format fortranslation.
Run scripts,macros asnecessary.
Distribute files totranslators.
Track delivery oftranslated content against schedule.
Managetranslatorqueriesand feed back tocustomer forinput.
Distributecustomer feedbacktotranslators.
Convert translated materialsback into original format. Send translations tocustomer forreviewer input.
Update Translation Memory after customer review and amendmentscycle.
Closeproject.
Initiate invoicecycle.
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OtherCostsOther costs associated with localization may be classified asavoidable costs and the cost
of lost ordelayedrevenue. Such costs are difficult toquantify ingeneral, but should be
part of the business case. A typical example could be as simple as a recent customer
incident where an avoidable delay, miscommunication or error cost the company
money orgoodwill.
AvoidableCosts
Cost ofpoor-quality translations due to lack ofproperly managed translation memory.
Cost ofmiscommunication or careless errors onroutine workperformedbyhumans.
Cost of time delaysbetween transactions or lag timebetween handoffs.
Cost of not having awell-defined, predictable process that enforces best practices.
Cost of parallel and redundant infrastructure and activities in different divisions of the
same company.
Cost of staffburnout causedbymanaging the existing, manualprocesses.
Cost of not having of asystematic audit trail.
Cost of documenting existing manualprocesses, and a steeper,
longer learning curve for new employees.
Cost of lost productivity due to highly-trained employees performing manual and
repetitive tasks,which reduces thevolume ofcontent that can betranslated.
Lostor DelayedRevenueOpportunities
Cost of lost ordelayed foreign revenue from new programs and initiatives.
Cost of not being able tosimultaneously shipproducts.
Cost of lostrevenue from not being able to deliver new programs or initiativesquickly.
Cost of delayed time to deliver localized support content, which could impact
customer service,damage global brand and reputation and hinder future sales in that
market.
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Analysis
Potential for ROIThe potential for ROIincreases as the volume of translation, the number of target
languages, the frequency ofupdates and the ability to manage the process using
predefined workflows increase. Theprimary contributionsto ROIcome from improved
leveraging ofprevious translations and saved user time. Additional indirect cost savings
may also berealized.
SampleCompanyABCCompany ABCmanufactures and distributeselectronic test equipment throughout the
Americas, Europe and Asia. The company maintains an extensive website containing
support information for distributors and cus tomers. Support bulletins, product
datasheets, technical briefs, press releases and updates to existing productdocumentation
areposted on aregular basis in all nine of the companysstandard languages. Most
content is authored in English, though German and Japanesedocuments are also
translated into the other eight languagesand posted. Content isstored in acompany-
internal filemanagement system. Individual documents arechecked out of the system for
updating. New orupdated pieces arechecked in once they havebeen approved bythe
publicationsdepartment. In a givenmonth, approximately20,000 words aretranslated.
Thecontent is very modular and issubmitted in smallbatches on anas-needed basis with
up to 40 submissions per month.Company ABCsannual localization budget for the
outsourced portion of these ongoing projects isapproximately$650,000,including all
services and projectmanagementcosts.
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QuantifyReducedTranslationCosts from Improved TM Leveraging
Company ABC Estimates Leveraging Before implementing a TranslationManagement
System, TMleveraging opportunities were lost due to the followingreasons: TM was not
managed centrally, so not all TM was available for all projects; TM was not able to
provide leverage across different formats (e.g. XML, HTML, TXT,Quark,InDesign, etc.);
TM was not always utilized on smaller projects due to lack of time orresources; TM was not
alwaysup-to-date with the latest translations. Leveraging efficiencyaveragedabout 10%
exactmatches and 15%fuzzy matches.
AfterTranslationManagement System implementation, leveraging improved due to the
followingreasons: TM ismanaged centrally with the entire TMapplied to each project;the TMprovides much better leveraging acrossthe different fileformats; TM isapplied
to allprojects automatically, even small ones; the TM is alwaysup-to-date.Leveraging
efficiencyincreased to 20% exactmatches and 30% fuzzymatches.
Where did theincreased leveraging come from? ForCompany ABC, each of three product
groups maintained their own translationmemories, which were not shared on aregular
basis. Once the separate memories were combined and managedcentrally, thenumber of
segments available forleveraging more than doubled. Some documents were authored in or
extracted into formats that could not be directly leveraged by the TM tool. Many of the
smallprojects had less than 1000 words and were on very tight timelines so TM was not
evenapplied to these projects.
Howmuch didCompany ABC save permonth ontranslation costs? Monthly cost before
Translation Management System implementation:
Typeof
Leveraging
Percent Cost per
word
Words Languages Subtotal Total
Newwords 75% $0.21 20000 9 $28,350
Fuzzy 15% $0.13 20000 9 $3,510
Exact 10% $0.06 20000 9 $1,080 $32,940
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Monthly cost after Translation Mana gement System implementation
Typeof
Leveraging
Percent Cost per
word
Words Languages Subtotal Total
Newwords 50% $0.21 20000 9 $18,900
Fuzzy 30% $0.13 20000 9 $7,020
Exact 20% $0.06 20000 9 $2,160 $28,080
Monthly savings: $4,860
Yearly savings:$58,320 (15% of totaltranslation costs)
Estimation of the Potential Increase in Leveraging Efficiency
Total costreductions due toincreased leveraging efficiency typically run in the 5% to 25%
range. In theexample,Company ABCachieved about a 15%reduction. Toestimate cost
reductions for aTranslationManagement System business case, assume a 4%-6% cost
reduction per factor that will beimproved by the implementation. The four most crucial
factors for the business case are: TM not managed centrally, TM not able to provide
leverage across all file formats, TM not always utilized onsmallerprojects, TM not always
up-to-date with the latest translations.
Quantify Saved User Time from Transaction Automation
Company ABC Estimates Transaction Time Reduction. Before implementing a
Translation Management System, all file handling, format conversions, retrievals,
exchanges and transfers were performed manually by the localization coordinator,
engineer, client revieweror technical writer. The many small filesgenerated a lot of
overhead compared to actual wordstranslated. AfterTranslationManagement System
implementation, these overheadtransactions arestreamlined ordisappear completely.
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Assume a loaded average hourly cost per employee of $50. Monthly spend before:
$7,950
Monthlyspend after: $1,750
Totalmonthly savings: $6,200
Totalannual savings: $74,400 (78% of total transactioncosts)
Estimation of Potential Transaction Time Saved
Total cost reductions due to transaction automation typically run in the 60% to 85%
range. In theexample,Company ABC achieved about a 78%reduction.
A realisticbusiness casemust followcontent all the way fromwhere it initially resides as
source material to where the final, approved translations will be stored. Examine each
taskalong the way and quantify the timeneeded to perform it. Thencompare this data to
time estimates for the same tasks managed automatically. Some consultation with the
system provider may benecessary here, since thedegree ofautomation possible varies by
company situation. A preliminary business case, however, may be constructed by
applying a 60% to85%reduction to the total timerecorded for thecurrent process.
Quantify Other Reduced Costs
Company ABC Estimates Other Reduced Costs
Other costsreducedbyautomation fall into one of twocategories: time nolonger wasted
(errors,miscommunications and rework) and lost ordelayed revenue. Project audit reports
for past projects are thebest places to findcompany-specific examples.
Here is a common example. In abatch of 20 filessubmitted for localization into 9
languages, 3 are not the most recent version. They were beingworked on by anengineer
without the knowledge of the technical writerrequesting translation. The error is not
discovered until all files havebeen returned from translation after 1week. Thetechnical
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writer takesabout 2 hours to figure out what happened, get the correct files from the
engineerandsubmit them for priority translation through the localizationcoordinator,
who needs about half an hour toprocess and administer the rushtranslation. This kind
of errorhappens once or twice a yearamong thehundreds ofsmall translation projects.
Estimation of Other Reduced Costs
The general formula for estimating the cost of such cases is: Avoidable cost=
(Tc*Cc+Cv+Cd)*Fy, where Tc=company time spent to correct the problem Cc=loaded
cost of company resources involved in fixCv=extra costs charged by the localization
vendor Cd=cost impact of resulting product shipping delays Fy=frequency of
occurrences inbudgeting cycle, in this case, per year
Assume a loaded cost of $40 per hour for the writer and $50 for the localization
coordinator. If the files average 1500 words, the loaded translation cost per file per
language is at least $100 (assuming lots ofleveraging). The finish date for theproject may
not slip by an entire week, but what is the cost of a few days slip? Thisdepends on the
situation, but a dollar cost should be assigned to any such delay, however small.
Company ABC uses $75 asa placeholder for thisparticular case.
Avoidable cost=(($40*2+$50*0.5)+($100*3*9)+($75))*2 =$5,760
Prorated permonth: $5,760/12=$480
Most organizations do not track such costs, although they should be calculated out in a
properly executedproject audit report. Each event by itself may not seem verysignificant;
yetadding up all theinstances over a fullbudget period can yield asurprisingamount of
unnecessarily wasted money.
Summary of Projected Cost Savings for Company ABC
Betterleveraging saves: $58,320 (15% of total translationcosts)
Automating transactions saves: $74,400(78% of total transactioncosts)
Avoiding errors saves: $ 5,760
Totalprojected annual savings: $138,480 (21% ofannual localizationbudget)
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Implementation Process Overview
Phase I:Define, Assessand Refine Current Process
Review current process; define business needs and other requirements. High level
businessandlocalization objectives must guide alllower-level and detail decisions to
ensure that all processessupport companyobjectives. Analyze content and develop
workflows that localize efficiently with arepeatable process. Streamlining, standardizing
and centralizing processes and enforcing best practices ensure that workflows can be
executed with aminimum ofhuman intervention.
Capture allnecessary configuration information. Users, roles,languages, content
types, viewsare defined and their interrelationships mappedout.
Phase II: Installand Customizethe Translation Management System
Encode workflow rules tomatch existing ornewly-defined business processes.
Develop and test any required custom script stages. Scripts are used toperform
any arbitrary processing steps that can bedefined and automated using acommon
scripting language such as V isual Basic, Perl, etc.
Consolidatetranslation memories and preparethem forcentralizedmanagement.
Establish and encode system costing information and turnaround-time
commitments.
Establishrequired user roles and thepeople designated to play these roles.
Install or create interface code to detect changes, extract text for
translation and routecontent toand from thesystem.
Phase III: Train the Users andTest the System
Train all users who willinteract with thesystem.
Test the implementation with pilotprojects; finetune thesystem.
Go live.
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Estimation of Implementation Costs
Phase I:Define, Assessand Refine Current Process
A specially-trained consultant conducts brief interviews with senior management from
marketing,productdevelopment and international sales.Company business objectives
and requirements are summarized to guide the implementation. A ll stakeholders in the
localizationprocess areinterviewed. Content types, delivery formats,process workflows,
file management strategies, etc. arerecorded, analyzed, summarized and optimized.
Thisprocess may take from several days to several weeks depending on the complexity
and variety ofassets and processes. Assume five days ofconsulting at$1500 per day for a
total of$7500 forCompany ABCsimplementation.
Phase II: Installand Customizethe Translation Management System
Most implementations are hosted by the provider of the Translation Management
System. The customer pays a one-time (perpetual) license fee plus a monthly
maintenance charge. Some providers also offer an ASPmodel where thecustomer pays a
monthly ASP charge based on usage with no upfront licensing cost. Customized
workflows, scripts, etc., are developed at the providers site. When the company uses
off-the-shelf products to manage files, content, translation memory, etc., the
installation will require less customization and go faster. Proprietary source file
management systems and content formats require custom-programmed applets for
seamless integration. Thisphase may last several weeks and will cost acertain number
ofperson-daysbased on theprogramming effort. ABCCompany uses astandard CMS
for filemanagement, so a high degree of customization is not necessary. Assume 20
person-days ofprogramming and encoding at$1500 per day for atotal of$30,000.
Phase III: Train the Users and Test theSystem
Web-based Translation Management Systems arestraightforward and easy to use. Online
tutorials and trainingmodules get users up and running with aminimum ofinstructor-
based training. The bulk of the effort isnow focused on following pilotprojects through
the system and refining workflow encodings asneeded.
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Assume two person-days ofinstructor-based training and eight days oftesting at$1000
per day for a total of $10,000.
Summary of Implementation Costs
Phase I, Define, Assess and RefineCurrent Process: $ 7,500Faze II, Install and Customize thesystem: $30,000
Phase III, Training and Testing: $10,000
Total: $47,500
Estimation of the Software License Fee and Ongoing Costs
The software l icensing costs follow one of two models: perpetual license model or ASP
model.
Perpetual LicenseModel
The company licenses the software indefinitely and pays a small monthly fee for
upgrades and maintenance.
For ABCCompany, the upfront cost for the license would bearound $75,000 plus an
ongoing, annualsoftwaremaintenance charge of 12%: $9000 per year or $750 per
month.
ASP Model
The company pays a monthly fee based on usage. For ABCCompany, assuming a
monthly volume of20,000 words and 40 project submissions fortranslation into nine
languages, theapproximate monthly cost to usethesoftware would bearound $4000,
including software maintenance.
Calculating ROI
The successful case for implementation must demonstrate that a positive ROI will be
reached within a reasonableamount of time. Inother words, the cumulative savings
resulting fromimplementation must exceed the running total of theupfront costs plus
theongoing costs.
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Perceptions of what is a reasonable timeframe differ from company to company.
Successful implementation requires asignificant commitment ofmoney and time. Most
companies willtherefore want to reach the breakeven point within one to two major
budget cycles: one to two years.
Company ABC Projected Monthly Benefits
ReducedTranslation Costs: $ 4 ,8 60
Saved User Time: $ 6 ,200
Saved Other Costs : $ 480
Projected Return perMonth:$11,540
Company ABC EstimatedCosts for Perpetual LicenseModel
Implementation fee: $47,500
Software License fee: $75,000
Totalupfront costs: $122,500
Monthlymaintenance fees: $750
Company ABC EstimatedCosts for ASP Model
Implementation fee: $47,500
Software License fee: $ 0
Totalupfront costs: $47,500
Monthlymaintenance fees: $4,000
Bothmodels provide a similarprojected ROI over a 24month period. With lower upfront
costs and ashorter time to reach thebreakeven point, the ASPmodel represents a lower
risk, but over alonger term the perpetual licensewould offer thepotential of a larger
ROI.
ATranslationManagement System implementation yields thegreatest cost savings for high
volume, modularcontent that is translated into multiple languages with frequent
updates using a repeatable process. Cost savings are primarily achieved by applying
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translation memory more effectively and saving user timeotherwise wastedon repetitive
transaction.
A web-based TranslationManagement System, such as SDLTranslationManagement
System, hasmanyadvantages over traditional solutions. Accessible from anyInternet-
enabled computer anywhere in the world, SDL Translation Management System
provides a shared environment for localizationmanagement. The software canbe
hosted by SDL,avoiding the complexities ofinstalling new ITinfrastructure. Using an
ASP pricing modelallows organizations to significantly reduceupfront software costs. The
web-based architecture is tightly integratedwith allassociated translation technologies
toenable rapid implementation. Users pay only for what they useand quickly getpayback
on theirinvestment.
Theexample used hereshows how hundreds ofthousands of dollars can be saved from a
localization budget of less than a million dollars. Thebiggertranslation volumes, the
greater savings will be. And this is before accounting forother benefits that are difficult to
quantify, such as the value of being able to launch a new product or website
simultaneously inmultiple languages.
Further savings can be gained with additional functionality, such as automatedterminology extraction and automated translation. It is clear that many businesses with
significant volumes oftranslation and localization work willbenefit from implementing
translation management.
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Findings
Implementing a Translation Management System can help companies reduce
localizationcosts, reduce time tomarket and improvetranslation quality.
Translation memory isapplied centrally to allprojects regardless of size. Thisimproves
leveraging and translationconsistency (quality) and reducestranslation costs and time.
Transactions on both the localization vendor and the customer side are automated,
reducingmanagement and overhead costs and time for allparties. The most significant
cost and time reductions areachieved in thisarea.Human errors,miscommunications, lag
time between steps and inconsistent processes are all avoided. Best practices areenforced to reduce other costs and wasted time. These cost reduction opportunities can
be very significant, but are often overlooked when evaluating the benefits of a
Translation Management System.
StrategicBusinessAdvantages
Newstrategic business advantages result from theimproved processes and infrastructure
developed duringthe implementation of aTranslation Management System.
The global process scales well to new markets and languages. Planning and budgeting
become more eff icient and accurate. Other divisions within the same company can
easily join the system and take advantage ofthe savings because they can leverage
existing translation assets and will not be paying again forcontent that has already
been translated.
Enhanced cooperation between corporate headquarters and in-country business units
helps companies balance centralized and decentralized responsibilities. Improved
reporting capabilities enable strategic users to understand global content costs and
trends, quickly identify problems, target areas for improvement and win more time to
focus on new strategic initiatives andprograms.
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Advanced Enterprise Translation Solution
Eminent market players in automated language translation field today have introduced efficient
enterprise translation software that helps in minimizing the localization cost by 50 percent and
increases the translation speed significantly. This apart, these companies have their own
translation network including a collaborative translation platform along with other aspects such
as
Partner Network
Development Community Translation
Translation Market Place
Furthermore, there are thousands of translators associated with these solution providers globally
specializing in multiple languages. In addition to that, the software offers bilingual speakers with
contextual translation of phrases and words than a mere sentence based translation that can be
prone to linguistic and other syntax errors. Other services that solution providers offer include:
Terminology management features that helps in messaging accuracy and consistency
Translation memory that facilitates content recycling with the help of successive projects
Project management dashboard along with instant reporting that streamlines teamcoordination
Translation services today have become a core aspect for most businesses as there is a need to
communicate with the global audience with clarity and precision. New business development by
venturing into untapped regions is a crucial objective for most companies. Correct and quality
translation helps them to attain this objective and facilitates smooth customer-company
interaction.
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Summary and Conclusion
The growth of every business is denoted by its growing range of products and services,
expansion into new markets and the range of communication channels. However, to be
competitive in the constantly expanding global marketplace, enterprises need to attract new
customers. In todays changing business environment, enterprises face the challenge of
managing high-quality multilingual content for their products and services, which would give
them faster time-to-market. Further, with the linguistic landscape of the World Wide Web
changing, enterprises with their footprints on the web also needs to make their website
compatible and localized to regional languages. The initiative taken by the enterprises to
translate content into multilingual format ensures global communication and also empowersenterprises to take decisions and facilitate commercial transactions. The need for a translation
management solutions that can provide for instant translation have led leading service providers
to design and develop translation management systems that can not only reduce the translation
costs but can also ensure product information is available across the web in shorter time period.
Translation Management systems manages the flow of information by localizing, translating and
sharing of data and application through an automation work flow and ensures that the content is
ready for a global audience. Other key benefits of using such translation management systems
include: Increase in translation throughput leading to faster delivery of information and
generation of increased revenue. Being web-based ensures faster returns on investment. Real-
time reporting systems ensure greater visibility across the translation process. Made up of
content repository, work flow environment and centralized linguistic data, the process includes
translation, vendor selection, work distribution, project administration, production, publishing,
delivery and archiving. Besides offering a secure communication over Internet, this also allows
collaboration between globally spread teams. The translation management system streamlines
and localizes the entire supply chain by unifying people, process and technology. Translation
management system enables complete control over terminology and provides a centralized
access to most of the approved terms paving way for a faster global market penetration.
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RecommendationsThe main recommendations for wider use of translation management systems include:
The concept of "translation memories" is based on the premise that sentences used in
previous translations can be "recycled". However, a guiding principle of translation is
that the translator must translate the message of the text, and not its component sentences.
Translation memory managers should easily fit into existing translation or localization
processes. In order to take advantages of TM technology, the translation processes must
be redesigned.
Translation memory managers should support all documentation formats and filters.
There is a learning curve associated with using translation memory managers, and the
programs must be customized for greatest effectiveness.
In cases where all or part of the translation process is outsourced or handled by freelance
translators working off-site, the off-site workers require special tools to be able to work
with the texts generated by the translation memory manager.
Full versions of many translation memory managers can cost from US$500 to US$2,500
per seat, which can represent a considerable investment (although lower cost programs
are also available). However, some developers produce free or low-cost versions of their
tools with reduced feature sets that individual translators can use to work on projects set
up with full versions of those tools. The price should be reduced.
The costs involved in importing the user's past translations into the translation memory
database, training, as well as any add-on products may also represent a considerable
investment which should also be reduced.
As stated previously, translation memory managers may not be suitable for text that lacks
internal repetition or which does not contain unchanged portions between revisions.
Technical text is generally best suited for translation memory, while marketing or
creative texts will be less suitable.
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Common Sense Advisory. (2005).Globalization Banqu rt.
Forrester. (2007).Total Economic Impact of SDL Global Information Management.Forrester Report.
Gilbane Group, Inc. . (2008).The Philips Strategy for Global Expansion.Borderless Brand Management.
Global Information Management. (2007).
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