Cities and Resilience:Cities and Resilience:Progress and challenges in addressing urban adaptation in AsiaSeptember 28-29, 2009, UN/ESCAP Office, Bangkok
Surat Municipal Corporation and Surat Municipal Corporation and The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce & Industry
AgendaTopics of Discussion
• Urban Governance in India• About Surat• Results to-date
o Climate Hazardso Apparent Areas of Climate Vulnerability and Likely Future
IssuesIssues• Activities and Methods
o Cross-sectoral Impactso Cross sectoral Impactso Organizations Involvedo Activities undertaken so faro Methods Used for Analysis
• Urban Climate ResiliencePil P j• Pilot Projects
• Challenges and QuestionsN t St• Next Steps
Urban Governance in India
• Cities are administered by Urban Local Body vested with powers devolved as • Cities are administered by Urban Local Body vested with powers devolved as per the 74th Amendment in the delineated municipal area
• ULB vested mainly with maintaining the infrastructure, collects taxes • Devolution of funds, functions and functionaries diverse across states• ULB has two separate bodies
– Elected representatives headed by MayorElected representatives headed by Mayor• Provides strategic direction and city level policy • Constitutes and manages Standing committees and Special
committeescommittees– Executive body manages
• Potable Water Supply, Underground Sewage, Roads, Solid Wastepp y g g• Primary education, libraries and Community health • Upgradation of the amenities in slums and alternative homes • Places of healthy entertainment and recreation • Places of healthy entertainment and recreation • Fire Service• Urban Planning and Development• Revenue (House tax, professional taxes, Entertainment tax etc
• Urban Development authority develops infrastructure in peripheral and municipal areasmunicipal areas
Role of National Government in City Resilience
• Ministry of Urban development – Shapes the policies and programmes of the country – Lays down guidelines for urban development– Provides funds to cities under various centrally sponsored schemes with
matching grants from the state/city, JNURM• Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
– Provides loans/funds for urban development projects/programmes– Created Housing and Urban Development Corporation Created Housing and Urban Development Corporation
(HUDCO) & Building Materials Technology Council • Ministry of Environment & Forests
Nodal Agency for International Negotiations on Climate Change– Nodal Agency for International Negotiations on Climate Change• Prime Ministers Council on Climate Change
• National Action Plan on Climate Change (8 missions)Mi i f H ff i• Ministry of Home affairs• Disaster Management and Relief • NDMA, NIDM
• Central Government develops Urban Development and reform policies, determines fund flow, action and reforms at city level
Key Principles for Urban Resilience• Be multi-sectoral and integrated with ongoing decision-
making and planning processes making and planning processes • Be incremental, emphasizing mechanisms for ongoing
learning, evaluation, and adjustment of strategieslearning, evaluation, and adjustment of strategies• Focus not only “hard investments” and policy/regulatory
changes, but also “soft” actions to strengthen adaptive changes, but also soft actions to strengthen adaptive capacity
• Be embedded within local and regional development Be embedded within local and regional development priorities, and focus on the most vulnerable sectors
• Involve stakeholder groups in a constructive and Involve stakeholder groups in a constructive and collaborative environment
• Frame adaptation/resilience as a new lens on • Frame adaptation/resilience as a new lens on governance, rather than a new program or interest
Urban Climate ResilienceU ba C ate es e ce• Large gray literature on need for cities to evaluate climate
h l bilit d t k t t i ilichange vulnerability and take steps to increase resilience
• Globally: many cities now starting to plan, although efforts more advanced on climate mitigation agenda than
d t ti f adaptation so far • India: very few cities have climate change plans. Most
li t d t ti k h f d l/ i lt l climate adaptation work has focused on rural/agricultural sectorsS t i iti ti d t t CC l S t • Surat: initiatives are underway to create CC plan. Sectors study-groups and action groups formed. Projects planned.
About SuratAbout Surat
• Historical Centre for Trade & Commerce
• English, Dutch, Armenian & Moguls Settled
di i f j• Leading City of Gujarat
• 9th Largest City of India
• Home to Textile and Diamond Industries• Home to Textile and Diamond Industries
• 60% of Nation’s Man Made Fabric Production
• 600,000 Power Looms and 450 Process Houses
• Traditional Zari and Zardosi Work
• 70% of World’s Diamond Cutting and Polishing
• Spin-offs from Hazira,Largest Industrial Hub
• Peace-loving, Resilient and Harmonious EnvironmentEnvironment
Growth of Surat
Emergence of Diamond, Textiles and Growth of Surat
Development of Zari, silk ,and other
ll d
Textiles and other manuff.
Decline of mercantile trade –
small and medium industries
Trade Centre of British India –Continues to be major port
regional trade centre
Emergence of Petrochemicals -Re-emergence as major port, transport node
Chief port of Mughal Empire
Consolidation of diamond and textiles
transport node
Year Area in Population
textiles
Year Sq. Km Population
1951 8.18 223,182
1961 8.18 288,026
1971 33.85 471,65633.85 471,656
1981 55.56 776,583
1991 111.16 1,498,817
2001 112.27 2,433,785
2001* 326.51 2,877,241
2009 326.51 ~ 4 million
Both Scenarios indicate significant rise in precipitation after 2020 (14% rise)
Country level Models indicate high frequency of dry spells & extreme rainfall events
Life & siltation rate of Ukai as well as upstream usage and consequence of
emergency releases
Uncertainty is high given the location of Surat at the junction of per-humid south
d id th d l th T i f Cand arid north and also near the Tropic of Cancer.
Shift in rainy season towards July
Flood and SLR Risks at Surat
City extended up to coast in 2006
Sea level rise likely to impact western part as well as saline pwater intrusion in to aquifers
Ukai dam floods inundate core and northern parts of the city at and northern parts of the city at least once a decade
Khadi(creek) floods are more common (once in at least three years) and affect poorest parts of the city
Temperature Scenarios
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Surat: Daily Min and Max Temperature Control & Future A (CCCMA_ CGCM3, CSIRO_mk3_5 ) Source: CCE 1.0Source: CCE 1.0
Impacts of heat islands not known, actual temp raise may be higher
Humid tropical Coastal environment – Temperature increase likely to increase discomfort levels
Major increase in per capita energy consumption expected
M l i i d i i S t P ibl h i i id f t b di i kMalaria is endemic in Surat. Possible changes in incidence of vector borne diseases is unknown.
High humidity related diseases reported during rainy season
Cross Sectoral ImpactsFloods
Risk to infrastructure, productive assets, households likely to increaseHealth risks during and after floods (Lepto, Rheumatic fever, Malaria,Gastro)
Delayed monsoon‐Prolonged summersCurrent summer water demands nearing the allocated water resourcesIncreased demand for water and energy would need development of alternate sourcesgy pWater quality issues‐Algae and weed growth in river source during summers‐expected to increase during peak summersIncreased concentration of pollutants during lean seasonsIncreased concentration of pollutants during lean seasons
Urban growth Push and pull migration would necessitate focus on affordable housing in safe areas/flood resistant housing in less risk prone areasareas/flood resistant housing in less risk prone areas.
Sea level rise Landward intrusion of sea and salt water intrusion into aquifersSeasonal Inundation of Khadi areas during annual high tide periodsSeasonal Inundation of Khadi areas during annual high tide periodsIncreased inundation risk to informal settlements located along Khadi
Changes in cyclone frequency not known‐C b l l i i l h di fl d l i i f h iCan exacerbate sea level rise impacts along Khadi flood plains in western part of the city
Organisations InvolvedSurat Municipal Corporation, www.suratmunicipal.org
Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority, www.gsdma.org
The Southern Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry, www.sgcci.in
Industrial Representatives‐ Hazira Industrial Area
Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, www.sgu.ernet.in
C t f S i l St di iCentre for Social Studies, www.css.ac.in
Sarvajanik College of Engineering and Technology, www.scet.ac.in
TIFAC‐CORE in Environmental Engineering, www.tifac‐core‐scet.org
Urban and Social Health Advocacy and Alliance (NIWCD Surat)Urban and Social Health Advocacy and Alliance (NIWCD, Surat)
Government Medical College, Surat
Surat Citizens Council Trust, Surat
NGOs and Concerned individualsNGOs and Concerned individuals
Activities So Far
Series of meetings held to include various stakeholders in the process (SMC, Industry, Academia, Civil society, Media etc) ( , y, , y, )
City Advisory Committee formed and regular meetings held
Vulnerability Survey Phase-I completed- Results being discussed and Vulnerability Survey Phase-I completed- Results being discussed and Data distributed to Sector study groups
SLD Phase -I organizedS ase o ga ed
Five Sectoral study groups formed (Flood,Water,Energy,Env.,Health)
CC Awareness & CC Watch group formed to supervise the activitiesCC Awareness & CC Watch group formed to supervise the activities
Linkage with GSDMA established
il j id ifi i i i i dPilot project identification process initiated
Two Vision sheets released ( Surat 2025, Energy Vision)
Climate Change Website released, www.suratclimatechange.org
GIS Enabled Vulnerability AnalysisGIS Enabled Vulnerability Analysis• Provides ward/neighborhood level analysis ofProvides ward/neighborhood level analysis of
vulnerability• Anal ses ca ses of lnerabilit• Analyses causes of vulnerability• Enables analysis of different Socio economic groups in
spatially explicit manner• Provides ward/city level statistics based on different
facets of vulnerability• Informs decision making process based on specificInforms decision making process based on specific
needs of communities• Cross validation of results from secondary data possible• Cross validation of results from secondary data possible
Vulnerability Analysis Processy y
GPS reconnoiterData Acquisition & initial visual analysis
Identify classification parametersn visual analysis p
Delineation of Select Sample size and Design of toolsep
ara
tio
n
Delineation of homogeneous areas
Select Sample size and Geopsy locations
Design of tools (Questions/checklists)P
re
Community and HH surveys
Geopsy surveys Coding, data entry and transfer of GPS data
ssm
en
tA
sse
s
HH and Community Vul Aggregation/Validation Outputs
Geopsy‐Community
HH and Community Vul. Analysis
Water supply/drainage
Ward
Aggregation/Validation Outputs
MapsStatisticsn
aly
sis
aggregation
City
supply/drainage zones
StatisticsGraphsA
n
Capacity and Vulnerability Across Communities
Income stability
Loan/Insurance
Capacity Vulnerability
stability
Social Grouping
Drainage/ Sewerage
Insurance
Education Housing
Surat Response to Climate Change: f R i P i ifrom Reactive to Proactive action
P i (d i b li Reactive (driven by actual perceived climate variability)
Proactive (driven by climate forecasting / future scenarios)
Disaster Disaster Strategic multi-“Climate Mainstreaming mitigation/ response (post
preparedness measures(based on
stakeholder adaptation planning
proofing” at project level
climate forecasts into sectoral policies (post
extreme event)
(based on current variability)
planninglevel sectoral policies and processes
Households, i
Key actors:Hazard
Private d l
Sectoral agencies ( i
Centralized unit community groups, relief organizations
management agencies
developers, insurers, development
(environment, water, housing, etc.)
(“climate czar”) with strategic planning
and institutions
NGOsp gauthority
Learning from Recurrent Experiences(Climate Proof Infrastructure, Quick Recovery)
6th August 2006 9th August 2006
Katrina ‘05 Surat Flood ‘06Population Affected 480,000 3,500,000 (90%)
Deaths 100 45, Vector-borne
Evacuation Entire New-Orleans 20,000
R t ti f M th 15 d G
DiseasesShooting & violence Countless NoneRestoration of Normalcy
Months 15 days, Gas Uninterrupted
Candidate Projects
• Architectural & Urban Designers Competition– Will be organized at national level– Focus on flood resistant design for various buildingsFocus on flood resistant design for various buildings– Affordability and availability of building materials– Innovative concept & proposal for urban planning– To integrate contour and water ways in spatial planning
Id ifi i f i l d – Identification of appropriate land usage• Khadi Risk Zoning & Development Planning
– Topographical survey of creeks– Restoration of flood caring capacityRestoration of flood caring capacity– Planning for appropriate use of creek side land– Identification of sustainable usage zones
• Database & Online Flood Support Systempp y– Household survey to identify location of vulnerable individuals/groups– Public consultation / open registration of individuals requiring support– Creation of database management system for maintaining / updating and sharing
Establishing protocol for pro iding s pport to lnerable indi id al d ring flood– Establishing protocol for providing support to vulnerable individual during flood– Identification agencies, resources and support groups– Communication system
• Asset bank system for saving valuablesAsset bank system for saving valuables• Near real-time Emergency management system
Barriers and Challenges at Surat
Very high urban growth and rise in per capita demand straining infrastructure investments and resource availability
Water and energy resource constraints
Transport infrastructure overburdened
k f l dRisk free land constraints
Management of Ukai multipurpose dam with conflicting objectives under extreme event dominated precipitation patternu de e t e e e e t do ated p ec p tat o patte
Monitoring and management of epidemics and community health
Finance, Capacity & Roles
Dependency on State/Central, Tax Reforms
Capacity Building
Overlapping Roles (Sewage & Strom water management)
Growing boundaries & meeting demands of periphery
Push and pull migration from hinterland
Creating awareness amongst population with very high diversity in knowledge skills and worldviews ‐ especially new immigrantsknowledge, skills and worldviews ‐ especially new immigrants
Needs of Surat to Address CC Issues National level1 Understanding of Urban Dynamics and CC Impacts1. Understanding of Urban Dynamics and CC Impacts2. State and Central Government Funding to Meet Current & Future
Urban Services Demandb3. Empowering of City (Tax Reforms/Policy/Legislation)4. Decision Support System (No Over-doing or Under-doing)4 pp y g g
International level1. Scientific Inputs from IPCC/ UNFCCCp /2. International Experience Sharing and Knowledge of Best Practices3. Availability of Technology (Solar PV, IT) and Technical Assistance
f l f d d d ffor Climate Proof and Hardened Infrastructure4. Focused technical Inputs from Donors
S l t Fi5. Supplementary Finance6. Micro Insurance, Micro Finance for Vulnerable7 Planning Inputs7. Planning Inputs
Cities and National Action Plan
1. National CC adaptation policy that addresses diversity across the Indian urban landscape
2. Create experience and knowledge bank based on vulnerabilities or creation of Champion City or Role Modelp y
3. Central-State relationship to build resilience 4. Implementation of Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 in true
spirit which empowers Urban Local Bodies to perform effectively as spirit which empowers Urban Local Bodies to perform effectively as vibrant democratic units of self-government
5. Empowering cities to provide pro-active inputs in forming National AgendaAgenda
6. Develop local political consensus regard to CC from city level upwards
7. Scale, Funds and selection process of Pilot projects to increase resilience
8. Cross learning between current partners and other citiesg p9. National level Platform for information/technologies/processes
exchange
Next Steps
Discussions on vulnerability and sectoral studies outputs
Developing Surat city specific adaptation options with state of the art technologies and best practices
f bl d d i d diUse of IT enabled advance warning and disaster management
Involvement of variety of city stakeholders
Engagement with national and international agencies involved with Climate Change adaptation/resilience
C ti t it l ti b t CC d t ti Creating awareness amongst city population about CC adaptation issues
Engagement with media onEngagement with media on
Awareness generation
E bli Ad i t d i f tiEnabling Advance warning systems and emergency information
Communication plan for Disaster management
We commit to protect Earth
Thank YouThank You
Khorb KoonKhorb Koon
Dhanyawaad
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