▪ Goals of Revolutionaries
▪ Causes of its rise
▪ Main Areas of Operation
▪ Abroad
▪ Maharashtra
▪ Bengal
▪ Causes of Failure
▪ Contributions of Revolutionaries
▪ Some Landmarks of Revolutionaries
▪ Foreign rule must be ended by violent means
▪ Great faith in Individual heroism and sacrifice
▪ To terrorize the officialdom by assassinating unpopular British Officials – hoped that this will arouse the patriotic instincts of the people, inspire them and remove the fear of authority from their minds.
▪ Propaganda of dead
▪ Organizing a popular mass uprising and subverting the loyalty of the army – long term goal
▪ Provided means of expressing their patriotism
▪ Inspiration – Great revolt of 1857
▪ Assassinate unpopular officials, thus strike terror in hearts of rulers and arousepeople to expel the British with force; based on individual heroic actions on lines ofIrish nationalists or Russian nihilists and not a mass-based countrywide struggle.
▪ Impatient Youth- no better way to express their patriotism and heroism
▪ Got incensed at the official arrogance and repression and the mendicancy of the congress
▪ Failure of Extremist leaders
▪ Indian press frequently incite the people to fight against the tyranny of foreign rule and rescue the country from foreign dominion
▪ Large number of political assassinations in Europe by the anarchists
▪ Defeat of some European countries at the hands of Asian countries:▪ Russia by Japan (1904-05)
▪ Younger elements not ready to retreat after the decline of open phase.
▪ Leadership’s failure to tap revolutionary energies of the youth.
▪ Government repression left no peaceful avenues open for protest.
▪ Shyamji Krishna Varma – Kathiawar –
▪ India House – London – 1905
▪ The Indian Sociologist (Journal)
▪ New Centre at Paris and Geneva
▪ VD Savarkar, Lala Hardayal and Madan Lal Dhingra
▪ 1909 – Madan Lal Dhingra –
▪ shot dead Col William Curzon Wylle, Political ADC to the India Office
▪ Hanged for this murder
▪ VD Savarkar was arrested and sentenced to transportation for life
▪ Shyamji left London and settled in Paris
▪ Bal Gangadhar Tilak
▪ Ganapati Festival – 1893
▪ Shivaji Festival – 1896
▪ Chapekar Brothers (Damodar, Vasudev and Balkrishna)
▪ First political murder of Europeans- 22 June 1897
▪ Wanted to attack Mr Rand, President of Plague Committee – Poona
▪ Lt Ayerst was shot dead
▪ VD Savarkar
▪ Mitra Mela – Nasik -1904 – merged into the secret society Abhinav Bharat
▪ P. Mitra – Anushilan Samiti▪ 1907 – unsuccessful attempts to kill Lt Governors of Eastern Bengal and Bengal
▪ Muzaffarpur Murders – 30 April 1908▪ Attempt to murder – Mr Kingford – Chief Presidency Magistrate
▪ Profulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose
▪ Bomb thrown mistakenly on the carriage of My Kennedy – killing two ladies
▪ Chaki shot himself dead
▪ Bose was tried and hanged
▪ Alipore Conspiracy Case▪ Illegal arms in Calcutta – arrest of 34 persons – Ghosh brothers
▪ Narendra Gosain – Approver – shot dead in Jail
▪ 15 found guilt – Barindra Kumar Ghosh – transported to life
▪ Rash Behari Bose – escaped to Japan
▪ Act of Individual violence could not able to mobilize masses – easily be dealt with by a great imperialist power
▪ Stern actions by the Government
▪ Lack of a common plan and a central leadership
▪ No base among people
▪ Moderate openly disowned and Extremists were reluctant to accept them
▪ Filled the people’s mind that no sacrifice is greater than that where country’s interests are involved.
▪ Maximum sacrifices of the minimum chosen persons
▪ Strengthened the spirit of manhood and valour amongst the masses.
▪ 1902—First revolutionary groups in Midnapore and Calcutta (The Anushilan Samiti)
▪ 1906—Yugantar, the revolutionary weekly started By 1905-06—Several newspapers started advocating revolutionary terrorism.
▪ 1907—Attempt on life of the former Lt. governor of East Bengal and Assam.
▪ 1908—Prafulla Chaki and Khudiram Bose attempt to murder Muzaffarpur Magistrate, Kingsford.
▪ Alipore conspiracy case involving Aurobindo Ghosh, Barindra Kumar Ghosh and others.
▪ 1908—Burrah dacoity by Dacca Anushilan.
▪ 1912—Bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge by Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal. Sandhya, Yugantar—newspapers advocating revolutionary activity.
▪ Jatin Das and Yugantar; the German Plot during World War I.
▪ 1879—Ramosi Peasant Force by Vasudev Balwant Phadke.
▪ 1890s—Tilak’s attempts to propagate militancy among the youth through Shivaji and Ganapati festivals, and his journals Kesari and Maharatta.
▪ 1897—Chapekar brothers kill Rand, the plague commissioner of Poona and Lt. Ayerst.
▪ 1899—Mitra Mela—a secret society organised by Savarkar and his brother.
▪ 1904—Mitra Mela merged with Abhinav Bharat.
▪ 1909—District Magistrate of Nasik—Jackson—killed.
▪ 1905—Shyamji Krishna Varma set up Indian Home Rule Society and India House and brought out journal The Sociologist in London.
▪ 1909—Madan Lal Dhingra murdered Curzon-Wyllie; Madame Bhikaji Camaoperated from Paris and Geneva and brought out journal Bande Mataram.
▪ Ajit Singh also active.
▪ Berlin Committee for Indian Independence established by VirendranathChattopadhyay and others.
▪ In North America, the Ghadr was organised by Lala Hardayal,
▪ Ramchandra, Bhawan Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba, Barkatullah, Bhai Parmanand.
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