731
Handbook of Environmental Engineering, First Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz.© 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
aabsorbing aerosols 511absorption opacity 250accumulation mode particles
499, 551acid drainage dust 674Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 677acid‐mine drainage (AMD) 677, 678acid‐rock drainage (ARD) 677–678acid‐rock generation (ARG) 677activated carbon 355, 366, 489activated sludge process 367adiabatic lapse rate 514Administrative Law and Rulemaking
Procedure 47–48adsorption 176, 366advection 174advection–dispersion–reaction
equation (ADRE) 615aeolian dust 493aerodynamic particle diameter
498, 501AERONET 504aerosol(s) 551
aging processes 501–502chemical composition 506–508climate 511–513definition 493density 498diameter growth factor 509emission control technology
513–514formation 501–502hygroscopic diameter growth
factor 511hygroscopicity 508–512light extinction properties 511meteorology 511–513optical properties 502–506, 509
particle affinity for water 510physical properties 509sampling concerns 501size distribution 499–502volcanic eruptions 493water‐containing 498
aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) 508
aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS) 508
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 596
agitated tank leaching systems 677agricultural reuse, of reclaimed
wastewateradvantages 388constituents of concern
emerging of 389macronutrients and
micronutrients 389salinity 389
design considerationscompatibility and
reliability 395salinity 395seasonal demand, variations
in 395impoundments
artificial snowmaking 395contact‐and noncontact‐type
impoundment 396design considerations 397nutrient 396pathogens 396recreational impoundments 395treatment objectives 396–398treatment technologies 396
treatment objectives
food crops 389–392nonfood crops 390, 393–394
treatment technologies 390advanced treatment 395disinfection 395
Airborne Microwave Observatory of Subcanopy and Subsurface (AirMOSS) 260–261
airborne sensorsAirMOSS 260–261E‐SAR/F‐SAR/PLMR2, 261–262and features 260HyMap 259–260unmanned aerial systems
262–263unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) 259air‐cooled slag 680air cyclones, solid waste 652, 653air pollution control
Air Pollution Control Act 453Clean Air Act 453control of particulates
baghouse 470–476control devices efficiency
of 460cyclones 461–465electrostatic precipitators
465–470mechanical collectors 460–461
emissions of particulatesaerodynamic behavior of
particles 458characteristics of 457–458chemical and physical
characteristics 453control technologies 455–456cost of control devices 457gas cleaning 457
Index
0003947046.INDD 731 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
Index732
National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 454
particle settling, by gravity 458PM‐2.5 emission 455PM‐2.5 particulates 454PM‐10 particulates 454process optimization
456–457gaseous compounds, control of
oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 476packed towers 487–488reactions 476–481sulphur dioxide, control of
481–483volatile organic compounds
488–491wet scrubbers 484–487
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 453
regenerative thermal oxidizer 491
Air Pollution Control Act 453air separators 649–652air stripping 356–358air velocity measurements
538–539Aitken modes 499aluminium 679, 681ambient aerosols 498–499
accumulation mode particles 499Aitken modes 499coarse mode particles 499nucleation 499particle size measurements
499–501ambient noise measurement
community noise 577–579roadside noise 575–577sound level meters 574–575standards 578–579
American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 442
American Institute of Chemical Engineers’ Centre for Waste Reduction Technologies (AIChE–CWRT) 698
Amprobe SM‐20A 575anaerobic digestion 370anaerobic pretreatment 418anaerobic processes 369–370anthropogenic emissions 503
aquiferssolute transport 312–313unconfined aquifers 310wells in 311–312
artificial intelligencealgorithms 648artificial neural network 92cellular automata 92fuzzy cognitive mapping 92–93
artificial snowmaking 395asbestos 545ASTM C618, 601atmospheric aerosols
ambient aerosols 498–499accumulation mode
particles 499Aitken modes 499coarse mode particles 499nucleation 499particle size measurements
499–501gaseous medium 497history and regulation 493–494particle concentration
measurements 494–497
particle size effects 497particle size measurements
aerodynamic diameter 498terminal settling velocity
497–498particulate matter 493
atmospheric deposition 495atmospheric radiation measurement
(ARM) 508atmospheric visibility 495attenuation
engineered 579–580natural 580processes 593
audit exercise planaudit program development 716checklists 716reporting procedures 716timing and frequency 716upcoming audit program
716–717waste audit scope 715–716
audit team formation 714–715
bBackground site, Bosque del Apache,
New Mexico 506backscatter 251
baghousefabric selection 472–473preformed spray towers 474pulse‐jet baghouse 472reverse air cleaning 471shaker‐type fabric filters 470–471venturi scrubbers 474–476wet collectors 473–474
balanced scope, definition 716baler 664–665ballistic separation 660–662basic oxygen furnace (BOF)
679, 680Beer‐Lambert Law 23, 504bench‐scale laboratory
development 694beta‐attenuation monitor mass
concentrations 496bioaerosols 497
control of 554–555indoor 553–554sampling 554
biogas 418biogeochemical processes 72–73bioleaching, of ores 676biological aerated filters 369biological agents 546biomass burning source testing 510biomass smoke aerosols 494,
502, 510black acid 685blister copper 681boiler water makeup 403boundary layer parameterization 72boundary layer turbulence 71–72briquettes/cubes 661–663Brownian diffusion 497Brownian motion 552Buckingham–Darcy Equation
steady‐state evaporation and infiltration 160–162
transient infiltration 162–163
ccalcium oxide (CaO) 482, 602–603California bearing ratio (CBR)
602–605California Gold Rush 674carbonaceous aerosols 510carbon dioxide (CO2) 544, 681, 682carbon monoxide (CO) 521,
545–546Caro’s acid 675casting sands 680
air pollution control (cont’d )
0003947046.INDD 732 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 733
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 578
CEQ regulations 50–51CERCLA
cleanup standards 62liability 61–62national priorities list and cleanup
process 62CerOx process 365Chapter 62‐610 of the Florida
Administrative Code for Reuse of Reclaimed Water and Land Application 380
chemical metallurgy wasteshydrometallurgical wastes
electrorefining/electrowinning 685–686
pickling liquors 686precipitation 682–685
principal methods 678pyrometallurgical wastes
gaseous wastes 680–682solid wastes 679–680
chemical oxygen demand (COD) 720
chemical precipitation 682–685chemical process design 698chlorine residual 398circular economy 629Clean Air Act 453, 494, 681
motor vehicles and fuels 54National Ambient Air Quality
Standards and State Implementation Plans 52–53
National Emissions Standards for Stationary Sources 53–54
prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) requirements 53
Regulation of Greenhouse Gases 54–55
clean air delivery rate (CADR) 529cleaner production 689, 690Clean Water Act 351
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permits 56
Technology‐Based Effluent Limitations 56–57
Water Quality Standards 57–58Clean Water Act and the National
Pretreatment Program (40 CFR 403) 371
climate change 51–52, 541
climate change impact analysisanthropogenic hazards
air pollution 89deforestation and
desertification 89automated land cover stratification,
of Alpine Environments 111–114
climate datadata sources and
collaborations 96filling spatial data gaps 97filling temporal data
gaps 96–97modeling data 95–96observational data 95
climate hazardscryosphere 89–90flooding 89sea level rise 90wildfire 89
critical zone conceptcritical zone
observatories 86–87definition 84life‐sustaining resources 84long‐term processes and
impacts 85physical, chemical, and
biological processes 85short‐term processes and
impacts 85societal adaptations 85soil erosion, rates of 85soil profile 85spatial and temporal scales 85surface and nearsurface
systems 83terrestrial life 85water resource 85
geomorphometryresearch and
applications 99–100software package
evaluation 100–102geophysical hazards
earthquakes 88landslide 89volcanic eruptions 88–89
modeling glacier change 106–111risk control
artificial intelligence 91–92mitigation 93radar technology 91
rivers basins, in San Juan Mountains, Colorado
river channel extraction 106scale characterization 103–104terrain analysis 104–106
statistics in climatologygeostatistics 97–98linear regression analysis and
significance test 97PCA (EOF) and wavelet
analysis 98time and space analysis
climate data and climatic skills 94–95
integration of 95urbanization and greenhouse gas
emission 94in United States 83
climate downscaling 76–77climate modeling
atmosphere‐ocean‐land system 67
boundary conditions and vertical coordinate 70
centennial time scales, multidecadal to 76
climate downscaling 76–77components 73computer code generation 67developmental cycle 67discretization and numerical
methods 68–70historical development
coupled atmosphere‐ocean models 68
earth system model (ESM) 68weather forecasting 67–68
interannual‐to‐decadal time scales, climate prediction on 75–76
physical and subgrid‐scale parameterization
biogeochemical processes 72–73
boundary layer turbulence 71–72
gravity wave drag 72land surface processes 72moist processes and cloud
physics 71radiative processes 71
research on 67statistical model 77validation of model 67validations of models 73–74
0003947046.INDD 733 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index734
cloud microphysics 71CLTs see column leach tests (CLTs)coal combustion products
(CCPs) 599coarse mode particles 499, 551Code of Federal Regulation
(CFR) 583, 590, 595Coke 681colloidal particles 684color sorting 643–644column leach tests (CLTs) 611, 612combustion aerosols 493combustion, outdoor air 521–522Common Law 48–50common sense approach 718community noise pollution
577–579compaction/baling 663–665completely mixed flow reactor
(CMFR)conservation of mass law 522constant coefficients 523–524material balance 522quantity of material per time 523
complex waste minimization audit 720
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 589
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Information System (CERCLIS) 597
conceptual design 693condensation particle counter (CPC)
496–497, 500Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity
Generators (CESQG) 595conservation of mass law 522constant‐head flow method 170constant head test 435constant injection method 538construction and demolition
(C&D) 599continental drift 94convective parameterization 71cooling water systems 402copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2) 682,
683, 685corrugated cardboard (OCC) 638cost‐benefit analysis (CBA) 11coulter counter method 142coupled model intercomparison
project (CMIP) 74
critical zone conceptcritical zone observatories 86–87definition 84life‐sustaining resources 84long‐term processes and
impacts 85physical, chemical, and biological
processes 85short‐term processes and
impacts 85societal adaptations 85soil erosion, rates of 85soil profile 85spatial and temporal scales 85surface and nearsurface
systems 83terrestrial life 85water resource 85
cubed sphere method 70cyclones
multicyclones 462performance of
separators 462–464pressure drop 464–465spiral motion 461vane‐axial cyclones 461
dDarcy’s law 158–159, 311data quality objectives (DQOs)
definition 14feasibility 16geographic area 15–16quantitative DQOs 15sampling and analysis plan 15
decibel, noise level 573–574density/gravity separation
air cyclones 652air separators 649–652heavy media separators 652–653stoners 652
deposition velocity 524–526desalination 375detection approaches 23diethanolamine (DEA) 682differential mobility analyzer
(DMA) 499, 510diffusion 174direct measurement 13disinfection by‐products
(DBPs) 346disk screen 638dispersion 174–176dissolved air flotation (DAF) 359
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 378
dissolved oxygen depletionnitrification 339redox sequence 339–341
double‐ring infiltration method 172Douglas’s hierarchical
procedure 704drift velocity 531dripper method 173dry and wet sieving methods 140–141dual energy X‐ray transmission
(DE‐XRT) 645dump leaching 677DuPont’s 10‐step method of
Engineering Evaluations for Pollution Prevention 698, 699
dustsolid wastes 680vs. urban‐industrial pollution
aerosols 510dynamical downscaling 76
eEarth’s surface 499Earth system model (ESM) 68Eddy‐current separation 657–659effective curve number (ECN) 427electrical mobility sizing
techniques 499electric arc furnaces (EAF) 679–681electrochemical process 365electrokinetic (EK) treatment 209
amendments 210bioremediation and
biotreatment 210chelating agents 210chemical surfactants 210crude oil recovery
field evidence of oil 234–235laboratory evidence 232–234
direct electric current in soils 210and electrochemical remediation
methods 210electrochemical transformations
219–222electrodialysis 210electrokinetic extraction
ammonium, NH4 + extraction 224
containment 232cyanide and fluoride extraction
224–225
0003947046.INDD 734 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 735
and extraction 222–223hexavalent chromium
extraction 225NaCl extraction/
separation 223perchlorate, ClO4
‐extraction 223–224
stabilization and immobilization 228–232
sulfate, nitrate and chloride extraction 225–226
unsaturated soils 226–227VOCs, PAHs, and organic
acids 227–228electromigration 211–212electroosmosis
EO efficiency coefficient 214Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski (H–S)
theory 212ionic conductance 213Lehigh EK test cell
assembly 214nonlinearity and
nonuniformity 213parallel resistances models 213wet clay systems 213ζ potential 213
mathematical modeling of transport 216–219
nonpolar compounds 210pH fronts and hydrogen and
chlorine gas 210porosity and biodiversity 210redox reactions 211
electrometallurgy 679electrorefining (ER) 679, 685–686electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)
514design parameters 469–470dry and wet systems 465particle charging 466–468particle filtration 530–531wet ESP 468–469
electrowinning (EW) 679, 685–686Emergency Planning and Community
Right‐to‐Know Act (EPCRA) 589
emission control technology, aerosols 513–514
emissions 557–559endocrine disrupting compounds
(EDCs) 379end‐of‐pipe treatment 709, 710energy balance methods 272
energy efficiency retrofits 541–542energy‐induced waste minimization
networks (EIWAMINs) 706energy minimization program 714enforcement and liability
citizen suits 63monitoring compliance and
violence 64–65penalties, for violating
environmental laws 63–64environmental audits 594–596environmental fluid mechanics
advection‐diffusionequations 313–314nonuniform and turbulent
mixing 317pure diffusion 314–316steady downstream
concentration field 317stream‐wise advection 317
groundwater flowDarcy’s law 311hydraulic head and hydraulic
conductivity 310–311saturated/unsaturated
zones 310solute transport, in aquifers
312–313unconfined aquifers 310wells, in aquifers 311–312
open‐channel flowgradually varied flow 305–307specific energy 304–305uniform flow 304unsteady flow equations
307–308surface waves
linear wave theory 309–310spatial and temporal
scales 308Stokes wave theory 3092D regular surface gravity
waves 309wind‐generated waves 308
turbulent buoyant plumesbent‐over plumes 322–323chemically reacting
plumes 324–325confined and semiconfined
plumes 325–326round turbulent plumes
321–322in stratified ambient 324turbulent fountains 325
turbulent line plumes 322unsteady source conditions 325
turbulent jetsin crossflow 319–320pollutant transport 320in quiescent flow 318–319
environmental impact statements (EIS) 50
environmental law, for engineersAdministrative Law and
Rulemaking Procedure 47–48
CERCLAcleanup standards 62liability 61–62national priorities list and
cleanup process 62Clean Air Act
motor vehicles and fuels 54National Ambient Air Quality
Standards and State Implementation Plans 52–53
National Emissions Standards for Stationary Sources 53–54
prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) requirements 53
Regulation of Greenhouse Gases 54–55
Clean Water ActNational Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System Permits 56
Technology‐Based Effluent Limitations 56–57
Water Quality Standards 57–58
Common Law 48–50enforcement and liability
citizen suits 63monitoring compliance and
violence 64–65penalties, for violating
environmental laws 63–64environmental statutes 46Judicial Review 48National Environmental Policy
Act 50–52Resource Conservation and
Recovery Acthazardous waste management
59–60identification and classification
wastes 58–59
0003947046.INDD 735 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index736
land disposal restrictions 60nonhazardous waste
management 59waste incineration 60–61
source of law 45US Federal System 46–47
environmental noise pollutionambient noise measurement
community noise 577–579roadside noise 575–577
definition of 565–566engineered attenuation 579–580human health effects on 566–567level of 573–574natural attenuation 580noise guidelines 578nuisance of 578sound
characteristics of 569–570propagation 567–569
tinnitus 566urban areas 565–566
environmental process design 705environmental remediation
clean up process 597HRS 596–597NPL 596PA/SI 596RI/FS 597
environmental reuse, of reclaimed wastewater
constituents of concernchlorine residual 398nutrients 398organic matter 398total dissolved solids 398
design considerationsstream flow augmentation 400wetland 400
treatment objectivesstream augmentation 399,
401–402wetlands 398–399
treatment technologies 399environmental sampling approaches
grid or systematic sampling 22hypothetical composite sampling
grid 20judgmental sampling 22non‐composite sampling 18random sampling 22stratified random sampling 22
stratified sampling 22uncertainty and contributing
errors 21environmental systems analysis
cost‐benefit analysis 11energy and exergy analysis 1–2environmental input‐output
analysis 5environmental management
systems 4–5environmental risk
assessment 3–4life cycle assessment 5–9life cycle costing 7material flow analysis (MFA) 2–3social life cycle assessment 7,
9–11substance flow analysis 3
European automobile manufacturers 673
eutrophication 341evaporation method 172evapotranspiration
empirical methods, vegetation indices 286–287
hybrid methods, FVC‐LST Space 287
surface energy balance (SEB) models
SEBS algorithm 285–286S–SEBI algorithm 286
exclusion 176–177Experimental Synthetic Aperture
Radar (E‐SAR) 261
ffalling‐head flow method 170–171falling head test 434–435Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments (HSWA) 589Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA) 578fiber filters 530Field and Laboratory Emission Cell
(FLEC) 558Fifth Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) Report 67
filtration 359Finding of No Significant Impact
(FONSI) 50fine‐mode particles 495finite difference methods 69finite volume methods 69
flotation 359–360flowsheet analysis 701–702
qualitative methods 702–703quantitative methods 703–706
fly ashASTM C618, 601calcium oxide (CaO) 602–603freeze–thaw cycles 606–608geotechnical performance
602–604leachate
chemical analysis 608–614groundwater numerical
modeling 614–616MSWI 611recycled waste materials 600stabilizing agent and soil
amendment 601–602food crops 389–392formaldehyde 544formaldehyde (HCHO) 541forward scatter 251Freundlich model 366froth flotation 661
ggaseous emissions 721gaseous wastes 680–682gases filter 551–553
adsorption processes 531–532evaluating performance
529–530Gaussian dispersion modeling 502geometrical spreading see sound
divergenceGIS data 17gold ores 674, 678gravity separation see density/gravity
separationgravity wave drag 72green chemistry, principles of
693, 694green economy 629grid/systematic sampling 22ground granular blast furnace slag
(GGBFS) 680groundwater flow
Darcy’s law 311gravity currents
anatomy of 327–328inertial propagation 328viscous propagation 328–329
hydraulic head and hydraulic conductivity 310–311
environmental law, for engineers (cont’d )
0003947046.INDD 736 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 737
saturated/unsaturated zones 310solute transport, in
aquifers 312–313unconfined aquifers 310wells, in aquifers 311–312
groundwater numerical modeling 614–616
groundwater recharge, of reclaimed wastewater
algae blooms, reduce of 407constituents of concern
organic carbon and nutrients 407–408
pathogens 408redox potential 408suspended solids 407
design considerations 410direct injection systems 407nonpotable water source 406recharge basins 407surface spreading 407treatment objectives 408–4011treatment technologies 409vadose zone injection 407
group contribution theory 706
hhaloacetic acid (HAA)
compounds 378hammer mill 631–632hand‐sorting line 640–642hazard and operability
(HAZOP) 703hazardous waste management
59–60classifications for 583, 585definition of 583environmental audits
594–596fate and transport 591–593petroleum oil spill impact
583–584RCRA 585–586
imports/exports 587injection well 587land disposal 587mixed wastes 586–587permitting program 588solid waste 589TSDFs 589–590unit 590–591universal wastes 586USTs 589waste oil 586
remediationclean up process 597investigation/feasibility
study 597NPL 596–597PA/SI 596
toxicology 593–594Hazard Ranking System (HRS)
596–597hazards
anthropogenic hazardsair pollution 89deforestation and
desertification 89climate hazards
cryosphere 89–90flooding 89sea level rise 90wildfire 89
geophysical hazardsearthquakes 88landslide 89volcanic eruptions 88–89
interdisciplinary thinking approach, in critical zone 90–91
health effects, pollutantsasbestos 545biological agents 546carbon dioxide 544carbon monoxide 545–546formaldehyde 544nitrogen dioxide 543ozone 543radon 543smoking 544–545VOCs 543
heap leaching 677heat exchange network (HEN)
synthesis 705heat exchanger network synthesis
(HENS) 703heat‐induced waste minimization
networks (HIWAMINs) 706heating, ventilation, and air‐
conditioning (HVAC) 529heavy media separators 652–653Helmholtz‐Smoluchowski (H–S)
theory 212high efficiency particle air
(HEPA) 529High Park Fire 502
biomass 496northern Colorado 494
high‐time resolution PM2.5 chemical composition 508
humidity ratio 540hydraulic head and hydraulic
conductivity 310–311hydrometallurgical wastes 676–677
electrorefining/electrowinning 685–686
pickling liquors 686precipitation 682–685
hydrometallurgy 679hydroxide precipitation 682HYDRUS‐2D 615hygroscopic tandem differential
mobility analyzer (HTDMA) 510
Hyperspectral Mapper (HyMap™) 259–260
hypothetical composite sampling grid 20
iicosahedral grid 69impactor 631impoundments 675–676IMPROVE monitoring
network 506–507incinerators 590indoor air quality (IAQ)
bioaerosols 553–555CMFR model 522–524combustion 521–522deposition velocity 524–526emissions
characterization 557–559energy efficiency
retrofits 541–542health effects of (see health effects,
pollutants)indoor radon
control of 550–551sources of 548–550
odors 559–560outdoor air 521–522particles and gases filter 551–553
evaluating performance 529–530
gas adsorption 531–532particle filtration 530–531
pollutants 521psychrometrics 540–541radon 546–548thermal comfort 539–540UVGI 527–528
0003947046.INDD 737 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index738
ventilation and infiltrationair age 536air exchange effectiveness 536airflow through openings
534–535air leakage measurement
535–536driving mechanisms 532–533large building ventilation
practices 534residential ventilation practices
533–534ventilation efficiency 536
ventilation measurementsair velocity measurements
538–539fan pressurization 539tracer gas techniques
536–538VOC 555–557
industrial ecology 700industrial reuse, of reclaimed
wastewaterconstituents of concern
boiler water makeup 403cooling water systems 402
design considerations 406toilet flushing and on‐site
irrigation 401treatment objectives 403–405treatment technologies 403, 406
industrial waste auditingassessment phase
material balance 719–722process flow diagrams 719unit operations 719
preassessment phasebaseline information
collection 717implementable options 718plant walk‐through 718
preparatory work phaseaudit exercise plan 715–716audit team formation 714–715management groups 712–714
synthesis and preliminary analysiseconomical evaluation 724prioritizing waste reduction
options 724screening and selecting
options (see weighted sum method)
technical evaluation 723–724
waste minimization cycle 711–712waste minimization programs
710–711Industrial Waste Management
Evaluation Model (IWEM) 615
inertial propagation 328infiltration 532infiltration test 435initial‐value‐problem approach 75injection well 587, 591inorganic toxicants
heavy metals 347–348radionuclides 348
in situ leaching of ores 677in situ light scattering by particles
506 see also light scatteringin situ PM2.5 mass measurement 496in situ soil and sediment remediation
bioremediation and biotreatment 210
crude oil recoveryfield evidence of oil 234–235laboratory evidence 232–234
direct electric currentelectrochemical transformations
219–222electromigration 211–212electroosmosis 212–216mathematical modeling of
transport 216–219electrochemical techniques 210electrokinetic extraction
ammonium, NH4 + extraction 224
containment 232cyanide and fluoride extraction
224–225hexavalent chromium
extraction 225NaCl extraction/separation 223perchlorate,
ClO4‐extraction 223–224
stabilization and immobilization 228–232
sulfate, nitrate and chloride extraction 225–226
unsaturated soils 226–227VOCs, PAHs, and organic
acids 227–228electrokinetic (EK) treatment 209oil transformation
displacement 237–239laboratory evidence of 235–237
pump‐and‐treat methods 210transformation reactions 211
integrated steel plants 679intensive sampling 14internal drainage method 173International Electrotechnical
Committee (IEC) 574
International Network for Acid Prevention (INAP) 678
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) 74
inverse square law 572irrigation method 395isokinetic sampling 501
jjudgmental sampling 22Judicial Review 48
kKelvin equation 511Kirchhoff ’s law 250Kozeny–Carman equation 431Kubelka–Munk radiative transfer
equation 288
lland disposal 60, 587landfill mining 628landfills 590–591land surface processes 72land treatment units 591Large Quantity Generators
(LQGs) 596laser diffractometry 142–143laser‐induced breakdown
spectroscopy (LIBS) 646LCA see life cycle assessment (LCA)leachate
CLTs 611, 612Cr(hydro)oxides 608, 610groundwater numerical
modeling 614–616MSWI 611pH conditions 609, 611water leach tests 608
lead 681Lehigh EK test cell assembly 214LIDAR 14life cycle assessment
(LCA) 700–701light detection and ranging (LIDAR)
methods 506
indoor air quality (IAQ) (cont’d )
0003947046.INDD 738 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 739
light scattering 504–505lime kiln dust (LKD) 602, 603linear absorption coefficient 250Linearized Richards’ Equation
166–167linear wave theory 309–310liquid wastes 675low‐level mixed waste (LLMW) 586
mmacronutrients 389macroscale P2 approaches
industrial ecology 700life cycle assessment 700–701
magnetic drum 655magnetic head pulley 654magnetic induction (MI) sorting
646–647magnetic separation
ferromagnetic materials 653magnetic drum 655magnetic head pulley 654plate/block magnet 657standard‐intensity 654suspended/overbelt 655–656
manual/hand sorting 638–640marine aerosols 500mass exchange network (MEN)
synthesis 705, 706mass integration 703, 704material balance
algorithm for textile industry 722constructive material balance
720–722definition 719evaluating and refining
721–722sheet 719sources of information 720tie compounds 720unit operations 720
material flow analysis 702material flow analysis (MFA) 2–3materials recycling 629maximum contaminant levels
(MCL) 618mean free path 552measurement methods
contaminants of concern 27–31data quality objectives (DQOs)
definition 14feasibility 16geographic area 15–16quantitative DQOs 15
sampling and analysis plan 15direct measurement 13environmental sampling
approaches 14grid or systematic sampling 22hypothetical composite sampling
grid 20judgmental sampling 22non‐composite sampling 18random sampling 22stratified random sampling 22stratified sampling 22uncertainty and contributing
errors 21indirect measurement 13–14laboratory analysis
extraction 22–23separation science 23–24
LIDAR 14measurements and models 27monitoring plan 16monitoring site selection
process 16–18monitoring technologies 13MSAT concentrations 16sources of uncertainty 25–26
mechanical collectors 460–461mechanical design/production
design 695mechanical ventilation 532membrane bioreactors 368–369mesoscale P2 approaches
flowsheet analysis 701–702qualitative methods
702–703quantitative methods
703–706unit operations 701, 702
metal hydroxide formation 678metal recycling 673metals industry, waste reduction in
chemical metallurgy wastes 678–679
hydrometallurgical wastes 682–686
pyrometallurgical wastes 679–682
mine sites 674–675acid‐rock drainage 677–678hydrometallurgical wastes
676–677tailings
impoundments 675–676metal sulfide formation 678
meteorology 508micronutrients 389microscale P2 approaches
706–707Mie scattering 251Milankovitch cycle 94mineral dust aerosols 493mineral processing techniques 675mine sites
acid‐rock drainage 677–678air‐borne losses 674environmental stewardship 674hydrometallurgical wastes
676–677metal consumption 673metal mining countries 673mineral ore deposit 674properties 674tailings impoundments
675–676minimum efficiency reporting value
(MERV) 531mixed wastes 586–587Monhemius diagram 683monitoring site selection process
air quality monitoring site 17feasibility considerations 16GIS data 17–18implementation phase 16local businesses and residents 16national scale map layers,
EnviroAtlas 19selection considerations
and criteria 18spatial tools 17
monoethanolamine (MEA) 682MSWI see municipal solid waste
incinerator (MSWI)municipal solid waste (MSW) 628municipal solid waste incinerator
(MSWI) 611
nNASA Soil Moisture Active and
Passive (SMAP) 259National Ambient Air Quality
Standards (NAAQS) 495, 520, 543
National Ambient Air Quality Standards and State Implementation Plans 52–53
National Emissions Inventory (NEI) 454
0003947046.INDD 739 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index740
National Emissions Standards for Stationary Sources 53–54
National Environmental Policy Act 50–52
and climate change 51–52Federal Agency Planning
50–51National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System Permits 56
National Pretreatment Program 351National Priorities List (NPL) 596naturallyoccurring, and/or
accelerator‐produced radioactive material (NARM) 586
natural radioactivity 546–547natural ventilation 532near infrared (NIR) sorting 644Nernst–Planck equation 216nested grid system 69neutralization 361neutral pressure level (NPL) 533nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 521, 543non‐composite sampling 18nonfood crops 390, 393–394nonhazardous waste
management 59nonlinear Richards’ equation 167nonpotable water source 406Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC) 587nucleation 499, 502, 551, 683nutrient 396
ooctave bands 572odors 559–560open‐channel flow
gradually varied flow 305–307specific energy 304–305uniform flow 304unsteady flow equations 307–308
open‐pit mines 674optical spectrometer 500orographic gravity wave drag
(GWD) 72outdoor air 521–522oxides of nitrogen (NOx) 476ozone 543
pP2 see pollution prevention (P2)packed towers 487–488
particle filteratmosphere size modes 551drift velocity 531evaluating performance 529–530individual dynamics 552–553single‐pass efficiency 529size distributions 551–552type of 530
particle number concentrations 496particle size distribution 500–501particulate matter (PM)
air quality 496in atmosphere 493concentration measurements
494–495industrial/combustion‐derived
smoke 493particle size measurements 497removal mechanisms 514US National Ambient Air Quality
Standards 496pathogens 341–342pavement sublayer design 616pelletizing 661–663percolation leaching techniques
676–677permeability
constant head test 435falling head test 434–435infiltration test 435Kozeny–Carman equation 431vertical porosity distribution 431
pickling liquors 686pig iron 680pilot‐plant‐scale development and
testing 695pinch technology 701, 702Planck’s radiation law 250plant walk‐through 718plate/block magnet 657plate reflectance 288PM‐2.5 emission 455PM‐2.5 particulates 454PM‐10 particulates 454pneumatic jig 652Polarimetric L‐band Microwave
Radiometer (PLMR) 262pollutants 521pollution prevention (P2)
bench‐scale laboratory development 694
cost‐effective solutions 692cost evaluation 698definition 689, 690
economics 698–699environmental costs 698establishing and maintaining 697identification guidelines 693integrated methodology 696–697at macroscale 700–701at mesoscale 701–706methodology continuum 692at microscale 706–707potential sources 692prevention methods 691–696process elements for 692process operations stage 695–696product/process engineering
stage 695product/process synthesis 691R&D stage 693–695survey treatment techniques
699–707pollution prevention assessment
(PPA) 696polydispersions 499popcorn slag 680porous pavement systems
construction practicespermeable interlocking concrete
pavers 446pervious concrete 445–446porous asphalt 445porous subbase 445postinstallation 446subgrade preparation 444–445
cost savings 430driver safety 430field study measurements 426hydraulic behavior
flow routing 435–438underdrains 441–442undrained porous
pavement 438–441hydraulic conductivity 427hydraulic properties 427installation of 426layout and siting 446maintenance
clogging 447inspection 447mechanical sweeping 447power washing 447sediments 447vacuuming 447
open‐graded friction course (OGFC) 425
permeability
0003947046.INDD 740 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 741
constant head test 435falling head test 434–435infiltration test 435Kozeny–Carman equation 431vertical porosity
distribution 431pond design tools 427porosity
ASTM C1688/C1688M standard test method 434
ASTM C1754/ C1754M‐12 standard test method 432–433
ASTM D7063/D7063M‐11 standard test method 432
hardened pervious concretes 430
image analysis techniques 433nonminimal porosity 430single‐sized aggregates 431volumetric method 432–433
rainfall retention rates 426in road noise 430sediment and debris 427structural design
flexible pavements 442interlocking concrete
pavements 442rigid pavements 442subgrade 443thickness design 443traffic 443
subsurface drainage 427tire–pavement interaction 430in urban areas 430water quality 428–129water quantity 429
potable reuse, of reclaimed wastewater
constituents of concern 411design considerations 411, 414treatment objectives 411–413treatment technologies 411
preassessment phase, waste auditingbaseline information
collection 717implementable options 718plant walk‐through 718
precipitation 361–362 see also chemical precipitation
of environmental fluxesprecipitation retrieval 282–284radiometric signatures 282
preferential flow 169–170
pregnant leach solution 676preliminary assessment (PA) 596preliminary material balance 721preparatory work phase, waste
auditingaudit exercise plan 715–716audit team formation 714–715management groups 712–714
pressure outflow experiment 171prevention of significant
deterioration (PSD) requirements 53
process energy integration/heat integration 703
process flow diagrams 719product/process synthesis 691prussian blue (Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3) 675psychrometrics 540–541publicly owned treatment works
(POTW) 380pulse‐jet cleaning system 470pyrite 678pyrometallurgical wastes
gaseous wastes 680–682iron ore concentrates 679solid wastes 679–680
qquantitative data quality
objectives 15
rradiative transfer theory
radiative transfer equation (RTE)for absorption and
emission 250–251scattering 251
radiative transfer modelingmicrowave domain 253–254multiple‐flux models 253–254plate models 252–253reflection and refraction
processes 251–252radioactive transformations 547radionuclides 348radon
activity 547decay chain 547health concerns 547–548indoor
air control techniques 550–551Rn control 550soil characteristics 548–549soil gas concentration 549–550
soil production 549transport of 549
natural radioactivity 546–547pollutants 543radioactive transformations 547
rainfall retention rates 426random sampling 22rapid small‐scale column tests
(RSSCTs) 366Rayleigh scattering 251RCAs see recycled concrete
aggregates (RCAs)RCRA see Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA)R&D stage see research and
development (R&D) stagerecharge basins 407reclaimed asphalt materials
(RPMs) 599record of decision (ROD) 51recreational impoundments 395recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs)
durability 617–618environmental suitability
618–622geotechnical performance
616–617pavement sublayer design 616recycled waste materials 600–601
recycled waste materialsbenefit of 621fly ash 600RCA 600–601
recycling solid waste 668–669redox potential 408redox reactions 211redox sequence 339–341regenerative thermal oxidizer 491Regulation of Greenhouse Gases
54–55Remediation Investigation/Feasibility
Study (RI/FS) 597remote sensing (RS)
airborne sensorsAirMOSS 260–261E‐SAR/F‐SAR/PLMR2,
261–262and features 260HyMap 259–260unmanned aerial systems
262–263unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs) 259environmental fluxes
0003947046.INDD 741 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index742
evapotranspiration 285–287precipitation 282–284surface water storage and
fluxes 284–285land surface temperature
air temperature 272definition 269linear split‐window algorithm
270–271nonlinear split‐window
algorithm 271–272SC methods 270TIR data 269
snow cover and water equivalentbiophysicochemical vegetation
variables 279–282radiometric signatures
276–277snow cover retrieval
277–279soil hydrostatic
properties 268–269soil minerals
carbonate minerals 264chemical soil composition 265clay minerals 264direct characterization and
quantification 264goethite 266iron minerals 264iron oxides 266sulfate minerals 264Vis‐NIR‐SWIR range 264
soil moisturepassive microwave
retrieval 273–276radiometric signatures 273
soil organic matter (SOM)decomposition stage 266quantity and quality 266soil reflectance 266
soil texture 267–268spaceborne sensors
GPM 259landsat satellites 255–256microwave sensors 256–257Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 256
Sentinel‐1, 258–259Sentinel‐2 mission 256SMAP 259SMOS 257–258
static soil propertiesdirect measurements 263sampling methods 263
research and development (R&D) stage 693–695
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 585–586, 589
facilities 589–591hazardous waste management
59–60identification and classification
wastes 58–59imports/exports 587injection well 587land disposal 587land disposal restrictions 60mixed wastes 586–587nonhazardous waste
management 59permit 588solid waste 589universal wastes 586USTs 589waste incineration 60–61waste oil 586
resource recovery 629Reynolds number 501Richards’ Equation
diffusion form of 164–166Linearized Richards’ Equation
166–167nonlinear Richards’ equation 167numerical solution 167–169scaled forms of 169soil hydraulic functions 159–160
roadside noise pollution 575–577road surface gravel (RSG) 602–605robot recycler sorting 647–649rock wastes 675rolling mills process 686rotary screen 637–638
sSafe Drinking Water Act 587, 591salinity 379, 389, 395salts
conventional pollutantsirrigation 342road salt 342–343saltwater intrusion 343well water contamination 343
inorganic chemical constituents 378
sampling approaches, environmentalgrid/systematic sampling 14, 22hypothetical composite sampling
grid 20intensive sampling 14judgmental sampling 22non‐composite sampling 18random sampling 22stratified random sampling 22stratified sampling 22uncertainty and contributing
errors 21saturated/unsaturated zones 310scanning mobility particle sizer
(SMPS) 499sea level rise
accommodation 121–124background 119causes 119–120Chesterfield Heights
community engagement 125cross‐disciplinary inquiry 126existing wetland area for
storage 127full block raising/storage 126guiding principles 126living shoreline 126–127observations of conditions 125tidal check valves and EPA
SWMM modeling 127water storage 127
the Haguecheck valves 131–132community engagement 130guiding principles/cross‐
disciplinary inquiry/collaborators 130
sponges 132–134stormwater retention
129–130tidal barriers 130–131tidal flooding 129
impacts of 120structures and adaptation
designelevating structures 120–121protection 120retreat 121
sea‐salt aerosol 499Seasonal Soil Compartment
(SESOIL) 615secondary maximum contaminant
levels (SMCL) 618sedimentation 141, 358–359
remote sensing (RS) (cont’d )
0003947046.INDD 742 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 743
sensor‐based sortingcolor sorting 643–644devices 643laser‐induced breakdown
spectroscopy 646magnetic induction 646–647near infrared 644X‐ray fluorescence 644–645X‐ray transmission 645–646
Sensor Integrated Environmental Remote Research Aircraft (SIERRA) 262
sequencing batch reactors 367–368shredders 632–635sick building syndrome (SBS) 555–556Simplified‐Surface Energy Balance
Index (S–SEBI) algorithm 285–286
single mass exchanger 705single‐pass efficiency 529single‐ring infiltration method
172–173Site Inspection (SI) 596size separation, solid waste
disk screen 638rotary screen/trommel 637–638vibrating screen 637
size/volume reduction equipment, solid waste
equipment factors 629–630hammer mill 631–632impactors 631shredders
bag opener 633–635flail mill 632–633knife shredder 633
wood grinders 635–636slags 673, 679–680Small Quantity Generators
(SQGs) 595smoke particles
biomass burning 494optical properties 494
smoking 544–545Smoluchowski’s theory 684social life cycle assessment 7, 9–11soil conditions 395soil hydraulic functions 159–160soil physical properties and processes
exploitation 137fundamental mass‐volume
relationshipsdegree of saturation 138dry bulk density 138
gravimetric water content 138mean particle density 138porosity 138void ratio 138volumetric water content 138
heat pulse measurementssoil heat balance and subsurface
evaporation 190–192soil thermal property
fitting 189–190soil water flux density and
direction 190heat transport
analytical solutions to 185–186conductive heat transport 185convective heat transport 185heat conservation equation 185radiant heat transport 184–185
size distribution and soil classification
coulter counter method 142dry and wet sieving
methods 140–141indirect methods, for
estimation 143–144laser diffractometry 142–143PSD information for textural
classification 144sedimentation methods 141X‐Ray attenuation (SediGraph)
method 141–142soil hydraulic properties
constant‐head flow method 170
double‐ring infiltration method 172
dripper method 173evaporation method 172falling‐head flow method
170–171internal drainage method 173pressure outflow
experiment 171single‐ring infiltration
method 172–173soil parameters
breakthrough curve 179–182solute concentration
measurement 182soil temperature
direct soil contact temperature measurement 183
noncontact soil temperature measurement 183–184
soil watercharacteristics 153–158electromagnetic water content
measurement techniques 148–150
energy state 150–153Euclidean separation
distance 147flow velocity of water 146matric potential 147neutron scattering 147–148
solute transport processesadsorption 176advection 174advection‐dispersion equation
and analytical solutions 178–179
diffusion 174dispersion 174–176exclusion 176–177unsaturated soils 177–178
specific surface of soilsnonpolar gases, adsorption
of 145physical measurements 144polar liquids, adsorption
of 145–146temperature effects, on biological
activity 192–194thermal properties
soil heat capacity 186–187soil thermal conductivity
187–189soil thermal diffusivity 189
water flow modelsBuckingham–Darcy
Equation 160–164Buckingham–Darcy Law 159Darcy’s Law 158–159preferential flow 169–170Richards’ Equation 159–160,
164–169soil water
characteristics 153–158electromagnetic water content
measurement techniques 148–150
energy state 150–153Euclidean separation
distance 147flow velocity of water 146matric potential 147neutron scattering 147–148
Solid Waste Disposal Act 585
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Index744
solid wastes 589, 673, 674casting sands 680dust 680pyrometallurgical processes 679slags 679–680
solid waste separation and processagglomeration (cubing and
pelletizing) 661–663ballistic separation 660–661compaction/baling 663–665density/gravity separation
air cyclones 652air separators 649–652heavy media separators
652–653stoners 652
economic benefits 667–668Eddy–current separation
657–659electrostatic separation
659–660employment benefits 668environmental benefits
666–667froth flotation 661landfill mining to circular
economy 628–629magnetic separation 653–657manual/hand sorting 638–642principles of 629recycling prospects 668–669reuse and recycling 627–628robot sorting 647–649sensor‐based sorting
642–647size separation
disk screen 638rotary screen/trommel
637–638vibrating screen 637
size/volume reductionequipment factors 629–630size reduction equipment
630–635wood grinders 635–636
solute transport, in aquifers 312–313
sound divergence 570, 573sound frequency 570sound intensity 570sound level meters 574–575
Amprobe SM‐20A 575roadside noise 575–577
sound power 569
sound pressure 569, 570vs. distance 573vs. frequency 572–573vs. intensity 570–572
sound propagationdirect sound path 568environmental elements of 567pure sound wave 567reflected sound path 568sound wave mathematics 569wave fronts 568
source–sink mapping 704, 705spaceborne sensors
GPM 259landsat satellites 255–256microwave sensors 256–257Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 256
Sentinel‐1, 258–259Sentinel‐2 mission 256SMAP 259SMOS 257–258
spatial tools 17speciation 346spectral emission coefficient 250spectral methods 69spectral representation 69spectral scattering coefficient 251stack effect 533staggered grids 69star‐shaped disk screen
638–639starter dike 676statistical inference 14statistical methods 272statistical model 77steel production 679Stefan–Boltzmann law 250Stokes wave theory 309stratified random sampling 22stratified sampling 22stream augmentation 399–402substance flow analysis 3sulfide mining 677sulfur dioxide (SO2) 481–483, 521,
680–682supercritical water oxidation
364–365Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA) 589
surface impoundments 591surface spreading 407
surface waveslinear wave theory 309–310spatial and temporal scales 308Stokes wave theory 3092D regular surface gravity
waves 309wind‐generated waves 308
suspended/overbelt magnet 655–656
suspended solids 407sustainable development 627sustainable development goal (SDG)
2015, 709systematic waste audit 725
ttailings impoundments 675–676
hydrometallurgical processing wastes 682
liquid–solid separation 677tapioca‐manufacturing factory
assessment phase 726economical evaluation 728mass balance comparisons 728preassessment phase
725–726preparatory work phase 725starch milk production 727synthesis and preliminary
analysis 726, 728, 729technical evaluation 728wastewater characteristic
loading 728tau–omega model 274–276Technology‐Based Effluent
Limitations 56–57temperature‐vegetation index (TVX)
method 272TEOM technique 496terminal settling velocity
497–498thermal comfort 539–540thermal optical reflectance
(TOR) 506tinnitus, noise pollutin 566Title 22 of the California Code of
Regulations for Water Recycling Criteria 380
total cost assessment (TCA) 698total organic carbon (TOC) 378total suspended particulate material
(TSP) 495total volatile organic compounds
(TVOCs) 555
0003947046.INDD 744 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 745
toxicology 593–594toxic organics 346–347toxic substances
aesthetics vs. health 346inorganic toxicants 347–348natural vs. alien 345–346radionuclides 348speciation 346toxic organics 346–347
trace chemical constituents 379tracer gas techniques 536–538transmittance model 288treatment, storage and disposal
facilities (TSDFs) 588–590
trihalomethane (THM) compounds 378
trommel screen 637–638
uultraviolet germicidal irradiation
(UVGI)cooling coil 527design considerations 528effectiveness 528environmental factors 528inactivation rate 528upper‐room 527ventilation ducts 527
uncertainty analysiscomplex entities 26contaminant assessment
process 26decision‐rule uncertainty 25exposure assessment 26modeling uncertainties 25Monte Carlo technique 25numerical value uncertainties 26uncertainty factors (UFs) 26variability and 25
unconfined aquifers 310Underground Injection Control
(UIC) 591underground sources of drinking
water (USDW) 587underground storage tanks
(USTs) 586, 589unit operations 719universal wastes 586unmanned aerial systems
262–263unsaturated soils 177–178upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB) 370
upstream method, tailings dike construction 676
urban areas see also environmental noise pollution
human health effects 566–567noise pollution 565–566roadside noise 575–577rolling noise 580sound level meters 574traffic noise 579
urban canopy model 72urban mining 628–629urban reuse, of wastewater recycling
decentralization 379design considerations
constituent application 387decentralized treatment and
application 387economic and technical
viability 387reliability 387temporal water balance 387
inorganic chemical constituents 378–379
microorganismsindicator organisms 378municipal wastewater 377particulate matter 377–378pathogenic agents 377spraying/dripping 377waterborne diseases 376
organic constituents 378trace chemical constituents 379treatment objectives
restricted urban reuse 380–384
unrestricted urban reuse 380treatment technologies
advanced oxidation 386depth filtration 385disinfection 386filtration technologies 385granular activated carbon 386membrane filtration
385–386natural treatment systems
386–387surface filtration 385
urea‐formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) 544
US automobile industry 673U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (US EPA) 494, 583, 674, 691
average concentrations 495chemical compatibility chart
590, 592US National Ambient Air Quality
Standards 496
vvadose zone injection 407vapors 673ventilation and infiltration
air age 536air exchange effectiveness 536airflow through openings
534–535air leakage measurement
535–536driving mechanisms 532–533large building ventilation
practices 534natural ventilation flow
rates 535residential ventilation practices
533–534ventilation efficiency 536
ventilation measurementsair velocity measurements
538–539fan pressurization 539tracer gas techniques 536–538
vibrating screen 637viscous propagation 328–329volatile organic compounds (VOC)
488–491, 521, 543isotherms 556–557SBS 555–556surface interactions 556–557TVOC 555
volcanic activity 94
wwaste(s)
audit report 717deepwater storage 678end‐of‐pipe treatment 709generation audits 700impoundment design 675management hierarchy 689, 690of milling operation 675at mine sites 673recycling/reuse 712segregation of 718treatment cost 710valuable materials, recovery
of 700
0003947046.INDD 745 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index746
waste auditing 712, 715–716 see also industrial waste auditing
housekeeping processes 715inventory processes 715methodology steps 713packaging processes 715production processes 715tapioca‐manufacturing
factory 725–729waste treatment processes 715
waste from electronic and electric equipment (WEEE) 652, 659
waste incineration 60–61waste interception and allocation
networks (WINs) 706waste minimization 629, 689, 690
advantages 711analysis phase 712audit of target processes 715audit phase 711cleaner production cycle 711design and development
phase 712development cycle 711–712Douglas’s hierarchical
procedure 704evaluation phase 712implementation phase 712inception phase 711industrial waste auditing
710–711waste minimization and reuse
technologiesaggregates 599benefit of 621durability 604–608fly ash 600–602geotechnical performance
602–604leachate
chemical analysis 608–614groundwater numerical
modeling 614–616RCA
durability 617–618environmental suitability
618–621geotechnical performance
616–617pavement sublayer design 616
waste materials 599–601waste oil 586waste piles 591
waste reductionchemical metallurgy wastes
678–679hydrometallurgical wastes
682–686pyrometallurgical wastes
679–682definition 690–691integrated methods 705mine sites 674–675
acid‐rock drainage 677–678hydrometallurgical wastes
676–677tailings impoundments 675–676
operational changes 696pollution prevention programs
economics 698–699integrated methodology
696–697prevention methods 691–696survey treatment techniques
699–707potential sources 692waste management hierarchy 689
wastewater 721wastewater recycling
agricultural reuse 388–395desalination 375energy source
anaerobic pretreatment 418biogas 418industrial wastewater
treatment 421–422environmental reuse 397–400groundwater recharge 406–410for impoundments 395–397industrial reuse 400–406in Israel 375legal and regulatory issues 416,
418–420nonpotable reclaimed
wastewater 375nutrient recovery 422–423planning and funding 416, 417potable reuse of 410–414public health protection 375public involvement and
participation 418reliability requirements
alarm systems 415Federal Water Quality
Administration 414–416industrial pretreatment
program 415–416
piping and control, flexibility of 414
power supply 414quality assurance program
414–415storage requirements 415treatment systems, monitoring
of 414treatment technologies 375urban reuse of
decentralization 379design considerations 387inorganic chemical constituents
378–379microorganisms 376–378organic constituents 378restricted urban reuse 380,
383, 384trace chemical constituents 379treatment technologies 383,
385–387unrestricted urban reuse
380–382in U.S., 375
wastewater treatment plantsbiological waste treatment
activated sludge process 367anaerobic processes 369–370biological aerated filters 369membrane bioreactors
368–369sequencing batch reactors
367–368types 367
characteristics and requirementscategorical pretreatment
standards 3545‐day biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD5) 352Effluent Guidelines and
Limitations 354industrial facility 352local limits 354National Pretreatment
Program 351priority pollutants 351prohibited discharge standards
352, 355chemical treatment
adsorption and ion exchange 365–366
chemical oxidation and reduction 362–364
electrochemical process 365
0003947046.INDD 746 7/6/2018 2:45:10 PM
Index 747
neutralization 361precipitation 361–362wet air oxidation and
supercritical water oxidation 364–365
physical unit processair stripping 356–358evaporation 361filtration 359flotation 359–360oil and grease removal
360–361sedimentation/clarification
358–359water flow models
Buckingham–Darcy Equationsteady‐state evaporation and
infiltration 160–162transient infiltration
162–163Buckingham–Darcy Law 159Darcy’s Law 158–159preferential flow 169–170Richards’ Equation
diffusion form of 164–166Linearized Richards’
Equation 166–167nonlinear Richards’
equation 167numerical solution 167–169scaled forms of 169soil hydraulic functions
159–160water leach tests (WLTs) 608, 612
water quality 428–129acid and pH
acid rain 345mining and acid mine
drainage 345characteristics 333direct biological health
impacts 333dissolved oxygen
depletion 339–341emerging water pollutants 348–349eutrophication 341heat and temperature
biochemical reactions 343dissolved gases 343–344species shifts and
survivability 344historical background
ancient water sanitation 334–335in London 335–336
industrial/technological pollution 338–339
natural/conventional pollution 337–338
pathogens 341–342salts 342–343suspended solids 344–345toxic substances
aesthetics vs. health 346inorganic toxicants 347–348natural vs. alien 345–346radionuclides 348speciation 346toxic organics 346–347
water quality limits (WQLs) 612Water Quality Standards 57–58water quantity 429weatherization 541–542weighted sum method 722–724wells, in aquifers 311–312wet air oxidation 364–365wetlands 398–400wet scrubbers
mass transfer process 484removal efficiencies 484types of 487water‐soluble gases 484
windblown dust 499, 674wind‐generated waves 308WiscLEACH 615, 616wood grinders 635–636World Health Organization
(WHO) 578
xX‐ray attenuation (SediGraph)
method 141–142X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) sorting
644–645X‐ray transmission (XRT) sorting
645–646
yYosemite National Park 504–505
zZenRobotics Recycler (ZRR) 647zinc 681
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