Comparison: DecolonizationNatasha Alvarez
Thesis
No matter if nation’s independence (de jure) were violent or non- violent, the consequences of decolonization, among them crippled economies, ethnic violence and even global conflict, eventually led to developing nations still not economically independent and sufficient
India
• Mughal Rule: 1520s (Babur, Akbar)
• British East India Company: 17th century (spice trade)
• Negotiated with Mughals to carry out trade: Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
• Direct rule: Bengal/ Indirect rule: other provinces
• 1850: sphere of influence (entire Indian subcontinent)
• Great Revolt of 1857
Nationalist roots: failed tradition
• British Raj (Crown rule: Queen Victoria)
• Colony of exploration (exploitation?)
British Rule: Railway System
British Rule: Raj
• Segregation + civil lines – enhance power/ control
• Challenging of policies + economic reforms
• 1885: Indian National Congress
• 1906: Muslim League
The subaltern is beginning to speak…!
British Rule: Raj
Political movements (growing nationalism)
• Turning Point #1: 1919, Rowlett Bills
• Swadeshi: boycotting
• Satyagraha: non-violence resistance
• Promotion of swaraj: home- rule
• Turning Point #2: 1919, Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (General Dyer)
• Gandhi called off satyagraha
• Swadeshi: Non- Cooperation Movement
• Promotion of khadi: home spun
• Salt March (1930)
Negotiated Independence
• 1935: Government of India Act
• 1937: Elections
• 1940: Lahore Resolution
• 1942: Cripps Mission
• 1942: Quit Indian Movement (Nehru)
• Crashing British economy after WWII
1947: Indian Independence
Vietnam
• Chinese rule: 40 AD (To Dinh)
• Trung Sisters: led people’s army which drove Chinese out of Viet Nam
Nationalist roots: failed tradition
• Tây So’n + Nguyên dynastinies: 1778 to 1945
• Supression of Catholicism after emperor Nguyên
• Uprisings – used as excuses for France to invade Vietnam
• Orders Napoleon III of France, 1858: attack port of Da Nang
• French troops landed in northern Vietnam, 1873 and again in 1882
• French Indochina: 1887
French Rule
French Rule: Vichy
Political movements (growing nationalism)
• Turning point #1: Gia Dinh fell to French troops
• Resistance movements:
• Dong Du (Go East): 1905
• Duy Tan (Modernization)
• Turning point #2: Japanese invasion, 1940
• Viet Minh Front formed by Ho Chi Minh
• Dominated by communist party
• Worked with American Office of Strategic Services
• Vacuum after famine + Japanese defeat
Nationalist control…
Violent Independence
• First Indochina War: 1945 to 1950
• South Vietnam: under Bao Dai
• North Vietnam: Ho’s Democratic Republic
• Supply with artillery: communist China + communist Soviet Union
• Guerrilla fighters: tactics + civilian intelligence
• Dien Bien Phu: 1954
• Geneva Accords: French left colonies in Indochina
1954: Vietnamese independence ‘de jure’
ConsequencesETHNIC CONFLICT: PARTITION
Consequences
GLOBAL CONFLICT: VIETNAM WAR
Participants: France, US, Laos, Cambodia, Soviet Union, People’s
Republic of China, UK, Australia, South Korea, New Zealand, India, Thailand
Consequences
CRIPPLED ECONOMIES – BECOME DEVELOPING ECONOMIES
Comparing & Contrasting
Explanations
INDIA VIETNAM
NationalistGrowing nationalism since a failed rebellion, Great Revolt, until independence (1947)
Growing nationalism, since a failed rebellion, TrungSisters, until end of Vietnam War (1975)
MetropolitanNegotiated independence was only successful due to crashing British economy after WWII
Independence was not dependent on Western/ colonial relationship
InternationalistInternational movements, including the Non-Alignment did not affect situation and independence
International movements, including the Non-Alignment did not affect situation and independence
TheoriesINDIA VIETNAM
Gayatri Spivak
The subaltern did speak, through political movements, though it was not merely sufficient (metropolitan explanation)
The subaltern did speak, through resistance movements and guerilla tactics
BenedictAnderson
Nationalism and nationalistic movements did create the Indian nation (1947: de facto)
Nationalism and nationalistic movements did create the Vietnamese nation (1975: de facto)
A.G. HopkinsGlobalization: decolonization eventually directs nations to be the developing (consequences)
Globalization: decolonization eventually directs nations to be developing (consequences)
Edward Said Orient defined the West: Indiantrade + end British colony
Orient defined the West: Vietnam War affected the USA (American war strategies)
Kemper Nationalism came from a local response to colonizers: Rowlett Bills + Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
Nationalism came from a local response to colonizers: falling GiaDinh + Japanese invasion
World System Theory
BEFORE DECOLONIZATION:
• Scenario #1:
• Core nations: England
• Periphery: India
• Semi- Periphery: China
• Scenario #2
• Core nations: France
• Periphery: Vietnam
• Semi- Periphery: China
World System Theory
AFTER DECOLONIZATION
• Scenario #1:
• Core nations: United States
• Semi- periphery: India
• Periphery: Sub- Saharan Africa
• Scenario #2:
• Core nations: China
• Semi-periphery: Vietnam
• Periphery: Sub- Saharan Africa
So what?
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