Improvement of Oil Palm Wood PropertiesUsing Bioresin
Erwinsyah
Dissertation
Institut für Forstnutzung und ForsttechnikFakultät für Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften
Technische Universität Dresden
Improvement of Oil Palm Wood PropertiesUsing Bioresin
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Akademischen Gradesdoctor rerum silvaticarum (Dr. rer. silv.)
vorgelegt derFakultät für Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften
der Technische Universität Dresden
von Erwinsyah, S.Hut. M.Sc. forest. trop.geboren am 17.07.1973 in Bogor, Indonesia
GutachterProf. Dr. Dr. habil. Claus-Thomas Bues, TU Dresden
Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Wagenführ, TU DresdenProf. Dr. Michael Köhl, Universität Hamburg
Dresden, 27 May 2008
Dresden, May 27, 2008
I dedicated this dissertation to
Hj. Novi Zurnailis Erwinsyah and Muhammad Fayyadh Altamis Erwinsyah
whose prayers, support and love
blessed my heart and sustained me in the years of life
Erwinsyah
Preface
Oil palm wood is one of the oil palm solid wastes which available in large amount throughoutthe year and currently this material has not been fully utilized yet, due to great variations inphysical and mechanical properties which caused many difficulties of working and using thewood for application. It might also be due to the insufficient the scientific information and theknow-how of this biomaterial. This study was carried out to provide sufficient information andto improve the wood properties of oil palm using bioresin.
The dissertation consists of five chapters. The first chapter describes very short-history of oilpalm from its origin-land to the expansion of this crop in the Southeast Asia, and discussesabout the scientific background in combination to the problem of the oil palm wood utilizationto address the objectives and hypothesis of this study.
The second chapter contains the reviewed of the related literatures, which is divided into parts,i.e. general reviews and related research reviews. In general reviews, the several subjects werediscussed and explained systematically starting from the forest and wood trends in Indonesiafollowed by development of oil palm industry as an impact of ban log export that is introdu-ced in 1985. Further, the author reviewed more detail about the oil palm, including botanicaldescription, distribution and utilization of this popular crop as well as reviewed the bioresinavailability, uses and production and trading. The related researches were reviewed includingthe oil palm wood conditions, its characters (anatomical characteristics, physical and mechani-cal properties, and chemical composition). The characteristic of bioresin was also discussed inthis chapter.
Third chapter consists of description and explanation about the materials used in this study andthe methodology to run all experiments both in the field and laboratory. The processing of oilpalm trunk and manufacturing specimens was explained in this chapter. The methodology partcontains the research frame which guiding the whole experimental-chain activities, explanationthe methods used starting from the characteristics of wood (the anatomical investigation, woodzoning determination and bioresin reinforcement techniques) to the testing of physical, mecha-nical and machinery properties. Experimental data analysis and scope, location and limitationof the research were discussed in this chapter.
Fourth chapter contains all the results and discussions which are divided into five sections, i.e.:
– Section 4.1 discusses the anatomical characteristics of oil palm wood, including macros-copic and microscopic.
– Section 4.2 is concerned with the wood zoning determination, due to very heterogeneity incharacteristics and properties of oil palm wood along the trunk height and depth. Hence,it is necessary to improve its homogeneity by defining the population and distribution ofvascular bundles over the transverse section of the trunk.
– Section 4.3 discusses in detail the properties of oil palm wood which is divided into threeparts, i.e. (1) Physical properties (moisture content, density and volumetric shrinkage);(2) Mechanical properties (static bending strength (modulus of elasticity and modulus ofrupture), shear strength parallel to grain, hardness strength, compression strength parallelto grain, tension strength parallel and perpendicular to grain, cleavage strength and nailwithdrawal resistance; and (3) Machinery properties (cross cutting, planning, shaving andmoulding, and boring).
Preface
– Section 4.4 and 4.5 discuss and evaluate the bioresin reinforcement techniques and pro-ving the proposed hypothesis and research outlook, respectively.
The last chapter concludes the all research results and findings in this study and also describesseveral recommendations concerning to the use of oil palm wood and the recommended futureresearch works.
Dresden, May 27, 2008Erwinsyah
viii
Acknowledgement
I wish to praise and thank to the Lord Almighty Allah for the divine protection and direction topursue this enviable program.
I also wish to express my sincere gratitude, deepest appreciation to my major advisor, Prof. Dr.Dr. habil. Claus-Thomas Bues, Chair of Forest Utilization, Institute of Forest Utilization andForest Techniques, Dresden University of Technology, for his words of encouragement, pati-ence, suggestion, expertise and research facilities during my research periods both in Dresden,Deutschland and in Medan, Indonesia.
My sincere thanks also goes to my second advisor, Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Wagenführ Profes-sorship of Wood and Fibre Materials Technology, Dresden University of Technology, for hisconstructive criticisms, support and suggestion. I am grateful to Prof. Dr. Michael Köhl fromUniversity of Hamburg, for accepting to be my third advisor.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Andreas Roloff, Chair ofForest Botany, Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, Dresden University of Technolo-gy, for accepting to be the examiner in the rigorosum with the subject of forest botany and asthe chairman during the seminar defense.
I am very grateful to Dr. Ir. Witjaksana Darmosarkoro, MS., the Director of Indonesian OilPalm Research Institute (IOPRI) and the entire staffs for the recommendation, guidance andscholarship support and research facilities to pursue this doctoral program.
I wish to express my special grateful to my dear wife Hj. Novi Zurnailis Erwinsyah and myson Muhammad Fayyadh Altamis Erwinsyah for the spiritual, moral, encouragement and theirdeepest love that they gave me to pursue this nobel program.
I would like to express my greetings to my parents Suparman and Hodijah, H. Suwarno and Hj.Zuhairiah, and my sister Irmawati and my brothers Eriek Permana, Eris Gustiar, Arief Haryonoand Zulfikar Adli for their prayers and encouragement during my study in Deutschland.
I am further grateful to DFI Ernst Bäucker and Liane Stirl for helping in the light microscopyand the scanning electron microscopy analysis, and also to Ediansjah Zulkifli for the LaTeX andFortran assistances during preparation of this document.
Last but not least, I would like to express my greetings to Ing. (FH) Harald Kirchner, Dipl.-Forstw. Björn Günther, Dr. Jürgen König, Daniela Hernig, and Antje Hage for a good coopera-tion and help during the period of this doctoral program.
Dresden, May 27, 2008Erwinsyah
Table of Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgement ix
Table of Contents xi
Symbol Glossaries xvii
Abbreviation xix
Abstract xxi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Scientific Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Problem Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Research Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Review of Related Literatures 9
2.1 General Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Forest and Wood Trends in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Government Policy Regarding Oil Palm Industry in Indonesia . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.3 Development of Oil Palm In Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.1.3.1 Botanical Description of Oil Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1.3.2 Distribution of Oil Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.1.3.3 Oil Palm Industry and Its Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.1.3.4 Oil Palm Wastes and Its Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Bioresin and Its Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.1.4.1 Resin, Rosin and Bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.1.4.2 Rosin and Its Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.1.4.3 Rosin Production and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2 Related Research Reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.2.1 Oil Palm Wood Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
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2.2.2 Oil Palm Wood Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.3 Characteristics of Rosin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 Material and Methodology 29
3.1 Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1.1 Oil Palm Trunk Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.2 Wood Specimen Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.1 Characterization of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.2.1.1 Anatomical Investigation of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.2.1.2 Wood Zoning Determination of Oil Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2.2 Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . 423.2.2.1 Heat Technique of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.2.2.2 Chemical Technique of Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.3 Oil Palm Wood Properties Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.2.3.1 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.2.3.2 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.2.3.3 Machinery Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.4 Experimental Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.2.5 Scope, Location and Limitation of Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4 Results and Discussion 53
4.1 Characteristics Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1.1 Macroscopic Oil Palm Wood Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.1.2 Microscopic Oil Palm Wood Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.1.2.1 Vascular Bundle Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574.1.2.2 Fibre Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604.1.2.3 Vessel Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.1.2.4 Parenchyma Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.2 Oil Palm Wood Zoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.3 Properties of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3.1 Physical Properties of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.3.1.1 Moisture Content of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764.3.1.2 Density of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.3.1.3 Volumetric Shrinkage of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854.3.2.1 Static Bending Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864.3.2.1.1 The effect of wood zoning and trunk height on the static bending strength
(modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palmwood (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
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4.3.2.1.2 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time on the staticbending strength (modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture(MOR)) of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3.2.1.3 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and acetoneconcentration on the static bending strength (modulus of elasticity (MOE)and modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone 100
4.3.2.2 Shear Strength Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.3.2.2.1 The effect of wood zoning and trunk height on the shear strength parallel
to grain of oil palm wood (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1074.3.2.2.2 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time on the shear
strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin . . . 1094.3.2.2.3 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and acetone
concentration on the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood im-pregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.3.2.3 Hardness Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164.3.2.3.1 The effect of wood zoning and trunk height on the hardness strength of oil
palm wood (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1164.3.2.3.2 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time on the hard-
ness strength of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin . . . . . . . . . 1184.3.2.3.3 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin
concentration on the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withacetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.3.2.4 Compression Strength Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1254.3.2.4.1 The effect of trunk height on the compression strength parallel to grain of
oil palm wood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . 1254.3.2.4.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the compression strength
parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated withbioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.3.2.4.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration onthe compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheralzone impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.3.2.5 Tension Strength Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304.3.2.5.1 The effect of trunk height on the tension strength parallel to grain of oil
palm wood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304.3.2.5.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the tension strength
parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated withbioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.2.5.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration onthe tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zoneimpregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.3.2.6 Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1354.3.2.6.1 The effect of trunk height on the tension strength perpendicular to grain of
oil palm wood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . 1354.3.2.6.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the tension strength
perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnatedwith bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
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4.3.2.6.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration onthe tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood at peripheralzone impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.3.2.7 Cleavage Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394.3.2.7.1 The effect of trunk height on the cleavage strength of oil palm wood at
peripheral zone (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1394.3.2.7.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the cleavage strength
of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin . . . . . . . 1404.3.2.7.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration
on the cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnatedwith acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.3.2.8 Nail Withdrawal Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1434.3.2.8.1 The effect of trunk height on the nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm
wood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1434.3.2.8.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the nail withdrawal
resistance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin . 1454.3.2.8.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration
on the nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone im-pregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
4.3.3 Machinery Properties of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.3.3.1 Cross Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1494.3.3.2 Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504.3.3.3 Shaving and Moulding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1524.3.3.4 Boring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.4 Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.5 Proving Hypothesis and Research Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.5.1 Proving Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.5.2 Research Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 167
5.1 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.1.1 Anatomical Characteristics of Oil Palm Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
5.1.2 Wood Zoning Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
5.1.3 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.1.4 Mechanical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
5.1.5 Machinery Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.1.6 Bioresin Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
5.2 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.2.1 Recommendations for improving the oil palm wood processing and utilization 171
5.2.2 Recommendations for developing the bioresin reinforcement of oil palm wood 171
6 Bibliography 173
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Table of Contents
List of Figures 181
List of Tables 187
Appendixes 201
A Chronology of Indonesian forest policy period 1945-1992 202
B Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning 203
C Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning 224
D Data of Physical Properties 244
D.1 Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
D.2 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
D.3 Shrinkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
E Statistical Analysis of Physical Properties 258
E.1 Statistical Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
E.2 Regression Analysis Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
F Data of Mechanical Properties 261
F.1 Static Bending Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
F.2 Shear Strength Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
F.3 Hardness Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
F.4 Compression Strength Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
F.5 Tension Strength Parallel to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
F.6 Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
F.7 Cleavage Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
F.8 Nail Withdrawal Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
G Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties 300
G.1 Static Bending Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
G.2 Shear Strength ‖ to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
G.3 Hardness Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
G.4 Compression Strength ‖ to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
G.5 Tension Strength ‖ to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
G.6 Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
G.7 Cleavage Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
G.8 Nail Withdrawal Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
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Declaration 415
xvi
Symbol Glossaries
General Symbolize
ρ density in g/cm3
Bs bending strength
C proportion of void volume
ro oven dry density in g/cm3
rw density of cell-wall material in g/cm3
Sv volumetric shrinkage in %
Vgreen volume of specimen in green condition in cm3
Voven−dry specimen volume after drying in cm3
Woven−dry specimen weight after drying in g
Oil Palm Symbolize
D dura variety of oil palm
Dy dura dumpy variety of oil palm
DxP variety of oil palm from dura (mother-tree) x pisifera (father-tree)
P pisifera variety of oil palm
xvii
Symbol Glossaries
Wood Zoning Determination Symbolize
αm distance of sampling set/series
Afb area of oil palm trunk without bark at transverse section
Db trunk diameter with bark
nsi number of sampling of tree-i
nsr number of sampling for each series along the radius of the trunk
Rm sampling series along the average radius of wood disk sample
rfb trunk radius without bark at transverse section
Smn number of vascular bundle at sampling series m and sampling position n
Bioresin Reinforcement Symbolize
Ebr bioresin reinforcement value
fbr factor value of bioresin reinforcement
Iv improvement value in %
Ivρ improvement value of wood density after treatment in %
Ivm improvement value of mechanical properties of wood after treatment in %
xviii
AbbreviationANOVA Analysis of Variance
ASTM American Standard Testing Method
CPO Crude Palm Oil
CZ Central Zone
DBH Diameter at Breast Height
DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung
EFB Empty Fruit Bunch
EVA Equal Variances Assumed
EVNA Equal Variances Not Assumed
FFB Fresh Fruit Bunch
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GoI Government of Indonesia
HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
IZ Inner Zone
LM Light Microscopy
MC Moisture Content
MDF Medium Density Fiberboard
MOE Modulus of Elasticity
MoF Ministry of Forestry
MOR Modulus of Rupture
OPF Oil Palm Fronds
OPM Oil Palm Mill
OPSW Oil Palm Solid Waste
OPT Oil Palm Trunk
OPW Oil Palm Wood
PF Phenol Formaldehyde
PFF Pressed Fruit Fibres
PKO Palm Kernel Oil
Abbreviation
POPF Pruning Oil Palm Frond
PZ Peripheral Zone
SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
TUD Technische Universität Dresden
UW Untreated Wood
VB Vascular Bundle
WB Treated Wood with Bioresin
WBA Treated Wood with Bioresin using Chemical (acetone) Technique
WBA Treated Wood with Bioresin using Heat Technique
WG Window-Glass
WPG Weight Percent Gain
WW Water-White
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Abstract
Improvement of Oil Palm Wood Properties Using Bioresin
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) becomes the most popular crop, especially in Southeast Asia,than its origin, West Africa. World demand of two main products from this crop (e.g. crude palmoil and palm kernel oil) increases very rapidly, due to very wide ranges use of these vegetableoils for industrial purposes, such as fried oil, oleo-chemical and -food, cosmetics, detergent,biofuel and etc. Indonesia and Malaysia are the main producers and supplying more than 85%of world consumption. On the other hand, due to the economic life span of this popular crop (25years), the producer countries have been facing a serious environmental problems concerning tothe solid biowaste handling of oil palm industry, particularly the oil palm trunk after replantingactivity. Starting 2010, it is predicted that more than 20 millions cubic meter biomass from oilpalm trunk available annually.
The common handling-method during replanting process of oil palm plantation was the push-
felled and burn to reduce the mass and volume. This method creates very significant air pollu-tion, therefore, the above mentioned producers immediately banned the burning method throughintroducing the zero burning program. Further, the push-felled followed by burning activity hasbeen modified into several ways such as the push-felled and windrow; the push-felled, chip
and windrow and the under-planting method. Most of the oil palm companies currently applythese methods. It looks quite effective method, but it was also reported that the attacks by pestsand diseases increase very rapidly to the young and mature plants around the replanting area.The chipped palms became nests of rats and beetles and also as media for Ganoderma disease.Therefore, converting the oil palm trunk into valuable products, such as lightweight-board,furniture, wood-pellet, biofuel and energy become a good potential possibility to improve theutilization of this biomaterial.
In this dissertation, the investigation was conducted to develop the utilization of oil palm woodthrough the wood properties improvement, including physical, mechanical and machinery prop-erties. Due to the heterogeneity of physical and mechanical properties of oil palm wood alongthe trunk height and depth, therefore, this study was also investigated the anatomical character-istics and defining wood zoning.
Ten oil palm trees were selected randomly from the species Elaeis guineensis Jacq, variety ofDura x Pisifera at 27 years old plantation in Indonesia. Eight of them were used for the phys-ical, mechanical and machinery properties investigation and the remains trees for anatomicalcharacteristics and wood zoning determination.
The anatomical characteristics were conducted through the light microscopy and scanning elec-tron microscopy. The specimen for wood zoning determination over the transverse section wascut in the form of wood disk, which is taken from 12 different trunk heights. It was determinedon the basic of distribution and population of vascular bundles. The vascular bundles werecounted manually and the recorded data was analyzed through the mathematical and statisticalanalysis.
Bioresin which is derived from pine Pinus Merkusii was used to reinforce the oil palm wood.The experiments were designed to compare the wood properties between the untreated wood
Abstract
and the treated woods. The treated wood using heat technique was carried out under temperatureprocess 180 ◦C and the impregnation time 150 and 300 seconds. Whilst, the treated wood usingchemical technique was conducted under room temperature with the impregnation time 24 and48 hours and bioresin concentration in acetone 10 and 20%.
The wood specimens were cut from various trunk height (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 meter) and trunk depth(inner, central and peripheral) with till 5 replications. Number of wood specimen for physicalproperties (moisture, density and volumetric shrinkage) was 417 specimens. For mechanicaltesting (static bending (MOE and MOR), shear parallel to grain, hardness, compression parallelto grain, tension parallel and perpendicular to grain, cleavage and nail withdrawal resistance)was 1554 specimens, and 78 specimens for machinery properties (cross cutting, planning, shav-ing and moulding, and boring).
All the testing and specimen size and shape were done referring to the ASTM and DIN Stan-dards. The experiments were designed to compare the above mentioned wood properties of theuntreated and the treated wood.
According to the visual observation, the trunk shape of oil palm is normally circular and twoparts might be distinguished, such as the main part of the trunk and the cortex and bark. Attransverse section, the main part of the trunk was commonly darker colour in peripheral thanthat the inner part and no pith was observed. In green condition, the wood colour was yellowishbut brownish in dry condition. The wood structure of oil palm was arranged in different struc-ture in comparison with the common wood, where fibre and vessel components arrange in theform of vascular bundles system which was surrounded by parenchymatous ground tissue. Oneor two large vessels were distinguished in peripheral zone and two or three vessels in central andinner zone. The number of this component toward the central point of the trunk was decreasedsignificantly, therefore, refer to this finding, it is necessary to use the oil palm wood separatelybased on the trunk depth. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fibre structure in vas-cular bundle system was arranged similarly to the common wood, which attached each others invery compact formation. The fibre composes lumen, cell walls and pits. The fibre-wall layersat transverse sectional view were distinguishable as primary and secondary layers. Intercellu-lar layer, like mortar brick between walls which is namely middle lamella was also observed.Parenchyma cells were mostly in the form of spherical cell with the thin-walled and brick-likein formation, but in narrow space or area between one vascular bundle to the others, these cellswas commonly as elongated cell and oval-cell shapes.
According to the wood zoning determination, the distribution of vascular bundles was increasedfrom central point of the trunk toward the bark. Three different wood zoning were defined, i.e.inner zone (IZ), central zone (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ). The average population of vascularbundles at inner, central and peripheral zone were approx. 26; 46 and 97 vb/cm2, respectively.Furthermore, by defining the position of the above mentioned wood zoning at transverse sectionbased on their vascular bundle population, the position of inner, central and peripheral zonewas at radius of approx. 39 mm; 131 mm and 166 mm from the central point of the trunk,respectively.
The physical investigation results of oil palm wood showed that the moisture content in greencondition can be reached more than 500% with the average value of about 304%. The mois-ture content was gradually increased from the bottom to the top of the trunk and it decreasedfrom central point toward the outer part of the trunk. The volumetric shrinkage was graduallyincreased from the bottom to the top of the trunk and it varies between 10.3% and 22.8%.
xxii
Abstract
The wood density at inner and central zone were about 0.18 g/cm3, ranging from 0.16 to 0.19,and 0.20 g/cm3, ranging from 0.17 to 0.23, respectively. Whilst, the density at peripheral zonewas higher compared to the others zone. It was about 0.40 g/cm3, ranging from 0.37 to 0.43.The density value was gradually increased from inner to peripheral zone, but it was slightlydecreased from the bottom to the top of the trunk. The influence of wood zoning factor to thewood density of oil palm was higher than the trunk height factor, hence, it is necessary to usethis material separately based on their wood zoning. Generally, it is also necessary to use theoil palm trunk separately between up to 5 m and more than 5 m height
The mechanical properties of the untreated wood from three different zones showed signifi-cantly different values, which correlated with changing of wood density over the transversesection. The oil palm wood which is treated with bioresin using heat technique was resulteda higher mechanical strength in comparison to the untreated wood and the treated wood usingchemical technique. For example, the bending strength at inner zone of the treated wood was20% higher compared to the untreated wood.
In addition, the visual investigation also performed that the treated wood has a better woodsurface and more compact. Based on the machining tests, several surface-defects have beenobserved on the oil palm wood, such as chipped grain, fuzzy grain and burl. Generally, themachining quality of the untreated wood of oil palm was increased from poor or fair quality togood or very good quality after treating with bioresin using heat technique.
The bioresin reinforcement experiments resulted that the proper technique of bioresin reinforce-ment was using heat than chemical (acetone). The optimum condition of process was achievedat impregnation time for 150 seconds under temperature process of 180 ◦C. The wood densityafter treating with bioresin both heat and chemical techniques was generally increased morethan 70%, but the mechanical properties of treated wood was increase very significant whenusing the heat technique in comparison with the untreated wood.
Keywords: oil palm wood, anatomical characteristics, physical and mechanical properties, impregnation using
bioresin.
xxiii
Kurzfassung
Verbesserung der Eigenschaften des Ölpalmenholzesdurch Einsatz von Naturharz
Einleitung und Zielsetzung
Die aus Westafrika stammende Ölpalme (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) ist zur populärsten Kulturpflan-ze in Südostasien geworden. Als Haupterzeugnisse dieser Pflanze gelten die Öle der Früchteund der Fruchtkerne. Die weltweite Nachfrage nach diesen beiden Haupterzeugnissen nimmtsehr rasch zu. Ursache hierfür ist die breite Anwendungspalette dieser Pflanzenöle, wie z.B.Bratöl, ölbasierte Chemikalien und ölbasierte Nahrungsmittel, Kosmetika, Waschmittel, Bio-brennstoff usw. Indonesien und Malaysia sind die Hauptproduzenten und Hauptlieferantensolcher Produkte und decken über 85% des weltweiten Bedarfs. Mit Extensivierung der Öl-palmplantagen sehen sich die Erzeugerländer zunehmend mit ernstzunehmenden Umweltprob-leme konfrontiert, da nach Erreichen der wirtschaftlichen Lebenspanne (Umtriebszeit) von 25Jahren große Mengen an festen, biologischen Abfallstoffe bei der Neubegründung der Beständeanfallen. So sollen z.B. im Jahre 2010 laut Vorhersagen mehr als 20 Mill. Kubikmeter Ölpalmen-Holz jährlich anfallen.
Bisher wurde bei der Neupflanzungen von Ölpalmenplantagen alle alten Palmen mit Bag-gern umgedrückt und verbrannt (push-felled and burn). Da dieses Verfahren zu erheblichenLuftverschmutzungen führt, wurde das Verbrennung verboten (zero burning). Heutzutage wirdeine mehrfach modifizierte Methode angewandt, bei der die umgezogenen Palmenstämme aufWällen zusammengeschoben werden (push-felled and windrow). Die ’Zieh’-Fällung mit an-schließender Hackschnitzelherstellung und das Ablegen derselben in Wällen (push-felled, chip
and windrow) sowie das Unterbau-Pflanzverfahren (under-planting) sind weitere Methodender Bestandesneubegründung. Zunächst schienen diese Verfahren sehr effektiv zu sein. Im-mer häufiger wurde aber Probleme durch einen Befall mit Schaderregern und Pilz-Krankheitenan jungen und alten Ölpalmen im Bereich der Nachpflanzfläche berichtet, die schnell zunah-men. In den Hackschitzelhaufen aus Ölpalmholz bauten Ratten ihre Nester, Käfer siedel-ten sich in den Stämmen an. Das verrottende Holz war auch ein guter Nährboden für dieGanoderma-Krankheit. Deshalb wird aktuell darüber nachgedacht, das Holz der Ölpalmen-stämme zu speziellen Produkten zu verarbeiten, wie z.B. leichte Bauplatten, Möbelholz oderPellets, um die großen Holzmengen so einer sinnvollen Nutzung zuzuführen.
Die in der vorliegenden Dissertation beschriebenen Untersuchen der Nutzungsmöglichkeitendes Ölpalmholzes gelten der Verbesserung der Holzeigenschaften, insbesondere der Verbesser-ung der physikalischen und mechanischen Eigenschaften sowie des Verhaltens in Bezug auf diemaschinelle Be- und Verarbeitung des Ölpalmholzes.
Material und Methoden
Zehn Ölpalmen der Spezies Elaeis guineensis Jacq, Varietät Dura x Pisifera, wurden nach demZufallsprinzip auf einer 27jährigen Plantage auf der Insel Sumatra ausgewählt. Acht dieserBäume wurden zur Bestimmung der physikalischen, elastomechanischen und maschinellen
Kurzfassung
Bearbeitungs-Eigenschaften herangezogen. Die restlichen beiden Exemplare dienten der Bes-timmung holzanatomischer Merkmale. Wegen der ausgeprägten Inhomogenität des Ölpalmholz-es über dem Stammquerschnitt und in Stammlängsrichtung konzentrierten sich die anatomis-chen Untersuchungen auf die Bestimmung wichtiger, ausgewählter anatomischen Holzeigen-schaften einschließlich der Festlegung von 3 unterschiedlichen, anatomisch definierten Zonenüber dem Stammquerschnitt.
Zur Holzzonen-Bestimmung über der Querschnittsfläche wurden Stammscheiben aus 12 ver-schiedenen Stammhöhen geschnitten. Die Holzzonen-Bestimmung des Ölpalmenstammes er-folgte auf der Basis der Verteilung und Häufigkeit der Vaskularleitbündel. Die Vaskularbündelwurden manuell gezählt und durch mathematische und statistische Analysen 3 Grenzbereichebestimmt. Ausgewählte anatomische Holzeigenschaften wurden anhand von Lichtmikroskopieund Elektronenrastermikroskopie charakterisiert.
Von der in Indonesien beheimateten Kieferart Pinus merkusii gewonnenes Harz wurde zur Sta-bilisierung des Ölpalmenholzes genutzt. Die Imprägnierung wurde einerseits durch Erhitzendes Harzes auf eine Temperatur von 180 ◦C und Eintauchen des Holzes über eine Zeitspannevon 150 und 300 Sekunden durchgeführt; andererseits erfolgte das Einbringen des Harzes durchLösung in Aceton (10 - 20%ige Lösung) und Tränkung des Holzes bei Raumtemperatur undeiner Imprägnierzeit von 24 und 48 Stunden.
Die Probennahme für die physikalisch/elastomechanischen Untersuchungen erfolgten in unter-schiedlichen Stammhöhen (1, 3, 5, 7 und 9 Meter) sowie Stammtiefen (innere, mittlere undperiphere Lage über den Stammquerschnitt), bei bis zu 5 Wiederholungen. Zur Beurteilung derphysikalischen Eigenschaften (Feuchtigkeit, Rohdichte und Quell-/Schwingverhalten) dienten417 Probekörper. Für die elastomechanischen Prüfungen (Druckfestigkeit parallel zur Faser,Biegefestigkeit und Biege-Elastizitätsmodul, Zugfestigkeit parallel und rechtwinklig zur Faser,Scherfestigkeit, Spaltfestigkeit, Härte und Nagelauszugwiderstand) kamen 1554 Proben zur An-wendung. Das Verhalten des Holzes bei der Bearbeitung (Querschneiden, Hobeln, Fräsen undBohren) wurde anhand von 78 Probekörpern visuell beurteilt.
Alle Probenausformungen und Prüfungen der Proben erfolgten gemäß ASTM- und DIN-Stan-dards. Die physikalischen und elastomechanischen Versuche wurden vergleichend an unbehan-deltem und harzgetränktem Ölpalmholz durchgeführt.
ErgebnisseAnatomische Charakterisierung
Die Stammquerschnitte der Ölpalme sind in der Regel kreisrund. Der eigentliche Holzkörperwird von einer verhältnismäßig dünnen Rindenschicht (cortex and bark) umgeben. Im grünenZustand war die Holzfarbe gelblich, im trockenen jedoch bräunlich. Der äußere (periphere)Teil der Stammquerschnittsfläche erscheint generell dunkler als die tiefer gelegenen, innerenHolzbereiche. Holzstrahlen fehlen völlig. Faser- und Gefäßkomponenten bilden ein System ausVaskularleitbündeln (vascular bundles system), welches von parenchymatischem Grundgewebeumgeben ist. In der äußersten (peripheren) Stammquerschnittszone finden sich in den Leitbün-deln nur 1 bis 2 große Gefäße, während in den beiden inneren Zonen 2 bis 3 Gefäße im Leitbün-del vorhanden sind. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigten, dass die Fasera-nordnung im Gefäßbündelsystem des Palmenholzes der herkömmlicher Hölzer ähnlich ist. DieFaser besteht aus Lumen, Zellwänden und Tüpfeln. Die Faserwandschichten lassen sich imQuerschnitt in primäre und sekundäre Schichten unterscheiden. Eine Interzellulärschicht, wie
xxvi
Kurzfassung
Ziegelmörtel zwischen den Wänden gelegen, welche die Mittellamelle darstellt, wurde ebenfallsbeobachtet. Parenchymzellen waren meist als dünnwandige Zellen in runder und ziegelartigerForm zu beobachten, aber an sehr engen Stellen oder im Bereich zwischen zwei Vaskularbün-deln traten diese Zellen im Allgemeinen in länglicher oder ovaler Form in Erscheinung.
Bei der Holzzonen-Bestimmung zeigte sich, dass die Verteilung der Vaskularbündel vom Mit-telpunkt des Stammes zum Kortex hin zunahm. Es wurden drei verschiedene Holzzonen defini-ert, d.h. die innere Zone (IZ), mittlere Zone (CZ) und die periphere Zone (PZ) anhand derdurchschnittlichen Häufigkeit (26, 46 bzw. 97 V askularbndel/cm2) der Leitbündel signifikantvoneinander abgegrenzt. In absoluten Längen ausgedrückt, wies der innere Teil des Stamm-radius eine mittlere Länge von 39 mm auf, der mittlere Teil betrug 131 mm und der äußere(periphere) Teil 166 mm.
Physikalisch und Elastomechanische Untersuchungen
Die Ergebnisse der physikalischen Untersuchung des Ölpalmenholzes zeigten, dass die dar-rdichtebezogene Holzfeuchte im grünen Zustand über 500% erreichen kann (Durchschnittswertvon ca. 304%). Die natürliche Holzfeuchte nahm mit zunehmender Höhe im Stamm und überdem Stammquerschnitt von innen nach außen kontinuierlich ab. Die Volumenschwindung nahmallmählich vom unteren zum oberen Stammteil ab und lag zwischen 10,3% und 22,8%.
Die mittleren Rohdichten des Holzes in der inneren und mittleren Stammquerschnittszone la-gen bei etwa 0,18 g/cm3 (0,16 - 0,20 g/cm3) und bei 0,20 g/cm3 (0.17 - 0.23 g/cm3), währenddie Dichte in der peripheren Zone im Vergleich zu den anderen Zonen mit durchschnittlich0,40 g/cm3 (0,37 - 0,43 g/cm3) deutlich höher ausfiel. Der Dichtewert erhöhte sich allmäh-lich von der inneren zur peripheren Zone, verringerte sich aber leicht vom unteren zum oberenStammteil. Die Probennahme über dem Stammquerschnitt hatte dabei einen größeren Einflußauf die Rohdichte als die Entnahme über die Stammhöhe. Dennoch ist es bei einer stofflichenNutzung des Ölpalmholzes erforderlich, nicht nur die Rohdichteunterschiede über dem Stamm-querschnitt zu beachten. Die Befunde zeigten, dass es generell erforderlich ist, den Ölpalmen-stamm bis zu einer Höhe von 5 m und ab einer Höhe von 5 m getrennt zu verwenden.
Die elastomechanischen Eigenschaften des unbehandelten Ölpalmholzes wiesen für die 3 unter-schiedlichen Stammquerschnittszonen ebenfalls signifikant unterschiedliche Werte auf, die gutmit der veränderten Rohdichte korrelierten. Das mit heißem Kiefernharz behandelte Ölpalmen-holz zeigte höhere elastomechanische Festigkeiten sowohl im Vergleich zum unbehandeltenHolz, als auch im Vergleich zur Behandlung mit dem Aceton-Harzgemisch. So wurde zum Be-spiel die Biegefestigkeit in der inneren Zone um 20% im Vergleich zum unbehandeltem Holzerhöht werden.
Eine visuelle Überprüfung des harzgetränkten Ölpalmholzes auf Qualitätskriterien bei der mech-anischen Bearbeitung zeigte, dass das behandelte Holz bei allen Bearbeitungsschritten bessereHolzoberfläche besaß und kompakter war. Hinsichtlich der maschinellen Bearbeitung wur-den Faserausrisse, ’wollige’ Oberflächen und Unebenheiten am unbehandelten Ölpalmenholzbeobachtet. Generell konnte die Bearbeitungsqualität des unbehandelten Ölpalmenholzes vonschlecht oder mittelmäßig durch die Imprägnierung mit heißem Kiefernharz auf gut bis sehr gut
gesteigert werden.
Beurteilung der Imprägnierverfahren Die Experimente zur Stabilisierung des Ölpalmholzes mit-tels Kiefernharz belegten, dass erhitztes Kiefernharz wesentlich bessere Ergebnisse lieferte als
xxvii
Kurzfassung
die Tränkung des Holzes mit dem Aceton-Harz-Gemisch. Dieser Prozess der Heißharzbehand-lung verlief optimal bei einer Imprägnierzeit von 150 Sekunden unter Verwendung von 180 ◦Cheißem Harz. Durch Anwendung beider Imprägnierverfahren konnte zwar eine Erhöhung derRohdichte um bis zu 70% erreicht werden, die mechanischen Eigenschaften ließen sich jedochnur mit der Behandlung durch heißes Harz besonders deutlich steigern.
Schlüsselwörter: Ölpalmenholz, anatomische Charakterisierung, physikalische und elastomechanische Eigen-
schaften, Imprägnierung durch Kiefernharz
xxviii
1 Introduction
Elaeis guineensis Jacq or oil palm, as it is commonly known, originated from the tropical rainforest of West Africa. The great expansion of this crop has increased very rapid during thelast two decade in many parts of the world, such as Africa, the Pacific Islands, South America,and especially in Southeast Asia, with Indonesia and Malaysia as main producers. In 2006,Oil world [76] reported that both countries contributed more than 85% of the total 33.7 mil-lion tons of world production. Further, Colchester et al. [26] stated that South East Asia hasproven attractive to oil palm developers for a number of reasons, including the favorable climate,comparatively low labour costs, low land rents and concerted government plans to develop thesector, through provision of attractive (or unenforced) legal frameworks, cheap loans and fiscalincentives.
The oil palm which is mainly grown for its oil production and its economic life spans is about25 years. There are two main oil products which can be obtained from its fruit i.e. crude palmoil (CPO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). These palm oils are used in a great variety of products,both edible and non-edible products. Palm oil is being one of the main sources of cooking oil,shortening, ice creams and margarine, as well as being used in non-edible products such asdetergents, soaps, shampoos, lipsticks, creams, waxes, candles and polishes. In advance, it isused as a lubricant in industrial processes and also yields olein used in chemical processes toproduce esters, plastics, textiles, emulsifiers, explosives and pharmaceutical products [35].
The oil palm was first introduced to Indonesia in 1848. The pioneer of palm seedlings fromAfrica which brought by Dutch Botanist were planted in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg,now Bogor, in West Java. Since the first commercial plantation established in Sumatra in 1911by a Belgian Adrien Hallet and together with establishment of 2,000 palms by a German, K.
Schadt, and in 1940, about 110 hectares plantation was reached [53], and currently the oil palmplantation in Indonesia is expanding very rapid, reaching 2.9 million hectares by 1997 [35], andmore than 5 million hectares of productive oil palms by 2006 [76]. Parallel to the expansion ofplantation, the CPO production is experiencing a firm of increase from 900,000 tons (1983) [1]to 14 million tons (2005) [76].
In line with the development of CPO production, the oil palm industry also produces bio-waste(by-product) in two forms. Namely waste from mill and waste from plantation. The waste frommill consist of shell, empty fruit bunch (EFB), pressed fruit fibres (PFF), palm oil mill effluent(POME), whilst the other wastes from the plantation comprises of oil palm fronds (OPF) andoil palm trunks (OPT) during replanting after achieving its economic life spans [35]. Since thelast decade, the producers of oil palm, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia have been facinga serious task concerning the utilization of oil palm solid wastes (OPSW) both from the milland plantation, particularly EFB and OPT. The amount of EFB produced by the oil palm mill(OPM) is almost equal to the CPO yield (20-24%). Therefore in 2005, from about 200 oilpalm companies in Indonesia produce not less than 6 million tons EFB. Several methods havetechnically and commercially developed for utilizing this material, such as EFB Seedling-pot[37], EFB compost [51] [55] and EFB insulation [36]. Pulp and paper productions from EFBhas also introduced as well as panel based products [49] [50] [38] [39].
1
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Scientific Background
According to the projections of Indonesian Government program dealing with the oil palmindustry, starting 2010, there were at least 100,000 hectares of oil plantation should be annuallyreplanted [81]. If there were about 128 trees remained per hectare after reaching its life spanswith the average volume per tree approx. 1.638 m3, therefore more than 20 million m3 biomassfrom OPT available annually. This is a spectacular amount of natural solid waste which ispotentially good for biomass resources, such as fibre, cellulose as well as raw material forsubstituting wood material from natural forest. Unfortunately, the scientific information andknowledge ’know-how’ of OPT is still limited as well as its utilization.
Yet, compared to the various intensive researches and the economically important of the oilpalm, both processing technology and diversification of palm oil based products mainly fromCPO and PKO, the oil palm solid waste, particularly the OPT, has received relatively little re-search attention. This might be due to lack or insufficient the scientific information and ’Know-How’ of this material and might also be due to the difficulties of working and using with theOPT. Although several investigations have already conducted in the field of OPT uses, but a suf-ficient knowledge shall be achieved in order to design and establish the new ’tailor-made’ woodproducts based on oil palm ’wood’1, or OPW. Hence, this study was directed to focus the char-acteristics of OPW including anatomical, physical, mechanical and machinery properties, andin order to use this material for structural purposes, the wood properties of OPW were improvedand reinforced with bioresin through the development of wood modification techniques.
1.1 Scientific Background
As a monocotyledons species, the oil palm does not have cambium, secondary growth, growthrings, ray cells, sapwood, heartwood, branches and knots. Choon et al. [21] stated that thegrowth and increase in diameter of the trunk result from the overall cell division and cell en-largement in the parenchymatous ground tissues, together with the enlargement of the fibres ofthe vascular bundles. Choon and Choon [23] also mentioned that the vascular bundles increasefrom the butt end to the top of the palm and with regards to physical properties, there is greatvariation of density values at different parts of the trunk. Bakar et al. [10] further stated that themoisture content (MC) at the butt end is higher than the other parts and it is indicated slightlydecrease from the butt end to the top. Further, the density values decrease from the outer tothe center parts, but it is not clearly relation between trunk height and density values along thetrunk. Whilst, Killmann and Choon [65] mentioned that a gradual increase in MC is indicatedalong the trunk height from the butt end to the top and the density decreases linearly with trunkheight and toward the center of the trunk. The above results showed different trends both MCand density values and it shows contrarily each others.
Relating to the mechanical properties, the above physical conditions influenced to the strengthproperties of the trunk. Choon et al. [21] further reported that bending strength, compressionstrength parallel to grain and hardness of the trunk is generally poor compares to other timberspecies including rubberwood as well as coconut wood. In addition Ratanawilai et al. [86]stated that the mechanical properties of oil palm trunk were approximately two times lowerthan those of teak and rubberwood.
1’Wood’ here is primary tissue and is not comparable in developmental term to the wood of dicotyledons andgymnosperms, because palms do not possess cambium
2
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.2. Problem Setting
Concerning to processing and preserving of the OPW, several investigations have already con-ducted by Ho et al. [56] and Haslett [54], including sawing, machining, seasoning and preser-vation. Regarding the machining aspect, Ho et al. [56]. further described that the lumber doesnot have good machining properties. The main defect of oil palm lumber are cupping, twisting,collapse and checks (splits) between vascular bundles and parenchymatous tissues. It is alsoslightly difficult to very difficult to work with, depending on the machining process used andgives very rough machined surfaces. On the seasoning, the lumber was found to suffer fromvarious drying defects and during the preservation of OPW, this material is also very suscepti-ble to fungal and insect attacks due to the high sugar and starch contents. Several preservativeshave already tried but the results not as effective as on other susceptible timbers.
Facing the above mentioned difficulties working and utilizing OPW due to non-consistencyresponse of wood properties, particularly physical features that cause of unstress mechanicalproperties, therefore this study was precisely carried out to characterize the OPW from certainage and variety of the palm, which can be used a basic information for developing a new-conceptof oil palm wood technology for this species. Parallel to this, the study also concentrated tomodified this wood with bioresin reinforcement techniques.
1.2 Problem Setting
Solving Through Replanting Methods
As one of renewable materials, oil palm wood is not only available in a large amount, but alsostill poses a serious environmental problem. The problem is turn-up since the mature plantsreach their economic life span after 25 years, follows by replanting program. Three methods ofreplanting has already been adopted by oil palm company in Indonesia and Malaysia, such aspush-felled, chip and burn, push-felled, chip and windrow, and under-planting methods. Themost common method for replanting of oil palm in the above mentioned countries was the push-
felled and burn method to reduce the mass and volume. Push-felled process was done by theexcavator or other heavy vehicle. Since the zero burning program was introduced in the 90’s,this method immediately banned, because it was significantly creating the air pollution. Figure1.1 showed the push-felled and burn method of oil palm replanting.
Further, the push-felled methods followed by burning process was modified into the new methodcalled push-felled and windrow as shows in Figure 1.2. In order to increase the decomposi-tion and degradation process by natural decomposer, after pushing and felling, the palms werechipped previously into pieces. The chipped of the palms were not burnt but then windrowed,usually two palm rows to on windrow, and left them to decompose in the palm inter-rows, thenthis method namely push-felled, chip and windrow. Most of the oil palm companies, eitherpublic or private, currently applies this method. It looks quite effective method, but it was alsoreported that the attacks by pests and diseases increase very rapidly to the young and matureplants around the replanting area. The chipped palms became nests of rat and beetle and also asmedia for Ganoderma disease.
The other zero burning technique of replanting program was the under-planting method, wherethe young palms were planted under the old palms, which were gradually poisoned. Thismethod is illustrated in Figure 5.2.2. Unfortunately, the poisoned palms took more than twoyears to decompose completely and this resulted in very high breeding of Oryctes rhinoceros
beetles, which has become the most serious pest in immature and young mature palms.
3
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.2. Problem Setting
Fig. 1.1: Push-felled and burn replanting method of the oil palm plantation
Fig. 1.2: Push-felled and windrow replanting method of the oil palm plantation
4
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.2. Problem Setting
A case study about the crop damage by this beetles attacks reported by Liau and Ahmad [71]and Chung et al. [24] that beetle damage could cause crop losses of 40% and 92%, respectively,in the first year of harvesting in Malaysia. Further, apart from O. rhinoceros, the palm biomasscould also become the source of rats and Ganoderma boninense disease problems, like a sideeffect of previous method.
Summarized from the above mentioned methods concerning the replanting of oil palm, it isexactly still necessary to improve the technique of replanting program or looking for anotherpossibility to improve the utilization of oil palm trunk. Alternatively, converting the oil palmtrunk into others valuable products, such as fibre based products, panel based products, sourceof energy and also use for construction purposes. Relating to these efforts, several investigationshave already conducted both in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Fig. 1.3: Under-planting method of the oil palm replanting
5
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.2. Problem Setting
Producing Valuable Products
Producing valuable products from OPW such as particleboard, cement-bonded particleboard,gypsum-bonded particleboard, blockboard, and MDF have already been investigated. The ma-jor problems faced in manufacturing panel products were at material preparation. Teck and Ong[91] reported that processing of oil palm trunk by conventional method into particles is not fea-sible as clusters of fibrous strands produced by the trunk become entangled with the knives andblade of the flaker and causing the whole operation to stop. Instead, the trunk is first processedto chips. Further, Sudin, et al. [90]. faced a problem in producing cement-bonded particle-board from OPW. The retarding of cement-setting caused by the inherent high sugar and starchcontents of the material.
Producing fibre based products from OPW, such as pulp and papers were technically acceptedby selecting the special treatment and pulping process due to the fluctuation of pulp yield andquality consider to active alkali required. Choon and Wan [22] reported that the sufficient activealkali was not more that 14% to produce pulp of average yield and strengths using chemicalsulphate process.
Another possibility to use the OPW as source of energy has also conducted, like convertingOPT into charcoal which investigated by Lim and Lim [72]. But, it has concluded that OPT arenot suitable for the production of charcoal fuel, due to the low caloric value and high content ofthe ash resulted from OPW charcoal.
An alternative for Structural Purposes
Several efforts to utilize the OPW has also tried. Killmann [64] has conducted a preliminary oilpalm stem densification using ammonia treatment, but further test series still require in order toassess the potential of this process for economic use of oil palm stems and some aspects haveto be clarified due to the seasoning defects, fungal attack and reduction of the use of ammonia.Jumaat et al. [62] investigated the utilization of the OPW as trussed rafters. It is indicated thatcertain portion of the trunks had good potential to be used as structural components. Further,they concluded the result that the OPW has potential to be exploited for use as roof trusses withsome modifications and proper grading of the trunk.
6
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.3. Research Objectives
Concerning improvement of oil palm wood quality, Bakar et al. [8] impregnated this materialwith phenol formaldehyde (PF), but they stated that although the impregnation gave 19% weightpercent gain (WPG), but physical and mechanical properties were almost unchanged, indicatingthat the treatment with PF could not improve the quality, and thus need other method to find.
Addressing the research objectives
According to the advantage and disadvantage of oil palm wood described above, actually severalprocess modifications and handling procedures, however, had to be made in order to counter thepoor processing and working characteristics of this material. In order to solve or eliminate thedifficulties of oil palm wood in processing stage into producing valuable products, it is neces-sary to understood clearly about the characteristics of this oil palm bio-waste, both anatomicalfeatures, physical and mechanical behaviour. On the other hand, due to the great variationof density along the trunk height and toward the central point which resulted non-consistencewood features, it has to be graded on the basic of natural characters of oil palm. Therefore, sep-aration of the trunk into several parts based on the distribution of vascular bundles at transversesection is an essential experiment which has to be conducted previously to get more homoge-neous material for further processing. According to this reason, the study was also gathered thedetermination of oil palm wood zoning. Concerning to the improvement the use of OPW forstructural purposes, the study was further concentrated to modified the wood through the rein-forcement treatment using bioresin. The complete aims of this study were presented in Section1.3.
1.3 Research Objectives
Consider to the challenges of the oil palm industry development in the world, nevertheless, theutilization of oil palm trunk as one of solid bio-wastes of this popular crop is highly necessar-ily. The investigation shall be addressed in order to reduce the negative impacts and perhapsconverting into valuable products based on the oil palm wood. This can lead to a sustainableoil palm in the future. The overall aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of oilpalm wood and reinforced this material through the wood modification process. In this task,bioresin is used as filler and binding agent to improve the physical, mechanical and machineryproperties of the wood. Two reinforcement techniques were applied to reinforce and modify theoil palm wood.
The detail objectives expected to be achieved at the end of this research work, are spelt out asfollows:
1. Investigation the anatomy of oil palm wood, including macroscopic and microscopicstructures,
2. Determination of wood zoning at transverse section of the oil palm trunk,
3. Bioresin reinforcement of oil palm wood using heat and chemical techniques,
4. Investigation the wood properties, including physical, mechanical and machinery, and incomparison to the untreated wood of oil palm.
7
Chapter 1. Introduction 1.4. Research Hypothesis
1.4 Research Hypothesis
Due to the advantages and disadvantages of oil palm wood utilization, this study was carried outto improve the physical, mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood by applying thebioresin reinforcement using both heat and chemical techniques was investigated through thelaboratory and field experiments. To examined the obtained results, the following hypothesistswere proven.
Concerning the experimental factors affecting the physical, mechanical and machinery proper-ties of oil palm wood:
H0: the wood zoning and trunk height factors have insignificant effect in affecting the physical,mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood.
H1: the wood zoning and trunk height factors have significant effect in affecting the physical,mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood. Therefore, the wood should be usedseparately by considering to these factors.
Regarding Bioresin Reinforcement:
H0: the treated oil palm woods using bioresin have equal physical, mechanical and machineryproperties in comparison with the untreated wood.
H1: the treated oil palm woods using bioresin have significant different in physical, mechanicaland machinery properties compared to the untreated wood. Thus, the bioresin reinforcementable to improve the quality of oil palm wood.
The impregnation time and bioresin concentration factors were also examined complementary,to support the above mentioned scientific hypotheses. Whilst, the anatomical investigation ofoil palm wood, both macroscopic and microscopic were also studied in detail to provide thesufficient scientific knowledge with regards to improve the utilization of this biomaterial.
8
2 Review of Related Literatures
This chapter contains the reviewed of related literatures, which is divided into two parts, i.e.general reviews and related research reviews. In general reviews, the several subjects werediscussed and explained systematically starting from the forest and wood trends in Indonesiafollowed by development of oil palm industry as an impact of ban log export that is introducedin 1985. Further, the author reviewed more detail about the oil palm, including botanical de-scription and distribution of this popular crop.
2.1 General Reviews
There are four aspects described in this general reviews including (1) Forest and wood trendsin Indonesia; (2) the policy regarding the oil palm industry in Indonesia; (3) development of oilpalm in Indonesia; (4) Bioresin and its availability.
2.1.1 Forest and Wood Trends in Indonesia
The major forest types in Indonesia range from evergreen lowland dipterocarp forests in Suma-tra and Kalimantan to seasonal monsoon forest and savannah grasslands in Nusa Tenggara andnon-dipterocarp lowland forest and alpine areas in Irian Jaya. Indonesia also contains the mostextensive mangrove forests in the world, estimated 4.25 million hectares in the early 1990s [47].
According to the aggregate of ’Consensus of Forest Land Use’ in 2000 stated that forestlandin Indonesia covers 112.5 million hectares, comprising 20.6 million hectares of conservationforest, 29.9 million hectares of protected forest, 26.1 million hectares of restricted productionforest, 32.2 million hectares of production forest, and 3.6 million hectares of convertible pro-duction forest [63].
Indonesia is a significant producer of tropical hardwood logs and sawn wood, plywood andother boards, and pulp for papermaking. More than half the country’s forest, some 54 millionhectares are allocated for timber production (although not all are being actively log), and afurther 2 million hectares of industrial wood plantation have been established, supplying mostlypulpwood [47]. In 1997, the forest and wood processing sectors accounted for 3.9% of GrossDomestic Product (GDP), and export plywood, pulp and paper were valued at USD 5.5 billions.This amount was nearly half the value of oil and gas export, and equal to nearly 10% of totalexport earning.
The wood processing industries in Indonesia now require about 80 million m3 of wood annuallyto feed sawmills, plywood manufacturing plants, pulp mills and papermaking plants. Thisquantity of wood is far more than can be produced legally from the country’s forest and timberplantations. As a result, more than half country’s wood supply is obtained from illegal logging[47].
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
2.1.2 Government Policy Regarding Oil Palm Industry in Indonesia
The Ministry of Forestry (MoF) derives the programmes on the basis of some items of legis-lation. Several legislation relevant to forestry development are Act No. 5 of 1967 - the basicforestry law; Act No. 4 of 1982 - the basic environmental management law; and Act No. 5of 1990 - the conservation of natural living resource and their ecosystem. Under the Act No.5 of 1967, the Government of Indonesia (GoI) through the MoF holds authority to control,manage and administer the forest resource. This law basically determined that forest resourcedevelopment be directed to: (a) water regulation, (b) flood and erosion prevention, (c) woodand non-wood production, and (d) source of income. The Act also covered the sustained yieldprinciple and the rights of present and future generations to access to and hence benefit fromthe forest [42].
According to the chronology of Indonesian forest policy records, between 1945 and 1992, thedevelopment of forest policy have been divided into three important eras, i.e. timber boom era(1967 - 1985), timber estate era (1985 - 1990), plantation crops era (1990 - present) [2]. Thecomplete chronology of forest policy period 1945 - 1992 in Indonesia is presented in AppendixA.
The timber estates development objectives were to provide wood for the pulp and paper in-dustry. Indonesia plantations are increasing in this direction and it became a potential incomecontributor to the national economy. Major Indonesian plantation crops include tree and non-tree crops such as oil palm, coconut, rubber, coffee, and cloves, as well as sugarcane and tobaccorespectively. The demand for both palm oil and rubber has been growing. The United Statesof America imported over $900 million worth of rubber and latex from Indonesia in 1996, rep-resenting more than twice as much as timber, and nearly twice as much from just four yearsearlier. Sugarcane and tobacco are also largely grown in Java and Sumatra areas; other plan-tations are in the outer islands [34]. Oil palm plantation is one of the fastest growing crops inthe agriculture sub-sector in Indonesia. This has a great economical contribution to Malaysiahas about 3.37 million ha oil palm (44% of the world total). Indonesia’s production fell behindMalaysia after World War II due to political unrest. Expansion of oil palm plantations took offduring the 1980s and 1990s. Currently Indonesia has about more than 3 million ha mature area,representing (more than 34% of the world total), but on current trends it is expected to overtakeMalaysia during the coming decade [84]. The oil palm plantation has been increasing morethan 100,000 hectares per year since 1985. The planted area is mainly located in Sumatra [81].The prolific growth of the oil palm sub-sector has conferred important economic benefits. Thisis because palm oil has become a valuable source of foreign exchange. In 1997, 2.9 milliontones of palm oil were exported bringing in earnings valued at 1.4 billion USD. This was 31%of Indonesia’s agricultural exports and 3.5% of Indonesia’s total non-oil and gas exports. Themain destinations of the Indonesian exports were Holland (44%), Germany (12%), Italy (9%),Spain (5%) and Kenya (3%) [19]. It is projected that in 2005 Indonesia would become theworld leader of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) production. The CPO production has increased from168 thousand tones (1967) to about 6 million tones in 2002 [34].
In line with the Indonesia government program of developing the oil palm industry as one of theimportant sectors for income generation, the oil palm industry should be well managed basedon economic, social and environmental performance. The development is not only to increasethe production and quality of CPO, PKO and other derived products, but also the managementand the utilization of oil palm waste for producing valuable products must be balanced.
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
2.1.3 Development of Oil Palm In Indonesia
Early slave trade brought the oil palm to South America and Europe, but the industry reallybegan in South-east Asia, following the establishment of the large oil palm plantation and palmoil mill in Indonesia and Malaysia. The industry gained considerable importance and expandedtremendously after the Second World War due to increasing world demand and relatively sta-bility in the world’s fats and oil prices [84].
The development of oil palm in South East Asia is currently faster than Africa as the originof oil palm. Development of mature area of oil palm plantation in Indonesia and Malaysia,as main producers is increasing very rapid. In the early years of oil palm establishment inIndonesia, the development of oil palm industry was initially slow, with greater emphasis beingplace on the cultivation of rubber and wood as the major export. The situation changed inthe middle of 1985’s, following the introduction of synthetic rubber and log ban export by thegovernment [33]. Alarmed by this, the oil palm industry developed very rapidly. As a result,Pamin [81] stated that new lands were opened up for oil palm plantation more than 100,000hectares per year since the log ban in effect. Granted with more than 18 million hectare suitablefor oil palm, Indonesia has carefully expanded its oil palm plantation. The expansion is mostlyaccomplished in ex-logging industries and it has been able to convert bare land to a greenplantation environment. Nowadays, the beauty of oil palm is still seen as a large green carpetcovering almost 3 million hectares in many parts of Indonesia.
The mature area of oil palm plantation within 5 years (period 2000 to 2005) was increased about67% in Indonesia and 22% in Malaysia as shown in Figure 2.1 and with the annual rates of estateexpansion in these countries are about 296.4 and 129.4 hectare per annum, respectively. Hence,the expansion rate of this crop-area in Indonesia is 1.3 times faster than Malaysia.
In comparison with other crop (e.g. rubber plantation), the development of oil palm plantationand its main products production were also faster than rubber estate expansion and dry-rubberproduction, as shown in Table 2.1. From this table, CPO and PKO productions in 2006 wereabout 10.9 and 2.3 million tons, whilst the dry-rubber production was only 0.45 million tons,respectively [16] [17].
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3200
3400
3600
3800
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Pla
ntat
ion
area
(,00
0 ha
)
Year
IndonesiaMalaysia
Fig. 2.1: Development of the mature area of oil palm plantation in Indonesia and Malaysia pe-riod 2000 to 2005 (Data calculated from Oil World, 2006 [76])
Tab. 2.1: Development of estate area and production of crops from 1995 to 2006 (comparisonbetween oil palm and rubber)
YearPlantation Area (ha) Crops Production (million ton)Oil Palm Rubber CPO PKO Dry Rubber
1995 992.4 471.9 2,476,400 605,300 341,0001996 1,146.3 538,3 2,569,500 626,600 334,6001997 2,109.1 557.9 4,165,685 838,708 330,5001998 2,669.7 549.0 4,585,846 917,169 332,5701999 2,860.8 545.0 4,907,779 981,556 293,6632000 2,991.3 549.0 5,094,855 1,018,971 375,8192001 3,152.4 506.6 5,598,440 1,117,759 397,7202002 3,258.6 492.9 6,195,605 1,209,723 403,7122003 3,429.2 517.6 6,923,510 1,529,249 396,1042004 3,496.7 514.4 8,479,262 1,861,965 403,8002005 3,592.0 512.4 10,119,061 2,155,925 432,2212006 3,682.9 513.2 10,869,365 2,315,740 450,526Sources: Data was generated from BPS, 2007 [16] [17]
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
2.1.3.1 Botanical Description of Oil Palm
According to the Integrated Taxonomy Information System [61], the oil palm taxonomy ispresented below:
Kingdow: PlantaeSub-Kingdom: TracheobiontaDivision: AngiospermaeClass: MonocotyledonsSub-Class: ArecidaeOrder: ArecalesFamily: ArecaceaeGenus: Elaeis
Species: Elaeis guineensis JacqCommon name: African Oil Palm
The oil palm is a large feather palm having a solitary columnar stem with short internodes. Itis unarmed except for short spines on the leaf base and within the fruit bunch. Husin et al.
[58] stated that in high forest, oil palm might reach a height of 30 m, but elsewhere the reachnot more than 15 to 18 m. It is believed that many palms may be 200 years old or more, butconcerning fruit production, the economic life span of oil palm is between 25 and 30 years. So,after which the oil palm should be replanted. At the replanting age, the oil palm has a heightthat ranges between 7 and 13 m and diameter of about 45 to 65 cm, measured at 1.5 m aboveground level. The oil palm fruit is a drupe, the outer pulp of which provides the palm oil forcommerce. Within the pulp or mesocarp lies a hard-shelled nut containing the palm kernel, laterto provide two further commercial products, i.e. palm kernel oil (rather similar in compositionto coconut oil), the residual livestock food and palm kernel cake [53].
The rate of extension of the stem is very variable and depends on both environmental andhereditary factors. Under normal plantation condition, the average increase in height will befrom 0.3 to 0.6 m per year, width of the stem varies from 20 to 75 cm, erect, heavy, and trunksringed. The stem functions as a supporting, vascular and storage organ. The number of leavesproduces annually by a plantation palm increases to between thirty and forty at 5 to 6 years ofage. Thereafter the production declines to a level of twenty to twenty-five per annum [53].
Naibaho [79] stated that the oil palm fruit grows in large bunch with the weight of 20 to 70 kgand each fruit bunch is containing 500-4000 individual fruits. The fruit bunch may reach 50 cmin length and 35 cm in breadth. The bunch consists of outer and inner fruit, the latter somewhatflattened and less pigmented; a few so-called parthenocarpic fruit that have developed eventhrough fertilization has not taken place; some small-undeveloped non-oil-bearing ’infertilefruit’; and the bunch and spikelet stalks and spines.
The climate features of the main areas of highest bunch production summarized as follows:
– a rainfall of 2000 mm or more distributed evenly through the year, i.e. no very markeddry seasons,
– a mean maximum temperature of about 29 − 30 ◦C and a mean minimum temperature ofabout 22 − 24 ◦C
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
– sunshine amounting to about 5 hours per day in all months of the year and rising to 7hours per day in some months, or solar radiation of around 350 cal per cm2 per day [53].
2.1.3.2 Distribution of Oil Palm
Elaeis guineensis Jacq originated from the tropical rain forests of West Africa. It is endemic toa wide coastal belt stretching from Senegal to Angola, extending further along the Congo River[77]. Hartley [53] reported that the growing of oil palm plantation started in the Far East andstrangely, there were no direct connection between the African groves and the establishment ofthis new industry. The earliest record of the introduction of oil palms to the East Indies wasof four seedlings, two from Bourbon (Reunion) or Mauritius, and two from Amsterdam, whichwere planted in the Botanic Gardens at Buitenzorg, now Bogor, in Java in 1848. At the presenttime, the oil palm exists in a wild, semi wild and cultivated state in the three land areas of theequatorial tropics: in Africa, in South-east Asia and in America. Of all oil bearing plants it is thehighest yielding, even the poorer plantations of Africa out-yielding the best fields of coconuts,a crop that the oil palm has overtaken in the export field.
2.1.3.3 Oil Palm Industry and Its Products
For serving the oil palm plantation, more than 200 palm oil mills have already been establishedin Indonesia until the end of 2001 and 86% of them were located in Sumatra. Most of them areworking on the capacity of 30 tones fresh fruit bunches (FFB) per hour and some of them workon the capacity between 45 and 60 tones FFB per hour [38]. The establishment of palm oil millis presented in Table 2.2.
Tab. 2.2: The oil palm mills in Indonesia, 1998Location Oil palm mills (unit)Sumatra 178Kalimantan 19Sulawesi 5Java 2Irianjaya 2Sources: Data from Erwinsyah, 2004 [35]
Herawan et al. [55] stated that due to the commercial importance of oil palm, the botanical,cultivation and technological aspects of the oil palm have been investigated intensively in In-donesia. Lubis et al. [74] stated that all parts of oil palm tree could be used. From the fruit,crude palm oil and palm kernel oil are extracted. From these oils, many edible and non-edibleproducts are derived.
Crude palm oil is extracted from the fleshy mesocarp of the fruit which contains 45-55% oilwhich varies from light yellow to orange-red in colour, and melts from 25◦ to 50◦C. Palm kerneloil is extracted from the kernel of endosperm, and contains about 50% oil. Similar to coconutoil, with high content of saturated acids, mainly lauric, it is solid at normal temperatures intemperate areas, and is nearly colourless, varying from white to slightly yellow.
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
Crude palm oil are used in different industries for the production of frying oil, margarine, con-fectioneries, shortening, ice cream, yoghurt, food emulsifier, coffee-whitener, candle, soap,shampoo, detergent, lubricant, cosmetic, fatty acid, methyl ester, fatty alcohol, fatty amine,and pharmaceutical products and etc. Palm kernel oil are used for manufacturing various palmkernel oils and fats in order to produce cosmetics, detergents, soaps, candles and etc [60].
2.1.3.4 Oil Palm Wastes and Its Utilization
In line with the development of CPO production and its derived products, oil palm industryalso produces waste or by-product, both from the mill and the plantation. The waste from palmoil mill consists of oil palm shell (OPS), oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB), pressed fruit fibre(PFF) and palm oil mill effluent (POME), whilst the other waste from the plantation consists ofoil palm trunk (OPT), oil palm frond (OPF), and pruning oil palm frond (POPF). Pruning frondsare constantly generated in the plantations and are mainly used in inter-row mulching [37]. Theavailability of oil palm wastes from 1994 to 1999 is presented in Table 2.3.
Tab. 2.3: The availability of oil palm wastes from 1994 to 1999 in Indonesia
YearEmpty Fruit Fronds from Fronds from Oil Palm
bunch pruning replanting Trunk(ton) (ton) (ton) (ton)
1994 4,008,062.0 18,041,490.0 1,443,319.2 6,332,563.01995 4,631,182.2 20,249,860.0 1,619,988.8 7,107,700.91996 5,142,685.0 22,495,140.0 1,799,611.2 7,895,794.11997 5,738,847.6 25,160,790.0 2,012,863.2 8,831,437.31998 6,268,426.6 27,798,820.0 2,223,905.6 9,757,385.81999 6,722,069.8 29,570,790.0 2,365,663.2 10,379,347.3Source: Erwinsyah, 2004 [35]
According to the above table, the availability of oil palm by-products from the largest to thefew amount are pruning fronds (29.6 million tones), oil palm trunk (10.4 million tones), emptyfruit bunch (6.7 million tones) and fronds from replanting area (2.3 million tones), respectively.The largest amount of wastes is oil palm fronds from pruning activity, but this material is con-stantly generated in the plantations and mainly used as inter-row mulching. The second largestis oil palm trunk, which is available during the replanting process. This material will becomean environmental problem, if no effort is made to use it, especially Indonesia as the main pro-ducer. By 2010, it is estimated that there would be more than 10 million tones of oil palm trunksavailable per year at the replanting area. The next is oil palm empty fruit bunch or EFB, whichis produced by palm oil mill. Indonesia Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI) has already beenconducting many researches in order to utilize and improve the economical values of this mate-rial, such as production of pulps, papers and panel products [59]. Oil palm wood has also beenutilized as a cellulosic raw material in the production of panel products, such as particleboard[91], medium density fibreboard, mineral-bonded particleboard, block board [21], and cementboard [88].
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
2.1.4 Bioresin and Its Availability
Referring to Fowler [46] who stated that bioresin is a resin or resin formulation derived from abiological sources, therefore, the term of ’bioresin’ in this study is refer to resin that extractedfrom pine resin, which is commonly known as rosin. As a major product obtained from pineresin, this material remains behind as the in-volatile residue after distillation of the turpentine.
2.1.4.1 Resin, Rosin and Bioresin
Resin is a hydrocarbon secretion formed in special resin canals of many plants, from many ofwhich (for example, coniferous trees) it is exuded in soft drops from wounds, hardening intosolid masses in the air. It may be obtained by making incisions in the bark or wood of thesecreting plant. It can also be extracted from resin-bearing plants by leaching of the tissueswith alcohol [96].
Resin as produced by most plants is a viscous liquid, typically composed mainly of volatile fluidterpenes, with lesser components of dissolved non-volatile solids which make resin viscous andsticky. The commonest terpenes in resin are the bicyclic terpenes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene,delta-3 carene and sabinene, the monocyclic terpenes limonene and terpinolene, and smalleramounts of the tricyclic sesquiterpenes longifolene, caryophyllene and delta-cadinene. Theindividual components of resin can be separated by fractional distillation [25].
2.1.4.2 Rosin and Its Uses
Rosin is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers,produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid terpene components. Formany years rosin and turpentine were used in an unprocessed form in the soap, paper, paintand varnish industries. Currently, most rosin is modified and used in a wide range of productsincluding paper size, adhesives, printing inks, rubber compounds and surface coatings [41].
In industry it is the precursor to the flux used in soldering. The tin-lead solder commonly usedin electronics has about 1% rosin as a flux core helping the molten metal flow and making abetter connection. Rosin is an ingredient in printing inks, glues, medicines, chewing gum, papersizing, and soap. In addition to its extensive use in soap-making, rosin is largely employed inmaking inferior varnishes, sealing-wax and various adhesives. It is also used for preparingshoemakers’ wax, as a flux for soldering metals, for pitching lager beer casks, for rosining thebows of musical instruments and numerous minor purposes [45].
In pharmaceutical it forms an ingredient in several plasters and ointments. On a large scale it istreated by destructive distillation for the production of rosin spirit, pinoline and rosin oil. Thelast enters into the composition of some of the solid lubricating greases, and is also used as anadulterant of other oils. It is also extensively used for its friction-increasing capacity. Such usesinclude rosining the bows of stringed instruments such as violins or cellos to enhance soundproduction. For this purpose, extra substances such as gold and silver are added to the rosin forextra friction [14]. Gymnasts, weight lifters, and baseball pitchers use a bag of powdered rosinto keep their hands dry and to increase their grip. Ballet slippers are also rubbed in powderedrosin to reduce slipping. A mixture of pitch and rosin is used to make a surface against whichglass is polished when making optical instruments such as lenses [75].
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
Rosin is graded and sold on the basis of colour, the palest shades of yellow-brown being thebetter quality. Although several other criteria determine rosin quality and acceptability fordifferent applications, colour and softening point are usually sufficient indicators of quality tosatisfy purchasers of rosin from traditional and proven sources. Rosin is packaged in a varietyof forms. On discharge from the still, the molten rosin is often fed into new, galvanized steeldrums of around 225-250 kg (net) capacity. The drums have domed tops so that after they havebeen set aside for the rosin to cool and solidify (with resulting contraction in volume), the topscan be hammered flat. Alternatively, flat-topped drums can be filled in two or three stages overseveral days to allow for the change in volume on cooling. International shipments of rosin areusually made in container loads. In the larger producing countries in which there are large end-consumers of rosin, transportation of molten rosin in specially designed tank-cars is feasible;this is unlikely, however, to be something which a new, smaller producer would contemplate[28].
End users are showing a growing preference for less robust forms of packaging to enable easieropening and handling, and in this case, silicone or polypropylene-lined multi-wall paper bagscan be used. The sacks can be filled either with molten rosin directly from the still (which isthen allowed to cool to form a solid block) or with flakes of solidified rosin. The flakes areformed by discharging hot rosin onto a moving belt; by the time it has reached the end of theline, the rosin has solidified into a thin sheet which can easily be broken up and transferred tobags. For ease of handling, 25 kg bags are a convenient size [41].
2.1.4.3 Rosin Production and Trade
In some of the major producing countries, the structure of the industry, and the channels ofdistribution of gum naval stores into the international market, has changed in recent years.International trade is normally conducted through agents or dealers, rather than by direct ne-gotiation between producer and end user. Agents usually act on behalf of a specific producer.Dealers buy and sell on their own account, their main contacts being other dealers, producersand end users. They are very well informed about markets and trends, prices, product uses andend user requirements; this knowledge may be difficult for producers to acquire, particularlysmall ones. Most of the production in smaller producing countries is for domestic consump-tion. The processors sell directly to end users such as paper mills, paint or chemical companies.However, there are some basic procedures and practices which should be noted by prospectivenew producers or others considering the sale of exports. Most purchases are made on the ba-sis of agreed specifications. New producers will therefore need to reassure potential buyers ofthe quality of the material being offered by providing samples beforehand and, perhaps, a trialshipment [48].
Total annual production of rosin is about 1.2 million tonnes world-wide. Of this, it is estimatedthat almost 720,000 tonnes, or 60%, is gum rosin; most of the remainder, about 35% is tall oilrosin and the rest is wood rosin [41]. During the early 1960s, the United States and formerUSSR were leading producers of resin and several European countries (France, Greece, Poland,Portugal and Spain) were also major producers [20].
Regarding trade of rosin, Coppen and Hone [29] further stated that The People’s Republic ofChina has been the world’s dominant producer for many years, but a dramatic increase in pro-duction, signalled by the installation of an improved and expanded processing capacity in the
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.1. General Reviews
early 1980s, has seen Indonesia become the second biggest producer of gum rosin and turpen-tine in the world. In 1993, Chinese gum naval stores production accounted for approximately430,000 tonnes (60%) of world gum rosin production; Indonesia accounted for an additional69,000 tonnes or about 10% of world production. While Chinese production is unlikely toincrease further, Indonesia has an ample (and growing) number of trees available for tappingand the potential to increase production significantly in the years to come [28]. Major rosinproducing countries between 1990 and 1993 is presented in Table 2.4.
Tab. 2.4: Major rosin producing countries between 1990 and 1993Country Rosin Production (%)*China 60Indonesia 10Russia 9Brazil 6Portugal 3India 3Argentina 3Mexico 3Honduras 1Venezuela <1Greece <1South Africa <1Vietnam <1Others <1Note: * Country production in percentage of World average total productionSource: Coppen and Hone [29]
Regarding production of crude resin and rosin in Indonesia, it is managed by Perum Perhutani,the Forest State Corporations, who are also responsible for the tapping and processing opera-tions (although some of the factories fall within the private sector). A very small quantity ofresin is produced intermittently in Sumatra. In the early 1980s, modern processing methodswere introduced to replace the older, direct-fired distillation units. Production subsequentlyrose from 16,000 tonnes of crude resin (9,000 tonnes of rosin) in 1981 to 70,000 tonnes of resin(49,000 tonnes of rosin and 8,000 tonnes of turpentine) in 1991. By 1993, it had risen to over100,000 tonnes of resin (69,000 tonnes of rosin and 12,000 tonnes of turpentine). Althoughmost of the rosin and turpentine produced in Indonesia is exported, an increasing proportion ofboth are being consumed domestically. Perum Perhutani statistics for 1993 show that approx-imately 46,000 tonnes of rosin (two thirds of total production) and 7,500 tonnes of turpentinewere exported. In 1991, production in Indonesia came from about 100,000 ha of pine. Theactual area of planted pine in Java is about four times this figure and still expanding. There arealso large areas of pine plantations on Sumatra, Sulawesi and Kalimantan and these, too, areincreasing in size to meet the demand for wood pulp [27].
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
2.2 Related Research Reviews
Several aspects in this related research reviews are described and discussed, including (1) Oilpalm wood conditions; (2) Oil palm wood characters (anatomical characteristics, physical andmechanical properties, and chemical composition); and (3) Characteristics of rosin.
2.2.1 Oil Palm Wood Conditions
Oil palm trees are felled after reaching its economic life-span of 25 to 30 years. Felled trunksare known to be a favourable focus for diseases and pests, such as basal stem rot, Ganodermaand rhinoceros beetles (Oryetes rhinocerous). Currently, there is very limited economic use forthe oil palm trunks and its disposal imposes a heavy financial burden to plantation owners. Theincreasing number of replanting programmes anticipated in the near future will inevitably bringeven greater problems associated with the disposal of the large amount of trunks generated.
Killmann and Woon [66] reported that leaving the oil palm trunks to rot in the field hindersthe replanting process since decomposition of the trunk proceeds at a very slow rate. Physicalremoval of the trunks to dump sites is also found to be unfavourable due to high costs in trans-portation of the fresh material which can be three to four times the weight of the dry matter.Therefore, it is not sound practice to leave this bulky waste material in the field to degrade on itsown. Present in large quantities, as expected during replanting programmes, it poses a seriousthreat to the environment.
In order to find an effective solution to solve the above mention problem, various methods ofoil palm felling and disposal have been tried. Starting felling by hand, Hartley [53] stated thattechnically this method was not only presents a lot of difficulties, but also consumes a lot oflabour. Mechanical felling of the oil palm stands has proved to be easier and faster method,where either an excavator or a tractor may be used to push-fell the trees.
The most common method for replanting of oil palm was the push-felled and burn method toreduce the mass and volume. Push-felled was done by the excavator or other heavy vehicle.Since the zero burning program was introduced in the 90’s, this method immediately banned,because it was significantly creating the air pollution (Figure 1.1).
Further, the push-felled methods followed by burning process was modified into the new methodcalled push-felled and windrow as shows in Figure 1.2. In order to increase the decomposi-tion and degradation process by natural decomposer, after pushing and felling, the palms werechipped previously into pieces. The chipped of the palms were not burnt but then windrowed,usually two palm rows to on windrow, and left them to decompose in the palm inter-rows, thenthis method namely push-felled, chip and windrow.
Most of the oil palm companies, either public or private, currently applies this method. It looksquite effective method, but it was also reported that the attacks by pests and diseases increasevery rapidly to the young mature plants around the replanting area. The chipped palms becamenests of rat and beetle and also as media for Ganoderma disease.
The other zero burning technique of replanting program was the under-planting method, wherethe young palms were planted under the old palms, which were gradually poisoned. Thismethod is illustrated in Figure 5.2.2. Unfortunately, the poisoned palms took more than twoyears to decompose completely and this resulted in very high breeding of Oryctes rhinoceros
beetles, which has become the most serious pest in immature and young mature palms.
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
2.2.2 Oil Palm Wood Characters
Anatomical Review of Oil Palm Wood
As a monocotyledonous species, oil palm does not have cambium, secondary growth, growthrings, ray cells, sapwood and heartwood or branches and knots. The growth and increase in di-ameter of the stem result from the overall cell division and cell enlargement in the parenchyma-tous ground tissue, together with the enlargement of the fibres of the vascular bundles. Lookingat a cross sectional view of the oil palm trunk, Killmann and Choon [65] distinguished threemain parts, namely cortex, peripheral region and central zone.
Cortex - A narrow cortex, which is approximately 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide, makes up the outer partof the trunk. It is largely composed of ground parenchyma with numerous longitudinal fibrousstrands of small and irregular shaped fibrous strands and vascular bundles.
Periphery - This region with narrow layers of parenchyma and congested vascular bundles, giveride to a sclerotic zone which provides the main mechanical support for the palm trunk.
Central - The central zone, which makes up about 80% of the total are, is composed of slightlylarger and widely scattered vascular bundles embedded in the thin wall parenchymatous groundtissues. Towards the core of the trunk the bundles increase in size and are more widely scattered.
Vascular bundles - Each vascular bundle is basically made up of a fibrous sheath, phloem cells,xylem and parenchyma cells. According to Lim and Khoo [73] the number of vascular bundlesper unit area decrease towards the inner zones and increase from the butt end to the top of thepalm. The xylem is sheathed by parenchyma and contains mainly one or two wide vessels inthe peripheral region and two or three vessels of similar width in the central and core region.Though rare, bundles with more than three vessels arranged tangentially or in clusters can alsobe found scattered, particularly in the core region. Extended protoxylem, reduced vasculartissue and small bundles with little fibrous tissue are also commonly found scattered amongthe wider bundles in the core region. Lim and Khoo [73] further stated that the distributionof fibrous strands depends on the number of bundles present. The peripheral region normallycontains a large number of radially extended fibrous sheathed, thus providing the mechanicalstrength to the palm. The fibres have multi-layered secondary walls and increase in length fromthe periphery to the pith. The basal part of the stem, being older, normally has better developedsecondary walls than do the top parts. The phloem cells, in single strand, are present betweenthe xylem and fibre strands. In the peripheral sclerotic region, the bundles are generally smallerand in some cases, almost disappear. The area occupied by the phloem, which is in the form ofan inverted triangle, increases in size as the bundles become larger in the central region.
Parenchymatous Tissue - The ground parenchymatous cells consist mainly of thin-walledspherical cells, except in the area around the vascular bundles. The walls are progressivelythicker and darker from the inner to the outer region.
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
Physical Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Moisture Content
Killmann and Choon [65] stated that initial moisture content of the oil palm wood varies be-tween 100 and 500%. Lim and Khoo [73] further stated that a gradual increase in moisturecontent is indicated along the trunk height and towards the central region, with the outer andlower zone having far lower values than the other two zones. Whilst, Bakar et al. [10] statedthat based on depth of the trunk, the highest moisture content was reached at the central of trunkand a gradual decrease to the outer part of trunk. These values were between 258% and 575%.An increasing in the number of vascular bundles was caused of a decreasing in percentage ofparenchyma cells which have high capacity in water absorption [83]. Bakar et al. [10] furtherstated that based on the trunk height factor; there was a tendency that the moisture content wasdecreased from the bottom to the top of the oil palm tree. They predicted that it was influenceby the effect of earth gravity, where the water distribution to the higher part of the trunk requireshigher caviler pressure. Bakar et al. [10] again stated that the variant analysis was showed thatboth the trunk height and depth were significant at the level of 0.01 to the value of moisturecontent.
Shrinkage
The shrinkage value of oil palm wood was varies between 25% and 74% [10]. Based on thetrunk depth, the highest value of shrinkage was reached at the central part and a graduallydecrease to the outer part. Whilst, based on the trunk height, from the bottom part to the heightof 2.75 m, this value was lower compare to the other parts. According to their findings, therewas a tendency that a gradual increase in shrinkage value is indicated along the trunk height,except at the height of 2.75 m. Regarding this phenomenon, Prayitno [83] further mentionedhis opinion that it was an anomaly for the oil palm trunk at 2.75 m height.
Density
Due to its monocotyledonous nature, there is a great variation of density values at differentparts of the oil palm stem. Density values range from 200 to 600 kg/m3 with an averagedensity of 370 kg/m3 [73] and according to the experiment result from Bakar et al. [10] whoconducted the investigation based on variety of Tenera, the density was varies between 110and 400 kg/m3. Lim and Khoo [73] further stated that the density of oil palm trunk decreaseslinearly with the trunk height and towards the centre of the trunk. This is reflected in the cleardistinction observed in hardness and weight between the outer and inner portions and the buttand higher regions of the trunk. The outer region throughout the trunk shows density valuesover twice those of the inner regions. These variations are due to several factors. Across thetrunk the density is influenced largely by the number of vascular bundles per square unit whichdecreases towards the center. However, variations in density along trunk height are due to thevascular bundles being younger at the top and of the palm. Although higher in number persquare centimeter, the bundle here are smaller in size and the cell walls are thinner.
Higher density values in the peripheral zone are also due to the following reasons:
– presence of radially extended fibrous sheaths,
– lesser number of vessels and general absence of extended protoxylem in the outer vascularbundles,
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
– progressively thicker walls of the ground parenchyma cells from the inner to the outerzones,
– presence of better developed secondary walls in the fibres [73].
Sadikin [87] stated that the oil palm trunk can be use as wood construction until 2/3 from theouter part across the trunk and the other 1/3 part can be used for making house tools. In addition,Sadikin [87] suggested that the utilization of oil palm trunk for construction purposes was betterto use 1/3 from outer part of the trunk, based on the following reasons:
– the specific gravity of oil palm trunk at peripheral zone was extremely different with thecentral and inner zone,
– the shrinkage values of oil palm trunk at both central and inner zones was far highervalues that peripheral zone,
Regarding the density value, Bakar et al. [10] stated that based on the trunk depth, the densitywas a gradual decrease from the outer part to the inner part across the trunk, but based on thetrunk height, the relation between height and density was not clear, although the density valueat the bottom part was relatively lower compare to the other parts. Further, based on the averagedensity values, Bakar et al. [10] defined the classification of strength class of the oil palm trunkthat strength class III for peripheral zone, strength class IV for central zone and strength classV for inner zone.
Fibre Dimensions
Oil palm wood fibres show a slight increase in length from the butt end to a height of 3 to 5meters before decreasing continuously towards the top. Longer fibres at the butt are probablydue to more matured fibrous tissue in this region. Oil palm fibre length increases from peripheryto the inner part. Mean fibre length range from 1.76 mm at periphery to 2.37 mm at the innerpart. This is due to the nature of the palm growth where the overall increase in trunk diameter isdue to enlargement of the fibrous bundle sheath, particularly those accompanying the vascularbundles in the central region. [65]. Lim and Khoo [73] stated that fibre diameter decreasesalong trunk height because broader fibres are to be found in the larger vascular bundles nearerthe base of the palm trunk and vice versa. The fibre dimensions of oil palm trunk comparedto those of angiosperms, represented by rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis), and gymnosperms,represented by Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) are shown in Table 2.5. Oil palm fibres arecomparable in length to fibres from rubberwood, but are much shorter than those of Douglas fir[21].
Tab. 2.5: Comparison of fibre dimension between oil palm, rubberwood and douglas fir)Fibre Dimention Oil Palm Trunk Rubberwood Douglas FirLength (mm) 1.22 1.40 3.40Width (μ) 35.30 31.30 40.00Cell wall Thickness 4.5 5.00 n.aSource: Shaari et al. [21].
According to strength classification, Bakat et al. [10] came to the conclusions that oil palmtrunk is classified into class III to V, and according to durability classification it is classified into
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
class V. Based on these strength and durability classes, the most outer part of oil palm trunkthat reached 30% of the stem frond-free volume, can be utilized as materials for certain part offurniture and light building construction.
Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Killmann and Choon [65] have investigated the mechanical properties of oil palm trunk (30years old) and compared to the other species, such as coconut wood and rubberwood. Mechan-ical properties of oil palm trunk reflect the density variation observed in the trunk both in radialas well as in the vertical direction. Bending strength values are obtained from the peripherallower portion of the trunk and the central core of the top portion of the trunk gives the loweststrength. Bending strength of oil palm trunk is comparable to coconut wood, but lower com-pared to rubberwood. Variation of the compression strength parallel to grain also follows thesame trend as the bending strength. The compression strength value is comparable to rubber-wood at similar density value. The hardness value of oil palm trunk is lower than rubberwoodas well as coconut wood.
The mechanical properties of oil palm wood based on Tenera variety investigations were mean-while greatly advanced by Bakar et al. [9]. They came to the conclusion that all propertiestested including MOE, MOR, compressive strength, cleavage strength, shear strength, hardnessand toughness were decreased from the outer to the center and from the bottom to top of thetrunk, where the influence of trunk depth factor was higher than the trunk height. Based on themechanical properties, the most outer part of the oil palm trunk which is comparable to the Sen-gon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria) and belongs to the strength class III to V were consideredcould be used for light housing constructions and furniture.
Bakar et al. [9] stated that the average MOE values at various positions shown that those valuesare indicated a gradual decrease in MOE along the trunk height and depth. The MOE valuerange varies between 2908 kg/cm2 and 36289 kg/cm2 . Variation of the MOR also follows thesame trend as the MOE. The mean values of MOR at peripheral, central and inner zones wereabout 295.41 kg/cm2 , 129.04 kg/cm2 and 66.91 kg/cm2 , respectively. Statistical analysis ofMOE value showed that the differences in trunk depth effect significantly at the level of 0.01and the trunk height only influence significantly at the level of 0.05. It means that in orderto produce the homogenous lumber, the trunk depth position should be taken into attention,especially in determining the sawing pattern before lumbering process.
Chemical Properties of Oil Palm Wood
In order to investigate the chemical properties of oil palm wood, Yusoff et al. [97] stated thatthe variation in chemical composition across the trunk at the 1.8 m height level in one tree wasdifficult to generalise. However, Husin et al. [58] has studied the chemical properties of oilpalm trunk and found that the oil palm trunk has lignin and lignocelluloses contents markedlylower but shows higher content of extractives, as well as water and alkali soluble than coconutwood and rubberwood. In a separate study, Halimahton and Ahmad [52] observed that the lignincontent was fairly evenly distributed throughout the tree except that the core in the upper regionwas slightly deficient in the component whilst the bottom contained an excessive amount. Thelignin content range varies between 15% and 21.7%. The result are consistent with the fact thatthe number of fibrous vascular bundles increases towards the peripheral region and thickeningof the older vascular bundles gives rise to the higher lignin content of the lower trunk. The ashcontent also observed to be similar throughout the trunk with the range varies between 3.0%and 3.3%.
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
Important contribution of the further development of the chemical properties of oil palm trunkwere studies of free sugar and starch carried out by Sudin et al. [90]. Freshly felled oil palmtrunk may yield up to 10% free sugars and 25% starch. In advance, Hamilton and Ahmad [52]reported that a total content of free sugars of 2 to 10% throughout the trunk height. The core re-gions were found to elaborate higher proportion of free sugars as shown by the methanol-waterextracts whilst the peripheral zones had the lowest. According to analysis by high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed sucrose, glucose and fructose as the three main freesugars of the oil palm trunk. Further the authors indicated that analysis free sugar by acid hy-drolysis of oil palm trunk produced higher amount of sugars, ranging between 48% and 70%.Examination of the HPLC trace of the acid hydrolyzate showed the present of six sugar com-ponents namely glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and rhamnose, with glucosebeing the major component (35 to 48%) followed by xylose (11 to 16%).
On the basis of standard TAPPI of chemical analysis, Bakar et al. [10], using oil palm trunk ofTenera variety, had also concluded that a gradual decrease in lignin content and cellulose fromperipheral zone to inner zone, whilst starch content were increased. Ash and silica contentswere found high value at the inner zone. The soluble analyses using hot water, cold water,alcohol benzene and NaOH 1% were also found high proportions at the inner zone
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
2.2.3 Characteristics of Rosin
Rosin is also known as colophony, yellow resin and abietic anhydride. It is obtained from Pinus
palustris and other species of Pinus pinaceae, as a residue after distilling off the volatile oilfrom the oleoresin. Rosin can also be obtained from southern pine stumps, gum rosin exudesfrom incisions in the living tree, Pinus palastris and Pinus caribaea and tall oil resin (liquidrosin) [25].
It can have important uses for manufacturing varnish, soap, paint driers, printing inks, cements,sealing wax, wood polishes, floor coverings, paper, plastics, greases, linoleum, flotation agents,asphalt emulsions and pharmaceutical ingredients (stiffening agent).
General Characteristics of Rosin
Rosin is the major product obtained from pine resin. It remains behind as the involatile residueafter distillation of the turpentine and is also known as colophony or colophonia resina from itsorigin in Colophon, an ancient Ionic city. It is the resinous constituent of the oleo-resin exudedby various species of pine, known in commerce as crude turpentine. The separation of theoleo-resin into the essential oil-spirit of turpentine and common rosin is effected by distillationin large copper stills. The essential oil is carried off at a temperature of between 100 ◦C and160 ◦C, leaving fluid rosin, which is run off through a tap at the bottom of the still, and purifiedby passing through straining wadding [69].
Rosin varies in colour, according to the age of the tree from whence the turpentine is drawnand the amount of heat applied in distillation, from an opaque almost pitchy black substancethrough grades of brown and yellow to an almost perfectly transparent colourless glassy mass.Base on rosin colour, the palest being the most desirable and designated WW (water-white).This grade and the slightly lower grade WG (window-glass) are the most commonly tradedrosins. A superior grade, X, is sometimes offered. Darker grades are N, M, K, I, H and lower.The notation follows the USDA colour scale for rosin which is used universally in internationaltrade [75].
Physical Characteristics of Rosin
Rosin is glassy solid, semi-transparent and varies in colour from yellow to black. It is insolublein water but soluble in many organic solvents. At room temperature it is brittle, but it melts atstove-top temperatures [27].
Chemical Characteristics of Rosin
Rosin is chiefly composed of about 90% resin acids and 10% neutral matter. Of the resinacids, about 90% are isometric with abietic acid (C20H30O2), the other 10% is a mixture ofdihydroabietic acid (C20H32O2) and dehydroabietic acid (C20H28O2), with a molecular weightof 302. Also it is readily fusible when heated, it has a density of 1.07-1.09, and is insolublein water, while being freely soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, glacial acetic acid, oils, carbondisulfide, as well as being soluble in dilute solutions or fixed alkali hydroxides. Rosin is veryflammable, burning with a smoky flame, so care should be taken when melting it. When meltedto a thick fluid, it can be surprisingly ductile [18] [44]. The molecular structure detail of rosin(colophony) is shown in Figure 2.2.
Olivares-Pérez [80] stated that rosin is a composed of approximate constant percentiles of abi-etic acids, hydroabietics, neoabietics, priaric acid, levoprimaric acids and isoprimaric. Ninety
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
Fig. 2.2: Rosin basic structure monomer of the abietic acid
percent is made up of isometric abietic acids. With this information in order to simplify thedescription process, that the abietic acid forms the rosin.
In a term applied to a naturally occurring solid resinous material obtained from pine trees, rosin(colophony) is predominantly a mixture of resin acids belonging to one of four basic skeletalclasses: abietane, pimarane, isopimarane and labdane. The exact composition and properties ofthe rosin depend on factors such as the species of timber, growth locality, recovery process andmethod of preparation. Up to 10% of the rosin may also consist of other carboxylic acids andnon-acidic neutral compounds [85].
Rosin is a glass, rather than a crystalline solid, and the point at which is softens when heatedis referred to as the softening point (rather than melting point). A softening point in the range70 − 80 ◦C is usual, the higher end of the range representing the better quality. Several otherphysico-chemical characteristics influence the quality and these are largely dependent on thespecies of pine from which the rosin is obtained, i.e., they are determined more by genetic thanenvironmental and processing factors [29]. The specification of rosin is presented in Table 2.6.
Tab. 2.6: Specification of rosinOrigin Colour Softening Acid Saponification Unsaponifiable
Point (oC) Number Number Matter (%)China WW 70-85 162-175 - max. 7.5Portugal WW min. 70 165-171 171-177 4.3-5.5Brazil X/WW 70-78 155-170 165-185 max. 10Indonesia WW/WG 75-78 160-200 170-210 -Source: Coppen and Hone [29]
Since rosin is an acidic material and the manufacturer of downstream derivatives depends on itsacid functionality, a high acid number (and saponification number) is also an indication of goodquality. The better quality rosins usually have an acid number in the range 160-170. Providedthat the acid number is high, the detailed resin acid composition of rosin is usually of littleconsequence or interest to the end user. An exception is rosin derived from Pinus merkusii
which, because of the presence of a rather rare resin acid, has an acid number which is higherthan normal; it may reach 190 or more. The percentage of unsaponifiable matter indicates theamount of non-acidic material in the rosin, so the lower this value, the better; anything above
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Chapter 2. Review of Related Literatures 2.2. Related Research Reviews
about 10% unsaponifiable matter would be considered poorer quality rosin. The quality of rosinis better compare to wood rosin which is produced by Harwick Chemical Corporation with acidnumber about 150 and Unsaponifiable Matter of about 8.1% [43].
Most rosin is used in a chemically modified form rather than in the raw state in which it isobtained. It chiefly consists of different resin acids, especially abietic acid. Abietic acid alsoknown as abietinic acid or sylvic acid is the primary irritant in pine, isolated from rosin via iso-merization. Its ester is called an abietate. The chemical name of this acid is 13-isopropylpodo-carpa -7,13-dien-15-oic acid with the molecular mass 302.44 g/mol, melting point 173 ◦C, boil-ing point 250 ◦C at 9 mmHg, yellow resinous powder, crystals or chunks forms. This intrinsicacidity, coupled with other chemical properties, enables it to be converted to a large number ofdownstream derivatives which are used in a wide range of applications. The derivatives includesalts, esters and maleic anhydride adducts, and hydrogenated, disproportionated and polymer-ized rosins [27].
27
3 Material and Methodology
In this chapter, the experimental was designed and explained systematically to provide a guid-ance for conducting the whole investigations of anatomical characteristics, wood zoning deter-mination and reinforcement of oil palm wood with bioresin. Therefore, this chapter is dividedinto two parts, i.e. material and methodology. In material section, it consists of material prepa-ration, starting from trees selection to the specimen manufacturing, whilst the methodologycomprises the detail procedures to conduct the experiments.
3.1 Material
Oil Palm Wood
The oil palm plantations in Indonesia distribute in many islands, such as Sumatra, Kalimantan,Java, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya. The oil palm wood for this study were taken from North Sumatra,as shown in Figure 3.1. The sample trees are provided by IOPRI which are taken from AekPancur oil palm plantation, Medan-Indonesia.
12
3
Fig. 3.1: Location of the research study where the oil palm trees collected
The 1978 estate was chosen as sampling area with the total area of about 5.1 hectares. Thisestate consists of four different varieties of oil palm plant as shows in Table 3.1. The varietyof DxP was selected for experimental sample trees and ten trees were selected randomly fromtwo different plots area. Then, two trees are used for anatomical investigation and determining
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Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
oil palm wood zoning and eight trees are chosen for producing wood-specimen in order toinvestigate the physical, mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood. Basic dataincluding length and diameter of these ten oil palm trunks is presented in Table 3.2.
Tab. 3.1: Variety composition at the sampling area of oil palm plantationVariety of plant Number of plantDxP 437DyxP 247DxD 34DyxDy 14Notes: D=Dura; P=Pisifera; Dy=Dura Dumpy
Sources: Data from Aek Pancur Plantation, 2005
Tab. 3.2: General data measurement of the length and diameter of the selected oil palm trunkNo. of tree Trunk Length (m) Trunk Diameter (cm)1 14 572 12 543 13 534 11.5 635 11 516 12 487 11 558 11 559 10.6 5010 12 63- Trunk length is measured from the trunk base until the 0.5 meter before the fronds- Trunk diameter is measured at DBH
Bioresin
Besides the oil palm wood, the other material that used in this study is rosin or ’bioresin’ whichis derived from pine resin and used to reinforced the oil palm wood. The resin was tapped fromPinus merkusii in Aek Nauli Plantation, North Sumatra and it was processed into rosin directlyby local resin company, but the author received 1 drum with weight approx. 25 kg of this ma-terial from CV. National1. The obtained rosin was in glassy solid and semi transparent with theyellow-brown light colour, as shown in Figure 3.2. according to the preliminary investigationat Oleochemical Laboratory at IOPRI, this bioresin was brittle at room temperature (27 ◦C), butit melts at stove-top temperature with softening point starting at 75 ◦C. Regarding the oil palmwood reinforced bioresin treatment, acetone was used as the organic solvents for this bioresin.
1This company is one of the representative re-seller of rosin in Medan, North Sumatra
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Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
20 mm
Fig. 3.2: Glassy solid and semi-transparent bioresin which derived from pine resin Pinus
merkusii
3.1.1 Oil Palm Trunk Processing
In material preparation, all selected oil palm trees were felled manually using chainsaw. Inorder to get the homogeneous lumbers, the bottom part of the trunk was marking based on thevisual colour-impression of vascular bundles distribution at transverse section. This was carriedout to define initially the oil palm wood zoning. Further, eight trees were sawn and processedinto lumber. The dimension of lumbers were vary from 2.5 to 3.0 m in length and 10 to 25 cmin width and various thick (6 to 10 cm) depend on the trunk condition. Lumbering process ofoil palm trunk using chainsaw is presented in Figure 3.3(a). The obtained lumbers were thentagged or labeled and classified based on three different zones, i.e. inner, central and peripheral.Further, the whole lumbers were transported to the local drying company2 as soon as possibleafter lumbering process to dry the lumbers. The time between felling and drying was not more12 hours to avoid the fungi attack. The obtained lumbers were dried until achieving the moisturecontent (MC) of about 5 to 12%. This is carried out by applying the drying schedule which isadopted directly from the drying company on the basis of their experience.
The remain two trees were then cut into several disks about 6 cm in thick with distance of onemeter each for the whole length of the trunk, as shown in Figure 3.3(b). In order to avoid fungalattack, the obtained samples were then stored directly in refrigerator as soon as possible (notmore than 12 hours) after sawing process. Further, each disk sample was taken for countingthe vascular bundles to define the oil palm wood zoning. This task was carried out manuallyusing simple apparatus and by helping of magnify glass. Detail process of this experiment isdescribed in Section 3.2.1.2.
2PT. Ahlindo is one of the local drying company which has sufficient experiences in drying the oil palm wood
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Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
(a) Lumbering process of oil palm trunk using chainsaw (b) Oil palm disk samples forwood zoning experiment
Fig. 3.3: Lumbering process and trunk disks of oil palm trunk using chainsaw
3.1.2 Wood Specimen Manufacturing
The manufacturing of wood specimen from oil palm wood was carried out by referring to stan-dard testing methods, e.g. ASTM and DIN. According to ASTM Standard [3], there are twomethods of testing which can be used to evaluate the wood properties, i.e. primary methodand secondary method. These methods are used on the basic of wood condition, particularlyfor wood from dicotyledon species due to the effect of growth rings which is influenced byearlywood and latewood differences in represent a considerable portion of the sampled mate-rial. Based on this regulation and due to the oil palm wood belongs to monocotyledon species,which does not have a growth rings, and also the limited material available for wood specimen,therefore most of testings and manufacturing of small clear specimen size from oil palm woodwere conducted and manufactured on the basic of secondary method, respectively.
The wood specimen from oil palm trunk for physical, mechanical and machinery propertiesevaluation was produced by referring to ASTM [3], [4], [5] and DIN Standards [31], [30] andthe detail outline of wood specimen production is presented in Figure 3.4, whilst the shape anddimension can be seen in Figure 3.9.
Detail of wood specimen (untreated and treated wood) including type of wood properties test-ing, standard testing used, number of specimen and its size, and from which part of the trunkthat the specimen has made, are presented in Table 3.3; 3.4; 3.5.
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Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
(randomly selected from 2 plot areas)
10 oil palm trees, Variety of DxP
Oil Palm Wood Specimen Production
8 trees for oil palm trunk
properties investigation
2 trees for oil palm trunk
zone determination
Trimming & Lumbering
Lumber grouping
Drying & Conditioning
Specimen manufacturing
The trunks were trimmed with 3
meters in length and sawn into
lumber based on three different
zones (inner, central and
peripheral zone)
The obtained lumbers were then
classified into three group i.e.
inner (I); central (C) and
peripheral (P)
Oil palm lumbers were dried in
local wood drying company to
achieve the MC of about <12%
and conditioned for about 14
days under 20oC and 65% of RH
All specimen was manufactured
on the basis of the ASTM and DIN
standards. Most of the specimen
was taken from different height
positions i.e. 1; 3; 5; 7 and 9 meter
depends on the availability of
material.
Each trunk was sawn into several
wood disks with the distance 1
meter each and 6 cm in thickness.
Each disk was further analyzed
by counting the number of
vascular bundles at transverse
section manually using help of
magnifying glass
All the obtained data of vascular
bundles distribution was analyzed
through the mathematical and
statistical approaches
Oil palm trunk zone
Physical Testing
Specimens
1. Moisture Content
2. Specific gravity
3. Shrinkage
Mechanical Testing
Specimens
1. Static bending
2. Shear Parallel to Grain
3. Hardness
4. Compression parallel
to Grain
5. Tension Parallel to Grain
6. Tension Perpendicular to
Grain
7. Cleavage
8. Nail Withdrawal
Machinery Testing
Specimens
1. Cross cutting
2. Planning
3. Shaving
4. Mouldings
5. Boring
Fig. 3.4: Oil palm wood specimen outline for evaluating its wood characters and properties
33
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
Tab.
3.3:
Spec
imen
ofoi
lpal
mtr
unk
fort
heun
trea
ted
woo
d(c
ontr
ol)
Cod
eof
Woo
dPr
oper
ties
Trun
kW
ood
Rep
li-St
anda
rdD
imen
sion
Num
bero
fR
emar
kSp
ecim
enTe
stin
gH
eigh
t(m
)Z
onin
gca
tion
Test
ing
(mm
)Sp
ecim
en
Phys
ical
Prop
ertie
sA
Moi
stur
e1;
2;3;
4;5;
6;7
IZ;C
Z;P
Z6
D20
16-9
450
x50x
3520
7at
12m
(gre
en)
8;9;
10;1
1;12
DIN
5218
33
repl
icat
ion
BD
ensi
ty1;
3;5;
7;9
IZ;C
Z;P
Z10
D20
16-9
430
x30x
3015
0-
DIN
5218
3S
Shri
nkag
e2;
3;5;
6IZ
;CZ
;PZ
5D
143-
9415
0x50
x35
60-
Mec
hani
calP
rope
rtie
sD
Stat
icB
endi
ng1;
3;5;
7;9
IZ;C
Z;P
Z5
D14
3-94
25x2
5x41
075
-(M
OE
&M
OR
)E
Com
pres
sion
‖1;
3;5;
7;9
PZ5
D14
3-94
25x2
5x10
025
-to
grai
nF
Har
dnes
s1;
3;5;
7;9
IZ;C
Z;P
Z5
D14
3-94
50x5
0x15
075
-G
Shea
r‖1;
3;5;
7;9
IZ;C
Z;P
Z5
D14
3-94
50x5
0x63
75-
togr
ain
HC
leav
age
1;3;
5;7;
9PZ
5D
143-
9450
x50x
100
25-
KTe
nsio
n‖
1;3;
5;7;
9PZ
5D
143-
9446
0in
leng
th25
-to
grai
nL
Tens
ion⊥
1;3;
5;7;
9PZ
5D
143-
9450
x50x
6325
-to
grai
nM
Nai
l1;
3;5;
7;9
PZ5
D14
3-94
50x4
0x10
025
-W
ithdr
awal
Mac
hine
ryPr
oper
ties
Mac
hine
ry1;
3;5
IZ3
D16
66-9
010
0x10
x59
-M
achi
nery
1;3;
5C
Z;P
Z5
D16
66-9
010
0x10
x530
-
34
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
Tab.
3.4:
Spec
imen
ofoi
lpal
mtr
unk
forb
iore
sin
rein
forc
emen
tusi
nghe
atte
chni
que
expe
rim
ent
Cod
eof
Woo
dPr
oper
ties
Trun
kW
ood
Impr
egna
tion
Rep
li-St
anda
rdD
imen
sion
Num
bero
fR
emar
kSp
ecim
enTe
stin
gH
eigh
t(m
)Z
onin
gTi
me
(s)
catio
nTe
stin
g(m
m)
Spec
imen
Mec
hani
calP
rope
rtie
sD
Stat
icB
endi
ng1;
3;5;
7;9
IZ;C
Z;P
Z15
0;30
05
D14
3-94
25x2
5x41
015
0-
(MO
E&
MO
R)
EC
ompr
essi
on‖
1;3;
5;7;
9PZ
150;
300
5D
143-
9425
x25x
100
50-
togr
ain
FH
ardn
ess
1;3;
5;7;
9IZ
;CZ
;PZ
150;
300
5D
143-
9450
x50x
150
150
-G
Shea
r‖1;
3;5;
7;9
IZ;C
Z;P
Z15
0;30
05
D14
3-94
50x5
0x63
150
-to
grai
nH
Cle
avag
e1;
3;5;
7;9
PZ15
0;30
05
D14
3-94
50x5
0x10
050
-K
Tens
ion‖
1;3;
5;7;
9PZ
150;
300
5D
143-
9446
0in
leng
th50
-to
grai
nL
Tens
ion⊥
1;3;
5;7;
9PZ
150;
300
5D
143-
9450
x50x
6350
-to
grai
nM
Nai
l1;
3;5;
7;9
PZ15
0;30
05
D14
3-94
50x4
0x10
050
-W
ithdr
awal
Mac
hine
ryPr
oper
ties
Mac
hine
ry1;
3;5
IZ15
03
D16
66-9
010
0x10
x59
-M
achi
nery
1;3;
5C
Z;P
Z15
05
D16
66-9
010
0x10
x530
-
35
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.1. Material
Tab.
3.5:
Spec
imen
ofoi
lpal
mtr
unk
forb
iore
sin
rein
forc
emen
tusi
ngch
emic
alte
chni
que
expe
rim
ent
Cod
eof
Woo
dPr
oper
ties
Trun
kW
ood
Impr
egna
tion
Con
cen-
Rep
li-St
anda
rdD
imen
sion
Num
bero
fR
emar
kSp
ecim
enTe
stin
gH
eigh
t(m
)Z
onin
gTi
me
(h)
trat
ion
(%)
catio
nTe
stin
g(m
m)
Spec
imen
Mec
hani
calP
rope
rtie
sD
Stat
icB
endi
ng3;
5;7
IZ;C
Z;P
Z24
;48
10;2
03
D14
3-94
25x2
5x41
010
8-
(MO
E&
MO
R)
EC
ompr
essi
on‖
3;5;
7PZ
24;4
810
;20
3D
143-
9425
x25x
100
36-
togr
ain
FH
ardn
ess
3;5;
7IZ
;CZ
;PZ
24;4
810
;20
3D
143-
9450
x50x
150
108
-G
Shea
r‖3;
5;7
IZ;C
Z;P
Z24
;48
10;2
03
D14
3-94
50x5
0x63
108
-to
grai
nH
Cle
avag
e3;
5;7
PZ24
;48
10;2
03
D14
3-94
50x5
0x10
036
-K
Tens
ion‖
3;5;
7PZ
24;4
810
;20
3D
143-
9446
0in
leng
th36
-to
grai
nL
Tens
ion⊥
3;5;
7PZ
24;4
810
;20
3D
143-
9450
x50x
6336
-to
grai
nM
Nai
l3;
5;7
PZ24
;48
10;2
03
D14
3-94
50x4
0x10
036
-W
ithdr
awal
36
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
3.2 Methodology
Research methodology was guiding and conducting all activities during the experimental works,both in the field and laboratory, on the basis of the research methods or procedures which werereferring to the standard of analysis. It was also describing and explaining each research activi-ties based on the standard testing and requirement, such as American Standard Testing Method(ASTM) and German Standard (DIN). Starting from the determination of sampling area, treeselection, tree measurement, trunk processing such as felling, lumbering, transporting, dryingand specimen manufacturing, etc., oil palm wood reinforcement and finally the experimentaldata analysis. Therefore, the methodology was divided into several parts as follows: (1) Char-acterization of oil palm wood; (2) Reinforcement techniques of oil palm wood with bioresin;(3) Wood properties testing of oil palm wood; and (4) Experimental data analysis. The researchframe is presented in Figure 3.5 which illustrates all experiments to achieve the objectives ofthis study.
In order to do all experimental activities, several equipment were used. In this study, the equip-ment used is grouped into field, workshop and laboratory equipments. Field equipment wasused for helping the field work activities, starting from felling the trees until transporting the oilpalm lumbers. They are chainsaw, axe, machete, lumber labeling kit, and etc. Whilst, portablecircular saw, portable planner, portable sander, and others wood working kit were used at work-shop, especially for preparing the oil palm wood specimen. Further, the impregnation tank,thermometer, moisture meter, soaking box, and laboratory apparatus were used in laboratoryduring the reinforcement of oil palm wood.
37
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
Research Frame of Oil Palm Wood
Oil Palm Wood
Processing into specimen
(refer to specimen production outline)
Height (m): 1; 3; 5; 7; 9
Depth (zone): peripheral (P);
central (C); Inner (I)
Treated specimen Untreated Specimen
(Control)
Technique 1
(high temperature)
Technique 2
(chemical)
Preliminary
research
Treatment Condition
Binding agent (R): Bioresin
Temperature (T): 180oC
Impregantion time (t): 150 & 300 seconds
Binding agent (R): Bioresin
Solvent: Acetone
Concentration: 10 & 20%
Temperature (T): 25-27oC
Impregantion time (t): 24 & 48 hours
Treatment Condition
Treated specimen 1 Treated specimen 2 Control specimen
Physical Testing
Specimens
1. Moisture Content
2. Specific gravity
3. Water Absorption and
Dimensional Swelling
4. Shrinkage
Mechanical Testing
Specimens
1. Static bending
2. Compression Parallel to
Grain
3. Compression perpendicular
to Grain
4. Hardness
5. Shear Parallel to Grain
6. Cleavage
7. Tension Parallel to Grain
8. Tension Perpendicular to
Grain
9. Nail Withdrawal
Machinery Testing
Specimens
1. Cross cutting
2. Planning
3. Shaving
4. Mouldings
5. Boring
Analysis, Evaluation and Comparison of Oil Palm Wood Properties
between Treated and Untreated Woods
Structural & Anatomical
Study
- Anatomy (macroscopy
and microscopy)
- Zone Determination
Stage
Sta
ge 1
Sta
ge 2
Sta
ge 3
Sta
ge 4
Note:
- Stage 1: Material preparation (manufacturing and grouping specimen based on the trunk height and depth (zone))
- Stage 2: Experimental treatments of oil palm wood
- Stage 3: Testing of oil palm wood based on standard testing methods (ASTM & DIN)
- Stage 4: Analysis, evaluation and comparison of the obtained experimental data
Fig. 3.5: Research frame of oil palm wood investigation
38
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
3.2.1 Characterization of Oil Palm Wood
Oil palm wood characteristics were investigated including anatomical investigation by visualobservation using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, particularly to in-vestigate the wood components structure, such as vascular bundle structure, fibres, vessel andparenchymatous tissue arrangement. Besides wood anatomy of oil palm, the wood zoning ofthis monocotyledons species was also investigated due to the heterogeneity of wood toward thecentral point of the trunk. Therefore in this section, the research methodology is divided intotwo parts, i.e. anatomical investigation and wood zoning determination.
3.2.1.1 Anatomical Investigation of Oil Palm Wood
Investigation of wood anatomy was carried out in Wood Laboratory at Forstnutzung, DresdenUniversity of Technology. Whilst, the dried wood of oil palm was prepared in Wood and Com-posite Laboratory at IOPRI, Indonesia.
General characteristics of OPW was investigated consisting colour and grain. Colour of OPWwas identified and examined visually by naked eyes. Tsoumis [93] stated that change of colourof wood may take place soon after felling trees or after sawing green logs to lumber. Referto the relative size and proportion of vascular bundles and other wood elements as seen withthe naked eyes, the texture of OPW was also defined especially to describe the differentiatebetween peripheral, central ad inner zones at transverse section of the trunk. Further, definingthe degree of vascular bundles uniformity which appearances at longitudinal view of trunk, wasalso visually identified to define the direction of vascular bundles arrangement.
Macroscopic features of oil palm wood were investigated by visual observation on severalpieces of wood-disk of oil palm trunk and also directly on the standing trees. Wood compo-nent identification, vascular bundles and parenchymatous tissue distribution were conducted byhelping a hand lens, further the colour and grain direction were also observed visually.
More detail structure of oil palm wood was carried out using light microscopy and scanningelectron microscopy. The maceration technique was adopted to macerate the vascular bundleand its components. To record the microscopic structure of wood component, Nikon Coolpix990 complete with special adapter to attach the microscope was used in this experiment. In orderto record the wood component at ultra-structure level, scanning electron microscopy was used,especially to observe the vascular bundle structures and its component, such as parenchymacells, fibrous strands, tracheary elements, metaxylem and etc.
3.2.1.2 Wood Zoning Determination of Oil Palm
In order to develop the oil palm trunk processing through the improvement of homogeneity ofoil palm lumber and also to get more homogeny specimens for this study, the trunks were sawnon the basis of vascular bundles distribution at transverse sectional view. In 1985, Killmannand Choon [65] published their experimental result that the oil palm wood is divided into threezones, i.e. inner, central and peripheral zone. Further, the position of each regions is not definedyet. To define the above mentioned zones at transverse section of the trunk, the author conductedthis experiment, namely wood zoning determination. It is done through the determination of oilpalm wood zone based on distribution vascular bundles population density from central point to
39
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
outer part of the trunk. Two assumption were proposed in this experiment with regards to totalarea of sampling and the size and form of sampling those shall be taken into consideration inorder to achieve the representative sample for analysis.
Consider to the above conditions, the proposed assumptions in this experiment are:
Assumption 1 total area of samplings is not less than 10% of the area of oil palm
wood without bark at transverse section,
Assumption 2 sampling form is spherical form with the diameter of sampling is
approximately ten millimeters.
The experiment was carried out through the following steps:
1. Defining the representative wood disk samples,
2. Mathematical calculation and analysis for defining the vascular bundle distribution fromthe central point to the outer part of the trunk at transverse sectional view,
3. Statistical analysis for defining position or border-line of the oil palm wood zone at trans-verse sectional view.
Defining representative wood-disk samples
The wood samples were sawn from several positions along the trunk with the distance of about100 cm from one sample to another (Figure 3.3(b)). This sample was taken from the trunk inthe form of wood disk, which was cut perpendicularly to grain direction. Whilst the samplingform in this experiment was spherical with the diameter of about 10 mm as mentioned in theabove assumptions. The illustration how the oil palm wood-disk samples those were taken fromthe trunk is presented in Figure 3.6.
Determining wood zoning based on vascular bundles distribution
The aim in this part is to determine the zone of oil palm wood based on vascular bundle distri-bution from the central point to the outer part of the trunk. Two steps of analysis are applied inthis experiment, i.e.: mathematical and statistical analysis.
The mathematical analysis was carried out to define the number of representative samplingsshall be drawn on the wood-disk sample, as illustrated in the Figure 3.7. Further, this analysiswas also used to define the distance of sampling series, which was drawn from the centralpoint to the outer part of the trunk. Based on this approach, practically each sampling wasdrawn using special ruler with spherical holes ∅ 10 mm and the vascular bundles were countedmanually using help of magnifying glass, as shown in Figure 3.8. The distribution of vascularbundles was then analyzed based on the obtained data of population density of vascular bundlesper square centimeter. Population in this term is referring to the number of vascular bundlesthat presence in the spherical sampling. The complete of mathematical analysis of wood zoningis presented in Appendix B.
After defining the above mentioned variables (number of sampling and distance of samplingseries), the statistical analysis was applied to determined the zone position of oil palm wood attransverse section of the trunk. This analysis was conducted on the basis of average values of
40
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
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xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxx
xxx
xxxxxxxxxx
6 cm
6 cm
6 cm
6 cm
100 cm
100 cm
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
hm
ht
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
dbh
wood disk sample
1
2
3
n
Fig. 3.6: Wood-disk samples for determining the wood zoning of oil palm at transverse sectionalview, where ht is trunk height and hm is merchantable height
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
S11
S12
S13
S13S21
S22S23
S2n
Sn1
Sn2
Sn3Smn
Ap
Afb
R2R1
Rm
Dfb
Db
α
Fig. 3.7: Position of sampling series for defining the distribution and population of vascularbundles at transverse sectional view (where, Rm is sampling series along the averageradius of the wood disk sample; Smn is number of vascular bundle at the samplingseries m and sampling position n); Db is trunk diameter with bark; and Dfb is trunkdiameter without bark
41
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
Fig. 3.8: Manually counting of vascular bundles at transverse section of wood-disk using specialruler with spherical-holes line and using help of a magnifying glass
vascular bundles populations density. It was analyzed by using the several statistical tests, suchas homogeneity test of variance, analysis of variance, mean comparison analysis and one-wayANOVA including post hoc multiple comparison test, and univariate analysis. This operationruns by using SPSS v15.0. The complete of statistical analysis of wood zoning is presented inAppendix C.
3.2.2 Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques of Oil Palm Wood
Concerning the improvement of wood utilization, modified wood have been growing steadilyin importance because of unusual properties and beauty of the finished product. The propertiesand even the appearance of the modified wood are largely dependent on the actual physicaland chemical methods used in manufacture. In this study, reinforcement of oil palm woodwith bioresin was one of effort to improve its utilization. The wood specimens were treatedwith bioresin to improve its physical, mechanical and machinery properties. Two methods ortechniques of bioresin reinforcement were tested in this study, i.e. high temperature techniqueand chemical technique. These methods were referred to the standard specification of modifiedwood [6] through the impregnation process of bioresin. In order to reach the optimum ex-perimental condition, the experiment was previously conducted at preliminary experiment andcontinued to the main experiment using the optimum condition. The wood reinforced bioresinprocess was carried out through the following process:
Using the heat technique, the wood specimen was submerged into hot liquid of bioresin inimpregnation tank at 180 ◦C, the air vapour of wood evaporates directly due to different airpressure between wood and liquid, and at the same time, the liquid penetrated into the specimenimmediately through the intercellular cavities of wood. When the specimen taken out from thetank, the bioresin liquid in the wood specimen becomes harden and thermoset until the roomtemperature was achieved. The chemical technique of bioresin reinforcement was carried out
42
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
using similar procedure, but it runs in bioresin soluble in acetone at room temperature of about27 to 30 ◦C.
The experiment was divided into three groups of treatment and refer to the research frame (seeFigure 3.5), i.e.:
– Group 1: Untreated Wood or simply UW, where the specimen was tested without anytreatment,
– Group 2: Bioresin Heat Technique, where the specimen was treated with bioresin at180 ◦C and various impregnation time, e.g. 150 and 300 seconds,
– Group 3: Bioresin Chemical Technique, where the specimen was treated with bioresinsoluble in acetone at various concentration (10 and 20%) and impregnation time (24 and48 hours).
The untreated specimens (control) were prepared at the following conditions:
– Material: oil palm trunk (MC 5-10%)
– Trunk height: 1; 3; 5; 7 and 9 meter
– Wood zoning: IZ (inner zone); CZ (central zone) and PZ (peripheral zone)
– Replication: 5 times
– Physical test: Moisture; density; and shrinkage
– Mechanical test: static bending (MOE and MOR); shear parallel to grain, hardness, com-pression parallel to grain; tension parallel to grain; tension perpendicular to grain; cleav-age, and nail withdrawal
– Machinery test: cross cutting; planning; shaving; moulding; and boring
– Total specimen: 806 pieces
3.2.2.1 Heat Technique of Reinforcement
In this technique, the treatment was run at high temperature. Three different temperatures wereapplied in preliminary experiment,i.e. 120; 150; 180 ◦C. According to the obtained result, theoptimum heat for bioresin was reached at temperature 180 ◦C. Further, the treatment conditionat main experiment was conducted at temperature of 180 ◦C; two different impregnating time(150 and 300 seconds) for all specimens (physical, mechanical and machinery tests).
Summary of the experiment conditions:
– Material: oil palm trunk (MC 5-10%)
– Trunk height: 1; 3; 5; 7 and 9 meter
– Wood zoning: IZ (inner zone); CZ (central zone) and PZ (peripheral zone)
43
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
– Temperature: 180 ◦C
– Impregnation time: 150; 300 seconds
– Replication: 5 times
– Physical test: Moisture; density; shrinkage
– Mechanical test: static bending (MOE and MOR); shear parallel to grain, hardness, com-pression parallel to grain; tension parallel to grain; tension perpendicular to grain; cleav-age, and nail withdrawal
– Machinery test: cross cutting; planning; shaving; moulding; boring
– Total specimen: 739 pieces
3.2.2.2 Chemical Technique of Reinforcement
Similar to the previous technique, the chemical technique of reinforcement was carried outthe preliminary experiment previously to achieve the optimum condition of the treatment pro-cess. Three different solvents were examined to select the proper solvent for bioresin, includingmethanol, ethanol and acetone. According to the preliminary result, the acetone was selectedas proper organic solvent for bioresin. Further, the experimental condition of the treatment ispresented below:
– Material: oil palm trunk (MC 5-10%)
– Trunk height: 3; 5; 7 meter
– Wood zoning: IZ (inner zone); CZ (central zone) and PZ (peripheral zone)
– Temperature: room temperature
– Impregnation time: 24; 48 hours
– Replication: 3 times
– Physical test: Moisture; density; shrinkage
– Mechanical test: static bending (MOE and MOR); shear parallel to grain, hardness, com-pression parallel to grain; tension parallel to grain; tension perpendicular to grain; cleav-age, and nail withdrawal
– Total specimen: 504 pieces
44
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
3.2.3 Oil Palm Wood Properties Investigation
Due to the unique of wood properties of oil palm trunk in comparison with the common woods,where the oil palm wood has a great variety of density along the trunk, very susceptible to fun-gal attack, and difficulties of wood-working process, hence the following important propertiesincluding physical, mechanical, and machinery properties were tested and examined based onASTM and DIN standards. On the basic of ASTM procedure which was described in Section3.1.2, most of the wood properties investigation were done through the secondary methods,which referred to ASTM D 143-94 [3].
3.2.3.1 Physical Properties
Physical properties of oil palm wood were investigated, including moisture content, density(specific gravity) and shrinkage. The testing was carried out referred to ASTM D 143-94 -Standard methods of testing small clear specimens of timber [3], ASTM D 2016-94 [4] - Testmethods for moisture content of wood, and DIN 52 183 - Normen über Holz - ’Bestimmung des
Feuchtigkeitsgehaltes’ [31].
Moisture content
At least two groups of wood specimen were used to investigate the moisture content, i.e. greenwood and dry wood of oil palm. The green wood specimen was taken from the trunk imme-diately after felling process or directly storing in refrigerator before measuring the moisturecontent. The green moisture of oil palm wood was measured to determine the initial mois-ture content based on their position along the trunk and also their position over the transversesection. Dry wood specimen was taken from the dried oil palm wood after drying process inlocal drying company. The dry moisture content was measured to examine the initial moisturecontent of oil palm wood for evaluating the mechanical and machinery properties.
The sample for moisture determination of each test specimen was selected randomly accordingto their zones. After weighing, the specimens were dried at a temperature of 103 ± 2◦C untilapproximately the constant mass was attained, after which the oven-dry mass was determined[4]. According to DIN 52 183 [31], it was done by drying and weighing for at least three times,i.e. after 24 hours; 6 hours and 2 hours. The specimen size was approx. 50 mm (length) x 50mm (width) x 35 mm (height) as shown in Figure 3.9a. The moisture content was calculatedusing the following formula:
MC =B − B
′
B′ x100% (3.1)
Where, MC is moisture content in (%); B is specimen weight at green condition in g; B′ is
specimen weight after drying in g.
Density
The wood density of oil palm was determined on the basic of dried specimen using archimedesmethod. The specimen size was approx. 30x30x30 mm (Figure 3.9b). The wood specimenswere dried at a temperature of 103 ± 2◦C until approximately the constant mass was attained[4][31]. After oven-drying, the specimens were weighed and immersed them in a hot paraffinbath, and removed the specimen quickly to ensure a thin coating. Further, the volume of the
45
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
paraffin-coated specimen was measured by immersion in millimeter glass. Finally, the wooddensity was calculated using the following formula:
ρ =Woven−dry
Voven−dry
(3.2)
Where, ρ is density in g/cm3; Woven−dry is specimen weight after drying in g ; and Voven−dry isspecimen volume after drying in cm3.
ShrinkageThis wood feature was determined based on shrinkage-in-volume of the oil palm wood. Thedimension of green specimen was measured and dried at temperature of 103 ± 2◦C until ap-proximately the constant mass was reached [3][30]. The volume of the dried specimen wasdetermined using archimedes method as similar as in density determination procedure (see Fig-ure 3.9c). The volumetric shrinkage was calculated using the following formula:
Sv =Vgreen − Voven−dry
Vgreen
x 100% (3.3)
Where, Sv is volumetric shrinkage in percent; Vgreen is volume of specimen in green conditionin cm3; and Voven−dry is volume of specimen after drying in cm3.
3.2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
Mechanical properties of oil palm wood was tested through the following properties i.e. staticbending strength including modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), shearstrength parallel to grain, hardness strength, compression strength parallel to grain, tensionstrength parallel and perpendicular to grain, cleavage strength and nail withdrawal resistancetestings. All testings were done on the basic of ASTM D 143-94 [3] and all the specimen formand size is presented in Figure 3.9.
Static BendingThe static bending test specimen was made on 25x25x410 mm (see Figure 3.9d) referring tosecondary method. Loading span and support were used center loading and a span length of360 mm for the secondary method. This span were established in order to maintain a minimumspan-to-depth ratio of 14. Both supporting knife edge were provided with bearing plates androllers of such thickness that the distance from the point of support to the central plane was notgreater than the depth of the specimen. The load was applied continuously throughout the testat a rate of motion of the movable crosshead of 1.3 mm/min.
Shear Strength Parallel to GrainThe shear strength parallel to grain test was made on 50x50x63 mm (see Figure 3.9e). The loadwas applied to the specimen on end-grain surfaces. The edges of the specimen were verticaland the end rest evenly on the support over the contact area. The load was run continuouslythroughout the test at a rate motion of the movable crosshead 0.6 mm/min.
Hardness StrengthThe hardness test was carried out using the modified ball test with a ball 11.3 mm in diameter.The projected area of the ball on the test specimen was 1 cm2. The load was recorded at which
46
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
the ball has penetrated to one half its diameter. This test was done on 50x50x150 mm specimens(Figure 3.9f). Two sides were tested for each specimen, one at tangential surface and another atradial surface.
Compression Strength Parallel to Grain
Compression strength parallel to grain was carried out on 25x25x100 mm specimen (Figure3.9g) and the load was applied through a metal bearing plate 50 mm in width placed across theupper surface of the specimen at equal distances from the ends and right angles to the length.It was applied continuously throughout the test at a rate of motion of the movable crosshead of0.305 mm/min.
Tension Strength Parallel to Grain
The tension strength parallel to grain was conducted on the specimen of the size and shapeaccordance with Figure 3.9h. The load was applied continuously throughout the test at a rate of1 mm/min.
Tension Perpendicular to Grain
The tension strength perpendicular to grain was conducted on the specimen of the size andshape accordance with Figure 3.9i. The load was applied continuously throughout the test at arate of 2.5 mm/min.
Cleavage Strength
The cleavage test was carried out on specimens of the form and size in accordance with Figure3.9j. The load was applied continuously throughout the test at a rate of 2.5 mm/min.
Nail Withdrawal
This test was carried out on specimen of the form and size as shown in Figure 3.9k. Nailsused for withdrawal tests were 2.5 mm in diameter with bright diamond point of nails. Allnails was cleaned before use to remove any coating or surface film that might be present as aresult of manufacturing operations. Each nail was used only once. The nail was driven at rightangle to the face of the specimen to a total penetration of 32 mm. Two nails were driven on atangential surface, two on a radial surface and one on end. In general, nails should not be drivencloser than 19 mm from the edge or 38 mm from the end of a piece. Two nails on a radial ortangential surface were not be driven in line with each other or less than 50 mm apart. The loadwas applied continuously throughout the test at a rate of motion of the movable crosshead of 2mm/min.
47
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
(a) Moisture
50 mm
50 m
m
35
mm
(g) Compression // to grain
100 mm
25 m
m
25
mm
(j) Cleavage
100 mm
50 m
m
50
mm
76 mm
13 mm
6 mm
(c) Shrinkage
150 mm
50 m
m
50
mm
(f) Hardness
150 mm
50
mm5
0 m
m
(e) Shear // to grain
50 mm
20 m
m
50 m
m50
mm
63
mm
(i) Tension to grain
50 m
m
50
mm
13 mm
6 mm
63 mm
(k) Nail withdrawal
50 m
m
40
mm
100 mm
460 mm
9.5 mm4.8 mm
25
mm
25 mm
50 mm
(h) Tension // to grain
25 m
m
25
mm
410 mm
(d) Static bending
30
mm
30 mm
30 m
m
(b) Density
Fig. 3.9: Specimen shape and dimension made from oil palm wood for investigating the physicaland mechanical properties. Specimen a. moisture; b. density; c. shrinkage; d. staticbending; e. shear ‖ to grain; f. hardness; g. compression ‖ to grain; h. tension ‖ tograin; i. tension ⊥ to grain; j. cleavage; and k. nail withdrawal
.48
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
3.2.3.3 Machinery Properties
The investigation and evaluation of machinery properties of oil palm wood was done by theresponsible person who has good credibility and sufficient experiences in evaluating machiningor wood-working properties of woods. Therefore, the testing was done under controlling andmonitoring the competent person. This study was conducted at Bogor Agricultural University,West Java, Indonesia. The machinery properties testings were evaluate under supervising byDr. Wayan Darmawan1. The machinery properties were tested referring to ASTM Standard D1666-90 [7]. This methods cover procedures for cross cutting, planning, shaving, moulding andboring. The material for testing was in the form of lumber with various specimen sizes dependon the applied testings.
According to the above mentioned standard, the specimen size for machining test was 100 cmin length by 10 cm in width by 5 cm in thick, with the average moisture content of about 8%and they were taken from different trunk height (1; 3 and 5 m) and wood zoning (inner, centraland peripheral zone).
Several machining tests of wood were conducted in this study, comprising:
– Cross cutting was carried out using rotary-bandsaw under the condition of spindle speed450 rpm, speed 2 m/min with the cutting length and thick of about 100 and 20 mm,respectively.
– Planning was conducted using Thicknezer machine under condition of spindle 3000 rpm,speed 2 m/min with planning thickness 2 mm.
– Shaving and Moulding were conducted using Shaper machine under condition of spindlespeed 5500 rpm, speed 2 m/min with grove and thickness of 12 and 10 mm, respec-tively. The grove and moulding were cut parallel to grain.
– Boring was done using a single-spindle electric machine equipped with power feed. Thebit was about 25 mm size of the single-twist, solid-center brad point and the sharpeninglightly at intervals of not more that 1 hour of work. The borer was run at a spindle of 3600rpm and the rate of boring was reached low enough to enable the drill to cut the ratherthan tear through the specimen. Two holes were bored for each specimen.
1He is an associate Professor of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Forest Product, Faculty ofForestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia
49
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
3.2.4 Experimental Data Analysis
The experimental data was calculated and analyzed using the statistical data analysis for bet-ter interpretation and understanding of the wood properties of oil palm. The statistical dataanalysis was run using help of the computer statistical program, namely SPSS v15.0 [78] [70].Mathematical and statistical analysis were designed used depend on the experiment condition.Therefore, one to the other analysis was different.
Generally, complete randomized design analysis of variance (ANOVA) was chosen in this studyand refer to the research frame (see Figure 3.5). Several analysis were also used to asses thetreatment condition and in comparison to the untreated wood specimen, such as compare mean,analysis of variance and continued with the analysis of post-hoc test through the Duncan’s orThamhane’s tests [32].
In Section 4.1.2, the obtained data was analyzed to determined the position of every zone fromcentral point to the outer part of the trunk and defining the border line values of each zone onthe basis of distribution of vascular bundles population density. The vascular bundle populationdensity means that the number of vascular bundles in certain area at transverse section of thetrunk. According to the original condition of the trunk, number of vascular bundles increasesfrom the central point to the outer part, therefore, the compare mean analysis through the ho-
mogeneity test was used to examine the homogeneity data, previously. Then, the analysis ofvariance was carried out to define the mean values of vascular bundle population density incertain area of sampling at certain position. This was analyzed by F-test or probability analysis.In order to define the position of inner, central and peripheral zones, the analysis was contin-ued with the Post-Hoc multiple comparison test. There are two alternatives in this test, if thevariance of vascular bundles density is equal at certain positions, then the Post-Hoc test wasanalyzed using Least Significant Different test or Duncan’s test. If it is not equal or unequal,the Post-Hoc test was analyzed using Tamhane’s T2 test.
In Section 4.2, the obtained experimental data was analyzed using ANOVA analysis and con-tinued with the regression analysis in order to investigate the distribution and relation of oilpalm properties (physical, mechanical and machinery) at different height and depth positions ofthe trunk. In Section 4.3, the reinforcement data was analyzed using Completely randomizedfactorial design analysis to investigate the influence of level of bioresin treatment to the woodproperties of oil palm.
3.2.5 Scope, Location and Limitation of Research
Scope of Research
The research was conducted to investigate the characteristics of oil palm wood including anatom-ical, physical, mechanical and machinery properties. Further, the investigation was focusing onthe improvement of the above properties of oil palm wood using bioresin reinforcement tech-niques, both heat and chemical.
Location of Research
The experimental activities were carried out both at the Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute(IOPRI), Indonesia and the Institute of Forest Utilization and Forest Technology (Forstnutzung),Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Deutschland.
50
Chapter 3. Material and Methodology 3.2. Methodology
Limitation of Research
This study was limited only to the oil palm wood (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) variety of DxP asmain material for the experimental analysis and bioresin derived from pine resin was usedas a filler and binding agent to improve wood properties of oil palm. The investigation wasconducted on the physical, mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood, both theuntreated and treated wood with bioresin.
51
4 Results and Discussion
The results and discussions in this study were collected and defined on the basic of visualobservation, laboratory test and analysis, and later the obtained data was analyzed using math-ematical calculation and statistical analysis for a better interpretation and easily understandingof the experimental results. This chapter was divided into five sections:
Section 4.1 Characteristics of oil palm wood, including macroscopic and microscopic anatomy.It describes intensively the anatomical aspects of oil palm wood, including its features andcomponents.
Section 4.2 Wood zoning determination, due to very heterogeneity in characteristics andproperties of oil palm wood along the trunk height and depth. Hence, it is necessary toimprove its homogeneity by defining the population and distribution of vascular bundlesover the transverse section of the trunk.
Section 4.3 Properties of oil palm wood which is divided into three parts, i.e. (1) Phys-ical properties (moisture content, density and volumetric shrinkage); (2) Mechanicalproperties (static bending strength (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture), shearstrength parallel to grain, hardness strength, compression strength parallel to grain, ten-sion strength parallel and perpendicular to grain, cleavage strength and nail withdrawalresistance; and (3) Machinery properties (cross cutting, planning, shaving and moulding,and boring).
Section 4.4 Evaluation of bioresin reinforcement techniques (heat and chemical) in order toimprove the wood properties in comparison to untreated wood properties.
Section 4.5 Proving hypothesis and research outlook.
4.1 Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
This study was emphasis in the detail investigation with regards to anatomical of oil palm woodand determination of wood zoning of oil palm wood at transverse sectional view. The anatomi-cal of oil palm wood was conducted both macroscopic and microscopic observations. Specialattention on microscopic structure of oil palm wood was paid to provide the sufficient informa-tion of its wood components, such as vascular bundle, fibre and parenchymatous cell structures.This was carried out using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Early work in anatomical aspects of some species of palms has been reported by Parthasaranthyand Klotz [82], further the characteristics of oil palm stem has been conducted by Choon et al.
[21], basically Hartley [53] has also investigated the development of the stem and stem apex.Whilst, determination of wood zoning of oil palm wood at transverse section was done to defineits zone based on the population of vascular bundles toward the central point of the trunk. Thisstudy was particularly to improve its homogeneity in production of oil palm lumber concerningvery heterogenous properties of this wooded material.
53
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
4.1.1 Macroscopic Oil Palm Wood Structure
Macroscopic characteristics are the features which are visible with the naked eyes or using amagnifying glass with capability of magnifying 2-3 times. According to the visual observationof oil palm wood, the trunk shape at transverse section is normally circular and two parts maybe distinguished e.g. the main part of the trunk and the cortex and bark, as shown in Figure 4.1.
Bark
Cortex
Main part
Fig. 4.1: Oil palm trunk at transverse section consists of the main part of the trunk and the cortexand bark
Concentrating on the main part of oil palm wood at transverse section, this part consists ofbrownish to blackish points or dots and they spread over the trunk. This component was inten-sively increasing in quantity from central point to outer part and predicted as main componentto support structural features of the trunk. According to Parthasarathy and Klotz in 1976, it isnamely vascular bundle. Visual observation on dried sample resulted that wood colour fromcentral to outer part degraded from brownish to blackish. This occur caused of different popu-lation density of vascular bundles toward the central point. It can be predicted the reasons whythe oil palm wood has different physical and mechanical properties toward the central point, asmentioned by Bakar et al. [10][9], Killmann and Choon [65], and Lim and Khoo [73]. Be-cause of this wood structural system, in drying process, the wood defects are mostly occurredbetween vascular bundles and parenchymatous tissues. According visual investigation by bothair-drying (under shelter) and kiln-drying were identified that the wood was suffer from variousdefects, such as collapse, twisting, warping, check and raised grain, especially the area aroundcentral point of the trunk.
No pith was observed, but further in order to analysis requirement of the trunk, the ’pith’1 wasdefined as ’central point’ of the trunk. Cortex wide was approx. 24.9 mm ranging from 15 to 31(Table 4.1). This component attached at the outer part of the trunk which composed of groundparenchyma and longitudinal fibrous strands. On the basic of wood zoning determination (see
1’pith’ is addressing to the term of center point of the trunk, because naturally this palm does not have a pith
54
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
Section 4.2), main part of wood was divided into three different zone, e.g. inner zone (IZ),central zone (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ) consider to their population density of vascularbundles per unit area.
Peripheral zone is located at the outer part of the trunk, before bark and cortex. It was thehardest part of the trunk. This zone normally comprises high amount of wood fibres in theform of vascular bundles system, which is essential for supporting the structural features,such as mechanical strength of the standing trees. The vascular bundles in this zone werecongested and the space or area of parenchymatous tissue was less narrow than the otherszones. The vascular bundles orientation in this zone was oriented to the center point ofthe trunk, as shown in Figure 4.2, but it was only 10 to 15 mm in thickness and based onvisual observation, this part was usually darker than the other parts.
Central zone is comprised slightly larger and wider vascular bundles and area of this zone islarger compared to the others zones. Almost more than 50% of total area of the trunk attransverse sectional view belong to this zone. The orientation of vascular bundles in thiszone was random.
Inner zone is only 20 to 25% of the total area and it consisted high content of parenchymacells and moisture. The number vascular bundles in this zone was fewer in comparisonwith the others two zone, but their size and orientation were similar with vascular bundlesin central zone.
Tab. 4.1: Cortex width of oil palm trunk
No. Disk Cortex wide (mm)C1 C2 C3 C4 Average
1 23.0 25.0 24.0 28.0 25.002 22.0 27.0 26.0 22.0 24.253 15.0 29.0 30.0 36.0 27.504 32.0 30.0 35.0 27.0 31.005 25.0 17.0 32.0 26.0 25.006 20.0 23.0 23.0 30.0 24.007 20.0 30.0 29.0 30.0 27.258 20.0 50.0 20.0 22.0 28.009 18.0 19.0 10.0 16.0 15.75
10 26.0 23.0 35.0 30.0 28.5011 15.0 22.0 10.0 26.0 18.2512 25.0 25.0 23.0 25.0 24.50
Furthermore, regarding the orientation of vascular bundles over cross section, most of vascularbundles were oriented randomly, except at the outer part of the trunk under bark. Therefore,on the basic of this condition, mechanical properties investigation in Section 4.3.2 was notconsidered to the vascular bundles orientation. Due to the vascular bundles population at crosssectional view, the average value of vascular bundle population at inner, central and periphe-ral zone were about 25.2; 45.8 and 97.5 vb/cm2, respectively. Further discussion about thispopulation is presented in Section 4.2.
The oil palm wood surfaces at various sectional view can be observed based on their sawingdirections, as shown in Figure 4.3. At least, there were three different wood surfaces, exceptwood surface under the bark, i.e.:
55
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
Cross surface, produced by sawing the oil palm trunk with the sawing direction perpendic-ular to the longitudinal direction of the trunk,
Tangential surface, produced by sawing he oil palm trunk with sawing direction perpendi-cular to the vascular bundles orientation in peripheral zone,
Radial surface, produced by sawing he oil palm trunk with sawing direction parallel to thevascular bundles orientation in peripheral zone.
In green condition oil palm wood colour was yellowish, but brownish in dry condition. Trans-verse section of the trunk did not have a uniform colour, commonly the peripheral part wasdarker colour that the inner part. This is contradiction in comparison with softwood or hard-wood, where the inner part (heartwood) is mostly darker than the peripheral part (sapwood).Dried wood was very lightweight compared to green wood condition. This was initially thatwood consists very high content of moisture. Physical investigation in Section 4.3.1.1 resultedthat moisture content of oil palm wood varies depend on its wood regions or zones at transversesectional view.
15 mm
dire
ctio
n t
o c
en
ter
po
int
Fig. 4.2: Vascular bundles orientation at cross surface view
56
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
15 mm
15 mm 15 mm
a b
c
Fig. 4.3: Wood surface of oil palm wood structure at various sectional view, (a) wood view atcross surface; (b) wood view at tangential surface; (c) wood view at radial surface.
4.1.2 Microscopic Oil Palm Wood Structure
This work presents a detailed wood anatomical overview of oil palm. In this part the discussionis concentrated on the anatomical of oil palm wood structure under microscopic observations.Special emphasis is paid in microscopic anatomy of wood using light microscopy and scanningelectron microscopy. Three main components of wood structure are observed and discussed,including vascular bundle, fibre and parenchymatous cell.
4.1.2.1 Vascular Bundle Structure
Vascular bundles are the main component of oil palm wood that supporting the structural fea-tures of the trunk. Detail structure of this component only visible under microscope, but it wasstill clearly identified by a hand lens for initial observation. Based on visual investigation underlight microscope, vascular bundle consists of one or two large vessels in peripheral zone andtwo to three vessels in central and inner zones, as shown in Figure 4.4(a) and 4.4(b). In thisfigure was also identified that one or two smaller vessels divided into two parts. Large vesselswith very thick vessel-wall was predicted as main component which responsible for transport-ing the nutrient. This was in agreement with the result from Lim and Khoo [73]. The number ofvascular bundles decreased toward the central point or radial direction2, as shown in Figure 4.16and fluctuated from bottom to top of the trunk, as identified from the obtained data in Table 4.6(see Section 4.2). From this data, it also can be observed that the population density of vascularbundles per unit area was significantly different toward the central point or inner zone. Refer-ring to this finding, it is necessary to use the oil palm wood separately based on its position attransverse section.
2orientation from central point to the bark due to missing the pith in oil palm trunk structure
57
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
500 μm
(a) vascular bundle with single large vessel
500 μm
(b) vascular bundle with three large vessels
Fig. 4.4: Vascular bundles with one large vessel (figure a) and three large vessels (figure b) attransverse section under light microscopy view
paremchymatous
ground tissue
vessels
fibres
satellite bundles
sperical cells
elongated cellsVascular bundle
Fig. 4.5: Structure of vascular bundle of oil palm wood at transverse section detail with theexistence of parenchymatous ground tissue, vessels, fibres and phloem (photo by E.
Bäucker, 2005)
58
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
More detail about oil palm wood structures, particularly vascular bundle structure is presentedin Figure 4.5. The photograph was produced using SEM and from this picture, it is easilyrecognized and identified the existence of parenchymatous ground tissue, fibres, and vessels.The empty area near three large vessels was phloem cell area, but these phloem cells was brokenduring sample preparation. Vascular bundle was surrounded by parenchymatous ground tissue,therefore, the wood material from this species is not comparable to the woods which producedfrom both dicotyledons and gymnosperms species which are developed from the secondaryxylem. Generally, three types of parenchyma cells were found in this study, i.e. spherical,rectangular and elongated cells. Near the large vessels, it was also founded several smaller cellsand grouped together like a cluster, which usually separated into two clusters. Referring to Limand Khoo [73] result, this component is mentioned as satellite bundles.
Further, the fibres component was distinguished and spread or scattered over the vascular bun-dles and filled the area surrounded by parenchyma cells. Structure of fibres in this area wassimilar to the common wood, which comprises of lumen, cell wall, and pith as well. Theirarrangement was also similar to normal wood structure. Phloem cells were distinguished asstrand with mostly triangular shape and located between vessels and fibres.
Looking at longitudinal direction3 of vascular bundle, it was easily to identify how large thediameter of vessel in comparison to fibres and parenchyma cells, as shown in Figure 4.6. Theselarge vessel connected endwise to form a pipe-like structure and in radial direction, this compo-nent was attached and connected together with fibres. Vascular bundles were mostly arrangedvertical or parallel to the length of the trunk, but oblique vascular bundles were also found,commonly in radial surface, as can be observed in Figure 4.3c.
vessel
parenchyma cells
fibres
500 μm
Fig. 4.6: Vascular bundle structure of oil palm wood with detail view of parenchyma cells, ves-sel and arrangement of fibres at longitudinal direction view
3orientation parallel to the length of the trunk.
59
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
4.1.2.2 Fibre Structure
Fibres of oil palm wood spread or scattered over the vascular bundles and filled the area sur-rounded by parenchyma cells. Fibres have closed end, mostly pointed. The arrangement offibres in this area was almost similar to the structure of common woods (softwood and hard-
wood 4), which comprises of lumen, cell wall, and pits. Transverse sectional view of oil palmfibres is presented in Figure 4.7, where the fibres attached one to the others in very compactformation. Various in sizes and shapes were distinguished, e.g. spherical, triangular and rectan-gular. Particularly, fibres which located close to large vessels were observed as elongated fibres,as shown in Figure 4.5. The presence of pits also identified at fibre wall as well as companioncells. The walls might be thick or thin and the small or large lumina. The primary function offibres was predicted to provide mechanical support to the living oil palm tree, especially in theperipheral zone or the area near the bark.
pits
companion cells
triangularspherical rectangular
primary wall
secondary wall
Fig. 4.7: Scanning electron microscopy of fibre structure at transverse sectional view. The fibresvary in sizes and also shapes, e.g. spherical, triangular and rectangular. Companioncells was found as well as primary and secondary walls fairly distinguishable (photo
by E. Bäucker, 2005)
More detail visualization of fibre structure with walls formation is presented in Figure 4.8,which produced by SEM photography. Cell-wall was composed of three layers, which theydesignated as intercellular layer or popularly known as middle lamella, primary wall, secondarywall and warty layer is toward the cell lumen. Intercellular layer, like mortar cement brickbetween one fibre to the others. Tsoumis [93] stated that this component composed high contentof lignin and further, Halimahton and Rashih [52] mentioned that the oil palm wood consist of
4Softwood is produced by conifers and hardwood by broad-leaved species. Botanically, conifer species belongsto Gymnosperms and broad-leaved species to Angiosperms (Dicotyledons), whilst oil palm wood belongs toAngiosperms, class Monocotyledons [61].
60
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
lignin in high percentage, approx. 19%. Pit was found visible in the secondary wall. It waspredicted to serve as passages of communication between neighboring cells.
primary wall
secondary wall
intercellular layer
(middle lamella)
warty layer
pit
Fig. 4.8: Scanning electron microscopy of cell-wall layers at transverse sectional view with dis-tinguishable primary and secondary layers, and intercellular layer, like mortar cementbrick between walls which called middle lamella (photo by E. Bäucker, 2005)
Looking at longitudinal direction (Figure 4.9), the fibres of oil palm wood were arranged par-allel to the length of the trunk as shown in Figure 4.9(a), whilst the arrangement of fibres wasdistinguished in Figure 4.9(b), as macerated a piece of vascular bundle. The dimension of oilpalm fibres at various trunk height in comparison with fibres which were taken from empty fruitbunch and oil palm fronds is presented in Table 4.2. Length of oil palm wood fibre was about2.04 mm, ranging from 1.9 to 2.1 with average diameter of approx. 26.1 μm, ranging from 22to 30. It is identified that the fibre diameter was gradually decreased from the but end to the topof the trunk.
The average values of lumen diameter and wall thickness were about 12.5 μm and 6.8 μm,respectively. Fibre from oil palm wood (2.04 mm) was longer in comparison with oil palmfrond fibre (1.4 mm) and empty fruit bunch fibre (0.66 mm) as well as the fibre diameter wasalso larger. Further, wall thickness of oil palm wood fibres were almost 50% thicker than EFBand OPF.
61
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
500 μm
(a) Fibres structure at longitudinal view
1000 μm
(b) Fibres arrangement at longitudinal view
Fig. 4.9: Fibres structure and arrangement at transverse section under light microscopy views
Tab. 4.2: Fiber dimension of oil palm wood in comparison to EFB and OPF fibres
Fibre DimensionOPW
EFB* OPF*2 m 6 m 10 m
Length (mm):- minimum 0.80 0.80 1.04 0.23 0.43- maximum 3.44 3.36 3.36 1.48 3.04- average 2.08 2.09 1.96 0.66 1.40Diameter ( μm):- fibre 29.19 26.58 22.48 16.89 14.47- lumen 13.07 14.47 9.89 9.52 7.44Wall Thickness 8.08 6.05 6.29 3.69 3.52Notes: OPW=oil palm wood; EFB=empty fruit bunch;OPF=oil palm fronds*) Cited from Erwinsyah and Damayanti [40]
62
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
4.1.2.3 Vessel Structure
According to the vascular bundle structure which is presented in Figure 4.4 and 4.5, the pres-ence of large vessel varies from one to three vessels. The term of large vessel here is thetracheary elements of vascular bundle. The extensive surveys of tracheary elements in palms isconducted by Tomlinson [92] and Bierhorst and Zamora [13]. Further, Parthasarathy and Klotz[82] reported that the vascular bundle of the stem of palms, the cluster of traceary elementsdisplay a gradation in morphology from protoxylem through early to late metaxylem. The endwalls of the tracheary element exhibit an increasing degree of evolutionary specialization, i.e.they become decreasingly tracheid-like. The protoxylem tracheary elements and some of thenarrow early metaxylem elements almost always appear to be tracheids, whereas the remainingnarrow metaxylem elements and the wide late metaxylem elements show varying degrees ofspecialization, depending on the organ and the species.
Regarding the detailed oil palm wood structure, the vascular bundles of oil palm wood containone, two or more than two wide metaxylem tracheary elements in transverse section, dependingon the position of the bundle within the trunk. It was indicated that this component increasesin number toward the central point of the trunk. In size, the tracheary elements were vary fromshort to long vessels. Parthasarathy and Klotz [82] stated that it was ranging from 0.1 mm tomore than 1 cm in length, and from 0.02 mm to nearly 0.5 mm in width. Whilst, Tsoumis [93]mentioned that vessel members particularly in earlywood of ring-porous hardwoods are mostlymassive wood cells. Some are more short than wide, it ranging from in average length from 0.2to 1.3 mm and diameters may vary from 0.005 to 0.5 mm. Figure 4.10 showed the longitudinaldirection view of vessel elements and how the two tracheary elements were connected. Theperforation plate5 was distinguished with the angle approx. 45 ◦ as well as closely spaced bars.
500 μm
Fig. 4.10: Light microscope view of connected endwise of large vessels of vascular bundle fromoil palm wood
Furthermore, the isolated metaxylem tracheary element is presented in Figure 4.11. The simpleperforation plates occupy the nearly transverse end walls. The cell wall of this element wasnet-like. The end walls of this element closely spaced bars on very oblique end walls.
5The area of adjacent end walls involved in endwise connection of two vessels members.
63
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
250 μm
Fig. 4.11: Light microscope view of isolated wide metaxylem elements of vascular bundle fromoil palm wood
4.1.2.4 Parenchyma Cell Structure
Parenchyma cells of oil palm wood were mostly in the form of spherical cell with thin-walledand brick-like in formation, but in the narrow space or area between vascular bundles, they werecommonly as elongated cells and oval-cells. These cells were functioned as the ground tissuethat make up the bulk of oil palm wood structures and used as storage of food. Physically, thistissue was like spongy and moist in green condition and very lightweight and easy to separateone cell to the others. Due to the starch content in oil palm wood, it attributed to the fact thatparenchyma cells also might be filled with starch. Figure 4.12 showed more detail the structureof parenchyma cells. Many pits were observed on the primary cell wall, which functioned forwater or nutrient transport purposes.
spherical cell elongated cell
ground parenchymatous tissue
pits
primary cell wall
100 μm
Fig. 4.12: Vascular bundle with three large vessels at transverse sectional view
Based on this fact, it is logically accepted why ground parenchymatous tissue was very hygro-scopic. It was easy to evaporate when the temperature is rising and also easily to absorb themoisture in high humidity condition. This behaviour also answered why the moisture of driedoil palm wood still not stable, like what Balfas reported [11]. According to scanning electron
64
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Characteristics Oil Palm Wood
microscopy of parenchyma cells in Figure 4.13, it was distinguished easily the presence of pitson the primary cell-wall.
Fig. 4.13: Scanning electron microscopy of parenchyma cells with pits distribution on the pri-mary cell-wall at transverse sectional view (photo by E. Bäucker)
65
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
4.2 Oil Palm Wood Zoning
As monocotyledonous species, the oil palm wood structure is quite different compared to nor-mal wood, either hardwood or softwood. Looking at transverse sectional view of the oil palmwood, the structure consist of fibres in the form of vascular bundle system and ground parenchy-matous cells. In 1985, Killmann and Choon [65] published their experimental result and it statedthat the oil palm stem is divided into three zones, i.e. inner, central and peripheral zones. Oneyear later, Lim and Khoo [73] reported that the distribution of fibrous strands depends on thenumber of bundles present. They further stated that the number of vascular bundles per unitarea decrease towards the inner zone and increase from the butt end to the top of the palm.
Based of the above mentioned oil palm wood structure, there is great variation of density valuesat different part of the trunk. Density value range from 200 to 600 kg/m3 with an averagedensity 370 kg/m3 [73]. It’s clearly understood that this condition affect to the properties ofoil palm wood, both physical and mechanical. Killmann and Choon [65] further stated that themechanical properties of oil palm wood reflect the density variation observed both in radial aswell as in vertical directions. Unfortunately, this condition caused many difficulties in woodworking processes.
In order to improve the homogeneity of lumber produced from oil palm tree, an effective sawingpattern shall be designed on the basis of oil palm wood condition, such as wood structure,distribution of vascular bundle and also distribution of wood density along the trunk.
Focusing on zone determination, the mathematical and statistical analysis were calculated andapplied to achieve the representative result, respectively. The mathematical analysis was gen-erated to define number and position of representative samplings on the transverse section ofthe trunk. The complete mathematical analysis is presented in Appendix B. According to thisanalysis, the number of sampling and distance for each samplings series at sample wood disk issummarized in Table 4.3.
Tab. 4.3: Number of samples per sample disk of sample along the trunk and distance of onesamplings set to another (see Figure 3.7 for illustration)
Height Trunk-1 Trunk-2(m) ns1 αm1 ns2 αm2
1 220 31 205 322 114 40 120 403 112 41 118 414 126 41 109 435 116 42 113 426 119 42 113 427 108 44 105 448 118 42 116 429 96 44 93 44
10 109 43 108 4311 106 43 110 4312 111 43 108 43
Note: nsi=number of sampling of tree-iαmi=distance of sampling set of tree-i (◦)
All the sampling in this table has already achieved the Assumption 1 and 2 (see Sub-section3.2.2.1). Further to define the distribution of vascular bundles, the spherical samplings were
66
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
drawn from the central point to the outer part (bark) of the trunk over the transverse section asshown in Figure 3.7 (see Appendix B).
The distribution of vascular bundles was defined by calculating the number of vascular bundlesper certain unit area at transverse section. The Figure 3.7 is presented how the representativesample and data were collected. In this case, it was calculated per square centimeter (cm2).Regarding the sampling series, it can be stated that the number of sampling for each series (nsr)is depends on the radius size of the trunk without bark (rfb) (refer to Eq. B.7) and the distanceof one sampling series to another (αm) depends on the number of sampling series that can bedrawn at transverse section (refer to Eq. B.21). Based on the obtained result, the number ofvascular bundles per unit area increases from central point to the bark, both for sample Trunk-1and Trunk-2 as shown in Figure 4.14 and 4.15, respectively. The trend-lines of vascular bundlesdistribution at different height positions (12 height positions) were also similar between thesetwo sample trunks as shown in Figure 4.16.
According to the statistical analysis using compare means through the independent sample t-
Test, the average vascular bundles population for Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 (Table 4.4) were about54.6 and 55.1 vb/cm2, respectively. Further, the variances of these populations were similarwith the probability of about 0.738 (p > 0.05) and from the t-Test result in Table 4.5 throughequal variances assumed analysis, it is attributed to the fact that the means population of vas-cular bundles for these trunks were insignificantly different at level 0.05 with the probabilityvalue 0.966. On the basic of this findings, it can be stated that the vascular bundles distributionalong the trunk height of oil palm tree in the same variety (DxP) from the bottom to the top ofthe trunk was identical.
Tab. 4.4: Descriptive of statistical groups analysis of Trunk-1 and Trunk-2Sample trunk N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error MeanTrunk-1 15 54.653 30.1474 7.7840Trunk-2 15 55.147 33.4251 8.6303
Tab. 4.5: Independent sample test for population of vascular bundles based on equal variancesassumed
Levene’s Test* t-test**
F Sig. t df Sig. Mean Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference(2-tailed) Difference Difference Upper Lower
0.114 0.738 -0.042 28 0.966 -0.4933 11.6221 -24.3002 23.3135*) for Equality of Variances; **) for Equality of Means
67
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
0 20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180 ’P
ith’
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17
P18
P19
Vascular bundles/cm2
Sam
plin
g po
sitio
n (m
m)
h-1
h-2
h-3
h-4
h-5
h-6
h-7
h-8
h-9
h-10
h-11
h-12
Fig.
4.14
:Rel
atio
nbe
twee
nsa
mpl
ing
posi
tion
from
cent
ral
poin
tto
the
oute
rpa
rtan
dpo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sof
sam
ple
Trun
k-1
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
talo
ngth
etr
unk
68
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
0 20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180 ’P
ith’
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17
P18
Vascular bundles/cm2
Sam
plin
g po
sitio
n (m
m)
h-1
h-2
h-3
h-4
h-5
h-6
h-7
h-8
h-9
h-10
h-11
h-12
Fig.
4.15
:Rel
atio
nbe
twee
nsa
mpl
ing
posi
tion
from
cent
ral
poin
tto
the
oute
rpa
rtan
dpo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sof
sam
ple
Trun
k-2
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
talo
ngth
etr
unk
69
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
0 20
40
60
80
100
120
140 ’P
ith’
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
Vascular bundles/cm2 (average)
Sam
plin
g po
sitio
n (m
m)
Trun
k-1
Trun
k-2
Fig.
4.16
:Rel
atio
nbe
twee
nsa
mpl
ing
posi
tion
from
cent
ralp
oint
toth
eou
terp
arta
ndav
erag
eva
lue
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
spo
pula
tion
atdi
ffer
ent
heig
htal
ong
the
trun
kfo
rsam
ple
Trun
k-1
and
Trun
k-2
70
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Referring to Figure 4.16, the relations between position and the number of vascular bundles percertain area for the selected two sample trunks were mathematically expressed by the followingregression formulas:
Yt1 = 0.642x2 − 4.079x + 34.18, R2 = 0.978 (4.1)
Yt2 = 0.637x2 − 3.242x + 28.37, R2 = 0.975 (4.2)
Referring to the above equations, it can be stated that the relation between variable (distanceor position from ’pith’) and response (number of vascular bundles/cm2) was very strong, itis showed by the high R-value, approx. 0.989 and 0.987 for sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2,respectively. Furthermore, the lowest and highest population of vascular bundles were about26.7 and 119.6 vb/cm2 (vascular bundles per square centimeter) for sample Trunk-1 and forsample Trunk-2 of about 21.2 and 128.6 vb/cm2, respectively. Summarized from this analysis,the vascular bundle position is indicated as an important factor to define the zone of oil palmwood. By applying this result, the position of each zone was further examined by statisticalanalysis, which is explained in Appendix C.
The summarized results of statistical analysis from the above mentioned appendix for oil palmsample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 are presented in Table 4.6 and 4.7. In these tables, the oil palmwood zoning was symbolized using columnar-table. The columnar-1; columnar-2 and columnar-3 were marked for inner zone (IZ), central zone (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ), respectively.
Tab. 4.6: Summary of statistical data analysis for sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2Vascular bundles population (vb/cm2)
Height (m) Trunk-1 Trunk-2IZ CZ PZ IZ CZ PZ
1 20.75 29.25 67.53 24.36 39.52 83.092 25.18 44.16 121.28 25.13 43.41 93.633 35.83 50.32 83.55 24.56 43.79 100.414 34.05 51.38 95.92 24.36 45.59 99.665 27.90 44.21 89.93 25.57 46.58 95.746 28.22 45.91 97.85 24.19 47.22 112.347 29.15 47.95 120.86 23.56 46.26 110.968 26.72 44.31 87.90 23.33 47.02 106.619 27.35 45.60 90.83 24.07 46.86 112.1110 29.77 48.81 96.29 26.59 52.55 94.7111 26.59 47.29 90.50 23.14 45.77 90.1612 27.67 49.86 106.87 21.39 44.34 90.76
Average 28.26 45.76 95.78 24.19 45.74 99.18
71
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
4.7:
Sum
mar
yof
stat
istic
alda
taan
alys
isfo
rsam
ple
Trun
k-1
and
Trun
k-2
Hei
ght
Sam
plin
gPo
sitio
n(m
)p1
p2p3
p4p5
p6p7
p8p9
p10
p11
p12
p13
p14
p15
p16
p17
p18
p19
Sam
ple
Trun
k-1
121
.220
.120
.720
.520
.419
.620
.922
.625
.424
.926
.328
.330
.433
.935
.643
.856
.568
.910
0.9
223
.224
.224
.824
.026
.828
.033
.333
.438
.547
.052
.959
.977
.212
8.7
158.
03
34.7
33.4
33.8
39.2
38.1
42.0
44.9
49.8
50.8
55.1
59.2
66.7
82.8
101.
115
2.2
430
.432
.035
.836
.036
.142
.043
.650
.152
.257
.562
.871
.294
.312
2.3
526
.325
.626
.930
.330
.433
.938
.141
.144
.351
.656
.465
.177
.210
3.3
114.
06
28.5
27.5
27.7
29.1
34.7
35.0
39.5
45.2
52.1
54.0
60.8
70.4
78.5
103.
713
8.9
728
.729
.029
.833
.435
.840
.644
.153
.862
.365
.681
.210
0.0
132.
217
0.1
823
.925
.328
.029
.632
.636
.339
.343
.948
.953
.056
.167
.477
.188
.111
9.1
925
.525
.828
.030
.032
.937
.941
.547
.949
.751
.358
.165
.986
.612
0.0
1028
.029
.332
.035
.241
.445
.549
.256
.864
.670
.980
.790
.610
9.1
130.
211
24.5
25.6
27.2
29.0
34.4
34.2
42.4
46.7
53.2
58.0
62.3
72.9
92.2
106.
412
25.5
26.1
28.5
30.6
33.4
37.9
42.4
52.2
55.6
61.0
66.6
80.9
106.
713
3.0
Col
umna
r-1:
Inne
rZon
eC
olum
nar-
2:C
entr
alZ
one
Col
umna
r-3:
Peri
pher
alZ
one
Sam
ple
Trun
k-2
122
.321
.122
.624
.125
.327
.028
.131
.334
.036
.339
.641
.544
.249
.856
.172
.390
.011
4.0
222
.523
.125
.829
.131
.834
.138
.141
.945
.548
.251
.156
.567
.785
.712
7.5
322
.322
.125
.028
.831
.133
.138
.142
.045
.148
.752
.160
.274
.210
2.4
124.
64
20.7
22.3
24.7
29.8
32.8
36.6
41.7
45.7
49.4
54.3
58.6
73.4
92.8
132.
75
21.0
22.5
24.7
28.8
30.9
36.0
41.2
43.5
47.8
52.9
58.1
68.2
84.2
96.4
134.
26
20.5
21.2
24.2
30.9
32.8
39.8
44.1
46.5
50.6
55.4
61.3
75.5
95.1
123.
415
5.4
721
.823
.425
.532
.337
.141
.448
.456
.461
.971
.583
.410
1.4
134.
116
4.3
820
.420
.925
.027
.133
.037
.744
.947
.951
.354
.959
.465
.882
.510
4.6
173.
69
22.7
22.7
26.8
31.1
38.2
43.1
49.9
55.0
63.9
73.5
84.4
101.
512
5.3
175.
810
21.0
22.8
26.0
29.8
33.4
40.6
45.5
51.0
59.2
66.4
72.9
85.7
100.
811
9.4
1120
.122
.923
.626
.030
.334
.641
.145
.549
.757
.361
.969
.384
.211
7.0
1219
.319
.320
.226
.830
.334
.639
.046
.047
.654
.958
.065
.086
.912
0.4
Col
umna
r-1:
Inne
rZon
eC
olum
nar-
2:C
entr
alZ
one
Col
umna
r-3:
Peri
pher
alZ
one
72
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
The position of wood zoning for each zone along the trunk for sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2are presented in Table 4.8 and 4.9, respectively. These tables were generated by transformingthe obtained data in Table 4.7 based on the developed groups of vascular bundles populationand sampling position from central point to the outer part of the trunk to the position of woodzoning or distance from central point of the trunk (in cm).
Tab. 4.8: The distance oil palm wood zones from central point of Trunk-1 based on vascularbundles distribution
Height Distance from central point (mm)(m) Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
1 82 159 2502 49 137 1723 38 137 1694 27 126 1675 38 137 1626 49 126 1637 38 115 1518 27 126 1619 27 126 15110 27 115 15211 49 126 15312 38 126 153
Tab. 4.9: The distance oil palm wood zones from central point of Trunk-2 based on vascularbundles distribution
Height Distance from central point (mm)(m) Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
1 82 170 2372 38 137 1723 27 137 1694 38 126 1555 38 137 1626 38 126 1637 38 115 1518 27 137 1619 27 115 15110 27 126 15211 38 126 15312 38 126 153
Based on the above results, the relation between trunk height and distance of wood zoning fromcentral point of the trunk at transverse section for sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 were presentedin two dimensional view as shown in Figure 4.17 and 4.18, respectively.
73
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dis
tanc
e fro
m c
entra
l poi
nt (m
m)
Trunk Height (m)
Inner ZoneCentral Zone
Perpheral Zone
Fig. 4.17: Relation between trunk height and distance of wood zoning from central point of thetrunk at transverse section for sample Trunk-1
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Dis
tanc
e fro
m c
entra
l poi
nt (m
m)
Trunk Height (m)
Inner ZoneCentral Zone
Perpheral Zone
Fig. 4.18: Relation between trunk height and distance of wood zoning from central point of thetrunk at transverse section for sample Trunk-2
74
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.2. Oil Palm Wood Zoning
According to this experiment, it can be summarized that the distribution of vascular bundleswas increased from central point of the trunk toward the bark. Three different wood zoningwere defined, i.e. inner zone (IZ), central zone (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ). The averagepopulation of vascular bundles at inner, central and peripheral zone were approx. 26; 46 and97 vb/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, by transforming the population of vascular bundles intotheir positions, it can be stated that the position of inner, central and peripheral zone at thetransverse section was approx. 39 mm ranging from 27 to 49 mm; 131 mm ranging from 115to 137 mm and 166 mm ranging from 151 to 172 mm from the central point of the trunk,respectively.
Finally, the performance of oil palm wood zoning, both sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 are pre-sented in three dimensional views. This was generated using computer language program,called FORTRAN. The resulted oil palm wood zoning is presented in Figure 4.19. This figurewas showed the position and distance for each oil palm wood zoning, e.g. inner, central andperipheral zone over the transverse section based on their coordinate from the central point.
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0
12
Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Fig. 4.19: Position and distance of oil palm wood zoning based on their coordinates from centralpoint of the trunk in 3D-view
75
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3 Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Several physical properties of oil palm trunk were investigated in this study, e.g. moisture,density and volumetric shrinkage. The moisture content of wood was measured on the basic oftrunk height and wood zoning factors at green condition after felling the trees and also at drycondition after drying the obtained lumber in the local drying company. Further, the densityof oil palm wood was determined similar to the experimental design in moisture measurement.The shrinkage was also investigated to study the dimensional changes of the wood after dryingprocess. It was only observed in volumetric shrinkage, due to the irregular shape of dried-woodspecimen.
Mechanical properties of oil palm wood were discussed in detail for untreated-wood (UW) andtreated wood with bioresin (WB) on the basic of their position along the trunk and differentwood zoning (inner, central and peripheral zone). Whilst, the machinery properties were alsocarried out to investigate the machining features of oil palm wood based on the free surfacedefect of wood. Several testings were conducted including cross cutting, planning, shaving andmoulding, and boring test.
4.3.1 Physical Properties of Oil Palm Wood
In order to understand the physical behaviors and performances of oil palm wood, it is necessaryto consider first some of the basic properties of wood which are affecting to its oil palm woodproperties. In this section, some of importance physical properties of oil palm wood wereinvestigated and discussed, such as moisture content, density and volumetric shrinkage. Allof properties studied was investigated on the basic of its position along the trunk (trunk heightfactor) and trunk depth or refer to its wood zoning.
4.3.1.1 Moisture Content of Oil Palm Wood
Wood is formed in an essentially water-saturated environment in the living tree, and the cell wallremains in this state until the water flow from the roots is interrupted, such as by felling the tree.The wood then begins to lose most of its moisture by drying, resulting in change in most of itsproperties. Skaar [89] stated that the wood moisture content at the time of felling or harvesting iscalled the green moisture content. It may change between the time of felling and processing intolumber or other products depending on exposure time, climatic conditions, kind, age, and sizeof the tree, and on whether or not foliage is left on the tree for some time after felling. Relatingto the oil palm wood, water is one of the highest content of wood components. According tothe investigation in this study, the obtained result showed that the moisture content (MC) of oilpalm wood in green condition (after felling) can be reached more than 500% with total averageof about 304%, ranging from 123 to 531% (Figure 4.20). The complete data of moisture contentof each zone is presented in Table D.1, D.2 and D.3, respectively (see Appendix D).
It is possible because the moisture content is expressed as percentage of the dry weight ofthe wood, and not of the total weight. Therefore, it is possible to have moisture content ofwell over 100%. Due to the oil palm wood zoning, the obtained result can be stated that themoisture content was gradually increased from the bottom to the top of the trunk height andit decreased from the central point to the outer part of the trunk. The inner zone has higher
76
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Moi
stur
e C
onte
nt (%
)
Trunk Height (m)
MC-IZ 367.6(285-490)MC-CZ 312.9(185-531)MC-PZ 232.5(123-384)
Fig. 4.20: Moisture content of oil palm wood at different zones in green condition (specimensize 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm; replication=6 for height 1 to 11 m and 3 times forheight 12 m; total specimen=207)
moisture content compared to the other two zones. These findings were in agreement with theresult from Killmann and Choon in 1985 [65]. The average MC of oil palm wood at IZ, CZand PZ were approx. 368, 312 and 232%, respectively. Looking at the transverse section ofthe trunk, this trends also logically accepted, due to the distribution of the vascular bundles,where from inner zone to peripheral zone, the population of vascular bundles was drasticallyincreased from 26.2 to 97.5 vb/cm2 (see Table 4.6), respectively. In addition, Skaar [89] statedthat the green moisture content of wood varies considerably among kinds of trees, betweenheartwood and sapwood in the same tree, and even between logs cut from different heightsin the tree. Therefore, the finding in this oil palm wood investigation resulted that it is alsoin conformity with Skaar’s statement. Specifically, in oil palm, it was happened not only atdifferent trunk height, but also at the same height, the moisture content looking at transversesection was varies between one wood zone to the others. The MC at inner zone was one andhalf greater than peripheral zone, ranging from 123 to 384%. Whilst, the range of MC at centralzone was almost covering the other two zones, ranging from 185 to 531%.
Additionally, the moisture content of the frond and leaves were tabulated and analyzed from43 sample of fronds and divided into three parts for each sample. Therefore, there were 129samples for frond and also for leaves. The mean values for frond and leaves of oil palm were233.5% (range 178.9 to 291.6) and 29.9%, ranging from 7.31 to 67.18%, respectively. Theaverage moisture content of oil palm root in green condition was very low. It was about 4.9%,ranging from 3.6 to 6.3%. The complete data of moisture content of frond, leaves and root arepresented in Table D.4 and D.5, D.6, respectively (see Appendix D).
Regarding to investigate the wood properties of oil palm, all the specimens were tested in dry
77
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
condition with the MC value below 12%. The moisture content of dried wood specimens atdifferent zones and heights is presented in Table 4.10. All the moisture values were in agree-ment with the ASTM and DIN standard requirement for physical, mechanical and machineryproperties investigations.
Tab. 4.10: Moisture content of oil palm wood after drying in kiln dryer at local drying company
Height Moisture content of dried specimen (%, average)Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
1 8.925 (8.305-9.453) 7.167 (6.818-7.497) 8.900 (8.777-8.969)3 8.469 (8.193-9.085) 7.087 (6.621-7.663) 8.846 (8.521-8.985)5 9.074 (8.524-9.325) 6.657 (3.338-7.896) 9.371 (8.918-10.619)7 9.105 (8.881-9.264) 6.205 (3.602-6.914) 8.922 (8.917-8.952)9 7.584 (4.727-9.555) 6.590 (6.451-6.875) 11.162 (10.813-11.541)
Average 8.631 (4.727-9.555) 6.741 (3.602-7.896) 9.440 (8.521-11-541)Note: Specimen 50mm x 50mm x 35mm; replication=5; total specimen=75;target MC <12%
4.3.1.2 Density of Oil Palm Wood
Specific gravity and wood density are expressions of how much wood substance is present ingiven volume of wood. Zobel and Buijtenen [98] stated in their reviewed that wood specificgravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of wood to the weight of an equal volumeof water at 4 ◦C, therefore, it is a unitless measure. Whilst, wood density is a ratio of the dryweight of wood to its volume. It is measured in unit such as kilogram per cubic meter or poundper cubic foot. Referring to this definition, the oil palm wood density was determined at drycondition. In this experiment, the specimen was dried at kiln drying until achieving the moisturecontent less than 12%. The density of oil palm wood at three different zones at various trunkheight is presented in Figure 4.21. According to the obtained results in Table D.7, D.8 and D.9(see Appendix D.1), the summarized wood density at inner zone and central zone of oil palmwood were about 0.18 g/cm3, ranging from 0.16 to 0.19 and 0.20 g/cm3, ranging from 0.17 to0.23, respectively. Whilst, the density at peripheral zone was higher compared to the other twozones. It was about 0.40 g/cm3, ranging from 0.37 to 0.43.
Concerning to the density distribution of oil palm wood at transverse section, the relation be-tween wood density and wood zoning of oil palm is expressed in Figure 4.22. The densityvalues were gradually increasing from the inner zone to the peripheral zone. This trend wassimilar for all positions of the trunk height. Based on this performance, the relation betweenwood zoning and density was expressed by the following trend-line:
y = 0.085x2 − 0.235x + 0.328; R2 = 0.961 (4.3)
Referring to the above equation, the relation between wood zoning and density value was highlysignificant, which expressed by the high value of correlation coefficient (R=0.98). This was alsoindicated to the fact that wood zoning of oil palm at transverse section confers very significantinfluence to the wood density. The differences of density value at one zone to the others weredepended on its position over the transverse section. This result also in agreement with theresults of determination of oil palm zone which was explained in Section 4.1.2.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Den
sity
(g/c
m3 )
Trunk Height (m)
Density-IZ 0.18(0.16-0.19)Density-CZ 0.20(0.17-0.23)Density-PZ 0.40(0.37-0.43)
Fig. 4.21: Density of dried wood of oil palm at three different zones at moisture content below12% (specimen 30 mm x 30 mm x 30 mm; replication=10; total specimen=150)
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Den
sity
(g/c
m3 )
Oil palm wood zoning
H1H3H5H7H9
Fig. 4.22: Relation between density and oil palm wood zoning at various trunk height
79
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Regarding the relation between density and wood structure, Tsoumis [93] explained that thedensity of wood is a measure of the quantity of cell-wall material contained in a certain volume,and is an index of void volume. Kollmann and Coté [68] calculated this relationship throughthe following formula:
C =
(1 − ro
rw
)x 100 (4.4)
Where, C=proportion of void volume (% of total volume); ro=oven-dry density (g/cm3) andrw=density of cell-wall material (g/cm3).
If rw= 1.503, the relationship becomes: C (%) = 100 − 66.7ro. Void volume varies from95% in very light woods to about 10% in very heavy woods. Tsoumis [93] further stated thatdifferences in density and void volume derive from anatomical differences, such as differencesin cell types (tracheid, vessel members, parenchyma cells) and their quantitative distribution,thickness of cell walls and size of cell cavities.
Referring to the above statement of Tsoumis, the obtained result of oil palm wood densitydistribution was in agreement, where the density was gradually increase from the inner zone tothe peripheral zone. This is caused of the differences in distribution and quantity of vascularbundles from the central point to the outer part of the trunk. According to the Eq. 4.4, if theaverage oven-dry density of oil palm wood 0.26 g/cm3, the void volume of oil palm wood wasabout 82.67%, hence the oil palm wood is a very light wood species.
Furthermore, regarding to analysis the relation between wood zoning and the trunk height af-fecting to the wood density of oil palm, statistical analysis was carried out using the randomized
complete factorial design analysis. The condition of this analysis runs at 3 different wood zon-ing (inner, central and peripheral) and 5 different trunk height (1; 3; 5; 7; and 9 meter), with10 times replication for each variable combination, thus, there were totaly 150 samples. Thesetwo factors were then analyzed to observe their relation affecting to the density of wood as aresponse. The statistical analysis results are divided into three parts (see Appendix E.1), i.e.:
1. Univariate analysis of wood density variance including post hoc test of homogeneoussubsets for wood zoning and trunk height,
2. One way analysis of wood density variance including post hoc test of homogeneous foreach zone at various trunk height positions,
3. Regression analysis of wood density based on wood zoning and trunk height.
On the basic of data in Table E.1, the univariate analysis test of variance between subject effectwas examined to investigate the influence of wood zoning, trunk height and also interactionbetween them to density value of the oil palm wood. The result showed that both wood zoningand trunk height factors were significantly different at level 0.05 in affecting to density of wood,but their interaction was not significant. The probability of those factors and their interactionwere about 4.09x10−56 and 4.1x10−03; and 9.02x10−02, respectively. According to post hoctest result, the data populations of density value were grouped into one subset based on theirsimilarity. According the obtained Duncan’s test in Table E.2, there are three different subsets
3The density of the material that constitutes the cell walls is practically constant, about 1.50 g/cm3 on the basisof oven-dry weight (mass) and volume [93]
80
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
for wood density, which were done on the basic of wood zoning. It was indicated to the factthat wood density between one zone to the others was significantly different at level 0.05. Theaverage value of wood density in subsets 1, 2 and 3 were about 0.18; 0.20 and 0.40 g/cm3,respectively. Whilst, based on trunk height (Table E.3), it was only grouped into two subsets,but the second subset was still possible to separate into two groups, i.e. wood density value attrunk height 1 to 3 meter and 5 to 7 meters. These subsets were also statistically significant atlevel 0.05.
Further, the analysis was continued to investigate the influence of each factor, both wood zoningand trunk height in affecting to wood density of oil palm. This was done through the one wayanalysis of variance, including post hoc test of homogeneous test. The results in Table E.4showed that the distribution of mean value of wood density at various trunk height (1, 3, 5,7 and 9 meter) in inner zone (IZ) was similar to distribution in central zone (CZ). Both ofthem were divided into three subsets and also significantly different at level 0.05. Whilst, thisdistribution within various trunk height in peripheral zone (PZ) was not significantly different.The probability was about 0.222 or p > 0.05.
By applying the above results, the classification of wood density was conducted on the basic oftheir similarity values and also referred to the statistical analysis results. Classification of wooddensity of oil palm is presented in Figure 4.23.
In order to examine the above relation, regression analysis for factorial design was also donethrough the linear regression analysis. The results of this test are presented in Table E.5, E.6, E.7and E.8 (see Appendix E.2). The average density of oil palm wood was about 0.26 g/cm3 withstandard deviation 0.10 at total sample size 150. This regression was conducted to investigatehow well the wood zoning and trunk height predict the wood density value of oil palm. Theresults were statistically significant with probability less than 0.05 (1.42x10−38). The identifiedequation to understand this relationship was expressed in the following equation:
ρ = 0.67 + 0.108Z − 0.005H (4.5)
Where, ρ is wood density; Z=wood zoning and H=trunk height (m).
The adjusted R-squared value was 0.69. This indicated that 69% of the variance in wood densityof oil palm was explained by the wood zoning and trunk height, and the remaining value isexplained by another factor. According to the model summary in Table E.6, the correlationcoefficient value was approx. 0.83, therefore, its statistically significant association betweendependent variable (wood density) and predictors (constant, trunk height and wood zoning). Itmeans that the dependency of wood density value to the location or position over the transversesection was very high and this can be stated that the oil palm wood zoning become an importantfactor with regards to the density of oil palm wood, and the next factor was trunk height.
Generally, it can be stated that the oil palm wood density at transverse section was graduallyincreased from the inner zone to the peripheral zone, but it was slightly decreased from thebottom to the top of the trunk. The influence of wood zoning factor to the wood density ofoil palm was higher than the trunk height. The variances analysis of density value populationsbased on wood zoning and trunk height were statistically different at level 0.05.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0.43
0.42
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.23
0.20
0.21
0.21
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.16
0.1
7 -
0.1
90.1
7 -
0.1
90.1
8 -
0.2
00.1
7 -
0.2
00.1
4 -
0.1
7
0.1
8 -
0.3
40.1
7 -
0.2
20.2
0 -
0.2
30.1
9 -
0.2
30.1
6 -
0.1
7
0.3
9 -
0.5
20.3
2 -
0.5
70.2
6 -
0.6
00.3
5 -
0.4
10.3
5 -
0.4
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Trunk H
eig
ht (m
)
IZ IZ CZCZPZ PZ
central point
average
density
range
density
Fig. 4.23: Classification of wood density distribution of oil palm along the trunk. The averagevalues and its ranging density (in g/cm3) for each zone are presented in left- andright-side from the central point, respectively
82
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.1.3 Volumetric Shrinkage of Oil Palm Wood
Normally, wood only shrinks when water is lost from the cell walla and it shrinks by an amountthat is proportional to the moisture lost below fibre saturation point. Walker et al. [95] statedthat the amount of shrinkage depends on the basic density of the wood. Ideally, the volumet-ric shrinkage is measured at around 20-25% and again around 8-12% moisture content. Thevolumetric shrinkage to the oven-dry state is determined by measuring the green and oven-dryvolume (see Equation 3.3).
The term of ’shrinkage’ in this study is referring to the volumetric shrinkage, due to the irregularshape of the specimen after oven-dry process. According to the shrinkage test of oil palm woodat various zones and height in this study, the results which are presented in Table D.10, D.11and D.12 (see Appendix D.3) showed that the shrinkage value varies between 10.3% and 22.8%.Shrinkage properties of oil palm wood was gradually increased from the bottom to the top ofthe trunk, as shown in Figure 4.24.
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Vol
umet
ric s
hrin
kage
(%)
Height (m)
Inner ZoneCentral Zone
Peripheral Zone
Fig. 4.24: Volumetric shrinkage of oil palm wood along the trunk
The shrinkage in central zone was about 19.6% ranging from 13 to 23%, whilst the shrinkagevalue in inner and peripheral zone were about 16.7% (range 11 to 20%) and 16.8% (range 10to 23%), respectively. Looking at transverse section, the shrinkage of oil palm wood in centralzone was higher compared to inner and peripheral zones. This can be explained based on thefollowing conditions:
– according to the presence of vascular bundle which is referring to the result in Section4.1.2, the number of vascular bundles per unit area increases from inner zone to the pe-ripheral zone,
83
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
– the result in Section 4.1.2.1 mentioned that the vascular bundle in peripheral zone mainlycontains one or two wide vessels and two or three vessels with similar width in the innerand central zones.
Hence, the higher value of shrinkage properties in central zone comparing to inner zone waslogically accepted, because although the vessel width of vascular bundle in both area are similar,but the number of vascular bundles in central zone was higher than inner zone. Whilst, thesimilar case was also happened between central and peripheral zone. In this condition, thehigher value in central zone was accepted to the fact that although the number of vascularbundle in peripheral zone was higher than central zone, but the presence of vessels in this areawas fewer than central zone. The above condition of shrinkage properties of oil palm wood atvarious trunk height was illustrated in Figure 4.25.
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Vol
umet
ric s
hrin
kage
(%)
Oil palm wood zoning
H-2H-3H-5H-6
Fig. 4.25: Volumetric shrinkage of oil palm wood at various wood zoning and trunk height
84
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2 Mechanical Properties of Oil Palm Wood
The mechanical properties of wood are measures of its resistance to exterior forces which tendto deform its mass. The resistance of wood to such forces depend on their magnitude andthe manner of loading (bending, compression, shear, tension, etc.). Due to the mechanicalproperties, Tsoumis [93] stated that wood exhibits different mechanical properties in differentgrowth directions (axial, radial, tangential), therefore, it is mechanically anisotropic. Accordingto Bowyer et al. [15], mechanical properties are usually the most important characteristics ofwood product to be used in structural applications. A structural application is any use for whichstrength is one of the primary criteria for selection of the material. Structural uses of woodproduct include floor joint and rafters, structural panel roof, wall sheathing, sub flooring, andetc.
Regarding the mechanical properties of oil palm wood, several mechanical properties weretested in this study, including static bending (modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus ofrupture (MOR)), compression parallel to grain, shear parallel to grain, tension parallel andperpendicular to grain, hardness, cleavage and nail withdrawal. The testing was carried outon the basis of ASTM Standard for the mechanical properties evaluation. Due to the limitedavailability material of oil palm wood, the testings were conducted through the secondary testof specimen dimension. The dimension, condition, position and number of specimen and typeof testing is presented in Table 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 (see Section 3.1.2), respectively.
The analysis of mechanical properties of oil palm wood was particularly investigated the ef-fect of wood zoning and trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration. Treat-ment using bioresin was divided into two experiments, i.e. heat technique and chemical tech-nique (using acetone as organic solvent of bioresin). Therefore, the oil palm wood specimenswere grouped into three groups based on their applied treatments i.e. specimen without treat-ment/control or untreated wood, treated wood with bioresin using heat technique and treatedwood with bioresin using chemical (acetone) technique. Static bending (MOE and MOR),shear parallel to grain and hardness tests were carried out under the following factors:
1. Untreated wood (UW)
– Wood zoning: inner (IZ), central (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ)
– Trunk height: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 meter above DBH
2. Treated wood with bioresin using heat technique (WBH)
– Wood zoning: inner (IZ), central (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ)
– Trunk height: 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 meter above DBH
– Impregnation time: 150 and 300 seconds
3. Treated wood with bioresin using chemical technique (acetone) (WBA)
– Wood zoning: inner (IZ), central (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ)
– Trunk height: 3, 5 and 7 meter above DBH
– Impregnation time: 24 and 48 hours
– Bioresin concentration: 10 and 20%
85
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Further, the investigation of compression strength parallel to grain, tension strength parallel andperpendicular to grain, cleavage strength and nail withdrawal resistance were conducted underthe similar factor, but the testings were run only for oil palm wood material which was takenfrom peripheral zone.
In addition, due to the original unit of force during the testing material, all the force-unit formechanical testing is in kilogram-force, for example unit for modulus of elasticity in kg/cm2,but in order to have the value in N/mm2, the force value can be converted into InternationalSystem of Unit (e.g. Newton (N)) by considering to the gravity-value, i.e. 9.807 [95].
4.3.2.1 Static Bending Strength
The static bending strength refers to tests performed in which a bending stress is applied tothe specimen to determine the stiffness, or modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the specimen aswell as the amount of force required to cause the specimen to fail, expressed as the modulus ofrupture (MOR). The specimen size is dependent on the testing standard used, the material type,the original site and intended end-use of the material being tested. According to the ASTMStandard [3] the static bending test of wood is calculated by use of its relationship with beamsize, span, load and deflection. The illustration of this test is presented in Figure 4.26.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxx
d
F
l
ls
a
Fig. 4.26: Static bending strength test for determining modulus of elasticity and modulus ofrupture (F=load; l=length of specimen; ls=length between specimen support of thespan; d=thickness or depth of specimen; Δa=deflection
Based on the above testing method, Hoffmann et al. [57] stated that in order to determine themodulus of elasticity, the specimen is supported at two points the span length (ls) and the loadF is applied in the centre of the span. The deformation during the loading process enabled thecalculation of modulus of elasticity according to the following equation:
MOE =Fp.l
3s
4.b.d3.Δa(4.6)
Where, MOE=modulus of elasticity (N/mm2); Fp=load at proportional limit (N); ls=lengthbetween specimen support of the span (mm); b=width of specimen (mm); d=thickness or depthof specimen (mm) and Δa=deflection of the neutral plane at the proportional limit measured athalf span (mm).
86
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Bending strength of wood is usually expressed in term of the modulus of rupture (MOR). TheMOR is calculated from the maximum load or load at failure in a bending test, using the sametesting procedure for determining the MOE. Bowyer et al. [15] calculated the MOR using theclassic flexure formula:
Bs =M.c
I(4.7)
Where, M=maximum moment; c=the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fibre (usuallyhalf of the depth) and I=moment of inertia.
Further he stated that when using a test specimen with rectangular cross section, the flexureformula reduce to the Equation 4.8. This equation is valid only when rectangular beam is freelysupported at both ends and is loaded at the center of the span.
MOR =(1.5).P.L
b.d2(4.8)
Where, P=breaking (maximum) load (N ); L=distance between supports (span) (m); b=width ofthe beam (m) and d=depth of beam (m).
4.3.2.1.1 The effect of wood zoning and trunk height on the static bending strength (mod-ulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood (untreatedspecimen)
In order to investigate the static bending of oil palm wood, the analysis of the obtained data wasconducted to examine the effect of wood zoning (inner, central and peripheral zone) and trunkheight (1, 3, 5, 7 and 7 m) to the modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture. The total numberof specimen with 3 replications for control (untreated wood), treated wood with bioresin andtreated wood with acetone was 333 pieces. The complete data of static bending test is presentedin Table F.1 (see Appendix F.1). The summarized result of static bending test including MOEand MOR strengths for control specimens is presented in Table 4.11 and 4.12, respectively.
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
According to the obtained results of static bending test which is summarized in Table 4.11, look-ing at the transverse section of oil palm wood, it showed that the average modulus of elasticityat inner (IZ), central (CZ) and peripheral (PZ) zones were approx. 10650, 26297 and 55913kg/cm2, respectively.
The MOE value at central zone was two times higher than at inner zone and it was two timeslower than at peripheral zone, therefore, it can be stated that the MOE strength at peripheral zonewas strongest compared to the others zone. This was logically accepted due to the presence ofvascular bundles decrease from outer to inner part of the trunk as shown in Figure 4.16 (seeSection 4.1.2). The distribution of MOE values for untreated wood at various wood zoningis presented in Figure 4.27. From this figure, it showed that the MOE of oil palm wood wasincreased from the inner to peripheral zone.
Looking at longitudinal section, this mechanical property was decreasing from the bottom to thetop of the trunk. This trends was also accepted to the fact that the presence of vascular bundlesdecrease gradually from the bottom to the top of the trunk as shown in Figure 4.17 or 4.18(see Section 4.1.2). The average value of MOE at various height 1; 3; 5; 7 and 9 meter were
87
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Tab. 4.11: Summary data of modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood at various wood zoning andtrunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.1 (see AppendixF.1))
Height Wood Zoning Average(m) IZ CZ PZModulus of Elasticity (MOE, kg/cm2)
1 10175.006 53509.091 70022.520 44568.8723 13010.453 30924.164 65774.347 36569.6555 11149.181 18550.750 69237.489 32979.1407 9458.445 15554.737 34178.921 19730.7019 9457.813 12946.145 40353.154 20919.038
Average 10650.180 26296.977 55913.286 30953.481
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
MO
E (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOE-Control
Fig. 4.27: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood (controlspecimen)
88
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
about 44569; 36570; 32979; 19730 and 20919 kg/cm2, respectively. The distribution of MOEvalues of oil palm wood based on both its position along the trunk and various wood zoning ispresented in Figure 4.28.
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1 3 5 7 9
MO
E (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOE-Control
Fig. 4.28: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood (control spec-imen)
Based on the statistical analysis test of between subject effects (Table G.3, see Appendix G.1),it showed that the factors of wood zoning and trunk height and also interaction between themwere influencing significantly different at level 0.05 to the modulus of elasticity. Further, thepost hoc test using Duncan analysis was resulted that the wood zoning and trunk height factorswere then divided into three subsets as shown in Table G.4 and Table G.5 (Appendix G.1),respectively. The MOE value at 3 and 5 meter was classified in one subset as well as at 7 and 9meter. Generally, the statistical analysis result can be concluded that the utilization of oil palmwood due to the needs of modulus of elasticity property, it is very important to use the woodseparately concerning wood zoning and trunk height of the oil palm trunk practically.
Furthermore, concerning the wood zoning individually, the distribution of MOE values alongthe trunk for each wood zoning was analyzed consider to the allocation of oil palm wood uses forevery zone. At inner zone (IZ), the MOE values along the trunk was not significantly differentat level 0.05 with the probability of about 0.140 (p>0.05). This can be shown in Table G.8,where the post hoc test result of MOE values was classified into one subset only. At central
zone (CZ), the trunk height was affecting significantly to the value of MOE with the probabilityless than 0.05 (1.14x10−4), therefore, the post hoc test resulted that the MOE values were thenclassified into three subsets based on their positions along the trunk as shown in Table G.11.Whilst, at peripheral zone (PZ), the trunk height also affected statistically significant at level0.05, but the MOE values were classified into only two subsets, as shown in Table G.14, becausethe probability (p = 2.66x10−4) at this zone was lower than at central zone. In other words, it
89
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
can be mentioned that both populations (at CZ and PZ) of MOE values have different variancebased on Levene’s test, but the variance data at CZ was more significant than at PZ, statistically.Idealy, in practice, the oil palm wood based on MOE property at IZ has no significantly differentalong the trunk, but at CZ, the wood shall be used separately between 1 to 3 m and >3 to 7 mand >7 to 9 m in height. At PZ, the wood can be used separately from 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 min height.
90
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
Beside the modulus of elasticity, the wood strength when the specimen reached the breakingpoint and then it was not able to recovery its shape, where the load achieves its maximumvalue, its called modulus of rupture (MOR). This mechanical property is one of the importantparameter which usually used for engineering purposes. Relating to the result test of MOR of oilpalm wood at different wood zones and various trunk height, the summarized data is presentedin Table 4.12.
Tab. 4.12: Summary data of modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood at various wood zon-ing and trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.1 (see Ap-pendix F.1))
Height Wood Zoning Average(m) IZ CZ PZModulus of Rupture (MOR, kg/cm2)
1 79.664 366.238 494.219 313.3743 92.348 216.929 496.136 268.4715 92.512 145.447 547.399 261.7867 80.072 119.765 264.019 154.6199 76.830 94.269 283.407 151.502
Average 84.285 188.530 417.036 229.950
Based on the above table, the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood was gradually increasingfrom inner to peripheral zone (Figure 4.29), like MOE values, the MOR values at central zone(189 kg/cm2) was also two times higher than at inner zone (84 kg/cm2) and two times lower incomparison to peripheral zone (417 kg/cm2). The distribution of MOR value of oil palm woodfor each wood zone is presented in Figure 4.30.
On the basic of trunk height factor, the MOR value of oil palm wood was decreasing alongthe trunk as shown in Figure 4.30. The average values of MOR at various height (1 to 9 m)were about 313; 268; 261; 155 and 152 kg/cm2, respectively. This trend was also similar likeMOE value distribution. Further, in order to investigate the effect of trunk height to this staticbending strength, the statistical analysis was carried out to examine the distribution of MORvalues along the trunk. The statistical analysis results showed that the population of MOE datawas significantly different at level 0.05 (p = 4.39x10−9) based on Levene’s test (Table G.16).According to the test between-subject effects, the wood zoning and trunk height factors andinteraction between them were statistically different at level 0.05. Further, the post hoc testshowed that the wood zoning factor was classified into three subsets based on the region attransverse section (Table G.18), and only two subsets classification for trunk height factor asshown in Table G.19.
Individually, the oil palm wood at inner zone was classified into only one subset (Table G.22),it means that no different in MOR value along the trunk at this region. Whilst, at central andperipheral zones, the oil palm wood can be classified into two subsets (Table G.25 and G.28).At central zone, the first subset was only 1 to 3 m and the second subset was from 3 to 9 m. Butat peripheral zone, the classification goes from 1 to 5 m as first subset, and more than 5 to 9 mas second subset.
Generally, the static bending strength of oil palm wood (MOE and MOR) was increasing frominner to peripheral zone and the similar trend also happened from the bottom to the top along the
91
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
100
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300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
MO
R (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
MOR-IZMOR-CZMOR-PZ
MOR-Control
Fig. 4.29: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood (control speci-men)
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1 3 5 7 9
MO
R (k
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MOR-IZMOR-CZMOR-PZ
MOR-Control
Fig. 4.30: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood (control speci-men)
92
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
trunk, but individually, each zone has specific classification of static bending properties basedon its height position, therefore, it shall be taken into consideration to use the oil palm woodseparately based on this mechanical properties.
4.3.2.1.2 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time on the staticbending strength (modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR)) of oilpalm wood impregnated with bioresin
In this section, the investigation of oil palm wood was done to evaluate the effect of wood zon-ing, trunk height and impregnation time of bioresin to the static bending strength, both MOE andMOR. The experiment of bioresin impregnation treatment was conducted under three differentwood zoning (IZ, CZ and PZ), various trunk height (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 m) and two impregnationstime i.e. 150 and 300 seconds at temperature of bioresin 180 ◦C. This impregnation time con-ditions were chosen based on preliminary result of this study. The analysis of this experimentwas focusing on how the bioresin impregnation using high temperature technique (180 ◦C) ableto improve the static bending properties in comparison to the untreated wood (control). Thisbioresin was extracted from pine (Pinus merkusii) in Aek Nauli Plantation, North Sumatra. Thecomplete experimental data of static bending test is presented in Table F.2, F.3, F.4, F.5, F.6and F.7 (see Appendix F.1). The summarized result of this mechanical properties test from theabove mentioned tables is presented in Table 4.13 and 4.14.
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
According to the obtained data of modulus of elasticity which is presented in Table 4.13, the av-erage MOE values of oil palm wood that treated with bioresin for 150 seconds was about 40572kg/cm2. Although by shifting the impregnation time into 300 seconds, the MOE value wasalmost not significantly different (38599 kg/cm2), indeed lower than 150 seconds. It could beoccurred probably because of high heat flow through the wood structural component (vascularbundles) and within this period of treatment, the structural ability of wood was degraded. Gen-erally, on the basic of wood zoning, a gradually increase in modulus of elasticity is indicatedfrom inner to peripheral zone as shown in Figure 4.31 and 4.32, but it was decreasing from thebottom to the top of trunk height (Figure 4.33 and 4.34).
Tab. 4.13: Summary data of modulus of elasticity (MOE) of oil palm wood impregnated withbioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds at various wood zoning and trunk height
Static Bending Impregnation Height Wood Zoning Average(kg/cm2) Time (s) (m) IZ CZ PZMOE 150 1 14335.560 61829.171 88138.881 54767.871
3 15702.333 38897.162 60354.702 38318.0665 12532.105 33333.580 80277.596 42047.7607 11216.960 23730.273 68645.788 34531.0079 11962.175 18768.530 68852.282 33194.329
Average 13149.827 35311.743 73253.850 40571.807300 1 19592.828 63250.153 71181.042 51341.341
3 18589.557 38071.137 50001.564 35554.0865 14516.546 27629.157 88756.743 43634.1487 12591.543 25149.916 55967.555 31236.3389 12338.378 22284.451 59061.121 31227.983
Average 15525.770 35276.963 64993.605 38598.779
93
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
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100000
120000
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
MO
E (k
g/cm
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Wood Zoning
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOE-Bioresin150
Fig. 4.31: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
0
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MO
E (k
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MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOE-Bioresin300
Fig. 4.32: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
94
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
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1 3 5 7 9
MO
E (k
g/cm
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Trunk Height (m)
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOE-Bioresin150
Fig. 4.33: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
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E (k
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MOE-Bioresin300
Fig. 4.34: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
95
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Based on the statistical analysis, almost all factors, both individually or interaction betweenthem were significantly different at level 0.05 (Table G.30). The wood zoning was affectingsignificantly to the MOE values of the treated wood as well as trunk height factor. The post hoctest showed that both wood zoning and trunk height were classified into three subsets (TableG.31 and G.32). In this study, the treated wood can be used by grouping their position alongthe trunk, i.e up to 1 m; >1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m on the basic of their modulus of elasticitystrength.
Focusing on individual zone, at inner zone, the MOE values based on their positions wereclassified into three subsets, i.e. 1 to 3 m; >3 to 7 m and >7 to 9 m (Table G.37). At central
zone, the MOE values distribution was more significant, in this region they classified into foursubsets, i.e. up to 1 m; >1 to 3 m; >3 to 5 m; >5 to 9 m (Table G.42), but at peripheral zone,this factor was grouped into two subsets only, i.e. 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m (Table G.47).
Concerning to the impregnation time factor, it can be stated that the bioresin treatment usinghigh temperature technique, both at 150 and 300 seconds was significantly different at level 0.05in comparison to the untreated wood (30953 kg/cm2) as shown in Table G.33. By definingthe effect of impregnation time for each zone, it can be stated that at inner and peripheral
zones, this factor was affecting significantly different at level 0.05, it means that the bioresintreatment enable to improve the MOE property of oil palm wood compare to the untreated wood.Impregnating bioresin about 300 seconds resulted the highest value of MOE (Table G.38 andG.48). Further, at central zone, the impregnation time was affecting significantly different incomparison to the untreated wood, but no significant between treated woods those impregnatingwith bioresin for 150 and 300 seconds as shown in Table G.43.
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
The experimental data of MOE strength of treated wood with bioresin as shown in Table 4.14below. It can be mentioned generally that the average value of MOE for 150 and 300 secondsof impregnation time were about 275 and 279 kg/cm2, respectively.
Tab. 4.14: Summary data of modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood impregnated withbioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds at various wood zoning and trunk heightStatic Bending Impregnation Height Wood Zoning Average(kg/cm2) Time (s) (m) IZ CZ PZ
MOR 150 1 104.532 388.128 524.302 338.9873 105.267 248.724 401.396 251.7965 105.786 215.085 497.454 272.7757 94.306 166.271 519.143 259.9079 96.493 150.662 509.991 252.382
Average 101.277 233.774 490.457 275.169300 1 143.807 420.857 481.079 348.581
3 131.469 252.386 357.201 247.0195 111.351 191.675 639.572 314.1997 93.182 192.587 416.238 234.0039 105.674 165.673 476.791 249.379
Average 117.097 244.636 474.176 278.636
Referring to the analysis of statistic (Table G.53), these value was not significantly different,but they were significantly different in comparison with the untreated wood (230 kg/cm2) atlevel 0.05. The wood zoning and trunk height factors were also affecting significantly to the
96
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
modulus of elasticity, as shown in Table G.51 and G.52, where both factors were classified intothree subsets based on their variations during the experiment.
As modulus of elasticity, the obtained MOR strength also different responses for each zone anddifferent classifications based on their position along the trunk. At inner zone, the impregnationtime factor was affected significantly comparing to the untreated wood and also between treatedwoods within 150 and 300 seconds (Table G.58). But on the basic of trunk height factor, theMOR values at central and peripheral zones were more significant different statistically than atinner zone (Table G.57, G.62 and G.67). Therefore, it can be mentioned that in order to utilizethe treated oil palm woods with bioresin, referring to their modulus of rupture property, it shallbe taken into consideration to use these woods separately depends on their zones and positionsalong the trunk. The obtained data of MOR values resulted the similar distribution trends likeMOE values above. The MOR strength of treated woods decrease with the trunk height andtoward the central point of the trunk, as shown in Figure 4.35, 4.36, 4.37 and 4.38, respectively.
0
100
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300
400
500
600
700
800
1 3 5 7 9
MO
R (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOR-Bioresin150
Fig. 4.35: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
97
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
100
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300
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700
800
1 3 5 7 9
MO
R (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOR-Bioresin300
Fig. 4.36: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
0
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400
500
600
700
800
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
MO
R (k
g/cm
2 )
Wood Zoning
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOR-Bioresin150
Fig. 4.37: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
98
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
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700
800
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
MO
R (k
g/cm
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Wood Zoning
MOE-IZMOE-CZMOE-PZ
MOR-Bioresin300
Fig. 4.38: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
.
99
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.1.3 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and acetone con-centration on the static bending strength (modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus ofrupture (MOR) of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone
In this experiment, the oil palm wood was treated with bioresin soluble in acetone in variousconcentration (10 and 20%) and impregnation time (24 and 48 hours). The treatment wasconducted under the condition that had achieved in preliminary experiment. The complete dataof static bending strength (MOE and MOR) is presented in Table F.8, F.9, F.10 and F.11 (seeAppenfix F.1). The summarized data of these tables is presented in Table 4.15 and 4.16.
Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
According to the obtained data of modulus elasticity test (Table 4.15), it was identified that theaverage value of MOE from inner to peripheral zone was gradually increased. The trend ofthis distribution was similar for all condition of the applied treatment as shown in Figure 4.39.Further, based on the statistical analysis, the wood zoning factor was affecting significantlydifferent at level 0.05 (Table G.71). It means that each region of the trunk at transverse sectionhas significantly different MOE value from one zone to the others. It also can be stated that inorder to utilize this wood, it necessary to use them separately.
Looking at longitudinal direction of the trunk, the MOE values can be statistically classified intotwo subsets, i.e. up to 5 m and more than 5 m, as shown in Table G.72. Generally, the MOEvalues of oil palm wood were slightly decreased from the bottom to the top of the trunk. This canbe seen in Figure 4.40. Furthermore, the effect of impregnation time and acetone concentrationfactors were not significantly different, therefore these factors only grouping into one subsetonly, as shown in Table G.73 and G.74. Hence, the condition at impregnation time for 24 hoursand acetone concentration of about 10% can be used to apply the bioresin treatment.
Focusing the wood zoning individually, it can be statistically stated that at inner zone, the oilpalm wood can be used classified into two subsets utilization, i.e. up to 5 m and more than 5 m(Table G.78). The MOE value at less than 5 m height was higher in comparison to the wood atposition more than 5 m. Due to the bioresin impregnation, the impregnation time and acetoneconcentration (Table G.73 and G.74) was resulted no significantly different comparing to theuntreated wood. It means that the untreated oil palm wood at inner zone was still better than thetreated wood with bioresin soluble in acetone at any conditions of treatment. Looking at central
and peripheral zone, the MOE values distribution was also similar to the inner zone.
100
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Tab. 4.15: Summary data of static bending strength test (MOE and MOR) of oil palm wood atvarious wood zoning and trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours
Static Bending Impregnation Concentration Height Wood Zoning Average(kg/cm2) Time (h) (%) (m) IZ CZ PZMOE 24 10 3 15851.177 32284.296 63307.259 37147.577
5 12300.532 33522.713 53375.037 33066.0947 11274.194 30836.314 67950.988 36687.165
Average 13141.968 32214.441 61544.428 35633.61220 3 16886.508 29565.485 64292.232 36914.742
5 12622.515 23440.073 63579.297 33213.9627 8311.066 14236.400 39920.264 20822.577
Average 12606.696 22413.986 55930.598 30317.09348 10 3 9076.759 25345.734 57030.824 30484.439
5 9954.369 23206.745 51149.652 28103.5897 10186.210 15365.579 38577.785 21376.525
Average 9739.113 21306.020 48919.420 26654.85120 3 17553.167 36620.855 74737.165 42970.396
5 14490.473 30710.259 54125.019 33108.5847 9738.843 20366.725 69043.157 33049.575
Average 13927.495 29232.613 65968.447 36376.185
101
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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2K2
(d) T2K2
Fig. 4.39: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impregnatedwith acetone at various concentration and impregnation time
102
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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MO
E-IZ
MO
E-C
ZM
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MO
E-T
2K2
(d) T2K2
Fig. 4.40: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impregnatedwith acetone at various concentration and impregnation time
103
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Modulus of Rupture (MOR)
The experimental data in Table 4.16 showed that the modulus of rupture property was decreasedtoward the central point of the trunk at transverse section view. This trend can be clearly seenin Figure 4.41. On the other factor, this mechanical property was also slightly decrease alongthe trunk as shown in Figure 4.42.
According to the statistical analysis, the wood zoning and trunk height factors were affectingsignificantly different at level 0.05. Similar to the MOE property, based on the obtained resultof MOR value, it necessary to use the oil palm wood separately based on their positions bothat transverse section and longitudinal direction as consider to statistical analysis in Table G.95and G.96.
Tab. 4.16: Summary data of static bending strength test (MOE and MOR) of oil palm wood atvarious wood zoning and trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours
Static Bending Impregnation Concentration Height Wood Zoning Average(kg/cm2) Time (h) (%) (m) IZ CZ PZMOR 24 10 3 119.244 216.156 523.275 286.225
5 105.782 237.977 396.206 246.6557 103.313 132.984 576.335 270.877
Average 109.446 195.706 498.605 267.91920 3 138.655 200.681 503.431 280.922
5 103.030 182.079 443.046 242.7187 69.867 117.812 298.334 162.004
Average 103.851 166.858 414.937 228.54848 10 3 77.627 203.976 411.429 231.011
5 84.619 177.504 356.788 206.3047 90.116 128.040 315.670 177.942
Average 84.121 169.840 361.295 205.08520 3 129.374 243.919 590.759 321.351
5 126.956 196.636 390.965 238.1867 95.193 160.141 585.745 280.360
Average 117.174 200.232 522.490 279.965
104
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
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Fig. 4.41: Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impregnatedwith acetone at various concentration and impregnation time
105
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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Fig. 4.42: Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impregnatedwith acetone at various concentration and impregnation time
106
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.2 Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
In this study, the strength in shear was only tested in parallel to grain, it called shear parallelto grain or simply shear parallel. The longitudinal shearing stress is present when wood isstressed in bending, although strength in transverse shear acting on cross section is three tofour times greater than in axial shear (Bowyer, et al [15]), but Kollmann and Côté [68] statedthat this property is no practical importance, since wood fails first axial or rolling shear than intransverse shear. Therefore, under the influence of shearing loads in axial direction, hence theexperimental in this study was gathered the information about the shear parallel to grain. Theoil palm wood was tested based on various treatment, such as bioresin treatment and bioresinsoluble in acetone treatment and in comparison with untreated wood. The experiment wasdesigned under various wood zoning (inner (IZ), central (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ)) andfive different trunk height positions (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m). Two various impregnation time foreach bioresin treatments (150 and 300 seconds for high temperature technique; 24 and 48 hoursfor bioresin soluble in acetone) and two acetone concentrations were applied. Total numberof specimen with 3 to 5 replications was 333 pieces. The testing of this mechanical propertywas conducted based on ASTM standard D 143-94 [3] with the secondary dimension of thespecimen. The complete data of shear parallel to grain test was presented in Appendix F.2. Thesummarized results of this test for untreated (control), treated wood with bioresin and treatedwith bioresin soluble in acetone were presented in Table 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, respectively.
4.3.2.2.1 The effect of wood zoning and trunk height on the shear strength parallel tograin of oil palm wood (untreated specimen)
According to the obtained results of shear parallel test which is summarized in Table 4.17, thismechanical property was increased from inner to peripheral zone as also shown in Figure 4.43.Due to the wood zoning factor, the average values of shear parallel at IZ, CZ and PZ zone wereabout 14.1, 14.3 and 24.7 kg/cm2, respectively.
Tab. 4.17: Summary data of shear strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning and trunkheight for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.12 (see Appendix F.2))
Height Wood Zoning Average(m) IZ CZ PZShear Strength (kg/cm2)
1 16.7432 22.0374 35.8546 24.87843 20.5406 14.9222 27.9807 21.14785 14.5236 15.3130 30.7017 20.17947 8.6042 10.5225 15.8266 11.65119 10.0202 8.7913 13.2367 10.6827
Average 14.0864 14.3173 24.7201 17.7079
It can be identified that the values at IZ and CZ were similar, therefore, these values were thenclassified into the same subset (Table G.120), statistically. At PZ, the shear parallel strengthwas approx. 71% greater than value at IZ and CZ. The tests of between-subject effects showedthat the whole factors (wood zoning and trunk height) were significantly different at level 0.05,but their interaction was not significant different. It can be seen that the probability values ofwood zoning and trunk height were about 8.02x10−6 and 8.67x10−6 (p < 0.05), respectively,and for their interaction, it was about 0.356 (p > 0.05) (Table G.119). The average value of
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
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Shear-IZShear-CZShear-PZ
Shear-Control
Fig. 4.43: Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood(control specimen)
shear parallel to grain for untreated wood was about 17.7 kg/cm2. At longitudinal direction,the shear parallel strength based on its trunk height was decreased from the bottom to the topof the trunk as also shown in Figure 4.44. The highest value was at 1 meter (24.9 kg/cm2) andthe lowest value was at 9 meter (10.6 kg/cm2). Statistical analysis of this factor showed thatthe oil palm wood was grouped into two subsets (Table G.121), i.e. 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m,respectively.
Concerning to analysis shear parallel value distribution for each zone, the factorial analysis de-sign using the univariate analysis of variance was used. The result showed that the specimenfrom all position along the trunk at IZ was significantly different at level 0.05 with the proba-bility value of about 2.499x10−5 (p<0.05), therefore, this factor was then classified into threesubset, as shown in Table G.124. At CZ, the distribution of shear parallel strength was alsosignificantly different. The probability value was about 6.62x10−4 (p<0.05). In this zone, trunkheight factor was also grouped into three subsets starting up to 1 m, 3 to 7 m and 7 to 9 m(Table G.127). Whilst, the distribution of shear parallel strength at peripheral zone was onlyclassified into two subsets (Table G.130), up to 5 meter and more than 5 meter. The distributionof shear parallel to grain strength for all zones along the trunk is presented in Figure 4.44.
Generally, the oil palm wood based on its wood zoning can be used by grouping them into twogroups, where wood from inner and central zone can be used together, but it shall be takeninto consideration with regard to the wood near the central point. The wood from peripheralzone shall be used separately with the others zone. Due to the greater different of shear parallelstrength at this zone, it can be used for structural purposes. Concerning its position along thetrunk, the wood shall be classified into two or three groups of height positions, but this alsomust be consider to their zones.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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Shear-IZShear-CZShear-PZ
Shear-Control
Fig. 4.44: Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood(untreated specimen)
4.3.2.2.2 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time on the shearstrength parallel to grain of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin
After treating the oil palm wood with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds, the treatedwood was visually more compact and rigid compare to untreated wood. This was predict be-cause the bioresin reserved into the wood and filled the wood components, such as vascularbundles. The summarized of this experiment is presented the following table:
Tab. 4.18: Summary data of shear strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning and trunkheight and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
Impregnation Height Wood Zoning AverageTime (s) (m) IZ CZ PZShear Strength (kg/cm2)
150 1 21.5722 34.4337 26.3317 27.44593 20.5419 21.1338 36.9116 26.19575 16.4848 14.3375 31.2461 20.68957 12.6082 13.6124 21.5723 15.93109 16.7295 12.6504 19.8787 16.4195
Average 17.5873 19.2336 27.1881 21.3363300 1 19.1570 29.4653 29.6796 26.1006
3 21.2768 19.2529 19.0619 19.86395 17.5122 17.0150 21.8845 18.80397 12.0721 13.0550 16.7171 13.94819 14.4452 14.5811 22.8475 17.2912
Average 16.8927 18.6738 22.0381 19.2015
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
In the above table, it can be observed that the shear parallel to grain strength of the treatedwood (21.3 kg/cm2) was higher compared to the untreated wood (17.7 kg/cm2). This waslogically accepted to the fact that bioresin filled cell cavities of wood during the impregnationprocess. Further, this material was then getting harden until reach its room temperature. Shearparallel strength value was increased from the inner zone to peripheral zone for both 150 and300 impregnation time, as shown in Figure 4.45 and 4.46. In this figure, it also can be observedthat by improving the impregnation time, the shear parallel strength was not increasing, indeed,it is slightly lower than 150 seconds. This occur might be because of the negative effect ofhigh temperature during the process. The heat caused a reduction of wood ability to endure itsstructural property.
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Shear-IZShear-CZShear-PZ
Shear-Bioresin150
Fig. 4.45: Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
Regarding the trunk height factor, this mechanical property was slightly decrease from bottompart to the top part of trunk for both conditions of impregnation time. This can be easily identi-fied in Figure 4.47 and 4.48. The average value of shear parallel for 150 and 300 seconds wereabout 21.3 (15.9-27.4) and 19.2 (13.9-26.1) kg/cm2, respectively.
Referring to the statistical analysis result which is presented in Table G.132, it can be observedthat all tested factors (wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time) were significantlydifferent at level 0.05 in affecting to shear parallel strength, but their interactions were notsignificant. Further, Levene’s test (Table G.131) showed that its probability of about 1.99x10−9,it means that the populations data of shear parallel strength were providing a different variances.Therefore in post hoc test by using Duncan’s test resulted that the wood zoning was classifiedinto two subset (Table G.133), where IZ and CZ were in one subset. This result was accepted tothe fact that the mean value in IZ and CZ was similar, i.e. 16.2 and 17.4 kg/cm2, respectively.The other subset was peripheral zone with mean value of about 24.6 kg/cm2.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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She
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Shear-IZShear-CZShear-PZ
Shear-Bioresin300
Fig. 4.46: Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
0
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Shear-IZShear-CZShear-PZ
Shear-Bioresin150
Fig. 4.47: Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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She
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Trunk Height (m)
Shear-IZShear-CZShear-PZ
Shear-Bioresin300
Fig. 4.48: Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
Whilst, the trunk height factor was also affecting significantly different at level 0.05 to shearparallel to grain strength. The obtained Duncan’s test in Table G.134 showed that these me-chanical property values were grouped into three subsets, i.e. 1 to 3 m, >3 to 7 m and >7 to 9m.
Furthermore, in order to investigate the shear parallel strength of the treated wood based on itswood zoning individually, the statistical analysis was conducted by using univariate analysis.According to the obtained data, the tested factors (trunk height and impregnation time) wereexamined in affecting to the shear parallel strength. It can be observed that at IZ and CZ,the distributions of shear parallel value were similar. At these wood zones, the trunk heightwas classified into three subsets (Table G.139 and G.144) and impregnation time factor wasclassified into two subsets, as shown in Table G.140 and G.145. Whilst, trunk height factor atPZ (Table G.149) was also affecting to the shear parallel strength, but only classified into twosubsets (1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m), indeed the impregnation time was classified into one subsetonly (Table G.150).
At inner zone, the oil palm wood based on its position along the trunk can be divided from 1 to3 m, >3 to 5 m and 7 to 9 m as well as at CZ, but at PZ was up to 5 meter and more than 5 meterheight. Due to the affecting of impregnation time, at IZ and CZ, this factor was significantlydifferent at level 0.05 in affecting shear parallel strength, in comparison to untreated wood, butit was not significant at PZ.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.2.3 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and acetone concen-tration on the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone
In this experiment, the oil palm wood was treated with bioresin soluble in acetone at variousimpregnation time (24 and 48 hours) and various percentage of bioresin in acetone (10 and20%). The specimens were also taken from various wood zoning (inner (IZ), central (CZ) andperipheral zone (PZ)) and various trunk height (3, 5 and 7 m). On the basic of data in Table4.19, the shear parallel to grain strength of treated wood at various conditions of treatment werealmost similar from one condition to the others, where the average values were ranging from13.6 to 24.5 kg/cm2. Looking at transverse section view, this strength was gradually increasedfrom central point to the outer part of the trunk, as shown in Figure 4.49. The average valuesat various condition (T1K1; T1K2; T2K1; T2K2) were about 19 (13.8-21.8); 19.5 (13.7-23.8);19.2 (14.8-24.5) and 18.1 (13.7-22.8) kg/cm2, respectively. Whilst, at longitudinal direction,the shear strength parallel to grain was slightly decreased from the bottom to the top of the trunkfor all experiment conditions, as shown in Figure 4.50.
Tab. 4.19: Summary data of shear strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning and trunkheight and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and 20% for 24 and 48hoursImpregnation Concentration Height Wood Zoning AverageTime (h) (%) (m) IZ CZ PZ
24 10 3 18.4062 19.4316 27.6746 21.83745 16.6089 15.3902 31.7072 21.23547 12.1584 8.5646 20.9564 13.8931
Average 15.7245 14.4621 26.7794 18.988720 3 20.6957 20.2429 30.3246 23.7544
5 14.8203 14.3123 33.8319 20.98827 10.4412 11.9689 18.5829 13.6643
Average 15.3191 15.5081 27.5798 19.469048 10 3 16.4222 19.3634 37.7687 24.5181
5 14.8203 13.9863 26.1213 18.30937 12.0313 11.4416 20.7875 14.7535
Average 14.4246 14.9304 28.2258 19.193620 3 18.1548 16.2469 33.9341 22.7786
5 13.8742 11.6298 27.9350 17.81307 9.5766 11.1766 20.2958 13.6830
Average 13.8685 13.0178 27.3883 18.0915
Further, the statistical analysis result based on its wood zoning showed that the values at IZ andCZ were classified in one subsets or in other word that the shear parallel strength at these zonesare similar. Whilst, at PZ, it was significantly different at level 0.05 compare to IZ and CZ inaffecting this strength (Table G.153). Due to the trunk height factor, the distribution of shearparallel strength was slightly decrease toward the trunk height and it was classified into twogroups, starting up to 5 m and more than 5 m height in order to use this treated wood (TableG.154). The impregnation time and percentage of bioresin in acetone factors were not affectingsignificantly to the shear parallel strength, and the obtained values were also not significant incomparison to the untreated wood (Table G.155 and G.156).
Concerning to the analysis of wood zoning factor individually, it can be identified that shearparallel strengths based on their positions along the trunk at IZ, CZ and PZ were statisticallysignificant at level 0.05, where each position ( 3, 5 and 7 m) resulted different values of this me-
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
chanical property in positive impact. Whilst, the impregnation time and percentages of bioresinin acetone were not affecting significantly to the shear parallel strength. These can be observedat table tests of between-subject effect (Table G.159, G.165 and G.171), where all probabilityvalues were more than 0.05. It means that the distribution of population data of variance wereequal between one to the others condition of treatment.
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(c) T2K1
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Woo
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ar-C
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ar-T
2K2
(d) T2K2
Fig. 4.49: Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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Fig. 4.50: Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.3 Hardness Strength
Hardness is related to the strength of wood in abrasion and scratching with various objects,as well as to the difficulty or ease of working wood with tools and machines. It is a measureof the wearing ability of wood and is an important consideration in the use of wood for floor,furniture, sport items, paving blocks, bearings and rollers. Kollmann [67] stated his findingswith regards to hardness that the resistance of wood to the entrance of foreign bodies in its massis higher up to about double in the axial direction than sidewise, but the difference betweenradial and tangential surface is seldom important. Generally, hardness defined as resistance toindentation, measured by the load required to embed a 11.28 mm ball to one-half its diameter.Values presented are the average of radial and tangential penetrations [94].
Relating to the hardness strength of oil palm wood, the experiment was designed to investigatethe effect of various wood zoning (inner (IZ), central (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ)) and varioustrunk height (1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 m) with two kinds of bioresin treatments (high temperature andchemical techniques) which were conducted at various impregnation time and concentration ofbioresin to the hardness strength. The specimen was produced referring to ASTM Standard D143-94 [3] with the sample size of 50 mm x 50 mm x 150 mm and 3 replications for eachcondition, therefore, there were 333 pieces of specimen. The testing was carried out at two sidepoints of hardness test. According to the above mentioned experimental design, the completedata is presented in Table F.19, F.20, F.21, F.22, F.23 (see Appendix F.3) and the summarized ofuntreated, bioresin with heat technique and bioresin soluble in acetone are presented in Table4.20, 4.21 and 4.22, respectively. Further, the data analysis in this study is divided into threepart on the basic of the applied treatments.
4.3.2.3.1 The effect of wood zoning and trunk height on the hardness strength of oil palmwood (untreated specimen)
In order to investigate the effect of wood zoning and trunk height to the hardness test of un-treated wood, the obtained data in Table 4.20 showed that the general mean value of hardnessstrength was approx. 137.2 kg with the average value from inner to peripheral zone were about81.4, 110 and 220 kg, respectively. It can be observed that the hardness strength at PZ wasalmost two times greater than at CZ. Hardness property of the untreated wood was graduallydecreased toward the central point of the trunk at transverse sectional view and the fluctuationof distribution of this mechanical property also observed from the bottom to the top of oil palmtrunk. The effect of wood zoning and trunk height to the hardness strength can be seen in Figure4.51 and 4.52.
Furthermore, according to the statistical analysis of the obtained data, it can be stated than theuntreated wood of oil palm at IZ and CZ were not significantly different at level 0.05 to thehardness strength, both of them was significant compare to the average value at PZ. This can beseen in Table G.178. The effect of trunk height was also almost not significant different at thesame level of analysis, statistically, because the hardness strength was almost similar along thetrunk except at 9 meter height, as shown in Table G.179.
Looking at individual zone of oil palm wood, the effect of trunk height at IZ and CZ weresimilar. They were not significantly different each other at level 0.05 (Table G.182 and G.185).This can be observed on the probability values at these wood zones, which were approx. 0.807(IZ) and 0.052 (CZ) or both values are less than 0.05 (Table G.180 and G.183). At PZ, the trunk
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
height was affecting to hardness strength significantly different at level 0.05, where the obtainedvalues were classified into two subsets, i.e. 1 to 3 m and 5 to 9 m (Table G.188).
Tab. 4.20: Summary data of hardness strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning andtrunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.19 (see AppendixF.3))
Height Wood Zoning Average(m) IZ CZ PZHardness Strength (kg)
1 74.70 134.10 138.50 115.773 71.40 100.30 226.90 132.875 79.90 100.70 278.40 153.007 80.60 101.10 182.90 121.539 100.30 113.40 274.90 162.87
Average 81.38 109.92 220.32 137.21
Generally, it can be stated that on the basic of hardness strength, the untreated wood of oil palmshall be separated based on its wood zoning and trunk height. According to wood zoning, thewood at IZ and CZ can be used together, because at these wood zones provide similar hardnessstrength, but shall be separated with wood from PZ. Further, based on trunk height factor, thetrunk almost does not need to separate up to 7 m height.
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Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Har
dnes
s st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Wood Zoning
Hardness-IZHardness-CZHardness-PZ
Hardness-Control
Fig. 4.51: Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood (untreated spec-imen)
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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1 3 5 7 9
Har
dnes
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reng
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g/cm
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Trunk Height (m)
Hardness-IZHardness-CZHardness-PZ
Hardness-Control
Fig. 4.52: Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood (untreated speci-men)
4.3.2.3.2 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time on the hardnessstrength of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin
In this section, the tested factors (wood zoning, trunk height and impregnation time) were inves-tigated to examined their effect to the hardness strength of treated oil palm wood with bioresinusing high heat technique. The summarized average data of hardness strength is presented inTable 4.21.
Tab. 4.21: Summary data of hardness strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning andtrunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
Impregnation Height Wood Zoning AverageTime (s) (m) IZ CZ PZHardness Strength (kg)
150 1 87.3 146.5 159.3 131.033 78.6 118.3 246.1 147.675 83.2 109.2 221.9 138.107 88.9 117.9 258.7 155.179 95.5 131.2 244.2 156.97
Average 86.70 124.62 226.04 145.79300 1 84.2 168.2 184.7 145.70
3 94.4 123.0 189.9 135.775 83.3 102.1 207.0 130.807 90.4 112.4 188.6 130.479 87.0 139.9 279.7 168.87
Average 87.86 129.12 209.98 142.32
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Based on the above table, it can be observed that the average values of hardness strength ofwood after treating with bioresin for 150 seconds at various wood zoning (IZ, CZ and PZ) wereabout 86.7, 124.6 and 226 kg, respectively, and after treating for 300 seconds were about 87.9,129.1 and 210 kg, respectively. The distribution of this property was gradually increased frominner to peripheral zone, as shown in Figure 4.53 and 4.54. Statistically, wood zoning factorwas resulting significantly different of hardness strength values for each zone, therefore, theyclassified into three subsets, as shown in Table G.191.
Whilst, based on impregnation time factor, the average hardness strength after treating for 150and 300 seconds were about 146 and 142 kg, respectively. These values were similar, and itmeans that the impregnation time was not affecting significantly to the hardness strength. Thiscan be proofed using statistical analysis, where according to Table G.190, the probability of thisfactor was approx. 0.543 (p > 0.05) and further this factor was also classified only one subset,where both impregnation time conditions were not affecting significantly to hardness strengthin comparison to untreated wood as shown in Table G.193.
According to its position along the trunk, the hardness strength was fluctuated along the trunk,but from the whole positions, the treated wood for 150 seconds was better than 300 seconds, asshown in Figure 4.55 and 4.56. Based on statistical analysis, this factor was affecting signif-icantly different with the probability of approx. 0.019 (p < 0.05), therefore, it was classifiedinto two subsets, i.e. up to 7 meter and more than 7 meter height (Table G.192).
Looking at wood zoning individually, the hardness strength of treated wood with bioresin for150 and 300 seconds at IZ were not significantly different compare to untreated wood (TableG.198) and based on its position along the trunk, this wood has equal values up to 7 m, asshown in Table G.197. At CZ, this mechanical property was significantly different compareto the untreated wood (Table G.202) and the woods were classified into three subset of trunkheight, i.e. up to 1 m, 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m, respectively. At PZ, the treated wood withbioresin at any conditions of impregnation time (Table G.208) were not different significantlycompare to the untreated wood, similar to the woods at IZ. The trunk height factor at this regionwas significant, therefore the obtained values were then grouped into two subsets, i.e. up to 1m and >1 to 9 m height, as shown in Table G.207.
According to the above mentioned results, it can be generally stated that the hardness strength ofoil palm wood at peripheral zone was higher compare to the others zone as shown in Figure 4.55and 4.56. The impregnation time factor resulted significant different of hardness strength onlyat central zone in comparison to the untreated wood. The trunk height factor almost not affectsto this property, but the wood zoning was significantly different at level 0.05 to the hardnessstrength, therefore, it can be stated that the oil palm wood shall be used separately based on itswood zoning.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
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500
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Har
dnes
s st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Wood Zoning
Hardness-IZHardness-CZHardness-PZ
Hardness Bioresin150
Fig. 4.53: Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withbioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
50
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300
350
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Har
dnes
s st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Wood Zoning
Hardness-IZHardness-CZHardness-PZ
Hardness Bioresin300
Fig. 4.54: Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withbioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
120
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
50
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1 3 5 7 9
Har
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s st
reng
th (k
g/cm
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Trunk Height (m)
Hardness-IZHardness-CZHardness-PZ
Hardness Bioresin150
Fig. 4.55: Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withbioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds
50
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250
300
350
1 3 5 7 9
Har
dnes
s st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Hardness-IZHardness-CZHardness-PZ
Hardness Bioresin300
Fig. 4.56: Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withbioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds
121
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.3.3 The effect of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concen-tration on the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone
The hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with bioresin soluble in acetone at variousconcentration were conducted to investigate the quality of this wood in comparison to untreatedwood of oil palm and also to proof the applied treatment. According to the summarized data inTable 4.22 and statistical analysis in Table G.210, it can be mentioned that from the all testedfactors, only wood zoning was affecting to the hardness strength significant different statistically(Table G.211). The probability of this factor was approx. 9.91x10−22. The interactions betweenfactors were also not significant different at level 0.05. The average values of this mechanicalproperty at IZ, CZ and PZ were about 90.3, 116.3 and 253.4 kg, respectively. The value at PZwas more than two times greater than at CZ. The lowest value was at IZ, as shown in Figure4.57. Based on Table G.214, the treated wood with 20% bioresin was resulting significant valuecompare to the untreated wood in affecting hardness strength.
Tab. 4.22: Summary data of hardness strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning andtrunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and 20% for 24 and48 hours
Impregnation Concentration Height Wood Zoning AverageTime (h) (%) (m) IZ CZ PZ24 10 3 97.83 127.33 262.67 162.61
5 100.67 115.50 224.67 146.947 89.50 127.67 246.67 154.61
Average 96.00 123.50 244.67 154.7220 3 86.50 118.67 305.00 170.06
5 85.83 128.67 161.50 125.337 97.50 105.67 288.67 163.94
Average 89.94 117.67 251.72 153.1148 10 3 87.83 119.17 249.33 152.11
5 93.67 101.00 199.17 131.287 89.17 116.50 302.17 169.28
Average 90.22 112.22 250.22 150.8920 3 100.50 137.67 308.67 182.28
5 106.33 124.67 304.17 178.397 90.83 128.50 257.50 158.94
Average 99.22 130.28 290.11 173.20
The investigation on their wood zoning individually, it can be observed that at inner and centralzone, the impregnation time (Table G.219 and G.225) and bioresin concentration (Table G.220and G.226) were affecting significantly different at level 0.05 to hardness strength in comparisonto the untreated wood, but the trunk height was contrary. At peripheral zone, the impregnationtime, trunk height and bioresin concentration were not affecting significantly to the hardnessstrength. Although, the all tested factors were not significantly different, but the hardness valueat this zone was higher compered to the others zone, as observed in Table 4.22.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
50
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350
Inne
r Zon
eC
entra
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eP
erip
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e
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Woo
d Zo
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s-IZ
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s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
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s T1
K1
(a) T1K1
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e
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Woo
d Zo
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ardn
ess-
PZ
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s T1
K2
(b) T1K2
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entra
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e
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Woo
d Zo
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Har
dnes
s-IZ
Har
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s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
Har
dnes
s T2
K1
(c) T2K1
50
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300
350
400
450
Inne
r Zon
eC
entra
l Zon
eP
erip
hera
l Zon
e
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Woo
d Zo
ning
Har
dnes
s-IZ
Har
dnes
s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
Har
dnes
s T2
K2
(d) T2K2
Fig. 4.57: Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withacetone at various concentration and impregnation time
123
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
50
100
150
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250
300
350
35
7
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Trun
k H
eigh
t (m
)
Har
dnes
s-IZ
Har
dnes
s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
Har
dnes
s T1
K1
(a) T1K1
50
100
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400
35
7
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Trun
k H
eigh
t (m
)
Har
dnes
s-IZ
Har
dnes
s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
Har
dnes
s T1
K2
(b) T1K2
50
100
150
200
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300
350
400
35
7
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Trun
k H
eigh
t (m
)
Har
dnes
s-IZ
Har
dnes
s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
Har
dnes
s T2
K1
(c) T2K1
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
35
7
Hardness strength (kg/cm2)
Trun
k H
eigh
t (m
)
Har
dnes
s-IZ
Har
dnes
s-C
ZH
ardn
ess-
PZ
Har
dnes
s T2
K2
(d) T2K2
Fig. 4.58: Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnated withacetone at various concentration and impregnation time
124
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.4 Compression Strength Parallel to Grain
In this section, the study were conducted to investigate the compression parallel to grain strengthof oil palm wood. The experiment runs in three different treatments including untreated woodwhich was then used as control, bioresin treatment using heat treatment and chemical (acetone).The specimen was taken from peripheral zone only, but from various trunk height, due to thelimited amount of material. Like the others testing, this mechanical property was also testedbased on ASTM Standard D 143-94 [3]. The dimension of specimen was 25 mm x 25 mmx 100 mm with total number of specimen 111 pieces. The obtained data was examined usingstatistical analysis to define the effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concen-tration to the compression parallel to grain strength of oil palm wood. According to the testingresult, the complete data is presented in Table F.24, F.25 and F.26 (see Appendix F.4) and thesummaries of these tables are presented in Table 4.23, 4.24 and 4.25, respectively.
4.3.2.4.1 The effect of trunk height on the compression strength parallel to grain of oilpalm wood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen)
In order to investigate the effect of trunk height to compression parallel strength, the data inTable 4.23 showed that the average value from whole specimen test was about 197 kg/cm2,ranging from 170 to 236 kg/cm2. It can be observed that the distribution of compressionparallel strength along the trunk was fluctuating from the bottom to the top of the trunk (Figure4.59), but generally it was gradually increased.
Tab. 4.23: Summary data of compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at periph-eral zone at various trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from TableF.24 (see Appendix F.4))
Height Compression Parallel to Grain(m) kg/cm2
1 180.2 (113.8-290.1)3 174.3 (90.20-311.3)5 222.7 (186.3-234.4)7 169.8 (118.2-194.3)9 236.1 (205.7-275.1)
Average 196.6 (180.2-236.1)
On the basic of statistical analysis, it can be observed that the trunk height factor was notsignificantly different at level 0.05 in affecting to compression parallel strength, therefore thecompression parallel values from all analyzed position of height were classified into only onesubset. This can be seen in Table G.236 with the probability based on Levene’s test in TableG.234 of approx. 0.153 (p > 0.05). It means that in the utilization of oil palm wood which istaken from peripheral zone, this wood doesn’t need to separate along the trunk.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 3 5 7 9
Com
pres
sion
stre
ngth
(kg/
cm2 )
Trunk Height (m)
DistributionCompression Control
Fig. 4.59: Influence of trunk height to the compression strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood at peripheral zone (control specimen)
4.3.2.4.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the compression strengthparallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin
Based on the obtained data from Table 4.24, it can be observed that the distribution of com-pression parallel strength along the trunk was similar to the untreated wood, it was fluctuating(Figure 4.60).
Tab. 4.24: Summary data of compression strength parallel to grain of peripheral zone of oilpalm wood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150and 300 seconds
Height Compression Parallel to Grain (kg/cm2)(m) Bioresin 150 Bioresin 300
1 254.7765 283.64083 276.0596 209.37985 347.4287 327.40837 176.6811 187.47579 235.1590 279.4569
Average 258.0210 257.4723
Due to the impregnation time, the experimental results showed that the average values of treatedwood for 150 and 300 seconds were about 258 and 257.5 kg/cm2, respectively. These valueswere similar and on the basic of statistical analysis, it can be examined that they were notsignificantly different in affecting the compression parallel to grain, but they were significantlydifferent comparing to the untreated wood, therefore between treated and untreated wood wereclassified in separated subsets (Table G.241) with probability of approx. 0.031 (p < 0.05).
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Concerning the trunk height factor, it can be examined that this factor was affecting significantlydifferent at level 0.05 to the compression parallel strength with the probability value of approx.0.013 (p < 0.05), as observed in Table G.239. By applying this result, the oil palm wood whichis taken from peripheral zone can be used separately from 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m (Table G.240).
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 3 5 7 9
Com
pres
sion
stre
ngth
(kg/
cm2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution at T1Distribution at T2
Compression Bioresin150Compression Bioresin300
Fig. 4.60: Influence of trunk height to the compression strength parallel to grain of peripheralzone of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
127
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.4.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration on thecompression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnatedwith acetone
In this section, the study was conducted to investigate the effect of trunk height, impregnationtime and bioresin concentration to the compression parallel strength of oil palm wood at periph-eral zone. The obtained data is presented in Table 4.25. It can be observed that the highest valueof compression parallel strength was achieved at position 5 meter height for all conditions oftreatment, as shown in Figure 4.61. It also can be identified that the testing results were similar,this indicated to the fact that the effect of tested factors were significant only in certain conditionand position along the trunk.
Tab. 4.25: Summary data of compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at periph-eral zone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10%and 20% for 24 and 48 hours
Impregnation Concentration Height Compression Parallel to GrainTime (h) (%) (m) kg/cm2
24 10 3 219.81905 272.84007 244.7096
Average 245.789520 3 235.5117
5 297.16077 157.8490
Average 230.173848 10 3 122.6696
5 214.48477 141.0407
Average 159.398420 3 192.5982
5 218.78387 189.0169
Average 200.1329
The statistical analysis results enable to explain how these factors affecting the compression par-allel strength. According to the tests between subjects effect (Table G.244), the trunk height andimpregnation time factors were significantly different in affecting compression parallel strength,but the bioresin concentration factor (10 and 20%) and interaction between factors were affect-ing not significantly different at level 0.05. Further, the trunk height factor was classified intotwo subsets, where the treated wood at position 5 meter can be separated with the others (TableG.245). Whilst, the impregnation time was affecting significantly comparing to the untreatedwood for specimen which treated for 24 hours (Table G.246). The bioresin concentration inacetone was not affecting to the compression parallel strength significantly (Table G.247).
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
3 5 7
Com
pres
sion
stre
ngth
(kg/
cm2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution T1K1Distribution T1K2Distribution T2K1Distribution T2K2
Compression T1K1Compression T1K2Compression T2K1Compression T2K2
Fig. 4.61: Influence of trunk height to the compression strength parallel to grain of peripheralzone of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone
.
129
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.5 Tension Strength Parallel to Grain
Relating to tension strength, Kollmann and Coté [68] stated that the strength of wood in tensionshows considerable differences if loading is axial (parallel to grain) or transverse. Strength inaxial tension is much higher up to 50 times and more. In transverse direction, the influence ofradial or tangential loading is not consistent. Further, it has been observed that cell length isrelated to the axial tensile strength of wood that wood with longer cells (in general, softwoodsin comparison to hardwoods) posses a higher strength [15]. This may be attributed to the rela-tionship between cell length and microfibrillar arrangement. It also has been found that withina species, the angle between microfibrils and cell length is smaller in longer cells and larger inshorter ones.
The study of this mechanical property in oil palm wood, several conditions of treatment wereapplied for the wood which is only taken from peripheral zone (PZ) at various height, due tothe limited amount of material. The experiment was carried out in order to compare the ten-sion strength between the untreated and treated woods at various factors, such as trunk height,impregnation time and bioresin concentration. All specimens were tested referring to ASTMStandard D 143-94 [3] with the specimen size 460 mm in length and total specimen 111 pieces.The complete data of tension parallel to grain strength is presented in Table F.27, F.28 and F.29(see Appendix F.5). Further, the summarized of these data including untreated wood, treatedwood with heat technique and treated wood with chemical are presented in Table 4.26, 4.27 and4.28, respectively.
4.3.2.5.1 The effect of trunk height on the tension strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen)
According to tension strength data in Table 4.26, it can be identified that the average valueof untreated wood was about 284 kg/cm2 and also observed that this mechanical propertydecreases along the trunk, as shown in Figure 4.62.
Tab. 4.26: Summary data of tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheralzone at various trunk height for untreated specimen (data is extracted from TableF.27 (see Appendix F.5))
Height Tension Parallel to Grain(m) kg/cm2
1 387.15573 401.02645 326.75007 241.84019 63.4003
Average 283.8345
According to the statistical analysis, it can be stated that the trunk height factor was affectingsignificantly to the tension parallel strength at level 0.05 with the probability from Levene’s testof approx. 0.036 (Table G.249), therefore, based on post hoc test, the untreated wood along thetrunk can be classified into two subsets (Table G.251) due to its utilization, i.e. from 1 to 7 mand >7 to 9 m height.
130
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 3 5 7 9
Tens
ion
stre
ngth
|| (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
DistributionTension || Control
Fig. 4.62: Influence of trunk height to the tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood atperipheral zone (control specimen)
4.3.2.5.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the tension strength parallelto grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin
In this section, the study was conducted to investigate the influence of bioresin treatment incomparison to the untreated wood in various conditions of treatment. Trunk height and impreg-nation time factors were analyzed in order to observe their effect to the tension parallel strengthof oil palm wood at peripheral zone.
Tab. 4.27: Summary data of tension strength parallel to grain of peripheral zone of oil palmwood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and300 seconds
Height Tension Parallel to Grain (kg/cm2)(m) Bioresin 150 Bioresin 300
1 455.2273 335.04303 319.0885 254.96935 318.5656 252.09847 242.9826 320.68689 238.0049 118.7771
Average 314.7738 256.3149
According to the obtained data in Table 4.27, the average values of this mechanical property oftreated wood with bioresin for 150 and 300 seconds at various trunk height were 315 kg/cm2,ranging from 238 to 455 kg/cm2 and 256 kg/cm2, ranging from 119 to 335 kg/cm2, respec-tively. Based on these data, it can be observed that tension parallel strength of wood treatedfor 150 seconds was higher than 300 seconds. This might be occurred because influence of
131
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
high heat at temperature 180 ◦C to the wood component, such as vascular bundles. It can bepredicted that more than 150 seconds impregnation, the structural properties of oil palm woodwas decreased, due to the negative impact of high heat during process of the bioresin treatment.Further, looking at longitudinal direction of the trunk, the tension parallel strength was fluctu-ating, but generally its gradual decreased from the bottom to the top of the trunk, as shown inFigure 4.63.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 3 5 7 9
Tens
ion
stre
ngth
|| (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution at T1Distribution at T2
Tension || Bioresin150Tension || Bioresin300
Fig. 4.63: Influence of trunk height to the tension strength parallel to grain of peripheral zoneof oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
Based on statistical analysis in Table G.254, only trunk height factor which was affecting sig-nificantly to the tension parallel to grain strength at level 0.05. The values along the trunk wereclassified into three subsets (Table G.255), i.e. from 1 to 3 m, 5 to 7 m and >7 m, respectively.Whilst, based on the impregnation time factor, these mechanical property values were not sig-nificantly different in comparison to the untreated wood and also between treated woods (150and 300 seconds), as shown in Table G.256.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.5.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration on thetension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated withacetone
According to the obtained data in Table 4.28, the average and range values of tension parallelstrength at the following conditions T1K1, T1K2, T2K1 and T2K2 were about 654 (621-703),662 (486-942), 705 (478-824) and 488 (456-517) kg/cm2, respectively. It can be observed thatthis mechanical property was decreased along the trunk, as shown in Figure 4.64.
Tab. 4.28: Summary data of tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at peripheralzone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and20% for 24 and 48 hours
Impregnation Concentration Height Tension Parallel to GrainTime (h) (%) (m) kg/cm2
24 10 3 702.63145 621.30237 638.1536
Average 654.029120 3 942.3928
5 556.66487 485.6372
Average 661.564948 10 3 823.7600
5 811.98207 477.9031
Average 704.548420 3 490.0207
5 517.41207 455.7746
Average 487.7358
According to the statistical analysis, the trunk height factor was affecting significantly differentto tension parallel strength as well as impregnation time and bioresin concentration. Based ontrunk height, the obtained values were classified into three subsets (Table G.260), therefore,the treated wood can be used separately from up to 3 m, >3 to 5 m and >5 m. The valueof tension parallel to grain based on 24 hours impregnation time factor was not significantcompared to treated wood which was impregnated for 48 hours, but both of them was significantin comparison to the untreated wood (Table G.261). It means that this factor was affectingsignificantly to tension parallel strength generally. Concerning the bioresin concentrations, itcan be stated that this factor was affecting significantly different at level 0.05 for all variation ofbioresin concentration soluble in acetone (Table G.262) and also in comparison to the untreatedwood.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
3 5 7
Tens
ion
stre
ngth
|| (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution T1K1Distribution T1K2Distribution T2K1Distribution T2K2
Tension || T1K1Tension || T2K1Tension || T2K1Tension || T2K2
Fig. 4.64: Influence of trunk height to the tension strength parallel to grain of peripheral zoneof oil palm wood impregnated with acetone
.
134
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.6 Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain
Concerning to tension perpendicular to grain, Barrett [12] stated in his study on the effect ofsize on tensile strength perpendicular to grain of Douglas-fir that this mechanical property inall structural species is low, usually less than 1000 psi, even for small clear specimens. Tensilestrength perpendicular to grain characteristically exhibits a high variability, a fact recognizedby design code requirements that mean tensile strength perpendicular to grain be reduced by alarger percentage than any other strength property in the calculation of allowable stress. Thiswas parallel to the formerly study by Kollmann and Coté [68] who mentioned that strength inaxial tension is much higher up to 50 times and more than tension in perpendicular to grain.Concerning to oil palm wood properties, this study was conducted to investigate tension per-pendicular to grain. Three factors were tested including trunk height, impregnation time andbioresin concentration in affecting this mechanical property. The specimen was taken from pe-ripheral region of oil palm wood based on its view on transverse section and the experimentwas conducted based on the condition which is explained in Chapter 3, Section 3.2.3.2. Statis-tical analysis is carried out to examine the effect of those factors and comparison between theuntreated and treated woods. According to the obtained data, the complete results of tensionperpendicular to grain of oil palm wood are presented in Table F.30, F.31 and F.32, whilst thesummary of these data was presented in Table 4.29, 4.30 and 4.31.
4.3.2.6.1 The effect of trunk height on the tension strength perpendicular to grain of oilpalm wood at peripheral zone (untreated specimen)
According to the obtained experimental data in Table 4.29, it can be observed that tensionperpendicular to grain strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone was about 3.56 kg/cm2,ranging from 2.61 to 4.47. Based on its distribution along the trunk, it can be stated that thismechanical property value was gradually decreased from base part to the tip of the trunk, asshown in Figure 4.65. The average value of tension perpendicular to grain was 79 times lowerin comparison to the tension parallel to grain. It is attributed to the fact that this value was inagreement with Kollmann and Coté’s [68] result.
Tab. 4.29: Summary data of tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood at periph-eral zone at various trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from TableF.30 (see Appendix F.6))
Height Tension Perpendicular to Grain(m) kg/cm2
1 4.31603 4.46535 3.67287 2.61209 2.7210
Average 3.5574
Further, based on the statistical analysis, the effect of trunk height to the tension perpendicularto grain of oil palm wood was not significantly different at level 0.05 for all tested positioned(1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 meter). This can be observed in Table G.264, where the probability of thisfactor using Levene’s test was approx. 0.68 (p > 0.05), therefore, the all value was classifiedinto only one subset as shown in Table G.266.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 3 5 7 9
Tens
ion
stre
ngth
per
pend
icul
ar (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
DistributionTension ⊥ Control
Fig. 4.65: Influence of trunk height to the tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palmwood at peripheral zone (control specimen)
4.3.2.6.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the tension strength per-pendicular to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin
The average values of tension perpendicular to grain after treating with bioresin for 150 and 300seconds were about 5.32 g/cm2 ranging from 3.37 to 10.1, and 4.04 g/cm2 ranging from 2.1 to5.8, respectively (Table 4.30).
Tab. 4.30: Summary data of tension strength perpendicular to grain of peripheral zone of oilpalm wood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150and 300 seconds
Height Tension Perpendicular to Grain (kg/cm2)(m) Bioresin 150 Bioresin 300
1 3.3783 3.96303 10.0880 4.17245 4.8747 5.77957 3.7313 4.14239 4.5048 2.1488
Average 5.3154 4.0412
Distribution of these data was fluctuating from the bottom to the top of the trunk as shown inFigure 4.66, and it can be observed that the treated wood for 300 seconds was lower than treatedwood for 150 seconds, but both of them were higher in comparison with the untreated wood(3.56 kg/cm2). It means that the bioresin treatment using heat technique influences positivelyin affecting to the tension perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood. This can also be observedstatistically as shown in Table G.269, where the probability of impregnation time factor was
136
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
approx. 0.039 or p < 0.05. In this table also showed that the trunk height factor and theirinteraction were significantly different in affecting tension perpendicular to grain of oil palmwood. Further, consider to trunk height factor, the experiment resulted that treated oil palmwood can be used separately from 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m (Table G.270).
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1 3 5 7 9
Tens
ion
stre
ngth
per
pend
icul
ar (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution at T1Distribution at T2
Tension ⊥ Bioresin150Tension ⊥ Bioresin300
Fig. 4.66: Influence of trunk height to the tension strength perpendicular to grain of peripheralzone of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
4.3.2.6.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration on thetension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnatedwith acetone
In this section, the oil palm wood at peripheral zone is treated with bioresin soluble in acetoneand the experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of this treatment in affecting to thetension perpendicular to grain. Hence, several conditions were tested based on various factor,including trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration. The summarized data ofthis trial is presented in Table 4.31. According to this data, it can be observed that the aver-age values of tension perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood at condition T1K1, T1K2, T2K1and T2K2 were about 4.9, 3.6, 4.9 and 7.2 kg/cm2, respectively. In comparison to the untreatedwood, this mechanical property of treated wood was higher, thus, it means that the applied treat-ment affects positively. Based on its positions along the trunk, tension perpendicular strengthwas gradually decreased toward the top of the trunk, as shown in Figure 4.67.
To investigate deeper about the influence of factors those affecting tension perpendicular strength,the statistical analysis performed that trunk height (Table G.275) and impregnation time (TableG.276) factors were affecting significantly different at level 0.05, except bioresin concentrationfactor (Table G.277). Looking individually for every factor, the obtained statistical calculation
137
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
showed that treated oil palm wood can be used separately from 3 to 5m and >5 to 7m based onits position along the trunk.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
3 5 7
Tens
ion
stre
ngth
per
pend
icul
ar (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution T1K1Distribution T1K2Distribution T2K1Distribution T2K2Tension ⊥ T1K1Tension ⊥ T1K2Tension ⊥ T2K1Tension ⊥ T2K2
Fig. 4.67: Influence of trunk height to the tension strength perpendicular to grain of peripheralzone of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone
Tab. 4.31: Summary data of tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood at periph-eral zone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10%and 20% for 24 and 48 hours
Impregnation Concentration Height Tension Perpendicular to GrainTime (h) (%) (m) kg/cm2
24 10 3 6.34145 4.84687 3.5480
Average 4.912120 3 4.1771
5 3.72957 3.0262
Average 3.644348 10 3 5.2278
5 5.49237 3.9236
Average 4.881220 3 7.8432
5 8.05557 5.6052
Average 7.1680
138
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.7 Cleavage Strength
The resistance of wood to cleavage refers to exterior forces acting in the form of a wedge. Dueto its structure, wood has a low axial resistance to cleavage, i.e easily split. Bowyer et al. [15]mentioned that this property is an advantage for certain uses, e.g. splitting fuelwood and adisadvantage for others, e.g. wooden members splitting when nailed or screwed.
This mechanical property was similar to tension perpendicular to grain, but only one side forceis tested with the specimen shape as shown in Figure 3.9j (see Section 3.2.3.2). Regarding tocleavage strength of oil palm wood, the investigation was carried out to the untreated and treatedwood, including bioresin treatment using heat technique and bioresin soluble in acetone. Dueto the limited material available, the testing runs only for wood which is taken from peripheralregion, with the total number of specimen 111 pieces. This mechanical property is tested onthe basic of ASTM Standard D-143 94 [3]. Referring to the above mentioned test, the completedata are presented in Table F.33, F.34 and F.35 (see Appendix F.7). Whilst, the summary ofthese data are presented in Table 4.32, 4.33 and 4.34, respectively.
4.3.2.7.1 The effect of trunk height on the cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheralzone (untreated specimen)
According to the obtained results in Table 4.32, the cleavage of oil palm wood at peripheralzone was about 1.7 kg/cm2, ranging from 1.2 to 2.1. Form this table, it also can be observedthat strength at position 3 and 5 m were higher in comparison to the others position of height,and this can be easily identified in Figure 4.68. This is attributed to the fact that due to the highpopulation density of vascular bundles in peripheral zone, particularly at these positions.
Tab. 4.32: Summary data of cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone at varioustrunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.33 (see AppendixF.7))
Height Cleavage Strength(m) kg/cm2
1 1.69963 2.13225 2.10397 1.19709 1.4156
Average 1.7097
On the basic of statistical analysis, the effect of trunk height factor showed that it was not reallysignificant in affecting the cleavage of oil palm wood. This also can be observed that the trunkwas only divided into two subsets, where in order to use this untreated wood, it shall separatefrom 1 to 5 m and >5 to 9 m (Table G.281).
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
1 3 5 7 9
Cle
avag
e st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
DistributionCleavage Control
Fig. 4.68: Influence of trunk height to the cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone(untreated specimen)
4.3.2.7.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the cleavage strength of oilpalm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin
Data in Table 4.33 showed that the average values of cleavage strength of treated wood withbioresin for 150 and 300 seconds were about 2.24 kg/cm2, ranging from 1.95 to 2.80, and 1.91kg/cm2, ranging from 1.31 to 2.63, respectively. These values were higher in comparison to theuntreated wood (1.7 kg/cm2). It is attributed to the fact that the applied treatment influencespositively in order to improve the cleavage strength of oil palm wood. Distribution of thisproperty along the trunk was fluctuating, as shown in Figure 4.69 and it also can be observedthat the treated wood with bioresin for 300 seconds lower compare to the other for all positionsof height along the trunk.
Tab. 4.33: Summary data of cleavage strength of peripheral zone of oil palm wood at varioustrunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
Height Cleavage Strength (kg/cm2)(m) Bioresin 150 Bioresin 300
1 2.1540 1.88173 2.8046 2.25015 1.9855 2.63167 1.9551 1.31239 2.2937 1.4864
Average 2.2386 1.9124
To investigate more detail about the effect of tested factors, i.e. trunk height and impregnationtime to the cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone was carried out using univari-
140
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
ate analysis. Based in this analysis, it showed that trunk height factor was affecting significantlydifferent at level 0.05, where the wood was classified into three subsets, i.e. 1 to 3 m, >3 to 5m and >5 to 9 m (Table G.285). Whilst, the applied impregnation time of bioresin using heattechnique resulted a positive influences to the cleavage strength. The obtained results were sig-nificantly different in comparison to the untreated wood, although the values within the treatedwood was not really significant (Table G.286).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1 3 5 7 9
Cle
avag
e st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution at T1Distribution at T2
Cleavage Bioresin150Cleavage Bioresin300
Fig. 4.69: Influence of trunk height to the cleavage strength of peripheral zone of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
141
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.7.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration on thecleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with acetone
According to the obtained results in Table 4.34, the average cleavage strength on the follow-ing treatment condition T1K1, T1K2, T2K1 and T2K2 were about 2.54, 2.10, 2.49 and 2.09kg/cm2, respectively. From this table can also be observed that this mechanical property oftreated wood with 20% bioresin was lower compared to bioresin concentration of 10%. Fur-ther, the distribution of these data is presented in Figure 4.70, where the cleavage of oil palmwood at peripheral zone was gradually decreased toward the tip of the trunk.
Tab. 4.34: Summary data of cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone at varioustrunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and 20% for 24 and48 hours
Impregnation Concentration Height Cleavage StrengthTime (h) (%) (m) kg/cm2
24 10 3 2.53155 3.03227 2.0526
Average 2.538820 3 2.2081
5 2.15577 1.9264
Average 2.096748 10 3 2.8275
5 2.41187 2.2351
Average 2.491520 3 2.1976
5 2.01627 2.0479
Average 2.0872
Statistical analysis results showed that the trunk height factor was affecting significantly to thecleavage strength, where its value based on their positions were grouped into two subsets. Thistreated wood can be used separately starting up to 5 meter and more than 5 meter, as shown inTable G.290. The impregnation time factor (Table G.291) was also resulted a positive impact inorder to improve the cleavage strength of oil palm wood. In comparison to the untreated wood,the treated wood was performing significantly different at level 0.05. Further, the bioresinconcentration factor affects significantly different, therefore the obtained values were classifiedinto two subsets (Table G.292).
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
3 5 7
Cle
avag
e st
reng
th (k
g/cm
2 )
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution T1K1Distribution T1K2Distribution T2K1Distribution T2K2
Cleavage T1K1Cleavage T1K2Cleavage T2K1Cleavage T2K2
Fig. 4.70: Influence of trunk height to the cleavage strength of peripheral zone of oil palm woodimpregnated with acetone
4.3.2.8 Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Resistance of a nail to direct withdrawal from a piece of wood is intimately related to thedensity or specific gravity of the wood, the diameter of the nail, and the depth it has penetrated.The surface condition of the nail and the type of shank and point it has will also influence thewithdrawal resistance. This mechanical property of wood was tested on the peripheral regionof oil palm wood based on the ASTM Standard D 143-94 [3]. Testing was done nails withdiameter of 2.5 mm at five different positions where nails shall be driven. Generally, nail shallnot be driven closer than 19 mm from the edge or 38 mm from the end of a piece.
The complete data of nail withdrawal test for the untreated wood, treated wood with bioresinusing heat technique and soluble in acetone are presented in Table F.36, F.37 and F.38 (seeAppendix F.8), respectively. Whilst, the average value of nail withdrawal resistance are sum-marized in Table 4.35 for untreated wood, Table 4.36 for treated wood using heat technique andTable 4.37 for treated wood using chemical technique, respectively.
4.3.2.8.1 The effect of trunk height on the nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood atperipheral zone (untreated specimen)
Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone in Table 4.35 shows consider-able uniformity ranging from 28.5 to 43.8 kg with the average value of about 34.5 kg. Thehighest nail withdrawal was occurred at position 3 m height and the lowest was at 1 m height.Distribution of this mechanical property shows gradually fluctuate toward the tip of trunk, asshown in Figure 4.71. Further, based on statistical analysis, the trunk height factor was affect-ing significantly different at level 0.05 (Table G.295), therefore, this untreated wood shall be
143
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
separated into three parts, based on its position along the trunk. Table G.296 shows that thetrunk was classified into three subsets, i.e. up to 1 m, 3 to 5 m and 7 to 9 m.
Tab. 4.35: Summary data of nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone atvarious trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.36 (seeAppendix F.8))
Height Nail Withdrawal Strength(m) (kg)
1 28.53043 43.82965 37.15527 29.88649 33.0760
Average 34.4955
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
1 3 5 7 9
Nai
l With
draw
al R
esis
tanc
e (k
g)
Trunk Height (m)
DistributionNail Withdrawal Control
Fig. 4.71: Influence of trunk height to the nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at pe-ripheral zone (control specimen)
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.2.8.2 The effect of trunk height and impregnation time on the nail withdrawal resis-tance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with bioresin
According to the obtained data of nail withdrawal which is summarized in Table 4.36, it can beobserved that the applied treatment of bioresin impregnation using heat technique was resultinginsignificant values in comparison to the untreated wood. The average values of treated woodsthose are impregnated for 150 and 300 seconds were about 30.7 and 28.5 kg, respectively, whilstthe untreated wood of about 34.5 kg. The distribution of this mechanical values along the trunkwas fluctuating with the highest value at position 3 meter, as shown in Figure 4.72.
Tab. 4.36: Summary data of nail withdrawal resistance of peripheral zone of oil palm wood atvarious trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
Height Nail Withdrawal Strength (kg)(m) Bioresin 150 Bioresin 300
1 24.1172 23.26203 42.9260 29.98305 30.6176 29.75847 25.0604 31.93109 30.7858 27.4032
Average 30.7014 28.4675
In order to investigate the influence of factors those are affecting to nail withdrawal resistance,the statistics analysis showed that trunk height and impregnation time were affecting signifi-cantly different at level 0.05, but the interaction between them was insignificant (Table G.299).Based on trunk height factor, nail withdrawal resistance can be classified into three subsets, i.e.1 to 3 m, 3 to 5 m and >5 m, as shown in Table G.300. Further, the impregnation time factorwas significantly different in affecting nail withdrawal resistance (Table G.301), but the valueswere still lower in comparison to the untreated wood.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
1 3 5 7 9
Nai
l With
draw
al R
esis
tanc
e (k
g)
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution at T1Distribution at T2
Nail Withdrawal Bioresin150Nail Withdrawal Bioresin300
Fig. 4.72: Influence of trunk height to the nail withdrawal resistance of peripheral zone of oilpalm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds
4.3.2.8.3 The effect of trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concentration on thenail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone impregnated with acetone
Nail withdrawal property of oil palm wood after treating with bioresin soluble in acetone issummarized in Table 4.37. From this table, the average values of treated wood at the followingconditions of treatment T1K1, T1K2, T2K1 and T2K2 were about 28.8, 43.7, 43.2 and 33.2 kg,respectively. The distribution of these values was performed in Figure 4.73.
Based on trunk height factor (Table G.305), the nail withdrawal resistance of treated woodcan be classified into two subsets, i.e. up to 3 m and 5 to 7 m. This factor was affectingsignificantly with probability value of approx. 0.07 (Table G.304). This property was graduallydecreased from the bottom to the top of trunk, as shown in Figure 4.73. Impregnation time andbioresin concentration were affecting insignificant to nail withdrawal (Table G.306 and G.307),therefore, all value was only classified into on subsets only.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Tab. 4.37: Summary data of nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheral zone atvarious trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and 20%for 24 and 48 hours
Impregnation Concentration Height Nail Withdrawal StrengthTime (h) (%) (m) kg
24 10 3 31.16335 33.75237 21.5660
Average 28.827220 3 60.5587
5 36.63607 33.9240
Average 43.706248 10 3 43.5980
5 33.16207 52.7933
Average 43.184420 3 42.3667
5 32.78877 24.5800
Average 33.2451
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
3 5 7
Nai
l With
draw
al R
esis
tanc
e (k
g)
Trunk Height (m)
Distribution T1K1Distribution T1K2Distribution T2K1Distribution T2K2
Nail Withdrawal T1K1Nail Withdrawal T1K2Nail Withdrawal T2K1Nail Withdrawal T2K2
Fig. 4.73: Influence of trunk height to the nail withdrawal resistance of peripheral zone of oilpalm wood impregnated with acetone
147
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.3 Machinery Properties of Oil Palm Wood
One of the significant characteristics of wood is the facility with which it can be machined andfabricated. Machining tests are carried out to determined the working qualities and character-istics of wood under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercialmanufacturing practice. Working quality of wood is performed by the presence of wood de-fects after machining process. These defects can be observed as raised grain, fuzzy grain, torngrain, chip mark, crushing, tear cut, scratching and surface roughness. Regarding the oil palmwood, Ho et al. [56] mentioned that lumber from oil palm trunk does not have good machiningproperties. It is slightly difficult to very difficult to work with, depending on the machiningprocess used and gives very rough machined surfaces. The rough surfaces are either due toraised vascular bundle fibres or tearing of the vascular bundles. This makes the finishing pro-cess very difficult. Further, Haslett [54] stated that the main defects of oil palm lumber afterdrying process are cupping, twisting, collapse, and checks (splits) between vascular bundlesand parenchymatous tissue.
Regarding the above machining conditions of oil palm wood, this study was conducted to im-prove its properties by applying the bioresin reinforcement techniques. The experiment runs toevaluate the quality of machining properties of oil palm wood through the observation of wooddefects on the surface specimen (surface defect) after machining process. It was carried outbased on visual investigation which is done by an expert who has good credibility and suffi-cient experiences in evaluating machinery properties of wood. Therefore, the evaluation wasconducted by a responsible expert from Bogor Agricultural University.
Machining quality of wood was expressed by the percentage of surface defects area of the woodspecimen. It was examined through the visual observation of the surface defect. The defect wascalculated by measuring the area of surface defect on the wood quantitatively through lengthby width of defects exist. Further, the area of defect was expressed in percent by comparingwith the area of the wood surface specimen. The tested specimen was then classified basedon the classification of machining quality of wood, as presented in Table 4.38. The testingswere conducted referring to ASTM Standard D 1666-90 [7], including cross cutting, planning,shaving, moulding and boring for untreated wood (UW) and treated wood with bioresin usingheat technique 150 seconds (WBH).
Tab. 4.38: Classification of machining quality of woodClass Percentage of Surface Defects (%)* Machining QualityI 0 - 20 very goodII 21 - 40 goodIII 41 - 60 fairIV 61 - 80 poorV 81 - 100 very poor*) It was calculated on the basic of the area of surface defects of wood after machining process.
According to this experiment, several wood defects has been observed on the oil palm wood,such as chipped grain, fuzzy grain and burl. The description of these defects was examined asthe following defect condition:
– Chipped grain, shallow dent on the surface of specimen due to the loose of a group offibres.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
– Fuzzy grain, the appearance of individual fibre on the surface of specimen due to lack offibre cut by the knife of cutting tool.
– Burl, a localized severe distortion of the grain.
The complete data of machinery properties of oil palm wood, both untreated and treated woodat various positions along the trunk after cross cutting, planning, shaving, moulding and boringare presented in Table 4.39, 4.40, 4.41, 4.42 and 4.43, respectively.
4.3.3.1 Cross Cutting
Cross cutting test is one of working process in order to determined the machining quality of oilpalm wood. This test was carried out under the condition of spindle speed 450 rpm, velocity 2m.min−1 with cutting width and thick of about 100 and 20 mm. According to the obtained datain Table 4.39 can be calculated that average values of UW and WBH at IZ, CZ and PZ wereabout 31.7 and 30.0%; 18 and 16.7%; 13.0 and 12.0%, respectively. Distribution of surfacedefects after cross cutting process at various wood zoning can be seen in Figure 4.74.
Tab. 4.39: Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at variouswood zoning for different height positions after cross cutting process
Percentage of surface defects of wood (%)Wood Repli- Untreated Wood Treated WoodZoning tion Trunk Height Trunk Height
1m 3m 5m 1m 3m 5m
Inner 1 50 25 30 30 35 302 30 25 40 30 30 353 25 20 40 25 25 30
Average 35,0 23,3 36,7 28,3 30,0 31,7Central 1 30 30 30 20 25 35
2 30 30 20 25 30 353 30 30 30 25 30 304 40 25 30 25 25 305 40 25 20 25 30 30
Average 22,0 16,0 16,0 15,0 17,0 18,0Peripheral 1 15 15 20 15 20 25
2 20 25 20 15 30 303 15 25 25 25 20 254 10 20 10 10 25 255 25 25 40 15 15 20
Average 10,0 14,0 15,0 10,0 12,0 14,0
It can be observed that the surface defects gradually decrease from inner to peripheral zonefor UW and WBH. It means that working quality of oil palm wood was increased from innerto peripheral zone. Generally, based on classification table, the machining quality in crosscutting was good (20.9%) for untreated wood and very good (19.5%) for treated wood whichis reinforced using bioresin. In other word, it can be stated that the bioresin reinforcementtechnique influenced positively in order to improve machining properties of oil palm wood.
149
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Sur
face
def
ect (
%)
Oil palm wood zoning
Cross cutting UWCross cutting WBH
Fig. 4.74: Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after cross cutting test at various woodzoning for untreated and treated wood
4.3.3.2 Planning
In order to investigate the planning test of oil palm wood, the experiment was carried out usingThicknezer Machine under condition of spindle speed 3000 rpm, velocity 2 m.min−1 withplaning thickness 2 mm. Based on data in Table 4.40, it can be calculated that the averagevalues of planning test of UW and WBH at IZ, CZ and PZ were about 48.3 and 40.6%; 28.7and 24.3%; 20.3 and 19.0%, respectively.
Referring to Table 4.40, working quality in planning test was increased from inner to peripheralzone for UW and WBH. Further, the treated wood was better than untreated wood, where thesurface defect decreased from 32.4 to 27.9%. Distribution of surface defects percentage ofoil palm wood can be seen in Figure 4.75. From the results finding in this test, it can beconcluded that machining quality of oil palm wood was ranging from fair at IZ to very good
at PZ. Bioresin treatment was influencing positively to reduce the percentage of surface defectsof oil palm wood in planning process, although the reduction still not really significant, but it isinitially good to improve the apply treatment.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Tab. 4.40: Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at variouswood zoning for different height positions after planning process
Percentage of surface defects of wood (%)Wood Repli- Untreated Wood Treated WoodZoning tion Trunk Height Trunk Height
1m 3m 5m 1m 3m 5m
Inner 1 50 50 50 40 40 452 25 50 60 40 35 403 50 40 60 40 35 50
Average 41,7 46,7 56,7 40,0 36,7 45,0Central 1 40 40 50 25 25 45
2 30 40 60 35 35 453 40 45 60 35 30 404 45 40 60 40 35 455 40 50 50 50 40 50
Average 25,0 27,0 34,0 25,0 21,0 27,0Peripheral 1 40 10 40 30 20 35
2 10 25 45 10 20 203 30 60 30 40 20 304 20 30 15 50 40 255 40 20 60 10 25 45
Average 18,0 22,0 21,0 20,0 17,0 20,0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Sur
face
def
ect (
%)
Oil palm wood zoning
Planning UWPlanning WBH
Fig. 4.75: Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after planning test at various woodzoning for untreated and treated wood
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.3.3 Shaving and Moulding
Shaving and moulding tests of oil palm wood were conducted using Shaper Machine under thecondition of spindle speed 5500 rpm, velocity 2 m.min−1 with grove with and thickness of 12and 10 mm, respectively. The groove and moulding were made parallel to grain. The results ofshaving and moulding test are presented in Table 4.41 and 4.42.
Shaving Test
According to the obtained results, shaving property of oil palm wood which was evaluated bythe quality of groove shape, it can be identified that this property was increase from inner toperipheral zone for both UW and WBH. The average value of UW and WBH at IZ, CZ and PZwere about 40.6 and 38.9%; 22.0 and 21.0%; 14.3 and 13.3%, respectively. The distribution ofthese values can be seen in Figure 4.76.
Tab. 4.41: Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at variouswood zoning for different height positions after shaving process
Percentage of surface defects of wood (%)Wood Repli- Untreated Wood Treated WoodZoning tion Trunk Height Trunk Height
1m 3m 5m 1m 3m 5m
Inner 1 40 40 50 30 40 502 30 40 50 30 40 453 25 40 50 30 35 50
Average 31,7 40,0 50,0 30,0 38,3 48,3Central 1 25 45 40 20 30 35
2 30 30 35 30 30 403 25 30 60 25 30 454 40 25 50 30 25 455 30 30 40 45 30 40
Average 19,0 17,0 30,0 20,0 17,0 26,0Peripheral 1 10 20 40 25 25 25
2 30 20 20 20 15 253 35 20 25 15 25 304 20 25 10 20 20 205 10 30 40 20 20 30
Average 13,0 15,0 15,0 11,0 13,0 16,0
Referring to classification table, working quality in shaving test at IZ for untreated wood wasclassified into Class III (fair, 40.6%) and increased after treating with bioresin to Class II (good,38.9%). Whilst, machining qualities for UW and WBH were Class II (good) and Class I (very
good) at both CZ and PZ. Surface defects of wood at CZ was one and half times greater than PZand two times smaller compare to IZ. Concerning to trunk height, this property was generallydecreased from bottom to the top of trunk.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Sur
face
def
ect (
%)
Oil palm wood zoning
Shaving UWShaving WBH
Fig. 4.76: Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after shaving test at various woodzoning for untreated and treated wood
Moulding Test
The moulding test result in Table 4.42 showed that the average values of UW and WBH at IZ,CZ and PZ were about 42.2 and 41.1%; 23.3 and 22.7%; 17.0 and 16.3%, respectively. Fromthese calculated values, it can be stated that the working quality of oil palm wood in mouldingtest was similar for UW and WBH, with surface defects of about 27.5% and 26.7%. but thisproperty was decreased from inner to peripheral zone (Figure 4.77). Based on classificationtable of machining quality, the oil palm wood at IZ, CZ and PZ were fair, good and very good,respectively.
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
Tab. 4.42: Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at variouswood zoning for different height positions after moulding process
Percentage of surface defects of wood (%)Wood Repli- Untreated Wood Treated WoodZoning tion Trunk Height Trunk Height
1m 3m 5m 1m 3m 5m
Inner 1 50 40 40 40 40 402 50 40 50 45 45 403 20 40 50 30 40 50
Average 40,0 40,0 46,7 38,3 41,7 43,3Central 1 20 40 40 25 25 35
2 20 40 40 30 30 453 30 30 40 25 25 404 40 30 50 35 30 455 50 40 40 45 35 60
Average 24,0 20,0 26,0 21,0 18,0 29,0Peripheral 1 50 35 30 20 20 30
2 20 25 20 30 20 353 25 25 20 30 35 304 20 45 20 30 20 255 10 50 40 20 35 20
Average 11,0 24,0 16,0 16,0 18,0 15,0
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Sur
face
def
ect (
%)
Oil palm wood zoning
Moulding UWMoulding WBH
Fig. 4.77: Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after moulding test at various woodzoning for untreated and treated wood
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Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
4.3.3.4 Boring
Making a hole on wood or boring process is one of an important and very often regarding woodworking activity or in term of wood uses as material. According to boring test result in Table4.43, the working quality of oil palm wood in boring test was varies from fair at inner to very
good for wood from peripheral zone. The average values of untreated and treated woods whichis calculated on the basic of its zone from central point to the outer part of trunk were about 47.8and 44.4%; 25.3 and 22.0%; 20.7 and 17.3%, respectively. Surface defects of wood at IZ wasalmost achieved 50% area. This is attributed to the fact that the number of vascular bundles inthis zone was fewer in comparison to the others zone. The distribution of surface defects afterboring process is presented in Figure 4.78.
Tab. 4.43: Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at variouswood zoning for different height positions after boring process
Percentage of surface defects of wood (%)Wood Repli- Untreated Wood Treated WoodZoning tion Trunk Height Trunk Height
1m 3m 5m 1m 3m 5m
Inner 1 50 45 60 25 45 602 35 40 60 45 50 503 30 50 60 45 50 30
Average 38,3 45,0 60,0 38,3 48,3 46,7Central 1 25 45 40 25 25 35
2 40 40 45 25 40 403 40 40 40 35 30 454 30 40 40 40 25 405 50 50 50 30 35 50
Average 24,0 26,0 26,0 21,0 18,0 27,0Peripheral 1 20 30 45 20 25 30
2 10 40 45 20 35 303 20 30 50 20 20 354 10 40 40 30 30 305 30 40 50 25 25 45
Average 12,0 22,0 28,0 15,0 15,0 22,0
155
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.3. Properties of Oil Palm Wood
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Inner Zone Central Zone Peripheral Zone
Sur
face
def
ect (
%)
Oil palm wood zoning
Boring UWBoring WBH
Fig. 4.78: Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after boring test at various woodzoning for untreated and treated wood
.
156
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
4.4 Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
As mentioned in the previous chapters, bioresin reinforcement was applied to improve the phys-ical, mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood. Bioresin which was derived frompine resin was used as filler and binding agent. This material was glassy solid, semi transpar-ent, and soluble in many organic solvents. It was brittle at room temperature (27 ◦C), but meltsat stove-top temperature with softening point starting at 75 ◦C. Preliminary study of bioresinreinforcement resulted that the proper condition of bioresin for treating the oil palm wood wasat temperature of about 180 ◦C, where the bioresin enables to penetrate into wood and return tosolid and thermoset stages until the room temperature was achieved. Furthermore, based on thebioresin feature that soluble in many organic solvents, the acetone was selected as solvent inthis study for conducting the chemical technique of bioresin reinforcement. According to theseconditions, therefore the bioresin reinforcement was applied to improve the wood features ofoil palm using both heat and chemical techniques.
In this section, the heat and chemical techniques of bioresin reinforcement were evaluated.It was defined by comparing the wood quality of oil palm between the untreated and treatedwoods. The wood quality was expressed through the several parameters of wood features,including physical, mechanical and machinery.
According to the obtained results, the density of oil palm wood after treated with bioresin bothheat and chemical techniques was generally increased more than 70%, as shown in Table 4.44and 4.45, respectively. From this experiment, it can be observed that an increasing of bioresinretention was resulted an increasing in wood density. It is logically accepted to the fact that thebioresin penetrated through the intercellular cavities of oil palm wood, as shown in Figure 4.79.
Tab. 4.44: The improvement of density of oil palm wood after treating with bioresin using heattechnique and retention of bioresin
Sample Density UW Density B150 Ivρ Retention B150 Density B300 Ivρ Retention B300Code (g/cm3) (g/cm3) (%) (%) (g/cm3) (%) (%)
IZ-1 0.180 0.285 58.56 22.451 0.318 76.85 22.657IZ-3 0.182 0.324 77.68 34.113 0.305 67.36 24.469IZ-5 0.191 0.298 56.55 31.699 0.300 57.64 39.777IZ-7 0.186 0.256 37.27 24.345 0.283 51.55 41.326IZ-9 0.158 0.300 89.26 39.589 0.345 117.88 36.644
0.180 0.293 63.01 30.439 0.310 72.82 32.975CZ-1 0.225 0.558 147.71 10.446 0.536 137.87 10.211CZ-3 0.196 0.410 109.24 16.052 0.422 115.73 13.881CZ-5 0.213 0.404 90.02 14.969 0.373 75.65 16.242CZ-7 0.208 0.372 78.73 34.120 0.352 69.01 24.766CZ-9 0.167 0.333 99.92 34.132 0.360 116.19 29.776
0.202 0.415 105.95 21.944 0.409 102.66 18.975PZ-1 0.430 0.709 64.69 5.414 0.626 45.45 8.448PZ-3 0.420 0.495 17.91 8.102 0.450 7.25 9.882PZ-5 0.372 0.606 63.06 6.204 0.653 75.68 5.379PZ-7 0.375 0.570 52.04 5.237 0.497 32.79 8.260PZ-9 0.381 0.586 53.76 5.553 0.524 37.60 8.044
0.396 0.593 49.96 6.102 0.550 39.12 8.003Density increase after treatment (%) 72.97 71.53
Notes:- UW=untreated wood; WBH: wood treated with bioresin using heat technique- B150=wood treated with bioresin for 150 seconds; B300=wood treated with bioresin for 300 seconds- Ivρ is improvement value of density after treatment (%)- Replication for UW specimen is 10 and for WBH specimen is 5- Data is extracted from Table D.7, D.8, D.9, F.2, F.3, F.4, F.5, F.6 and F.7
157
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
Tab.
4.45
:The
impr
ovem
ento
fden
sity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
afte
rtre
atin
gw
ithbi
ores
inus
ing
chem
ical
tech
niqu
e(W
BA
)Sa
mpl
eD
ensi
tyof
oilp
alm
woo
dC
ode
UW
T1K
1I v
ρT
1K2
I vρ
T2K
1I v
ρT
2K2
I vρ
(g/c
m3)
(g/c
m3)
(%)
(g/c
m3)
(%)
(g/c
m3)
(%)
(g/c
m3)
(%)
IZ-3
0.18
20.
286
57.0
10.
285
56.0
30.
263
44.3
40.
380
108.
05IZ
-50.
191
0.28
147
.31
0.29
354
.00
0.31
062
.90
0.36
893
.04
IZ-7
0.18
60.
289
54.9
60.
289
55.1
70.
325
74.4
90.
358
91.8
90.
180
0.28
553
.10
0.28
955
.07
0.30
060
.58
0.36
897
.66
CZ
-30.
196
0.56
118
6.79
0.45
713
3.68
0.39
410
1.52
0.50
615
8.67
CZ
-50.
213
0.40
690
.99
0.38
982
.87
0.40
489
.93
0.47
112
1.68
CZ
-70.
208
0.32
254
.71
0.33
962
.84
0.35
469
.83
0.39
388
.70
0.20
20.
430
110.
830.
395
93.1
30.
384
87.0
90.
457
123.
02PZ
-30.
420
0.62
047
.80
0.58
138
.46
0.64
653
.98
0.75
279
.31
PZ-5
0.37
20.
570
53.1
70.
544
46.2
00.
684
83.7
70.
591
58.8
4PZ
-70.
375
0.66
978
.49
0.52
740
.63
0.53
542
.95
0.73
395
.74
0.39
60.
619
59.8
20.
550
41.7
60.
622
60.2
30.
692
77.9
7D
ensi
tyin
crea
seaf
tert
reat
men
t(%
)74
.58
63.3
269
.30
99.5
5N
otes
:
-UW
=unt
reat
edw
ood;
WB
A:w
ood
trea
ted
with
bior
esin
usin
gch
emic
alte
chni
que
-Che
mic
alte
chni
que
cond
ition
:T1
=im
preg
natio
nfo
r24
hour
s;T
2=
impr
egna
tion
for4
8ho
urs;
-Bio
resi
nco
ncen
trat
ion
solu
ble
inac
eton
e:K
1=
10%
;K2
=20
%
-Ivρ
isim
prov
emen
tval
ueof
dens
ityaf
tert
reat
men
t(%
)
-Rep
licat
ion
forU
Wsp
ecim
enis
10an
dfo
rWB
Asp
ecim
enis
3
-Dat
ais
extr
acte
dfr
omTa
ble
D.7
,D.8
,D.9
,F.8
,F.9
,F.1
0,F.
11
158
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
Bioresin
Fig. 4.79: Scanning electron microscopy of bioresin in wood which penetrated through the in-tercellular cavities. (photo by E. Bäucker, 2007)
The average density of treated oil palm woods by applying heat technique for 150 secondsimpregnation time at IZ, CZ and PZ were about 0.29, 0.41 and 0.59 g/cm3, respectively. Incomparison with the untreated wood, the density was increasing of about 63% at IZ, 106% atCZ and 50% at PZ with bioresin retention of about 30, 22 and 6%, respectively. Although thehighest retention was achieved at inner zone, but the increasing density was lower comparedto central zone. This was logically accepted due to the higher number of vascular bundles atcentral zone compared to inner zone.
The above mentioned condition was similarly occur both in the treated woods using heat tech-nique for 300 seconds and using chemical technique for all conditions of treatment. It can bestated that an increasing in density at central zone was higher than the others zones and concern-ing to the bioresin retention, it was increased toward the central point of the trunk. Based onthe obtained results of wood density improvement, the bioresin reinforcement using heat tech-nique for 150 seconds was more efficient compared to 300 seconds impregnation time. Further,in comparison with chemical technique, the density improvement of oil palm wood using heattechnique was quiet similar. The percentage of density improvement using heat and chemicaltechniques were about 72.25 and 76.69%, respectively. According to this result and consider tothe use of chemical substances, the heat technique is a considerably better alternative in orderto apply bioresin reinforcement.
The evaluation of bioresin reinforcement based on the mechanical testing results was gatheredand summarized from the obtained results which already discussed in Section 4.3.2. The sum-mary of mechanical properties of oil palm wood for the untreated wood (UW), the treated woodwith bioresin using heat (WBH) and chemical (WBA) techniques is presented in Table 4.46.
159
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
Tab.
4.46
:Sum
mar
yof
mec
hani
calp
rope
rtie
sfo
rthe
untr
eate
dw
ood
and
the
trea
ted
woo
dof
oilp
alm
Bio
resi
nR
einf
orce
men
tTec
hniq
ueM
echa
nica
lU
WW
BH
Prop
ertie
sIZ
CZ
PZIZ
CZ
PZT
1T
2T
1T
2T
1T
2
MO
E(k
g/cm
2)
1065
0.17
9626
296.
9775
5591
3.28
6113
149.
8270
1552
5.77
0035
311.
7430
3527
6.96
3073
253.
8500
6499
3.60
50M
OR
(kg/cm
2)
84.2
850
188.
5297
417.
0360
101.
2770
117.
0970
233.
7740
244.
6360
490.
4570
474.
1760
Shea
r‖(k
g/cm
2)
14.0
864
14.3
173
24.7
201
17.5
873
16.8
927
19.2
336
18.6
738
27.1
881
22.0
381
Har
dnes
s(k
g/cm
2)
81.3
800
109.
9200
220.
3200
86.7
000
87.8
600
124.
6200
129.
1200
226.
0400
209.
9800
Com
pres
sion
‖(kg/cm
2)
--
196.
6277
--
--
258.
0210
257.
4723
Tens
ion‖(
kg/cm
2)
--
283.
8345
--
--
314.
7738
256.
3149
Tens
ion⊥
(kg/cm
2)
--
3.55
74-
--
-5.
3154
4.04
12C
leav
age
(kg/cm
2)
--
1.70
97-
--
-2.
2386
1.91
24N
ailW
ithdr
awal
(kg
)-
-34
.495
5-
--
-30
.701
428
.467
5
WB
AIZ
CZ
PZT
1K1
T1K
2T
2K1
T2K
2T
1K1
T1K
2T
2K1
T2K
2T
1K1
T1K
2T
2K1
T2K
2
MO
E(k
g/cm
2)
1314
1.96
7512
606.
6963
9739
.112
513
927.
4946
3221
4.44
1022
413.
9860
2130
6.01
9529
232.
6131
6154
4.42
7955
930.
5979
4891
9.42
0365
968.
4467
MO
R(k
g/cm
2)
109.
4462
103.
8506
84.1
206
117.
1744
195.
7058
166.
8575
169.
8400
200.
2320
498.
6049
414.
9370
361.
2954
522.
4899
Shea
r‖(k
g/cm
2)
15.7
245
15.3
191
14.4
246
13.8
685
14.4
621
15.5
081
14.9
304
13.0
178
26.7
794
27.5
798
28.2
258
27.3
883
Har
dnes
s(k
g/cm
2)
96.0
000
89.9
400
90.2
200
99.2
200
123.
5000
117.
6700
112.
2200
130.
2800
244.
6700
251.
7200
250.
2200
290.
1100
Com
pres
sion
‖(kg/cm
2)
--
--
--
--
245.
7895
230.
1738
159.
3984
200.
1329
Tens
ion‖(
kg/cm
2)
--
--
--
--
654.
0291
661.
5649
704.
5484
487.
7358
Tens
ion⊥
(kg/cm
2)
--
--
--
--
4.91
213.
6443
4.88
127.
1680
Cle
avag
e(k
g/cm
2)
--
--
--
--
2.53
882.
0967
2.49
152.
0872
Nai
lWith
draw
al(k
g)
--
--
--
--
28.8
272
43.7
062
43.1
844
33.2
451
Not
es:
-UW
:unt
reat
edw
ood;
WB
H:w
ood
trea
ted
with
bior
esin
usin
ghe
atte
chni
que;
-WB
A:w
ood
trea
ted
with
bior
esin
usin
gch
emic
alte
chni
que;
-Woo
dzo
ning
:IZ
=in
nerz
one;
CZ
=ce
ntra
lzon
e;PZ
=pe
riph
eral
zone
-Im
preg
natio
ntim
efo
rWB
H:T
1=
150
seco
nds;
T2
=30
0se
cond
s-I
mpr
egna
tion
time
forW
BA
:T1
=24
hour
s;T
2=
48ho
urs;
-Bio
resi
nco
ncen
trat
ion
solu
ble
inac
eton
e:K
1=
10%
;K2
=20
%
160
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
According to the results in Table 4.46, bioresin reinforcement generally increases the mechan-ical properties of oil palm wood, both treated using heat and chemical techniques. Further, todefine the changing of wood strength after treatment, it was defined by calculating the improve-ment value of mechanical properties, which is expressed in percent using the following formula:
Ivm =
(TW − UW
UW
)x 100 (4.9)
where, Ivm is percentage of improvement of the mechanical properties of wood after treatingwith bioresin using heat or chemical technique in percent; TW is treated wood (WBH or WBA);and UW is untreated wood.
By applying the equation 4.9, the percentage of mechanical properties improvement of oil palmwood is presented in Table 4.47. According to this table, most of the tested specimens increasetheir strength properties after impregnating with bioresin. It is attributed that the applied tech-niques was affecting positively in order to improve the mechanical properties of oil palm wood.Furthermore, to determine the proper technique of bioresin reinforcement, it is necessary todefine the improvement value (Iv) in consideration to the statistical analysis results, thereforethe bioresin reinforcement value (Ebr) was defined and concluded on the basic of improvementvalue in Table 4.47 and the obtained statistical results which already discussed in Section 4.3.2.The Ebr value was ranging from −1 to 1, where −1, if the mechanical properties were signif-icantly different and lower than UW; 0 if insignificant or equal to UW; and 1 if significantlydifferent in mechanical properties in comparison to UW. Further, the factor value of bioresin re-inforcement which is affecting the wood quality was defined and calculated as the mean value ofEbr. Due to each factor has different influence in affecting the mechanical properties of wood,therefore the factor value of bioresin reinforcement or fbr was also defined. These analysis andcalculation are presented in Table 4.48.
Generally, the experimental test for mechanical properties of oil palm wood based on severalfactors which affecting to the quality of tested wood such as wood zoning, trunk height, impreg-nation time and bioresin concentration through the statistical analysis investigation resulted thatthe proper technique of bioresin reinforcement was using heat than chemical (acetone). Theoptimum condition of process using heat technique was achieved at impregnation time for 150seconds at temperature of 180 ◦C with the fbr value of about 0.73. It means that by applyingheat technique and its condition, the mechanical properties of oil palm wood increase signifi-cantly in comparison to the untreated wood, both technically and statistically. Technically, theheat technique resulted a higher wood strength of oil palm and more simple process in com-parison to the chemical technique using acetone as organic solvent. Statistically, according tothe obtained results, the tested specimens resulted a significantly different of mechanical prop-erties than the untreated wood. In case the use of chemical technique, the optimum conditionof bioresin reinforcement was achieved at 24 hours impregnation time (fbr=0.24) with 10%bioresin concentration in acetone solvent (fbr=0.17).
The obtained results from the machinery properties tests including cross cutting, planning, shav-ing and moulding and boring for the treated wood with bioresin using the heat technique resulteda higher performances in comparison to the untreated wood of oil palm.
In addition, the treated wood of oil palm wood was visually more compact compared to theuntreated wood. The wood surface quality was also better and almost no fuzzy grain was ob-served after finishing process of the treated specimens, unlike the untreated wood, this wood
161
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
defect commonly exists. It was attributed to the fact that the bioresin penetrated into the woodthrough the intercellular cells and this material immediately harden after impregnation process,furthermore, the thermosetting condition between wood components and bioresin was achieved.
162
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
Tab.
4.47
:The
perc
enta
geof
mec
hani
cal
prop
ertie
sim
prov
emen
tI v
maf
ter
trea
ting
the
oil
palm
woo
dw
ithbi
ores
inus
ing
heat
(WB
H)
and
chem
ical
(WB
A)t
echn
ique
sin
com
pari
son
with
the
untr
eate
dw
ood
(UW
)M
echa
nica
lU
Wvs
WB
H(%
)U
Wvs
WB
A(%
)Pr
oper
ties
IZC
ZPZ
IZW
BH
T1
WB
HT
2W
BH
T1
WB
HT
2W
BH
T1
WB
HT
2W
BA
T1K
1W
BA
T1K
2W
BA
T2K
1W
BA
T2K
2
MO
E23
.47
45.7
834
.28
34.1
531
.01
16.2
423
.40
18.3
7-8
.55
30.7
7M
OR
20.1
638
.93
24.0
029
.76
17.6
113
.70
29.8
523
.21
-0.2
039
.02
Shea
r‖24
.85
19.9
234
.34
30.4
39.
98-1
0.85
11.6
38.
752.
40-1
.55
Har
dnes
s6.
547.
9613
.37
17.4
72.
60-4
.69
17.9
710
.52
10.8
621
.92
Com
pres
sion
‖-
--
-31
.22
30.9
4-
--
-Te
nsio
n‖
--
--
10.9
0-9
.70
--
--
Tens
ion⊥
--
--
49.4
213
.60
--
--
Cle
avag
e-
--
-30
.94
11.8
6-
--
-N
ailW
ithdr
awal
--
--
-11.
00-1
7.47
--
--
Mec
hani
cal
UW
vsW
BA
(%)
Prop
ertie
sC
ZPZ
WB
AT
1K1
WB
AT
1K2
WB
AT
2K1
WB
AT
2K2
WB
AT
1K1
WB
AT
1K2
WB
AT
2K1
WB
AT
2K2
MO
E22
.50
-14.
77-1
8.98
11.1
610
.07
0.03
-12.
5117
.98
MO
R3.
81-1
1.50
-9.9
16.
2119
.56
-0.5
0-1
3.37
25.2
9Sh
ear‖
1.01
8.32
4.28
-9.0
88.
3311
.57
14.1
810
.79
Har
dnes
s12
.35
7.05
2.09
18.5
211
.05
14.2
513
.57
31.6
8C
ompr
essi
on‖
--
--
25.0
017
.06
-18.
931.
78Te
nsio
n‖
--
--
130.
4313
3.08
148.
2371
.84
Tens
ion⊥
--
--
38.0
82.
4437
.21
101.
49C
leav
age
--
--
48.5
022
.64
45.7
322
.08
Nai
lWith
draw
al-
--
--1
6.43
26.7
025
.19
-3.6
2N
otes
:-U
W:u
ntre
ated
woo
d;W
BH
:woo
dtr
eate
dw
ithbi
ores
inus
ing
heat
tech
niqu
e;-W
BA
:woo
dtr
eate
dw
ithbi
ores
inus
ing
chem
ical
tech
niqu
e;-W
ood
zoni
ng:I
Z=
inne
rzon
e;C
Z=
cent
ralz
one;
PZ=
peri
pher
alzo
ne-I
mpr
egna
tion
time
forW
BH
:T1
=15
0se
cond
s;T
2=
300
seco
nds
-Im
preg
natio
ntim
efo
rWB
A:T
1=
24ho
urs;
T2
=48
hour
s;-B
iore
sin
conc
entr
atio
nso
lubl
ein
acet
one:
K1
=10
%;K
2=
20%
163
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.4. Evaluation of Bioresin Reinforcement Techniques
Tab.
4.48
:Bio
resi
nre
info
rcem
entt
echn
ique
eval
uatio
nba
sed
onth
eim
prov
emen
tof
mec
hani
cal
prop
ertie
sth
roug
hth
est
atis
tical
anal
ysis
inco
mpa
riso
nw
ithth
eun
trea
ted
woo
dof
oilp
alm
Bio
resi
nR
einf
orce
men
tTec
hniq
ues
Mec
hani
cal
WB
HW
BA
Prop
ertie
sIZ
CZ
PZIZ
CZ
PZT
1T
2T
1T
2T
1T
2T
1T
2K
1K
2T
1T
2K
1K
2T
1T
2K
1K
2
MO
E1
11
11
10
-10
01
1∼
11∼
0-1
0-1
MO
R1
11
11
1∼
00
00
00
00
0-1
-1-1
Shea
rPar
alle
l1
11
10
-1-1
-1-1
-10
00
00
00
0H
ardn
ess
00
11
0-1
11
11
11
11
00
00
Com
pres
sion
Para
llel
--
--
11
--
--
--
--
1-1
00
Tens
ion
Para
llel
--
--
0-1
--
--
--
--
11
11
Tens
ion
Perp
endi
cula
r-
--
-1
1∼
--
--
--
--
01
00
Cle
avag
e-
--
-1
1∼
--
--
--
--
11
10
Nai
lWith
draw
al-
--
--1
-1-
--
--
--
--1
0-1
0SU
M3
34
44
1∼
0-1
00
22∼
22∼
20
0-1
Ave
rage
valu
e0.
750.
751.
001.
000.
440.1
1∼
0.00
-0.2
50.
000.
000.
500.5
∼0.
500.5
∼0.
220.
000.
00-0
.11
Sum
mar
yTe
chni
que
Hea
tC
hem
ical
Fact
orT
1T
2T
1T
2K
1K
2
fbr
valu
e0.
730.
620.
240.
080.
170.
13N
otes
:-U
W:u
ntre
ated
woo
d;W
BH
:woo
dtr
eate
dw
ithbi
ores
inus
ing
heat
tech
niqu
e;-W
BA
:woo
dtr
eate
dw
ithbi
ores
inus
ing
chem
ical
tech
niqu
e;-W
ood
zoni
ng:I
Z=
inne
rzon
e;C
Z=
cent
ralz
one;
PZ=
peri
pher
alzo
ne-I
mpr
egna
tion
time
forW
BH
:T1
=15
0se
cond
s;T
2=
300
seco
nds
-Im
preg
natio
ntim
efo
rWB
A:T
1=
24ho
urs;
T2
=48
hour
s;-B
iore
sin
conc
entr
atio
nso
lubl
ein
acet
one:
K1
=10
%;K
2=
20%
-Bio
resi
nre
info
rcem
entv
alue
base
don
stat
istic
alan
alys
is(E
br
)is
rang
ing
from
-1to
1(∼
=alm
oste
qual
toU
W),
whe
re−1
=si
gnifi
cant
lydi
ffer
entb
utlo
wer
than
UW
;0=
insi
gnifi
cant
lydi
ffer
ent;
and
1=
sign
ifica
ntly
diff
eren
tin
com
pari
son
toU
W-f
br
=fa
ctor
valu
eof
bior
esin
rein
forc
emen
twhi
chaf
fect
ing
the
qual
ityof
woo
d,th
eva
lue
rang
ing
from
-1to
1
164
Chapter 4. Results and Discussion 4.5. Proving Hypothesis and Research Outlook
4.5 Proving Hypothesis and Research Outlook
4.5.1 Proving Hypothesis
Based on the proposed research hypotheses which mentioned in Section 1.4, two hypothesists(concerning to experimental factors and bioresin reinforcement) were proven and summarizedby referring and evaluating from the obtained results in Chapter 4. Thereby the mathematicalanalysis and the various statistical analysis which included homogeneity test, Levene’s test ofequality, test of between subjects effect, analysis of variance, regression analysis, and severalpost-hoc test, e.g. least significant different, Duncan’s test and Thamhane’s test were used toexamine and analysis the obtained data from field and laboratory.
According to the statistical analysis results of the experimental factors those affecting the phys-ical, mechanical and machinery properties of oil palm wood, the wood zoning factor has verysignificant effect to the wood properties of oil palm at probability level 0.05. Therefore, it isrecommended to use the oil palm wood separately based on wood zoning (inner, central andperipheral zone). It was further observed that the trunk height factor had also significant effectfor the most tested wood properties. Hence, this factor has to be taken into consideration. Basedon this information, the wood zoning and trunk height variations were the important factors inaffecting the wood properties of oil palm or the null hypothesis was therefore rejected.
Regarding to the bioresin reinforcement, the obtained statistical analysis and in combinationwith the mathematical analysis showed that the physical, mechanical and machinery propertiesof oil palm wood can be improved by applying the bioresin reinforcement, particularly usingheat technique as well as chemical technique. Referring to this information, the bioresin rein-forcement was able to improve the wood properties of oil palm, therefore the null hypothesiswas therefore rejected.
4.5.2 Research Outlook
Due to the high availability of the oil palm wood, this material potentially good for substitutingthe wood from forest by improving its wood quality which naturally has several disadvantages,such as susceptible to fungal attack, high variability in physical properties along the trunk heightand depth as well as mechanical and machinery properties. But, this wood also has manyadvantages, beside the large amount available throughout the year, oil palm wood has relativelystraight-trunk and without branching, and also good accessibility for harvesting operation.
Referring to the findings in this study which eliminated the above mentioned disadvantages ofoil palm wood, the treated wood of oil palm using bioresin has significantly different in woodproperties in comparison with the untreated wood. It was very compact in formation and morehomogeny in properties. Therefore, the oil palm wood has a very good prospect for furniture,panel based products and the structural material purposes as well.
165
5 Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions
The overall objectives of this research was concentrated on the experimental investigations ofthe wood anatomical structures, the wood zoning determination and the bioresin reinforcementof oil palm wood. The wood material is taken from 27 years old oil palm tress belongs to speciesElaeis guineensis Jacq, variety of DxP.
Valuable scientific knowledge of the anatomy of oil palm wood was gathered through the mi-croscopic and macroscopic investigations using both light microscopy and scanning electronmicroscopy. The wood zoning at transverse section of oil palm trunk was defined and examinedthrough the field and laboratory investigations, follow by mathematical and statistical analysis.This was carried out due to very heterogenic of wood properties both along the trunk height anddepth of oil palm, therefore, the aim of this experiment was to improve the homogeneity of theproduced oil palm lumbers. Whilst, the bioresin reinforcement both using heat and chemicaltechniques was conducted to improve the physical, mechanical and machinery properties of oilpalm wood based on the several factors those affecting wood quality, e.g. wood zoning, trunkheight, impregnation time and bioresin concentration.
On the basic of the above mentioned experimental investigations, the obtained research resultswere summarized and concluded as follow:
5.1.1 Anatomical Characteristics of Oil Palm Wood
According to the visual observation, the trunk shape of oil palm at transverse section is nor-mally circular and two parts might be distinguished, e.g. main part of the trunk and cortex andbark. The main part of the trunk can be divided into three wood zoning, i.e. inner, central andperipheral zone. The quantitatively investigation about wood zoning is also investigated, as de-scribed in Section 4.2. Cortex consists of fibrous material and ground parenchymatous tissue.The cortex wide was approx. 25 mm ranging from 15 to 31. Three different wood surfaces canbe observed from a piece of oil palm wood, such as cross surface, tangential surface and radialsurface. At transverse section of the trunk, no pith was observed, and the main part of the trunkwas commonly darker colour in peripheral part than that the inner part. In green condition, theoil palm wood colour was yellowish and brownish in dry condition.
Based on microscopic investigation, the wood structure of oil palm was arranged in the differ-ent structure in comparison with common wood, where fibre and vessel components arrange inform of the vascular bundles system. This vascular bundle was surrounded by parenchymatousground tissues, therefore this wood material is not comparable to the wood which produced fromboth dicotyledons and gymnosperms species which is normally developed from the secondaryxylem. This findings is in agreement with Parthasarathy and Klotz [82], who investigated theanatomical aspects of some monocotyledons species. The vascular bundles direction at pe-ripheral zone were toward the central point, whilst at central and inner zones were in random
167
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1. Conclusions
direction. One or two large vessels were distinguished in peripheral zone and two or three ves-sels in central and inner zone. These large vessels were predicted as main component whichresponsible for transporting the nutrient. The number of vascular bundles toward the centralpoint was decreased significantly. Therefore, refer to this findings, it is necessary to use the oilpalm wood separately based on the trunk depth.
From scanning electron microscopy, the fibre structure in vascular bundle system was arrangedsimilarly to the common wood, which attached each others in very compact formation. The fibrecomposes lumen, cell walls, and pits. The fibres have closed end, mostly pointed with the fibrelength of about 2 mm, ranging from 1.9 to 2.1 mm. The lumen diameter and wall thicknesswere about 12.5 μm and 6.8 μm, respectively. Several types of fibre-form at transverse sectionwere also observed, e.g. spherical, triangular and rectangular forms. The companion cells werealso identified as well as the existence of pits on cell wall. The fibre-wall layers at transversesectional view were distinguishable as primary and secondary layers. The intercellular layer,like mortar cement brick between walls which namely middle lamella was also found.
From isolated metaxylem tracheary element, the simple perforation plates occupy the nearlytransverse end walls. The cell wall in this element was net-like form with the end walls closelyspaced bars on very oblique end walls.
Parenchyma cells of oil palm wood were mostly in the form of spherical cell with the thin-walled and brick-like in formation, but in narrow space or area between one vascular bun-dle to the others, this cell was commonly as elongated cell and oval-cell shapes. Physically,parenchyma cell was like spongy, moist in green condition, very lightweight and easily to sep-arate one cell to the others and it was very hygroscopic, where easy to evaporate when temper-ature is rising and also easily to absorb the moist in high humidity condition. This behaviouranswered why the moisture content of dried-wood of oil palm still unstable.
5.1.2 Wood Zoning Determination
The wood zoning of oil palm trunk was determined due to great variation of oil palm woodproperties, such as density, moisture, and mechanical properties along the trunk height anddepth. This condition caused many difficulties in wood working processes. Therefore, the aimof this experiment was to improve the homogeneity of lumber produced from oil palm trunkwhich later uses for manufacturing the wood specimens. This wood zoning was defined on thebasic of vascular bundles distribution and population over the transverse section. The populationwas defined by calculating the number of vascular bundles per certain unit area. The vascularbundles were counted manually, whilst the recorded data was calculated and analyzed throughthe mathematical and statistical analysis.
According to the obtained results, it can be stated that the distribution of vascular bundles wasincreased from central point of the trunk toward the bark. Three different wood zoning were de-fined, i.e. inner zone (IZ), central zone (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ). The average populationof vascular bundles at inner, central and peripheral zone were approx. 26; 46 and 97 vb/cm2,respectively. Furthermore, by transforming the population of vascular bundles into their posi-tions, it can be stated that the position of inner, central and peripheral zone at the transversesection was approx. 39 mm ranging from 27 to 49 mm; 131 mm ranging from 115 to 137 mmand 166 mm ranging from 151 to 172 mm from the central point of the trunk, respectively.
168
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1. Conclusions
5.1.3 Physical Properties
Three physical properties of oil palm wood were investigated in this study, including moisturecontent (MC), density and volumetric shrinkage. The moisture content of oil palm wood ingreen condition can be reached more than 500% with the average of about 304%, ranging from123 to 531%. Due to the trunk height and wood zoning factors, the moisture content wasgradually decreased from the bottom to the top of the trunk and it decreased from central pointtoward the outer part of the trunk, respectively. This wood property at inner zone was highercompared to MC at central and peripheral zone. The average MC at inner zone was one and halftimes greater than peripheral zone, whilst the range of MC at central zone was almost coveringthe other two zones, ranging from 185 to 531%.
The density of oil palm wood at inner and central zone were about 0.18 g/cm3, ranging from0.16 to 0.19, and 0.20 g/cm3, ranging from 0.17 to 0.23, respectively. Whilst, the density atperipheral zone was higher compared to the other two zones. It was about 0.40 g/cm3, rangingfrom 0.37 to 0.43. According to the statistical analysis, it can be stated that the oil palm wooddensity at transverse section was gradually increased from inner to peripheral zone, but it wasslightly decreased from the bottom to the top of the trunk. The influence of wood zoning factorto the wood density of oil palm was higher than the trunk height factor. Due to the utilizationof oil palm wood, it is necessary to use this material separately based on their wood zoning.
The volumetric shrinkage of oil palm wood was gradually decreased from the bottom to thetop of the trunk and it varies between 10.3% and 22.8%. Looking at transverse section, theshrinkage of oil palm wood in central zone was higher compared to inner and peripheral zones.The shrinkage in central zone was about 19.6% ranging from 13 to 23%, whilst the shrinkagevalue in inner and peripheral zone were about 16.7% (range 11 to 20%) and 16.8% (range 10 to23%), respectively.
5.1.4 Mechanical Properties
Several mechanical properties of oil palm wood with and without bioresin reinforcement wereinvestigated on the basic of wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and bioresin concen-tration factors. Static bending strength (modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture), shearstrength parallel to grain, hardness strength, compression strength parallel to grain, tension par-allel and perpendicular to grain, cleavage strength and nail withdrawal resistance were testedreferring to the ASTM Standard.
According to the obtained experimental results and statistical analysis, it can be stated that theoil palm wood treated with bioresin using heat technique resulted a higher mechanical strengthin comparison to the untreated wood and the treated wood using chemical technique. Further,wood zoning factor at transverse section was very important factor in affecting the mechanicalproperties of oil palm wood. It is selected as the primary factor in order to utilize the oil palmwood, because most of statistical analysis for all mechanical testings were significantly differentcompared to the untreated wood. In addition, the visual investigation also performed that thistreated wood has a better wood surface and more compact. Therefore, it can be concluded thatto use the oil palm wood, it is necessarily to separate this wood into inner (IZ), central (CZ)and peripheral zone (PZ). The next factor that must be taken into consideration is trunk height.This factor also resulted a significantly effect for most of mechanical testings. Generally, it isnecessary to use the oil palm trunk separately between up to 5 m and more than 5 m height.
169
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1. Conclusions
Concerning to the bioresin reinforcement process, the optimum impregnation time is achievedin 150 seconds.
5.1.5 Machinery Properties
Machining tests are carried out to determined the working qualities and characteristics of woodunder a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturingpractice. Working quality of wood is performed by the presence of wood defects after machin-ing process. Further, machining quality of wood was expressed by the percentage of surfacedefects area of the wood specimen. It was examined through the visual observation of the sur-face defect. The testings were conducted referring to ASTM Standard D 1666-90 [7], includingcross cutting, planning, shaving, moulding and boring for untreated wood (UW) and treatedwood with bioresin using heat technique 150 seconds (WBH).
Several wood defects has been observed on the oil palm wood, such as chipped grain, fuzzygrain and burl. Generally, the machining quality of the untreated wood of oil palm was increasedfrom poor or fair quality to good or very good quality after treating with bioresin using heattechnique. It is attributed to the fact that bioresin reinforcement was influencing positively toreduce the percentage of surface defects.
5.1.6 Bioresin Reinforcement
Bioresin reinforcement was applied to improve the physical, mechanical and machinery proper-ties of oil palm wood. This was done using the bioresin which was derived from pine resin. Thismaterial was glassy solid, semi transparent, and soluble in many organic solvent. It was brittleat room temperature (27 ◦C), but melts at stove-top temperature with softening point startingat 75 ◦C. The proper condition of bioresin for treating the oil palm wood was at temperatureof about 180 ◦C, where the bioresin enables to penetrate into wood through the intercellularcavities and back into solid and thermoset stages until the room temperature was achieved.Furthermore, based on the bioresin feature that soluble in many organic solvent, the acetonewas selected as solvent in this study for conducting the chemical technique of bioresin rein-forcement. According to these conditions, therefore the bioresin reinforcement was applied andinvestigated in order to improve the wood features of oil palm using both heat and chemicaltechniques. Two experimental conditions of heat technique (150 and 300 seconds impregnationtime) and four experimental conditions of chemical techniques (24 and 48 hours impregnationtime; 10 and 20% bioresin concentration) were investigated in this study.
The experimental test for wood properties of oil palm based on several factors which affecting tothe quality of tested wood such as wood zoning, trunk height, impregnation time and bioresinconcentration through the statistical analysis investigation resulted that the proper techniqueof bioresin reinforcement was using heat than chemical (acetone). The optimum condition ofprocess using heat technique was achieved at impregnation time for 150 seconds at temperatureof 180 ◦C with the fbr value of about 0.73. By applying the heat technique and its condition, thewood properties of oil palm wood increase significantly in comparison to the untreated wood,both technically and statistically.
Generally, the density of oil palm wood after treated with bioresin both heat and chemical tech-niques was generally increased more than 70%. An increasing of bioresin retention was resulted
170
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.2. Recommendations
an increasing in wood density. The bioresin penetrated through the intercellular cavities of oilpalm wood. Most of the mechanical properties of oil palm wood also increases significantly af-ter treating with the bioresin using heat technique through the above mentioned condition of theprocess. The machinery properties tests including cross cutting, planning, shaving and mould-ing and boring for the treated wood with bioresin using the heat technique resulted a higherperformances in comparison to the untreated wood of oil palm. The treated wood of oil palmwas visually more compact compared to the untreated wood. The wood surface quality wasalso better and almost no fuzzy grain after finishing process, unlike the untreated wood whichcommonly exists.
5.2 Recommendations
Based on the analysis of the results and discussions obtained in this research, the followingrecommendations have been proposed by the author to help in:
– Improving the technology of oil palm wood processing and utilization.
– Developing the technology of bioresin reinforcement of oil palm wood, particularly toincrease the penetration of bioresin using vacuum and high pressure condition and explorethe proper organic or anorganic solvents.
5.2.1 Recommendations for improving the oil palm wood processing and utilization
In order to improve the oil palm wood processing and utilization, at least two important factorsshould be taken into consideration, i.e. wood zoning and trunk height. Wood zoning is veryimportant factor in order to reduce the heterogeneity of wood properties toward the centralpoint of the trunk. Whilst, by considering to the trunk height, the variation of wood propertiesalong the trunk could be minimized. Therefore, according to the findings in this study, it isrecommended to use the oil palm wood separately based on the wood zoning (inner, central andperipheral zone) to improve the homogeneity of the produced lumber or timber. Consider totrunk height factor, the trunk was recommended to be cut into several lengths, such as up to 5m and more than 5 m.
The treated wood of oil palm using bioresin has very compact in formation and homogeny inproperties, therefore it has very good prospect for furniture, panel based products as well asstructural material. But using this treated wood in high temperature condition (e.g. > 60 ◦C), ithas to be taken into consideration due to the softening point of bioresin starting at 75 ◦C. Thus,regarding this aspect, it is highly recommended to investigate the behavior of this treated woodin high temperature condition for achieving a proper allocation of the utilization purposes of oilpalm wood.
5.2.2 Recommendations for developing the bioresin reinforcement of oil palm wood
Regarding to develop the bioresin reinforcement of oil palm wood technology, it is necessary todo the research concerning to increase the retention and penetration of the bioresin, particularlyto penetrate the bioresin into parenchymatous ground tissue which have many pits on their cell-walls, for example by using the vacuum and high pressure conditions.
171
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179
List of Figures
181
List of Figures
1.1 Push-felled and burn replanting method of the oil palm plantation . . . . . . . 41.2 Push-felled and windrow replanting method of the oil palm plantation . . . . . 41.3 Under-planting method of the oil palm replanting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 Development of the mature area of oil palm plantation in Indonesia and Malaysiaperiod 2000 to 2005 (Data calculated from Oil World, 2006 [76]) . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Rosin basic structure monomer of the abietic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1 Location of the research study where the oil palm trees collected . . . . . . . . 293.2 Glassy solid and semi-transparent bioresin which derived from pine resin Pinus
merkusii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.3 Lumbering process and trunk disks of oil palm trunk using chainsaw . . . . . . 323.4 Oil palm wood specimen outline for evaluating its wood characters and properties 333.5 Research frame of oil palm wood investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383.6 Wood-disk samples for determining the wood zoning of oil palm at transverse
sectional view, where ht is trunk height and hm is merchantable height . . . . . 413.7 Position of sampling series for defining the distribution and population of vas-
cular bundles at transverse sectional view (where, Rm is sampling series alongthe average radius of the wood disk sample; Smn is number of vascular bundleat the sampling series m and sampling position n); Db is trunk diameter withbark; and Dfb is trunk diameter without bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.8 Manually counting of vascular bundles at transverse section of wood-disk usingspecial ruler with spherical-holes line and using help of a magnifying glass . . 42
3.9 Specimen shape and dimension made from oil palm wood for investigatingthe physical and mechanical properties. Specimen a. moisture; b. density; c.shrinkage; d. static bending; e. shear ‖ to grain; f. hardness; g. compression‖ to grain; h. tension ‖ to grain; i. tension ⊥ to grain; j. cleavage; and k. nailwithdrawal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.1 Oil palm trunk at transverse section consists of the main part of the trunk andthe cortex and bark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2 Vascular bundles orientation at cross surface view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.3 Wood surface of oil palm wood structure at various sectional view, (a) wood
view at cross surface; (b) wood view at tangential surface; (c) wood view atradial surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.4 Vascular bundles with one large vessel (figure a) and three large vessels (figureb) at transverse section under light microscopy view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.5 Structure of vascular bundle of oil palm wood at transverse section detail withthe existence of parenchymatous ground tissue, vessels, fibres and phloem(photo by E. Bäucker, 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
182
List of Figures
4.6 Vascular bundle structure of oil palm wood with detail view of parenchymacells, vessel and arrangement of fibres at longitudinal direction view . . . . . . 59
4.7 Scanning electron microscopy of fibre structure at transverse sectional view.The fibres vary in sizes and also shapes, e.g. spherical, triangular and rectangu-lar. Companion cells was found as well as primary and secondary walls fairlydistinguishable (photo by E. Bäucker, 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.8 Scanning electron microscopy of cell-wall layers at transverse sectional viewwith distinguishable primary and secondary layers, and intercellular layer, likemortar cement brick between walls which called middle lamella (photo by E.
Bäucker, 2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.9 Fibres structure and arrangement at transverse section under light microscopy
views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.10 Light microscope view of connected endwise of large vessels of vascular bun-
dle from oil palm wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.11 Light microscope view of isolated wide metaxylem elements of vascular bundle
from oil palm wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644.12 Vascular bundle with three large vessels at transverse sectional view . . . . . . 644.13 Scanning electron microscopy of parenchyma cells with pits distribution on the
primary cell-wall at transverse sectional view (photo by E. Bäucker) . . . . . . 654.14 Relation between sampling position from central point to the outer part and
population of vascular bundles of sample Trunk-1 at different height along thetrunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.15 Relation between sampling position from central point to the outer part andpopulation of vascular bundles of sample Trunk-2 at different height along thetrunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.16 Relation between sampling position from central point to the outer part andaverage value of vascular bundles population at different height along the trunkfor sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.17 Relation between trunk height and distance of wood zoning from central pointof the trunk at transverse section for sample Trunk-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.18 Relation between trunk height and distance of wood zoning from central pointof the trunk at transverse section for sample Trunk-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.19 Position and distance of oil palm wood zoning based on their coordinates fromcentral point of the trunk in 3D-view . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.20 Moisture content of oil palm wood at different zones in green condition (spec-imen size 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm; replication=6 for height 1 to 11 m and 3times for height 12 m; total specimen=207) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.21 Density of dried wood of oil palm at three different zones at moisture con-tent below 12% (specimen 30 mm x 30 mm x 30 mm; replication=10; totalspecimen=150) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.22 Relation between density and oil palm wood zoning at various trunk height . . 794.23 Classification of wood density distribution of oil palm along the trunk. The
average values and its ranging density (in g/cm3) for each zone are presentedin left- and right-side from the central point, respectively . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.24 Volumetric shrinkage of oil palm wood along the trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834.25 Volumetric shrinkage of oil palm wood at various wood zoning and trunk height 84
183
List of Figures
4.26 Static bending strength test for determining modulus of elasticity and modulusof rupture (F=load; l=length of specimen; ls=length between specimen supportof the span; d=thickness or depth of specimen; Δa=deflection . . . . . . . . . 86
4.27 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood (controlspecimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.28 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood (controlspecimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.29 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood (controlspecimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.30 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood (controlspecimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.31 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.32 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.33 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.34 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.35 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.36 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.37 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4.38 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.39 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impreg-nated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . . . . . 102
4.40 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood impreg-nated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . . . . . 103
4.41 Influence of wood zoning to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impreg-nated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . . . . . 105
4.42 Influence of trunk height to the modulus of rupture of oil palm wood impreg-nated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . . . . . 106
4.43 Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood (control specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.44 Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood(untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
4.45 Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.46 Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.47 Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.48 Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
184
List of Figures
4.49 Influence of wood zoning to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood impregnated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time 114
4.50 Influence of trunk height to the shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodimpregnated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . 115
4.51 Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood (untreatedspecimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.52 Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood (untreatedspecimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.53 Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.54 Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impreg-nated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.55 Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.56 Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.57 Influence of wood zoning to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impreg-nated with acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . . . . . 123
4.58 Influence of trunk height to the hardness strength of oil palm wood impregnatedwith acetone at various concentration and impregnation time . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.59 Influence of trunk height to the compression strength parallel to grain of oilpalm wood at peripheral zone (control specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.60 Influence of trunk height to the compression strength parallel to grain of pe-ripheral zone of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150and 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.61 Influence of trunk height to the compression strength parallel to grain of pe-ripheral zone of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.62 Influence of trunk height to the tension strength parallel to grain of oil palmwood at peripheral zone (control specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.63 Influence of trunk height to the tension strength parallel to grain of peripheralzone of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.64 Influence of trunk height to the tension strength parallel to grain of peripheralzone of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.65 Influence of trunk height to the tension strength perpendicular to grain of oilpalm wood at peripheral zone (control specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.66 Influence of trunk height to the tension strength perpendicular to grain of pe-ripheral zone of oil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150and 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.67 Influence of trunk height to the tension strength perpendicular to grain of pe-ripheral zone of oil palm wood impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.68 Influence of trunk height to the cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheralzone (untreated specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.69 Influence of trunk height to the cleavage strength of peripheral zone of oil palmwood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds . . . . . . 141
4.70 Influence of trunk height to the cleavage strength of peripheral zone of oil palmwood impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
185
List of Figures
4.71 Influence of trunk height to the nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood atperipheral zone (control specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.72 Influence of trunk height to the nail withdrawal resistance of peripheral zone ofoil palm wood impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds . . 146
4.73 Influence of trunk height to the nail withdrawal resistance of peripheral zone ofoil palm wood impregnated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.74 Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after cross cutting test at variouswood zoning for untreated and treated wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.75 Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after planning test at variouswood zoning for untreated and treated wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.76 Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after shaving test at variouswood zoning for untreated and treated wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.77 Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after moulding test at variouswood zoning for untreated and treated wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
4.78 Distribution of surface defect of oil palm wood after boring test at various woodzoning for untreated and treated wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
4.79 Scanning electron microscopy of bioresin in wood which penetrated throughthe intercellular cavities. (photo by E. Bäucker, 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
List of Appendix Figures 202
B.1 Position of the spherical form of samplings at transverse sectional view of thetrunk for defining the representative number of sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
186
List of Tables
187
List of Tables
2.1 Development of estate area and production of crops from 1995 to 2006 (com-parison between oil palm and rubber) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 The oil palm mills in Indonesia, 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3 The availability of oil palm wastes from 1994 to 1999 in Indonesia . . . . . . 152.4 Major rosin producing countries between 1990 and 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . 182.5 Comparison of fibre dimension between oil palm, rubberwood and douglas fir) 222.6 Specification of rosin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.1 Variety composition at the sampling area of oil palm plantation . . . . . . . . 303.2 General data measurement of the length and diameter of the selected oil palm
trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303.3 Specimen of oil palm trunk for the untreated wood (control) . . . . . . . . . 343.4 Specimen of oil palm trunk for bioresin reinforcement using heat technique
experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.5 Specimen of oil palm trunk for bioresin reinforcement using chemical tech-
nique experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.1 Cortex width of oil palm trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554.2 Fiber dimension of oil palm wood in comparison to EFB and OPF fibres . . . 624.3 Number of samples per sample disk of sample along the trunk and distance of
one samplings set to another (see Figure 3.7 for illustration) . . . . . . . . . . 664.4 Descriptive of statistical groups analysis of Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 . . . . . . . 674.5 Independent sample test for population of vascular bundles based on equal
variances assumed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674.6 Summary of statistical data analysis for sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 . . . . . 714.7 Summary of statistical data analysis for sample Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 . . . . . 724.8 The distance oil palm wood zones from central point of Trunk-1 based on
vascular bundles distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.9 The distance oil palm wood zones from central point of Trunk-2 based on
vascular bundles distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734.10 Moisture content of oil palm wood after drying in kiln dryer at local drying
company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.11 Summary data of modulus of elasticity of oil palm wood at various wood
zoning and trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.1(see Appendix F.1)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.12 Summary data of modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood at variouswood zoning and trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted fromTable F.1 (see Appendix F.1)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.13 Summary data of modulus of elasticity (MOE) of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds at various wood zoning andtrunk height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
188
List of Tables
4.14 Summary data of modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood impregnatedwith bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds at various wood zoning andtrunk height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.15 Summary data of static bending strength test (MOE and MOR) of oil palmwood at various wood zoning and trunk height and impregnated with acetoneat concentration 10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.16 Summary data of static bending strength test (MOE and MOR) of oil palmwood at various wood zoning and trunk height and impregnated with acetoneat concentration 10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.17 Summary data of shear strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoningand trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.12 (seeAppendix F.2)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.18 Summary data of shear strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning andtrunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300 seconds 109
4.19 Summary data of shear strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoning andtrunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and 20% for24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.20 Summary data of hardness strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoningand trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.19 (seeAppendix F.3)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.21 Summary data of hardness strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoningand trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.22 Summary data of hardness strength of oil palm wood at various wood zoningand trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and 20%for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.23 Summary data of compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood atperipheral zone at various trunk height for control specimen (data is extractedfrom Table F.24 (see Appendix F.4)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.24 Summary data of compression strength parallel to grain of peripheral zone ofoil palm wood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦Cfor 150 and 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.25 Summary data of compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm woodat peripheral zone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone atconcentration 10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.26 Summary data of tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at pe-ripheral zone at various trunk height for untreated specimen (data is extractedfrom Table F.27 (see Appendix F.5)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.27 Summary data of tension strength parallel to grain of peripheral zone of oilpalm wood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦Cfor 150 and 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.28 Summary data of tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood at periph-eral zone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentra-tion 10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.29 Summary data of tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood atperipheral zone at various trunk height for control specimen (data is extractedfrom Table F.30 (see Appendix F.6)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
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List of Tables
4.30 Summary data of tension strength perpendicular to grain of peripheral zone ofoil palm wood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦Cfor 150 and 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.31 Summary data of tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm woodat peripheral zone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone atconcentration 10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.32 Summary data of cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone atvarious trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from Table F.33(see Appendix F.7)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.33 Summary data of cleavage strength of peripheral zone of oil palm wood atvarious trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150 and 300seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.34 Summary data of cleavage strength of oil palm wood at peripheral zone atvarious trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration 10% and20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
4.35 Summary data of nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheralzone at various trunk height for control specimen (data is extracted from TableF.36 (see Appendix F.8)) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.36 Summary data of nail withdrawal resistance of peripheral zone of oil palmwood at various trunk height and impregnated with bioresin at 180 ◦C for 150and 300 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
4.37 Summary data of nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood at peripheralzone at various trunk height and impregnated with acetone at concentration10% and 20% for 24 and 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.38 Classification of machining quality of wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484.39 Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at
various wood zoning for different height positions after cross cutting process . 1494.40 Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at
various wood zoning for different height positions after planning process . . . 1514.41 Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at
various wood zoning for different height positions after shaving process . . . 1524.42 Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at
various wood zoning for different height positions after moulding process . . 1544.43 Percentage of the surface defects of untreated and treated oil palm wood at
various wood zoning for different height positions after boring process . . . . 1554.44 The improvement of density of oil palm wood after treating with bioresin
using heat technique and retention of bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574.45 The improvement of density of oil palm wood after treating with bioresin
using chemical technique (WBA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1584.46 Summary of mechanical properties for the untreated wood and the treated
wood of oil palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1604.47 The percentage of mechanical properties improvement Ivm after treating the
oil palm wood with bioresin using heat (WBH) and chemical (WBA) tech-niques in comparison with the untreated wood (UW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.48 Bioresin reinforcement technique evaluation based on the improvement ofmechanical properties through the statistical analysis in comparison with theuntreated wood of oil palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
190
List of Tables
List of Appendix Tables 202
A.1 Chronology of Indonesian forest policy period 1945-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . 202
B.1 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-1; -2 and -3 from sample Trunk-1at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
B.2 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-4; -5 and -6 from sample Trunk-1at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
B.3 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-7; -8 and -9 from sample Trunk-1at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
B.4 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-10; -11 and -12 from sampleTrunk-1 at different height positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
B.5 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-1; -2 and -3 from sample Trunk-1 at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . 212
B.6 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-4; -5 and -6 from sample Trunk-1 at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . 213
B.7 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-7; -8 and -9 from sample Trunk-1 at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . 214
B.8 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-10; -11 and -12 from sampleTrunk-1 at different height positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
B.9 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-1; -2 and -3 from sample Trunk-2at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
B.10 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-4; -5 and -6 from sample Trunk-2at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
B.11 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-7; -8 and -9 from sample Trunk-2at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
B.12 Number of vascular bundles for wood disk-10; -11 and -12 from sampleTrunk-2 at different height positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
B.13 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-1; -2 and -3 from sample Trunk-2 at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . 220
B.14 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-4; -5 and -6 from sample Trunk-2 at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . 221
B.15 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-7; -8 and -9 from sample Trunk-2 at different height positions (continue to the next page) . . . . . . . . . . . 222
B.16 Population of vascular bundles for wood disk-10; -11 and -12 from sampleTrunk-2 at different height positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
C.1 Number and population of vascular bundles of wood disk-1 from sampleTrunk-1 at different positions of sampling over the transverse section . . . . . 227
C.2 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H1 . . . . . 227C.3 Result of homogeneity of variances for wood disk-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227C.4 Result of ANOVA test for Trunk-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228C.5 Summary of statistical data analysis for sample T1WD1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 228C.6 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H1 . . . . . 229C.7 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H2 . . . . . 230C.8 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H3 . . . . . 230C.9 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H4 . . . . . 231C.10 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H5 . . . . . 231
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List of Tables
C.11 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H6 . . . . . 232C.12 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H7 . . . . . 232C.13 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H8 . . . . . 233C.14 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H9 . . . . . 233C.15 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H10 . . . . 234C.16 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H11 . . . . 234C.17 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H12 . . . . 235C.18 Result of homogeneity of variances for Trunk-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235C.19 Result of ANOVA test for Trunk-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236C.20 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H1 . . . . . 236C.21 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H2 . . . . . 237C.22 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H3 . . . . . 237C.23 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H4 . . . . . 238C.24 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H5 . . . . . 238C.25 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H6 . . . . . 239C.26 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H7 . . . . . 239C.27 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H8 . . . . . 240C.28 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H9 . . . . . 240C.29 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H10 . . . . 241C.30 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H11 . . . . 241C.31 Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H12 . . . . 242C.32 Result of homogeneity of variances for Trunk-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242C.33 Result of ANOVA test for Trunk-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
D.1 Moisture content of oil palm wood in green condition at inner zone (IZ) alongthe trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
D.2 Moisture content of oil palm wood in green condition at central zone (CZ)along the trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
D.3 Moisture content of oil palm wood in green condition at peripheral zone (PZ)along the trunk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
D.4 Moisture content of oil palm frond in green condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248D.5 Moisture content of oil palm leaves which attached at frond in green condition 249D.6 Moisture content of oil palm root in green condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250D.7 Density of dried wood of oil palm at inner zone (IZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251D.8 Density of dried wood of oil palm at central zone (CZ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 252D.9 Density of dried wood of oil palm at peripheral zone (PZ) . . . . . . . . . . . 253D.10 Shrinkage of oil palm wood at various trunk height in inner zone (IZ) . . . . . 255D.11 Shrinkage of oil palm wood at various trunk height in central zone (CZ) . . . 256D.12 Shrinkage of oil palm wood at various trunk height in peripheral zone (PZ) . . 257
E.1 Univariate analysis of variance - test of between-subjects effects . . . . . . . 258E.2 Post hoc test of homogeneous subsets of oil palm wood zoning based on Dun-
can’s test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258E.3 Post hoc test of homogeneous subsets of trunk height based on Duncan’s test . 258E.4 Post hoc test of homogeneous subsets of inner, central and peripheral zones
of oil palm wood based on Duncan’s test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259E.5 Descriptive statistics of regression analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260E.6 Model summary of regression analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
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List of Tables
E.7 ANOVA of regression analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260E.8 Coefficient of regression analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
F.1 Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood(control specimen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
F.2 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood in inner zone (IZ) treated with bioresin for 150 seconds . . . . . . 263
F.3 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood in central zone (CZ) treated with bioresin for 150 seconds . . . . 264
F.4 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treated with bioresin for 150 seconds . . 265
F.5 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood in inner zone (IZ) treated with bioresin for 300 seconds . . . . . 266
F.6 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood in central zone (CZ) treated with bioresin for 300 seconds . . . . 267
F.7 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treated with bioresin for 300 seconds . . 268
F.8 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood treated with 10% acetone for 24 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
F.9 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood treated with 20% acetone for 24 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
F.10 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood treated with 10% acetone for 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
F.11 Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and density of oilpalm wood treated with 20% acetone for 48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
F.12 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood for control specimen . . . . 273F.13 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 150
seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274F.14 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 300
seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275F.15 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% for
24 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276F.16 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 20% for
24 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277F.17 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% for
48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278F.18 Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 20% for
48 hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279F.19 Hardness strength of oil palm wood for control specimen . . . . . . . . . . . 280F.20 Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 150 seconds . . 281F.21 Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 300 seconds . . 282F.22 Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% and 20% for 24
hours impregnation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283F.23 Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% and 20% for 48
hours impregnation time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284F.24 Compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone
(PZ) for control specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
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List of Tables
F.25 Compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone(PZ) treated with bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
F.26 Compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zonetreated with acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
F.27 Tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) forcontrol specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
F.28 Tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ)treated with bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
F.29 Tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone . . . 290F.30 Tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone
(PZ) for control specimen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291F.31 Tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone
(PZ) treated with bioresin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292F.32 Tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 293F.33 Cleavage strength of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) for control specimen294F.34 Cleavage strength of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treated with bioresin295F.35 Cleavage strength of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treated with acetone296F.36 Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood treated with acetone . . . . . . . 297F.37 Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood treated with bioresin . . . . . . . 298F.38 Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood treated with acetone . . . . . . . 299
G.1 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-UW . . . . . . . . . . 300G.2 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW . . . . . . . . . . 300G.3 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301G.4 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOE-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301G.5 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301G.6 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW at IZ . . . . . . . 302G.7 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302G.8 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302G.9 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW at CZ . . . . . . . 303G.10 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 303G.11 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303G.12 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW at PZ . . . . . . . 304G.13 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 304G.14 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304G.15 Descriptive statistics of modulus of rupture for MOR-UW . . . . . . . . . . . 305G.16 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW . . . . . . . . . . 305G.17 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305G.18 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOR-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306G.19 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306G.20 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW at IZ . . . . . . . 307G.21 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 307G.22 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307G.23 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW at CZ . . . . . . . 308G.24 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 308G.25 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308G.26 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW at PZ . . . . . . . 309
194
List of Tables
G.27 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 309G.28 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309G.29 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH . . . . . . . . . 310G.30 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310G.31 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOE-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310G.32 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310G.33 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311G.34 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-WBH at IZ . . . . . . 312G.35 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH at IZ . . . . . . 312G.36 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 312G.37 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313G.38 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 313G.39 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-WBH at CZ . . . . . 314G.40 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH at CZ . . . . . . 314G.41 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 314G.42 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315G.43 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 315G.44 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-WBH at PZ . . . . . . 316G.45 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH at PZ . . . . . . 316G.46 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 316G.47 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317G.48 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 317G.49 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH . . . . . . . . . 318G.50 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318G.51 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOR-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318G.52 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318G.53 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319G.54 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBH at IZ . . . . . . 320G.55 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH at IZ . . . . . . 320G.56 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 320G.57 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321G.58 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 321G.59 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBH at CZ . . . . . 322G.60 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH at CZ . . . . . . 322G.61 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 322G.62 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323G.63 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 323G.64 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBH at PZ . . . . . . 324G.65 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH at PZ . . . . . . 324G.66 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 324G.67 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325G.68 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 325G.69 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC . . . . . . . . . 326G.70 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326G.71 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOE-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326G.72 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327G.73 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
195
List of Tables
G.74 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . 327G.75 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . 328G.76 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC at IZ . . . . . . 329G.77 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 329G.78 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329G.79 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 329G.80 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . 329G.81 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . 330G.82 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC at CZ . . . . . . 331G.83 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 331G.84 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331G.85 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 331G.86 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . 331G.87 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 332G.88 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 333G.89 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 333G.90 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333G.91 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 333G.92 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 333G.93 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC . . . . . . . . . 334G.94 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334G.95 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOR-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334G.96 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335G.97 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335G.98 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . 335G.99 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . 336G.100 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . 337G.101 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 337G.102 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337G.103 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 337G.104 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . 337G.105 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . 338G.106 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . . 339G.107 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 339G.108 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339G.109 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 339G.110 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . 339G.111 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 340G.112 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 341G.113 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 341G.114 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341G.115 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 341G.116 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 341G.117 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-UW . . . . . . . . . . 342G.118 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW . . . . . . . . . . 342G.119 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342G.120 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Shear-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
196
List of Tables
G.121 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343G.122 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW at IZ . . . . . . . 344G.123 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344G.124 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344G.125 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW at CZ . . . . . . . 345G.126 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 345G.127 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345G.128 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW at PZ . . . . . . . 346G.129 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 346G.130 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346G.131 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH . . . . . . . . . 347G.132 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347G.133 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Shear-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347G.134 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347G.135 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348G.136 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBH at IZ . . . . . . 349G.137 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH at IZ . . . . . . 349G.138 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 349G.139 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350G.140 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 350G.141 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBH at CZ . . . . . 351G.142 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH at CZ . . . . . . 351G.143 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 351G.144 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352G.145 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 352G.146 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBH at PZ . . . . . . 353G.147 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH at PZ . . . . . . 353G.148 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 353G.149 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354G.150 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 354G.151 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC . . . . . . . . . 355G.152 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355G.153 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Shear-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355G.154 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356G.155 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356G.156 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . 356G.157 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at IZ . . . . . . 357G.158 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC at IZ . . . . . . 358G.159 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 358G.160 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358G.161 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 358G.162 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . 358G.163 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . 359G.164 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . . 360G.165 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 360G.166 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360G.167 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 360
197
List of Tables
G.168 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . 360G.169 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 361G.170 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 362G.171 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 362G.172 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362G.173 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 362G.174 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 362G.175 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-UW . . . . . . . . 363G.176 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW . . . . . . . . 363G.177 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363G.178 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Hardness-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364G.179 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364G.180 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW at IZ . . . . . 365G.181 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . 365G.182 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365G.183 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW at CZ . . . . . 366G.184 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . 366G.185 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 366G.186 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW at PZ . . . . . 367G.187 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 367G.188 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 367G.189 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH . . . . . . . 368G.190 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368G.191 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Hardness-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368G.192 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368G.193 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH . . . . . . . . . . . 369G.194 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBH at IZ . . . . 370G.195 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH at IZ . . . . 370G.196 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . 370G.197 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 371G.198 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH at IZ . . . . . . . . . 371G.199 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBH at CZ . . . 372G.200 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH at CZ . . . . 372G.201 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . 372G.202 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 373G.203 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH at CZ . . . . . . . . 373G.204 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBH at PZ . . . . 374G.205 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH at PZ . . . . 374G.206 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . 374G.207 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 375G.208 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . 375G.209 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC . . . . . . . 376G.210 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376G.211 Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Hardness-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376G.212 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377G.213 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC . . . . . . . . . . . . 377G.214 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC . . . . . . . . . 377
198
List of Tables
G.215 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBC at IZ . . . . 378G.216 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC at IZ . . . . 379G.217 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . 379G.218 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 379G.219 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . . . 379G.220 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC at IZ . . . . . . . 379G.221 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at CZ . . . . . 380G.222 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC at CZ . . . . 381G.223 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . 381G.224 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . . . . 381G.225 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC at CZ . . . . . . . . 381G.226 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC at CZ . . . . . . 381G.227 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBC at PZ . . . . 382G.228 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC at PZ . . . . 383G.229 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . 383G.230 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 383G.231 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 383G.232 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 383G.233 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Compar-UW . . . . . . . . 384G.234 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Compar-UW at PZ . . . . . 384G.235 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Compar-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 384G.236 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Compar-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384G.237 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Compar-WBH . . . . . . . 386G.238 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Compar-WBH at PZ . . . . . 386G.239 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Compar-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 386G.240 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Compar-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 387G.241 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Compar-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . 387G.242 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Compar-WBC at PZ . . . . 388G.243 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Compar-WBC at PZ . . . . . 389G.244 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Compar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 389G.245 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Compar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 389G.246 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Compar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . 389G.247 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Compar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . 390G.248 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenpar-UW . . . . . . . . . 391G.249 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenpar-UW at PZ . . . . . . 391G.250 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenpar-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 391G.251 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenpar-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391G.252 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenpar-WBH . . . . . . . . 392G.253 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenpar-WBH at PZ . . . . . 392G.254 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenpar-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 392G.255 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenpar-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393G.256 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenpar-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 393G.257 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenpar-WBC at PZ . . . . . 394G.258 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenpar-WBC at PZ . . . . . 395G.259 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenpar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 395G.260 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenpar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395G.261 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenpar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 395
199
List of Tables
G.262 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Tenpar-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 396G.263 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenper-UW . . . . . . . . . 397G.264 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenper-UW at PZ . . . . . . 397G.265 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenper-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 397G.266 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenper-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397G.267 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenper-WBH . . . . . . . . 398G.268 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenper-WBH at PZ . . . . . 398G.269 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenper-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 398G.270 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenper-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399G.271 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenper-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 399G.272 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenper-WBC at PZ . . . . . 400G.273 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenper-WBC at PZ . . . . . 401G.274 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenper-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 401G.275 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenper-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401G.276 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenper-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 401G.277 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Tenper-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 402G.278 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Cleavage-UW . . . . . . . . 403G.279 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Cleavage-UW at PZ . . . . . 403G.280 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Cleavage-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 403G.281 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Cleavage-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 403G.282 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Cleavage-WBH . . . . . . . 404G.283 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Cleavage-WBH at PZ . . . . 404G.284 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Cleavage-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . 404G.285 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Cleavage-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . 405G.286 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Cleavage-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . 405G.287 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Cleavage-WBC at PZ . . . . 406G.288 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Cleavage-WBC at PZ . . . . 407G.289 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Cleavage-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . 407G.290 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Cleavage-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 407G.291 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Cleavage-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 407G.292 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Cleavage-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 408G.293 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Nail Withdrawal-UW . . . . 409G.294 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZ . 409G.295 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZ . . . . . . 409G.296 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZ . . . . . . . . 409G.297 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Nail Withdrawal-WBH . . . 410G.298 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ 410G.299 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ . . . . . 410G.300 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ . . . . . . . . 411G.301 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ . . . . 411G.302 Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ 412G.303 Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ 413G.304 Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ . . . . . . 413G.305 Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ . . . . . . . . 413G.306 Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ . . . . 413G.307 Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ . . 414
200
Appendixes
201
A Chronology of Indonesian forest policy period 1945-1992
Tab. A.1: Chronology of Indonesian forest policy period 1945-1992Year Forest Policy
1945 Adoption of the constitution provisions for sustainable natural resource management1961 National regreening week program - intended to increase involvement of society
in the conservation of forest, soil and water1967 Act No. 5 on Basic principles of forestry - establishment of forest management
system in Indonesia1970 Act No. 33 on forest planning - addresses the provision and establishment
of multipurpose and sustainable use forests1971 Definition of protected wildlife species added to the list of the Ministry
of Agriculture of 1970 and the Ordonantie of 19311972 Guidelines for the Indonesia selective felling system, clear felling with
plantation system and clear felling with natural regeneration, supplemented withthe guidelines for assessment
1976 National soil conservation program - planning and monitoring of soilconservation, regreening and reforestation activities
1980 Reforestation guarantee deposit fund - requires concession holders to pay a feefor reforestation
1982 Act NO. 4 Basic provision of the management of living environmentProvides for harmonious relations between man and environment, rational use of resources,environmentally sound development and protection of the country against adverse impactof environmental actions in other countries
1983 Establishment of Ministry of Forestry, previously under Ministry of Agriculture1983 National regreening movement - mobilization of society into nationally organized and
continued activities to conserve forest resources, soil, water and the environment1985 Ban on export of logs1985 Act No. 28 on forest protection - to safeguard forest and their function
by preventing and minimizing degradation of forest and forest products1986 Government Regulation No. 29 on environmental impact assessment - requirement
of an environmental impact assessment for every forestry development activity that mayhave an environmental impact
1988 Forest concessionaries village development program - promotion by concessionaries ofsedentary agriculture in their forest village, and employment of villagersin their industries
1989 Natural production forest silviculture as harmonization of the 1972 guidelinesfor the Indonesia selective felling system. Provides three alternatives: selective fellingwith replanting system, clear felling with natural regeneration and clear felling withartificial regeneration
1990 Act No. 7 on industrial timber plantation concessionaries. For rehabilitation ofbare lands and degraded forest with plantations of industrial species
1990 Presidential Decree No. 29 on reforestation deposit fund. Collection of depositfunds for rehabilitation purposes from forest concessionaries, forest product concessionariesand holder of timber utilization permit
1990 Act No. 5 on conservation of nature and living resources. Assert nationalresponsibility of all citizens for the conservation and protection of forest
1992 One million trees movement - sets goal of the government to plant one million treesa year in every province
1992 Act No. 24 on spatial arrangement
202
B Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Regarding to develop the oil palm wood zone area by applying the two assumptions that men-tioned in Section 3.2.1.2, the spherical form of sampling area was used for mathematical anal-ysis of the vascular bundles distribution over the transverse section at certain height. In case ofspherical form, the samplings is plotted or drawn along the radius of the trunk from the pith tothe outer part of the trunk. The Figure B.1 showed how the sampling area is plotted at transversesection.
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rfb
ds DbDfb
Fig. B.1: Position of the spherical form of samplings at transverse sectional view of the trunkfor defining the representative number of sampling
The number of sampling is defined as the following mathematical analysis:
If Afb is the area of oil palm trunk without bark at transverse section at a certain height, then itcan be interpretation using the following equation:
Afb = 0.25πD2fb (B.1)
Further, if Dfb is the average diameter of oil palm trunk without bark in cm and rfb is theaverage radius of oil palm trunk without bark in cm, therefore:
Dfb = 2rfb (B.2)
If As is area of sampling and ds diameter of sampling, then the total area of all sampling in Afb
by refering to equation B.1 and B.2, it can be defined as the equation below:
As = 0.25πd2s (B.3)
In this case, Ats = nsAs,then,
203
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
⇔ Ats = ns
(0.25πd2
s
)(B.4)
Where Ats and ns are total area and total number of samplings respectively.
According to Assumption 1, the total area of all sampling is not less than 10% of the area ofoil palm trunk without bark at transverse section. By applying this assumption, the number ofsampling can be defined by combining equation B.1 and B.4.
Ats ≥ 0.1Afb (B.5)
⇔ nsAs ≥ 0.1Afb
⇔ ns
(0.25πd2
s
) ≥ 0.1(0.25πD2
fb
)
⇔ ns ≥0.1
(0.25πD2
fb
)(0.25πd2
s)
⇔ ns ≥ 0.1
(D2
fb
d2s
)(B.6)
Based on the obtained formula, the number of sampling defends on the size of sampling diam-eter. In order to decide the size of sampling diameter, condition of the equipment and humanerror during determination of vascular bundles distribution must be taken into consideration.Therefore, to define the size of diameter and the number of sampling shall be develop on thebasis of radius of oil palm trunk (rfb) and the assumption 2. The following operation is pre-sented to clarity the above problem. Refer to equation B.6 and B.3 and also applying assumption2, the sampling diameter can be defined as:
As = 0.25πd2s ⇒if As = 1
then,
⇔ ds =
√As
0.25π
⇔ ds =
√1
0.25π= 1.128379167096
Using the obtained value of sampling diameter, the number of sampling along the radius can bedefined as:
nsr =rfb
ds
(B.7)
where nsr is the number of sampling along the average radius of the trunk, therefore
⇔ nsr =rfb
1.128379167096(B.8)
204
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Applying the obtained (equation B.8), the number of sampling along the trunk (nsr) value mightconsist of decimal. Therefore, it should be modified by rounding-up the calculated value of (nsr)and also to achieve assumption 1, and then the above equation can be modified into:
nsr =rfb
1.128379167096≈ nsr (B.9)
where nsr is rounded up value of (nsr) value.
Furthermore, using the nsr value, the new size of diameter (ds) can be defined as the followingoperation:
nsr =rfb
ds
(B.10)
⇔ ds =rfb
nsr
(B.11)
Then, the new area of sampling (As) can be calculated using the following calculation:
Where,
As = 0.25πd2s (B.12)
and
Ats = nsAs (B.13)
Then,
⇔ Ats = ns
(0.25πd2
s
)(B.14)
In this case, ns is number of sampling at ds. In order to verify whether the total are of samplingsin Afb has achieves the assumption 1 or not, and to determine the position of samplings in Afb,applying ns, ds, and assumption 1, where the total area of all sampling is not less than 10% ofthe area of oil palm trunk without bark at certain height, the following mathematical operationcan be used to solve the above problem.
Ats ≥ 0.1Afb →Assumption 1
⇔ ns
(0.25πd2
s
)≥ 0.1
(0.25πD2
fb
)
⇔ ns ≥0.1
(0.25πD2
fb
)(0.25πd2
s
)
⇔ ns ≥ 0.1
(D2
fb
d2s
)(B.15)
Focusing at the center point (pith) of the trunk where the sampling begin to be drawn at thatposition and to avoid repeating during calculation of all sampling in Afb and also to define the
205
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
distribution of all sampling, therefore the number of radius which is formed by drawing severalsets of spherical sampling along the radius is defined as the following equation:
Refer to equation B.10 and if M is the number of sampling sets along the average radius of thetrunk, then
M =(ns − 1)
(nsr − 1)(B.16)
In this situation, there are two alternative ways, whether the M value must be rounded-up orrounded-down to achieve the Assumption 1. Further, if Atsr is the total area of sampling at ds
along the radius rfb, then
Atsr = nsrAs (B.17)
Concerning to the position of sampling, the area of sampling at pith position (Ap) is drawn as acenter point for all sampling set at transverse section of the trunk. Therefore, the total area ofsampling along the radius except at Ap can be define as the following equation:
where, Ap = As and Atsr = Atsr − As then
⇔ Atsr = As (nsr − 1) (B.18)
The following mathematical operation is to verify the total area of sampling with ds and ns hasachieved the assumption 1 or not.
If Ats = MAtsr + As and assumption 1 with the above condition is Ats ≥ 0.1Afb, then
Ats ≥ 0.1Afb
⇔ M(Atsr
)+ As ≥ 0.1Afb
⇔ M(As (nsr − 1)
)+ As ≥ 0.1Afb
⇔ M((
0.25πd2s
)(nsr − 1)
)+
(0.25πd2
s
)≥ 0.1
(0.25πD2
fb
)
⇔ M ≥0.1
(0.25πD2
fb
) − (0.25πd2
s
)(0.25πd2
s
)(nsr − 1)
⇔ M ≥⎛⎝0.25π
(0.1D2
fb − d2s
)0.25π
(d2
snsr − d2s
)⎞⎠
⇔ M ≥(
0.1D2fb − d2
s
d2snsr − d2
s
)(B.19)
206
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Test M value:
M(As (nsr − 1)
)+ As ≥ 0.1Afb (B.20)
– If the rounded-down of M value is more than or equal to 10% of the area of oil palmtrunk without bark at transverse section at certain height, so the rounded-down of M isalready achieved the assumption 1.
– If the rounded-down of M value is less than 10% of the area of oil palm trunk withoutbark at transverse section at certain height, then the M value must be rounded-up.
Furthermore, the position of all spherical sampling at transverse section is drawn and arrangedin line along the average radius of oil palm trunk. One set of spherical sampling except thesampling at pith point is the area of sampling for each M , therefore the position of M can bedetermined using the equation below:
αm =3600
M(B.21)
Where αm is a distance between one set or series of the sampling to the others.
In advance, the percentage of sampling can be modified depends on the requirement of theexperimental objective. Therefore, the equation for determining M value can be modified intothe following equation:
In case the spherical sampling form:
M ≥(
fD2fb − d2
s
d2snsr − d2
s
)(B.22)
In case the square sampling form:
M ≥(
0.25πfD2fb − l2s
l2s (nsr − 1)
)(B.23)
Where f is percentage of sampling (%).
Using the above mathematical analysis, the calculation of the obtained data of two selectedtrunk which were divided into 24 oil palm wood disk samples are presented in Table 4.3 (seeSection 4.1.2). In this table, the representative number of sampling; number of sampling foreach series; and distance of one sampling series to another were definitely defined.
The complete data of number and population of vascular bundles for sample Trunk-1 (incl.wood disk-1 to wood disk-12) are presented in Table B.1; B.2; B.3; B.4 and B.5; B.6; B.7;B.8, respectively. Whilst, the complete data of number and population of vascular bundles forsample Trunk-2 (incl. wood disk-1 to wood disk-12) are presented in Table B.9; B.10; B.11;B.12 and B.13; B.14; B.15; B.16, respectively.
207
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
:Num
bero
fvas
cula
rbun
dles
forw
ood
disk
-1;-
2an
d-3
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-1
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5p1
6p1
7p1
8p1
9W
ood
disk
-11
1614
1616
1011
1517
1517
1718
2325
2328
3655
02
1716
1916
1511
1615
2021
2227
2526
2429
5363
03
1913
1116
1616
1319
2321
2227
2729
3043
700
04
1618
1716
1414
1722
2318
2120
2129
2934
5134
05
1414
1617
1617
1820
2021
2026
2729
3441
5654
06
1819
1418
1815
2016
2019
2223
2327
2032
4151
07
1720
1718
1719
1516
2117
1719
2127
2831
3456
758
1514
1914
1517
1919
2126
2221
2726
3547
4968
829
1819
1417
1516
1619
2318
2222
2223
2627
2938
7610
1712
1615
1615
1317
1518
2321
2324
2738
3651
8011
1914
1815
2017
1817
1817
1821
2125
2629
3550
8312
1416
1815
2017
1716
2022
2222
2629
3334
4275
0W
ood
disk
-21
1715
1516
1314
1719
2228
4143
5610
60
217
2123
2021
2625
2627
3035
4462
103
03
1619
2220
2221
2623
2837
3943
6299
04
1617
1614
2120
2728
3436
4553
6610
80
520
1821
1922
2430
3130
4147
5155
8888
618
1917
1924
2325
2531
3334
4167
103
07
2019
1921
2123
2626
3545
4252
5484
160
822
2423
2224
2533
3235
4549
4963
117
0W
ood
disk
-31
2824
2325
2527
2530
2935
3336
5971
902
2224
2226
2528
3032
3536
4554
6265
110
331
2527
3228
3135
3938
4547
5052
9710
54
2428
3125
2925
3737
4041
4546
6274
117
521
2527
3027
3329
3840
4041
5468
8214
26
2827
2832
3540
4247
4151
5361
7073
126
734
2825
3530
3741
4348
4955
5771
8110
28
3029
2941
4043
4347
4849
5361
7692
164
208
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.2
:Num
bero
fvas
cula
rbun
dles
forw
ood
disk
-4;-
5an
d-6
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-1
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-41
1715
1717
1921
2426
2941
4548
7210
42
2020
2123
2427
3139
4446
4857
106
723
2330
3531
3241
3944
4647
5966
7185
428
3035
3334
3737
4546
4945
4969
775
2423
2826
2836
3740
4244
4957
7598
623
2526
2926
3231
4244
4243
6079
977
2833
3637
3233
3940
4251
5552
6510
78
2523
2422
2531
3437
3637
4960
6792
927
2731
3635
3936
4140
4951
5462
132
Woo
ddi
sk-5
121
2120
2323
3032
3740
4649
5459
9311
62
1416
2120
2224
2630
3339
4451
6293
03
1917
1722
2125
2731
3640
4553
5779
04
2021
2421
2528
3128
3638
4451
6184
05
2527
2829
2628
3232
3441
4256
5978
866
2421
2329
2625
3334
3442
4452
5973
867
2018
1622
2326
2731
3039
4144
6278
08
2220
2024
2527
3135
3539
4548
6671
70W
ood
disk
-61
2324
2723
2121
2928
3639
4951
6495
02
2525
1924
2924
2833
3634
4147
6173
683
2121
2325
2826
3029
3841
4752
4666
112
425
2421
2026
2631
3841
4443
4954
7516
85
2021
1826
2629
3133
3941
5160
6381
138
620
2023
2127
3031
3847
4050
6277
8789
723
1821
1928
2733
3841
4446
5863
9111
28
2220
2225
3337
3547
4956
5563
6583
76
209
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.3
:Num
bero
fvas
cula
rbun
dles
forw
ood
disk
-7;-
8an
d-9
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-1
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-71
1821
2329
2931
3037
5149
5968
134
02
2121
2023
2431
3538
4041
6684
104
03
2222
2526
3234
3644
4952
5965
103
04
2223
2325
2727
3143
5257
6989
112
164
527
2422
3029
3333
3946
5566
7391
114
625
2625
2428
2936
4956
5671
9097
104
722
2525
2731
3437
4250
5267
8794
152
823
2024
2625
3639
4647
5053
7295
0W
ood
disk
-81
2018
2019
2528
3132
3236
3947
5869
902
1718
2127
2630
3338
4141
3563
6972
823
2222
2327
3134
3335
3848
4952
5659
994
1619
2024
2427
2833
3235
3547
5255
875
1922
2623
2929
3337
4442
4552
5663
896
1719
2020
2327
3438
4543
4958
7182
114
722
2323
2022
2424
3233
4248
5165
750
817
1823
2625
2931
3142
4652
5357
780
Woo
ddi
sk-9
119
1823
2419
2931
3637
3643
4654
522
2221
2525
2731
3036
3037
4249
6313
23
2021
1819
2323
2631
3433
4249
5398
416
1818
2123
2628
3332
3238
4692
05
2124
2126
3437
4341
4348
4951
800
620
2123
2326
3439
3945
4347
5862
727
2219
2627
2928
3147
5253
5863
7211
7
210
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.4
:Num
bero
fvas
cula
rbun
dles
forw
ood
disk
-10;
-11
and
-12
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-1
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
sSa
mpl
ing
Num
bero
fvas
cula
rbun
dles
seri
esp1
p2p3
p4p5
p6p7
p8p9
p10
p11
p12
p13
p14
Woo
ddi
sk-1
01
2124
2427
3034
3439
4445
5961
7111
02
2323
2625
3236
4142
5454
6378
106
03
2122
2529
3137
3944
5256
6472
8190
421
2125
2839
4043
5557
6166
6876
955
2122
2227
3738
4346
5158
6370
860
623
2326
2931
3538
4854
6371
7391
07
2324
2727
3132
3541
4859
6275
8110
68
2325
2629
2934
3642
4649
5972
9311
0W
ood
disk
-11
118
1921
2126
2327
2832
3233
5282
02
1922
2322
2728
3436
4142
5055
710
318
1919
1923
2629
3536
3942
6188
04
2018
2022
2728
3334
4149
5857
740
521
2024
2428
2629
3343
5154
5053
06
2120
2025
2830
3438
4546
5160
760
719
2124
2428
2741
4748
5350
6161
828
1822
2025
2927
3942
4852
5362
7485
Woo
ddi
sk-1
21
2021
2425
2928
4347
5158
6667
910
219
2020
2426
3133
4949
4751
6583
843
2123
1821
2228
2937
3641
5772
9610
34
2421
2527
3230
3338
3845
4853
7698
520
2023
2327
2830
3947
5152
5872
936
1818
2427
2838
4144
4553
5468
8310
17
1821
2422
2227
3039
4243
4763
8210
88
2020
2123
2428
2735
4145
4362
8714
4
211
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.5
:Pop
ulat
ion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-1
;-2
and
-3fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
1at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
(conti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5p1
6p1
7p1
8p1
9W
ood
disk
-11
20.4
17.8
20.4
20.4
12.7
14.0
19.1
21.7
19.1
21.7
21.7
22.9
29.3
31.8
29.3
35.7
45.9
70.1
0.0
221
.720
.424
.220
.419
.114
.020
.419
.125
.526
.828
.034
.431
.833
.130
.636
.967
.580
.30.
03
24.2
16.6
14.0
20.4
20.4
20.4
16.6
24.2
29.3
26.8
28.0
34.4
34.4
36.9
38.2
54.8
89.2
0.0
0.0
420
.422
.921
.720
.417
.817
.821
.728
.029
.322
.926
.825
.526
.836
.936
.943
.365
.043
.30.
05
17.8
17.8
20.4
21.7
20.4
21.7
22.9
25.5
25.5
26.8
25.5
33.1
34.4
36.9
43.3
52.2
71.3
68.8
0.0
622
.924
.217
.822
.922
.919
.125
.520
.425
.524
.228
.029
.329
.334
.425
.540
.852
.265
.00.
07
21.7
25.5
21.7
22.9
21.7
24.2
19.1
20.4
26.8
21.7
21.7
24.2
26.8
34.4
35.7
39.5
43.3
71.3
95.5
819
.117
.824
.217
.819
.121
.724
.224
.226
.833
.128
.026
.834
.433
.144
.659
.962
.486
.610
4.5
922
.924
.217
.821
.719
.120
.420
.424
.229
.322
.928
.028
.028
.029
.333
.134
.436
.948
.496
.810
21.7
15.3
20.4
19.1
20.4
19.1
16.6
21.7
19.1
22.9
29.3
26.8
29.3
30.6
34.4
48.4
45.9
65.0
101.
911
24.2
17.8
22.9
19.1
25.5
21.7
22.9
21.7
22.9
21.7
22.9
26.8
26.8
31.8
33.1
36.9
44.6
63.7
105.
712
17.8
20.4
22.9
19.1
25.5
21.7
21.7
20.4
25.5
28.0
28.0
28.0
33.1
36.9
42.0
43.3
53.5
95.5
0.0
Woo
ddi
sk-2
121
.719
.119
.120
.416
.617
.821
.724
.228
.035
.752
.254
.871
.313
5.0
0.0
221
.726
.829
.325
.526
.833
.131
.833
.134
.438
.244
.656
.179
.013
1.2
0.0
320
.424
.228
.025
.528
.026
.833
.129
.335
.747
.149
.754
.879
.012
6.1
0.0
420
.421
.720
.417
.826
.825
.534
.435
.743
.345
.957
.367
.584
.113
7.6
0.0
525
.522
.926
.824
.228
.030
.638
.239
.538
.252
.259
.965
.070
.111
2.1
112.
16
22.9
24.2
21.7
24.2
30.6
29.3
31.8
31.8
39.5
42.0
43.3
52.2
85.4
131.
20.
07
25.5
24.2
24.2
26.8
26.8
29.3
33.1
33.1
44.6
57.3
53.5
66.2
68.8
107.
020
3.8
828
.030
.629
.328
.030
.631
.842
.040
.844
.657
.362
.462
.480
.314
9.0
0.0
Woo
ddi
sk-3
135
.730
.629
.331
.831
.834
.431
.838
.236
.944
.642
.045
.975
.290
.411
4.6
228
.030
.628
.033
.131
.835
.738
.240
.844
.645
.957
.368
.879
.082
.814
0.1
339
.531
.834
.440
.835
.739
.544
.649
.748
.457
.359
.963
.766
.212
3.6
133.
84
30.6
35.7
39.5
31.8
36.9
31.8
47.1
47.1
51.0
52.2
57.3
58.6
79.0
94.3
149.
05
26.8
31.8
34.4
38.2
34.4
42.0
36.9
48.4
51.0
51.0
52.2
68.8
86.6
104.
518
0.9
635
.734
.435
.740
.844
.651
.053
.559
.952
.265
.067
.577
.789
.293
.016
0.5
743
.335
.731
.844
.638
.247
.152
.254
.861
.162
.470
.172
.690
.410
3.2
129.
98
38.2
36.9
36.9
52.2
51.0
54.8
54.8
59.9
61.1
62.4
67.5
77.7
96.8
117.
220
8.9
212
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.6
:Pop
ulat
ion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-4
;-5
and
-6fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
1at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
(conti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-41
21.7
19.1
21.7
21.7
24.2
26.8
30.6
33.1
36.9
52.2
57.3
61.1
91.7
132.
52
25.5
25.5
26.8
29.3
30.6
34.4
39.5
49.7
56.1
58.6
61.1
72.6
135.
091
.73
29.3
38.2
44.6
39.5
40.8
52.2
49.7
56.1
58.6
59.9
75.2
84.1
90.4
108.
34
35.7
38.2
44.6
42.0
43.3
47.1
47.1
57.3
58.6
62.4
57.3
62.4
87.9
98.1
530
.629
.335
.733
.135
.745
.947
.151
.053
.556
.162
.472
.695
.512
4.8
629
.331
.833
.136
.933
.140
.839
.553
.556
.153
.554
.876
.410
0.6
123.
67
35.7
42.0
45.9
47.1
40.8
42.0
49.7
51.0
53.5
65.0
70.1
66.2
82.8
136.
38
31.8
29.3
30.6
28.0
31.8
39.5
43.3
47.1
45.9
47.1
62.4
76.4
85.4
117.
29
34.4
34.4
39.5
45.9
44.6
49.7
45.9
52.2
51.0
62.4
65.0
68.8
79.0
168.
2W
ood
disk
-51
26.8
26.8
25.5
29.3
29.3
38.2
40.8
47.1
51.0
58.6
62.4
68.8
75.2
118.
514
7.8
217
.820
.426
.825
.528
.030
.633
.138
.242
.049
.756
.165
.079
.011
8.5
0.0
324
.221
.721
.728
.026
.831
.834
.439
.545
.951
.057
.367
.572
.610
0.6
0.0
425
.526
.830
.626
.831
.835
.739
.535
.745
.948
.456
.165
.077
.710
7.0
0.0
531
.834
.435
.736
.933
.135
.740
.840
.843
.352
.253
.571
.375
.299
.410
9.6
630
.626
.829
.336
.933
.131
.842
.043
.343
.353
.556
.166
.275
.293
.010
9.6
725
.522
.920
.428
.029
.333
.134
.439
.538
.249
.752
.256
.179
.099
.40.
08
28.0
25.5
25.5
30.6
31.8
34.4
39.5
44.6
44.6
49.7
57.3
61.1
84.1
90.4
89.2
Woo
ddi
sk-6
129
.330
.634
.429
.326
.826
.836
.935
.745
.949
.762
.465
.081
.512
1.0
0.0
231
.831
.824
.230
.636
.930
.635
.742
.045
.943
.352
.259
.977
.793
.086
.63
26.8
26.8
29.3
31.8
35.7
33.1
38.2
36.9
48.4
52.2
59.9
66.2
58.6
84.1
142.
74
31.8
30.6
26.8
25.5
33.1
33.1
39.5
48.4
52.2
56.1
54.8
62.4
68.8
95.5
214.
05
25.5
26.8
22.9
33.1
33.1
36.9
39.5
42.0
49.7
52.2
65.0
76.4
80.3
103.
217
5.8
625
.525
.529
.326
.834
.438
.239
.548
.459
.951
.063
.779
.098
.111
0.8
113.
47
29.3
22.9
26.8
24.2
35.7
34.4
42.0
48.4
52.2
56.1
58.6
73.9
80.3
115.
914
2.7
828
.025
.528
.031
.842
.047
.144
.659
.962
.471
.370
.180
.382
.810
5.7
96.8
213
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.7
:Pop
ulat
ion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-7
;-8
and
-9fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
1at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
(conti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-71
22.9
26.8
29.3
36.9
36.9
39.5
38.2
47.1
65.0
62.4
75.2
86.6
170.
70.
02
26.8
26.8
25.5
29.3
30.6
39.5
44.6
48.4
51.0
52.2
84.1
107.
013
2.5
0.0
328
.028
.031
.833
.140
.843
.345
.956
.162
.466
.275
.282
.813
1.2
0.0
428
.029
.329
.331
.834
.434
.439
.554
.866
.272
.687
.911
3.4
142.
720
8.9
534
.430
.628
.038
.236
.942
.042
.049
.758
.670
.184
.193
.011
5.9
145.
26
31.8
33.1
31.8
30.6
35.7
36.9
45.9
62.4
71.3
71.3
90.4
114.
612
3.6
132.
57
28.0
31.8
31.8
34.4
39.5
43.3
47.1
53.5
63.7
66.2
85.4
110.
811
9.7
193.
68
29.3
25.5
30.6
33.1
31.8
45.9
49.7
58.6
59.9
63.7
67.5
91.7
121.
00.
0W
ood
disk
-81
25.5
22.9
25.5
24.2
31.8
35.7
39.5
40.8
40.8
45.9
49.7
59.9
73.9
87.9
114.
62
21.7
22.9
26.8
34.4
33.1
38.2
42.0
48.4
52.2
52.2
44.6
80.3
87.9
91.7
104.
53
28.0
28.0
29.3
34.4
39.5
43.3
42.0
44.6
48.4
61.1
62.4
66.2
71.3
75.2
126.
14
20.4
24.2
25.5
30.6
30.6
34.4
35.7
42.0
40.8
44.6
44.6
59.9
66.2
70.1
110.
85
24.2
28.0
33.1
29.3
36.9
36.9
42.0
47.1
56.1
53.5
57.3
66.2
71.3
80.3
113.
46
21.7
24.2
25.5
25.5
29.3
34.4
43.3
48.4
57.3
54.8
62.4
73.9
90.4
104.
514
5.2
728
.029
.329
.325
.528
.030
.630
.640
.842
.053
.561
.165
.082
.895
.50.
08
21.7
22.9
29.3
33.1
31.8
36.9
39.5
39.5
53.5
58.6
66.2
67.5
72.6
99.4
0.0
Woo
ddi
sk-9
124
.222
.929
.330
.624
.236
.939
.545
.947
.145
.954
.858
.668
.866
.22
28.0
26.8
31.8
31.8
34.4
39.5
38.2
45.9
38.2
47.1
53.5
62.4
80.3
168.
23
25.5
26.8
22.9
24.2
29.3
29.3
33.1
39.5
43.3
42.0
53.5
62.4
67.5
124.
84
20.4
22.9
22.9
26.8
29.3
33.1
35.7
42.0
40.8
40.8
48.4
58.6
117.
20.
05
26.8
30.6
26.8
33.1
43.3
47.1
54.8
52.2
54.8
61.1
62.4
65.0
101.
90.
06
25.5
26.8
29.3
29.3
33.1
43.3
49.7
49.7
57.3
54.8
59.9
73.9
79.0
91.7
728
.024
.233
.134
.436
.935
.739
.559
.966
.267
.573
.980
.391
.714
9.0
214
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.8
:Pop
ulat
ion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-1
0;-1
1an
d-1
2fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
1at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4W
ood
disk
-10
126
.830
.630
.634
.438
.243
.343
.349
.756
.157
.375
.277
.790
.414
0.1
229
.329
.333
.131
.840
.845
.952
.253
.568
.868
.880
.399
.413
5.0
0.0
326
.828
.031
.836
.939
.547
.149
.756
.166
.271
.381
.591
.710
3.2
114.
64
26.8
26.8
31.8
35.7
49.7
51.0
54.8
70.1
72.6
77.7
84.1
86.6
96.8
121.
05
26.8
28.0
28.0
34.4
47.1
48.4
54.8
58.6
65.0
73.9
80.3
89.2
109.
60.
06
29.3
29.3
33.1
36.9
39.5
44.6
48.4
61.1
68.8
80.3
90.4
93.0
115.
90.
07
29.3
30.6
34.4
34.4
39.5
40.8
44.6
52.2
61.1
75.2
79.0
95.5
103.
213
5.0
829
.331
.833
.136
.936
.943
.345
.953
.558
.662
.475
.291
.711
8.5
140.
1W
ood
disk
-11
122
.924
.226
.826
.833
.129
.334
.435
.740
.840
.842
.066
.210
4.5
0.0
224
.228
.029
.328
.034
.435
.743
.345
.952
.253
.563
.770
.190
.40.
03
22.9
24.2
24.2
24.2
29.3
33.1
36.9
44.6
45.9
49.7
53.5
77.7
112.
10.
04
25.5
22.9
25.5
28.0
34.4
35.7
42.0
43.3
52.2
62.4
73.9
72.6
94.3
0.0
526
.825
.530
.630
.635
.733
.136
.942
.054
.865
.068
.863
.767
.50.
06
26.8
25.5
25.5
31.8
35.7
38.2
43.3
48.4
57.3
58.6
65.0
76.4
96.8
0.0
724
.226
.830
.630
.635
.734
.452
.259
.961
.167
.563
.777
.777
.710
4.5
822
.928
.025
.531
.836
.934
.449
.753
.561
.166
.267
.579
.094
.310
8.3
Woo
ddi
sk-1
21
25.5
26.8
30.6
31.8
36.9
35.7
54.8
59.9
65.0
73.9
84.1
85.4
115.
90.
02
24.2
25.5
25.5
30.6
33.1
39.5
42.0
62.4
62.4
59.9
65.0
82.8
105.
710
7.0
326
.829
.322
.926
.828
.035
.736
.947
.145
.952
.272
.691
.712
2.3
131.
24
30.6
26.8
31.8
34.4
40.8
38.2
42.0
48.4
48.4
57.3
61.1
67.5
96.8
124.
85
25.5
25.5
29.3
29.3
34.4
35.7
38.2
49.7
59.9
65.0
66.2
73.9
91.7
118.
56
22.9
22.9
30.6
34.4
35.7
48.4
52.2
56.1
57.3
67.5
68.8
86.6
105.
712
8.7
722
.926
.830
.628
.028
.034
.438
.249
.753
.554
.859
.980
.310
4.5
137.
68
25.5
25.5
26.8
29.3
30.6
35.7
34.4
44.6
52.2
57.3
54.8
79.0
110.
818
3.4
215
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.9
:Num
bero
fvas
cula
rbun
dles
forw
ood
disk
-1;-
2an
d-3
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-2
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5p1
6p1
7p1
8W
ood
disk
-11
1616
1820
1821
2527
2831
3131
3235
3850
840
217
1619
1920
2225
2529
3033
3535
4251
980
03
1316
1619
2021
2125
2930
3131
3539
4853
810
418
1718
1618
1820
2124
2427
2825
2939
4979
05
1915
1518
1720
2022
2121
2526
2929
3944
740
620
1619
1920
2220
2527
3235
3536
3941
5172
07
1921
1919
2020
2124
2725
2729
3140
4260
750
820
1818
1719
2421
2323
2538
3842
4747
4969
869
2118
1822
2425
2528
3131
3237
3741
4244
5193
1016
1617
2020
1821
2025
3134
3440
4148
5388
011
1513
1722
2122
2630
3132
3238
4040
4357
810
1216
1719
1621
2120
2525
3028
2934
4750
7394
0W
ood
disk
-21
2020
1925
2828
3031
3538
3940
4255
6194
218
2021
2125
2634
3437
3840
4248
5167
112
314
1617
2324
2730
3138
3842
4552
7611
20
417
1921
2626
2930
3535
3639
4059
7893
05
1920
2021
2626
3036
3741
4257
6072
970
619
1621
2124
2530
3134
3838
4155
6812
60
719
1824
2424
2727
3334
3742
4658
7993
08
1516
1922
2326
2832
3637
3944
5159
152
0W
ood
disk
-31
1616
1823
2428
3336
3840
4145
5879
912
1820
1921
2226
2930
3033
3839
5266
893
2018
2025
2728
3132
3536
3642
4969
100
418
1723
2421
2830
3535
3738
4755
7612
45
1517
2021
2525
2834
3643
4951
6281
916
1920
1826
2326
2929
3538
4055
6798
07
1516
1921
2625
3037
3741
4758
7710
60
819
1520
2027
2229
3137
3838
4146
6892
216
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
0:N
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-4
;-5
and
-6fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
2at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
(conti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-41
1317
1722
2531
3333
3640
4350
6197
218
1922
2628
3134
3439
4243
4964
913
2017
1923
2829
3537
4041
5467
870
414
1418
2123
2733
3943
4749
6283
05
1515
1924
2429
3235
3842
4651
6011
66
1519
2324
2328
3337
4048
5069
880
718
2017
2326
2730
3536
4142
5871
126
817
1920
2429
2832
3738
4041
5569
91W
ood
disk
-51
1818
2123
2429
3535
3640
4351
6783
124
213
1419
2425
2833
3839
4547
4856
780
315
1619
1923
2727
2832
3839
4159
830
418
2018
2327
2933
3338
3740
4556
6188
516
1919
2222
2830
3138
3840
4352
6010
46
1520
1825
2428
2931
3236
3644
5689
07
1817
2125
2529
3636
4246
5775
930
08
1917
2020
2428
3641
4352
6381
900
0W
ood
disk
-61
2019
2025
2735
3638
4247
5263
7610
12
1919
2324
2831
3636
4047
4859
7890
314
1818
2328
3637
4142
4352
6581
974
1514
2026
2733
3838
4140
4349
5671
515
1615
2222
2829
3339
4249
6387
106
613
1817
2424
2530
3136
4041
5877
119
715
1518
2323
2835
3537
4148
5763
898
1814
2127
2734
3640
4148
5260
7910
2
217
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
1:N
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-7
;-8
and
-9fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
2at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
(conti
nue
toth
enex
tpage)
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-71
1818
2227
3233
3847
5158
6571
118
02
2019
2025
2833
4146
5569
8010
70
03
1520
1927
2933
3746
4752
5974
112
04
1417
2328
3636
4047
4851
6785
122
05
1917
2222
2832
3946
4758
6670
9315
06
1717
1823
2429
3640
4748
5166
8210
87
1819
1827
2831
3539
4255
6980
930
816
2018
2428
3338
4352
5867
8411
70
Woo
ddi
sk-8
118
1720
2127
3339
3941
4548
5169
930
216
1719
2425
2935
3844
4652
5877
970
314
1418
1927
2831
3641
4855
5873
760
414
1517
2222
2529
3638
4247
5169
930
519
1720
2128
2936
3636
3940
4352
7610
36
1718
2221
2831
3837
4042
4246
5871
150
715
1520
2123
3439
4142
4243
4855
7313
88
1518
2121
2728
3538
4041
4658
6578
154
Woo
ddi
sk-9
119
1921
2526
3135
4042
4853
5764
122
220
1820
2528
2935
3742
4856
7198
160
317
1619
2430
3137
4049
5865
8110
80
418
2020
2127
2935
3947
5963
6991
132
518
1821
2631
3944
5158
6075
9112
00
618
1623
2330
3840
4255
6983
102
00
715
1823
2738
4048
5358
6269
8710
90
819
1925
2933
3845
4648
5058
6188
117
218
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
2:N
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-1
0;-1
1an
d-1
2fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
2at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
Sam
plin
gN
umbe
rofv
ascu
larb
undl
esse
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-10
117
1823
2424
2937
4049
5055
6777
02
1617
2225
2935
3641
4747
5253
7184
315
1817
2226
3031
3847
5257
6981
114
414
1717
1922
2328
3546
5961
7289
05
1716
1923
2428
3233
4053
6775
920
618
1820
2125
3238
4446
4956
7279
07
1821
2330
3241
4449
5556
5670
7893
817
1822
2328
3740
4042
5154
6066
84W
ood
disk
-11
115
1818
1621
2528
3338
4046
4851
652
1615
1921
2728
3334
3940
4948
5311
43
1519
2021
2730
3537
3341
4043
5188
414
1718
2323
2834
3738
3939
4863
845
1919
1720
2227
3639
3840
4451
6798
614
1519
1823
2328
3137
4850
5671
102
715
2018
2022
2633
3742
5861
6881
08
1821
1924
2530
3138
4754
6073
920
Woo
ddi
sk-1
21
1516
1519
2424
3334
3742
4951
760
212
1313
1722
2329
3131
3738
4684
03
1514
1821
2725
2937
4046
5056
720
413
1716
2525
3132
3939
4748
5558
895
1614
1622
2327
2940
3842
4248
5177
618
1813
2021
2832
3642
4747
5361
827
1515
2021
2530
3135
3538
4247
5213
08
1714
1623
2329
3037
3746
4852
920
219
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
3:Po
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rw
ood
disk
-1;
-2an
d-3
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-2
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
t
page)
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5p1
6p1
7p1
8W
ood
disk
-11
20.4
20.4
22.9
25.5
22.9
26.8
31.8
34.4
35.7
39.5
39.5
39.5
40.8
44.6
48.4
63.7
107.
00.
02
21.7
20.4
24.2
24.2
25.5
28.0
31.8
31.8
36.9
38.2
42.0
44.6
44.6
53.5
65.0
124.
80.
00.
03
16.6
20.4
20.4
24.2
25.5
26.8
26.8
31.8
36.9
38.2
39.5
39.5
44.6
49.7
61.1
67.5
103.
20.
04
22.9
21.7
22.9
20.4
22.9
22.9
25.5
26.8
30.6
30.6
34.4
35.7
31.8
36.9
49.7
62.4
100.
60.
05
24.2
19.1
19.1
22.9
21.7
25.5
25.5
28.0
26.8
26.8
31.8
33.1
36.9
36.9
49.7
56.1
94.3
0.0
625
.520
.424
.224
.225
.528
.025
.531
.834
.440
.844
.644
.645
.949
.752
.265
.091
.70.
07
24.2
26.8
24.2
24.2
25.5
25.5
26.8
30.6
34.4
31.8
34.4
36.9
39.5
51.0
53.5
76.4
95.5
0.0
825
.522
.922
.921
.724
.230
.626
.829
.329
.331
.848
.448
.453
.559
.959
.962
.487
.910
9.6
926
.822
.922
.928
.030
.631
.831
.835
.739
.539
.540
.847
.147
.152
.253
.556
.165
.011
8.5
1020
.420
.421
.725
.525
.522
.926
.825
.531
.839
.543
.343
.351
.052
.261
.167
.511
2.1
0.0
1119
.116
.621
.728
.026
.828
.033
.138
.239
.540
.840
.848
.451
.051
.054
.872
.610
3.2
0.0
1220
.421
.724
.220
.426
.826
.825
.531
.831
.838
.235
.736
.943
.359
.963
.793
.011
9.7
0.0
Woo
ddi
sk-2
125
.525
.524
.231
.835
.735
.738
.239
.544
.648
.449
.751
.053
.570
.177
.72
22.9
25.5
26.8
26.8
31.8
33.1
43.3
43.3
47.1
48.4
51.0
53.5
61.1
65.0
85.4
317
.820
.421
.729
.330
.634
.438
.239
.548
.448
.453
.557
.366
.296
.814
2.7
421
.724
.226
.833
.133
.136
.938
.244
.644
.645
.949
.751
.075
.299
.411
8.5
524
.225
.525
.526
.833
.133
.138
.245
.947
.152
.253
.572
.676
.491
.712
3.6
624
.220
.426
.826
.830
.631
.838
.239
.543
.348
.448
.452
.270
.186
.616
0.5
724
.222
.930
.630
.630
.634
.434
.442
.043
.347
.153
.558
.673
.910
0.6
118.
58
19.1
20.4
24.2
28.0
29.3
33.1
35.7
40.8
45.9
47.1
49.7
56.1
65.0
75.2
193.
6W
ood
disk
-31
20.4
20.4
22.9
29.3
30.6
35.7
42.0
45.9
48.4
51.0
52.2
57.3
73.9
100.
611
5.9
222
.925
.524
.226
.828
.033
.136
.938
.238
.242
.048
.449
.766
.284
.111
3.4
325
.522
.925
.531
.834
.435
.739
.540
.844
.645
.945
.953
.562
.487
.912
7.4
422
.921
.729
.330
.626
.835
.738
.244
.644
.647
.148
.459
.970
.196
.815
8.0
519
.121
.725
.526
.831
.831
.835
.743
.345
.954
.862
.465
.079
.010
3.2
115.
96
24.2
25.5
22.9
33.1
29.3
33.1
36.9
36.9
44.6
48.4
51.0
70.1
85.4
124.
80.
07
19.1
20.4
24.2
26.8
33.1
31.8
38.2
47.1
47.1
52.2
59.9
73.9
98.1
135.
00.
08
24.2
19.1
25.5
25.5
34.4
28.0
36.9
39.5
47.1
48.4
48.4
52.2
58.6
86.6
117.
2
220
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
4:Po
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rw
ood
disk
-4;
-5an
d-6
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-2
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
t
page)
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-41
16.6
21.7
21.7
28.0
31.8
39.5
42.0
42.0
45.9
51.0
54.8
63.7
77.7
123.
62
22.9
24.2
28.0
33.1
35.7
39.5
43.3
43.3
49.7
53.5
54.8
62.4
81.5
115.
93
25.5
21.7
24.2
29.3
35.7
36.9
44.6
47.1
51.0
52.2
68.8
85.4
110.
80.
04
17.8
17.8
22.9
26.8
29.3
34.4
42.0
49.7
54.8
59.9
62.4
79.0
105.
70.
05
19.1
19.1
24.2
30.6
30.6
36.9
40.8
44.6
48.4
53.5
58.6
65.0
76.4
147.
86
19.1
24.2
29.3
30.6
29.3
35.7
42.0
47.1
51.0
61.1
63.7
87.9
112.
10.
07
22.9
25.5
21.7
29.3
33.1
34.4
38.2
44.6
45.9
52.2
53.5
73.9
90.4
160.
58
21.7
24.2
25.5
30.6
36.9
35.7
40.8
47.1
48.4
51.0
52.2
70.1
87.9
115.
9W
ood
disk
-51
22.9
22.9
26.8
29.3
30.6
36.9
44.6
44.6
45.9
51.0
54.8
65.0
85.4
105.
715
8.0
216
.617
.824
.230
.631
.835
.742
.048
.449
.757
.359
.961
.171
.399
.40.
03
19.1
20.4
24.2
24.2
29.3
34.4
34.4
35.7
40.8
48.4
49.7
52.2
75.2
105.
70.
04
22.9
25.5
22.9
29.3
34.4
36.9
42.0
42.0
48.4
47.1
51.0
57.3
71.3
77.7
112.
15
20.4
24.2
24.2
28.0
28.0
35.7
38.2
39.5
48.4
48.4
51.0
54.8
66.2
76.4
132.
56
19.1
25.5
22.9
31.8
30.6
35.7
36.9
39.5
40.8
45.9
45.9
56.1
71.3
113.
40.
07
22.9
21.7
26.8
31.8
31.8
36.9
45.9
45.9
53.5
58.6
72.6
95.5
118.
50.
00.
08
24.2
21.7
25.5
25.5
30.6
35.7
45.9
52.2
54.8
66.2
80.3
103.
211
4.6
0.0
0.0
Woo
ddi
sk-6
125
.524
.225
.531
.834
.444
.645
.948
.453
.559
.966
.280
.396
.812
8.7
224
.224
.229
.330
.635
.739
.545
.945
.951
.059
.961
.175
.299
.411
4.6
317
.822
.922
.929
.335
.745
.947
.152
.253
.554
.866
.282
.810
3.2
123.
64
19.1
17.8
25.5
33.1
34.4
42.0
48.4
48.4
52.2
51.0
54.8
62.4
71.3
90.4
519
.120
.419
.128
.028
.035
.736
.942
.049
.753
.562
.480
.311
0.8
135.
06
16.6
22.9
21.7
30.6
30.6
31.8
38.2
39.5
45.9
51.0
52.2
73.9
98.1
151.
67
19.1
19.1
22.9
29.3
29.3
35.7
44.6
44.6
47.1
52.2
61.1
72.6
80.3
113.
48
22.9
17.8
26.8
34.4
34.4
43.3
45.9
51.0
52.2
61.1
66.2
76.4
100.
612
9.9
221
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
5:Po
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rw
ood
disk
-7;
-8an
d-9
from
sam
ple
Trun
k-2
atdi
ffer
enth
eigh
tpos
ition
s(c
onti
nue
toth
enex
t
page)
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-71
22.9
22.9
28.0
34.4
40.8
42.0
48.4
59.9
65.0
73.9
82.8
90.4
150.
30.
02
25.5
24.2
25.5
31.8
35.7
42.0
52.2
58.6
70.1
87.9
101.
913
6.3
0.0
0.0
319
.125
.524
.234
.436
.942
.047
.158
.659
.966
.275
.294
.314
2.7
0.0
417
.821
.729
.335
.745
.945
.951
.059
.961
.165
.085
.410
8.3
155.
40.
05
24.2
21.7
28.0
28.0
35.7
40.8
49.7
58.6
59.9
73.9
84.1
89.2
118.
519
1.1
621
.721
.722
.929
.330
.636
.945
.951
.059
.961
.165
.084
.110
4.5
137.
67
22.9
24.2
22.9
34.4
35.7
39.5
44.6
49.7
53.5
70.1
87.9
101.
911
8.5
0.0
820
.425
.522
.930
.635
.742
.048
.454
.866
.273
.985
.410
7.0
149.
00.
0W
ood
disk
-81
22.9
21.7
25.5
26.8
34.4
42.0
49.7
49.7
52.2
57.3
61.1
65.0
87.9
118.
50.
02
20.4
21.7
24.2
30.6
31.8
36.9
44.6
48.4
56.1
58.6
66.2
73.9
98.1
123.
60.
03
17.8
17.8
22.9
24.2
34.4
35.7
39.5
45.9
52.2
61.1
70.1
73.9
93.0
96.8
0.0
417
.819
.121
.728
.028
.031
.836
.945
.948
.453
.559
.965
.087
.911
8.5
0.0
524
.221
.725
.526
.835
.736
.945
.945
.945
.949
.751
.054
.866
.296
.813
1.2
621
.722
.928
.026
.835
.739
.548
.447
.151
.053
.553
.558
.673
.990
.419
1.1
719
.119
.125
.526
.829
.343
.349
.752
.253
.553
.554
.861
.170
.193
.017
5.8
819
.122
.926
.826
.834
.435
.744
.648
.451
.052
.258
.673
.982
.899
.419
6.2
Woo
ddi
sk-9
124
.224
.226
.831
.833
.139
.544
.651
.053
.561
.167
.572
.681
.515
5.4
225
.522
.925
.531
.835
.736
.944
.647
.153
.561
.171
.390
.412
4.8
203.
83
21.7
20.4
24.2
30.6
38.2
39.5
47.1
51.0
62.4
73.9
82.8
103.
213
7.6
0.0
422
.925
.525
.526
.834
.436
.944
.649
.759
.975
.280
.387
.911
5.9
168.
25
22.9
22.9
26.8
33.1
39.5
49.7
56.1
65.0
73.9
76.4
95.5
115.
915
2.9
0.0
622
.920
.429
.329
.338
.248
.451
.053
.570
.187
.910
5.7
129.
90.
00.
07
19.1
22.9
29.3
34.4
48.4
51.0
61.1
67.5
73.9
79.0
87.9
110.
813
8.9
0.0
222
Chapter B. Mathematical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab.
B.1
6:Po
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
sfo
rwoo
ddi
sk-1
0;-1
1an
d-1
2fr
omsa
mpl
eTr
unk-
2at
diff
eren
thei
ghtp
ositi
ons
Sam
plin
gPo
pula
tion
ofva
scul
arbu
ndle
s(v
b/cm
2)se
ries
p1p2
p3p4
p5p6
p7p8
p9p1
0p1
1p1
2p1
3p1
4p1
5W
ood
disk
-10
121
.722
.929
.330
.630
.636
.947
.151
.062
.463
.770
.185
.498
.10.
02
20.4
21.7
28.0
31.8
36.9
44.6
45.9
52.2
59.9
59.9
66.2
67.5
90.4
107.
03
19.1
22.9
21.7
28.0
33.1
38.2
39.5
48.4
59.9
66.2
72.6
87.9
103.
214
5.2
417
.821
.721
.724
.228
.029
.335
.744
.658
.675
.277
.791
.711
3.4
0.0
521
.720
.424
.229
.330
.635
.740
.842
.051
.067
.585
.495
.511
7.2
0.0
622
.922
.925
.526
.831
.840
.848
.456
.158
.662
.471
.391
.710
0.6
0.0
722
.926
.829
.338
.240
.852
.256
.162
.470
.171
.371
.389
.299
.411
8.5
821
.722
.928
.029
.335
.747
.151
.051
.053
.565
.068
.876
.484
.110
7.0
Woo
ddi
sk-1
11
19.1
22.9
22.9
20.4
26.8
31.8
35.7
42.0
48.4
51.0
58.6
61.1
65.0
82.8
220
.419
.124
.226
.834
.435
.742
.043
.349
.751
.062
.461
.167
.514
5.2
319
.124
.225
.526
.834
.438
.244
.647
.142
.052
.251
.054
.865
.011
2.1
417
.821
.722
.929
.329
.335
.743
.347
.148
.449
.749
.761
.180
.310
7.0
524
.224
.221
.725
.528
.034
.445
.949
.748
.451
.056
.165
.085
.412
4.8
617
.819
.124
.222
.929
.329
.335
.739
.547
.161
.163
.771
.390
.412
9.9
719
.125
.522
.925
.528
.033
.142
.047
.153
.573
.977
.786
.610
3.2
0.0
822
.926
.824
.230
.631
.838
.239
.548
.459
.968
.876
.493
.011
7.2
0.0
Woo
ddi
sk-1
21
19.1
20.4
19.1
24.2
30.6
30.6
42.0
43.3
47.1
53.5
62.4
65.0
96.8
0.0
215
.316
.616
.621
.728
.029
.336
.939
.539
.547
.148
.458
.610
7.0
0.0
319
.117
.822
.926
.834
.431
.836
.947
.151
.058
.663
.771
.391
.70.
04
16.6
21.7
20.4
31.8
31.8
39.5
40.8
49.7
49.7
59.9
61.1
70.1
73.9
113.
45
20.4
17.8
20.4
28.0
29.3
34.4
36.9
51.0
48.4
53.5
53.5
61.1
65.0
98.1
622
.922
.916
.625
.526
.835
.740
.845
.953
.559
.959
.967
.577
.710
4.5
719
.119
.125
.526
.831
.838
.239
.544
.644
.648
.453
.559
.966
.216
5.6
821
.717
.820
.429
.329
.336
.938
.247
.147
.158
.661
.166
.211
7.2
0.0
223
C Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
In this chapter, the theoretical of statistical analysis was discussed in order to analyze the ex-perimental data of vascular bundles distribution for determining the oil palm wood zones. Thisanalysis was particularly generated using SPSS program version 15.0 to develop the positionand border-line of inner, central and peripheral zones. Using the average data of vascular bundlepopulations for each position at transverse sectional view of oil palm wood, which was obtainedfrom previous mathematical analysis, the area of oil palm zone was determined by grouping andclassifying the similar values of number of vascular bundles per certain area on the basis of theirposition from the central point to the outer part of the trunk. Figure 3.7 in Section 3.2.1.2 ispresented an illustration how the samplings and the representative data collection were drawnand calculated, respectively. Looking at all sampling along the average radius in that figure, thevascular bundles distribution from the center point (pith) to the outer part of the trunk can besymbolized using the following statistical operation:
Pith (P ) P1 P2 P3 ... Pn → outer part
R1 → S11 S12 S13 ... S1n
R2 → S21 S22 S23 ... S2n
R3 → S31 S32 S33 ... S3n
. . . . . ... .
. . . . . ... .
. . . . . ... .Rm → Sm1 Sm2 Sm3 ... Smn
Further, looking at the position of sampling, the average number of vascular bundles at each po-sition in rotate clockwise direction for whole series of samplings can be defined as the followingequation:
P1 → V1 = S11+S21+S31+...+Sm1
M=
∑
k=1Si1
m; i = 1, 2, 3, ...,m
P2 → V2 = S12+S22+S32+...+Sm2
M=
∑
k=2Si2
m; i = 1, 2, 3, ...,m
P3 → V3 = S13+S23+S33+...+Sm3
M=
∑
k=3Si3
m; i = 1, 2, 3, ...,m
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Pn → Vn = S1n+S2n+S3n+...+Smn
M=
∑
k=nSin
m; i = 1, 2, 3, ..., m
224
Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Finally, general form of the above equations is:
Vj =
m∑k=1
Sij
M(C.1)
i = 1, 2, 3, ...,mj = 1, 2, 3, ..., nk = 1, 2, 3, ..., m
Where, Vj is the average of vascular bundles at position j from the pith; Sij is total number ofvascular bundles at sampling series i and position sampling j from the pith and M is number ofsampling series.
Furthermore, the statistical analysis of oil palm wood zone was generated through the analysisof variances homogeneity of the population of vascular bundles at each positions. In this part,two hypotheses were proposed, i.e.:
– H0: the whole populations of vascular bundles do have an equal variance.
– H1: the whole populations of vascular bundles from central point to the outer part of thetrunk do not have an equal (unequal) variance.
Basic principe to decide a decision from the above hypotheses was using the probability analysisas describe in the following operation:
– If the probability of homogeneity of variances test result is more than 0.05 (p > 0.05),the H0 is accepted, and
– If the probability of homogeneity of variances test result is less than 0.05 (p < 0.05), theH0 is refused.
After defining the variance population of the vascular bundles at all positions through homo-geneity test, further testing was analysis of variance by using One-Way ANOVA test. The aimof this test is to examine mean value of the whole populations of vascular bundles at all posi-tions, whether they do have equal or unequal mean. In this case, the others two hypotheses wereproposed as follow:
– H0: the whole populations of vascular bundles from central point to the outer part of thetrunk do have an equal mean value.
– H1: the whole populations of vascular bundles from central point to the outer part of thetrunk do not have an equal (unequal) mean value.
The F-test was applied to decide a decision from the above hypotheses on the basic of thefollowing operation:
– If F-calculated < F-table or the probability is more than 0.05 (p > 0.05), the H0 is ac-cepted, and
225
Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
– If F-calculated > F-table or the probability is less than 0.05 (p < 0.05), the H0 is refused.
After deciding the homogeneity of variances and mean value of the population of vascularbundles, the obtained decisions were then used to determine the zone position of oil palm wood,whether it is belong to inner zone (IZ), central zone (CZ) or peripheral zone (PZ), by using thePost Hoc Multiple Comparisons analysis.
In this Post Hoc analysis, the populations of vascular bundles were classified by multiple com-parisons of mean value through the two alternative assumption of variances, i.e.:
1. Equal Variances Assumed (EVA), it is used if the equal variances of vascular bundlepopulations were assumed, then the analysis is examined using Duncan’s test.
2. Equal Variances Not Assumed (EVNA), it is used if the unequal variances of vascularbundle populations were assumed, then the analysis is examined using Tamhane’s T2test.
The above assumptions of variances is depend on the result of test of homogeneity of variances,which has already done previously. According to the result from multiple compares mean valueof vascular bundle populations, the defined groups or classes of vascular bundle population werethen transformed into sampling position of the population and plotted its position at transversesection of the trunk starting from the central point to the outer part of the trunk. This wasconducted to define the distance of the oil palm wood zone from the central point. Finally, theoil palm wood zones, including inner, central and peripheral were identified.
In order to provide a proper visualization of the oil palm wood zoning, each positions or coor-dinates of the zone were then plotted and drawn in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensionalviews (3D). This was generated using the computer language program and graphic plot, namelyFORTRAN and GNUPlot version 4.1, respectively.
SPSS Analysis Results for Sample Trunk-1
According to the above mentioned analysis operation, the following statistical operation waspresented to analysis the oil palm wood zoning at transverse section for sample wood disk-1(Trunk-1). Number and population of vascular bundles of sample wood disk-1 is presented inTable C.1, below:
Based on data from the above table, the descriptives of the obtained data by statistical analysis,including mean value, standard deviation, standard error, 95% confidence interval for mean, andmaximum and minimum values of wood-disk-1 is summarized in Table C.2. The lowest and thehighest vascular bundles population were about 12.7 at sampling position S5 and 105.7 vb/cm2
at S19, respectively. The total mean of all samplings was about 31.4 vb/cm2 with std. deviationand std. error of about 17.7 and 1.2, respectively. By this data condition, it was indicated that thepopulations of vascular bundles range were very wide-range, and thus, therefore the samplingsnecessary to be divided into several groups based on their positions to determine the oil palmwood zoning.
The analysis was continued to the test of variances homogeneity of vascular bundles population.The result of this analysis is presented in Table C.3. In this table provides the Levene testto check the assumption that the variances of vascular bundles populations are equal or notsignificantly different. It resulted that the probability is about 1.94.10−16 or p < 0.05, therefore
226
Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
the Levene test was significant, and thus the assumption of equal variances of vascular bundlespopulation at wood disk-1 (H0) is violated. It means that the populations of vascular bundlesat the position from central point toward the outer part were significantly different. This wasreasonable argument to differentiate the wood zoning based on population of vascular bundles.
Furthermore, the ANOVA test was done to analyze whether the all populations are equal orunequal mean values. The result for this test is presented in Table C.4. A statistically significantdifferent was found for populations of vascular bundles at wood disk-1, where the probabilitywas about 7.94.10−87 or p < 0.05. Therefore, the assumption of equal mean variances ofvascular bundles population (H0) at wood disk-1 is also violated.
Tab. C.1: Number and population of vascular bundles of wood disk-1 from sample Trunk-1 atdifferent positions of sampling over the transverse section
Sampling Position of sampling from central pointseries p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p7 p8 p9 p10 p11 p12 p13 p14 p15 p16 p17 p18 p19
Number of vascular bundles of wood disk-11 16 14 16 16 10 11 15 17 15 17 17 18 23 25 23 28 36 55 02 17 16 19 16 15 11 16 15 20 21 22 27 25 26 24 29 53 63 03 19 13 11 16 16 16 13 19 23 21 22 27 27 29 30 43 70 0 04 16 18 17 16 14 14 17 22 23 18 21 20 21 29 29 34 51 34 05 14 14 16 17 16 17 18 20 20 21 20 26 27 29 34 41 56 54 06 18 19 14 18 18 15 20 16 20 19 22 23 23 27 20 32 41 51 07 17 20 17 18 17 19 15 16 21 17 17 19 21 27 28 31 34 56 758 15 14 19 14 15 17 19 19 21 26 22 21 27 26 35 47 49 68 829 18 19 14 17 15 16 16 19 23 18 22 22 22 23 26 27 29 38 7610 17 12 16 15 16 15 13 17 15 18 23 21 23 24 27 38 36 51 8011 19 14 18 15 20 17 18 17 18 17 18 21 21 25 26 29 35 50 8312 14 16 18 15 20 17 17 16 20 22 22 22 26 29 33 34 42 75 0
Population of vascular bundles (vb/cm2) of wood disk-11 20.4 17.8 20.4 20.4 12.7 14.0 19.1 21.7 19.1 21.7 21.7 22.9 29.3 31.8 29.3 35.7 45.9 70.1 0.02 21.7 20.4 24.2 20.4 19.1 14.0 20.4 19.1 25.5 26.8 28.0 34.4 31.8 33.1 30.6 36.9 67.5 80.3 0.03 24.2 16.6 14.0 20.4 20.4 20.4 16.6 24.2 29.3 26.8 28.0 34.4 34.4 36.9 38.2 54.8 89.2 0.0 0.04 20.4 22.9 21.7 20.4 17.8 17.8 21.7 28.0 29.3 22.9 26.8 25.5 26.8 36.9 36.9 43.3 65.0 43.3 0.05 17.8 17.8 20.4 21.7 20.4 21.7 22.9 25.5 25.5 26.8 25.5 33.1 34.4 36.9 43.3 52.2 71.3 68.8 0.06 22.9 24.2 17.8 22.9 22.9 19.1 25.5 20.4 25.5 24.2 28.0 29.3 29.3 34.4 25.5 40.8 52.2 65.0 0.07 21.7 25.5 21.7 22.9 21.7 24.2 19.1 20.4 26.8 21.7 21.7 24.2 26.8 34.4 35.7 39.5 43.3 71.3 95.58 19.1 17.8 24.2 17.8 19.1 21.7 24.2 24.2 26.8 33.1 28.0 26.8 34.4 33.1 44.6 59.9 62.4 86.6 104.59 22.9 24.2 17.8 21.7 19.1 20.4 20.4 24.2 29.3 22.9 28.0 28.0 28.0 29.3 33.1 34.4 36.9 48.4 96.810 21.7 15.3 20.4 19.1 20.4 19.1 16.6 21.7 19.1 22.9 29.3 26.8 29.3 30.6 34.4 48.4 45.9 65.0 101.911 24.2 17.8 22.9 19.1 25.5 21.7 22.9 21.7 22.9 21.7 22.9 26.8 26.8 31.8 33.1 36.9 44.6 63.7 105.712 17.8 20.4 22.9 19.1 25.5 21.7 21.7 20.4 25.5 28.0 28.0 28.0 33.1 36.9 42.0 43.3 53.5 95.5 0.0
Tab. C.2: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H1Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H1 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 12 21.233 2.202 0.636 19.834 22.632 17.8 24.2S2 12 20.058 3.401 0.982 17.897 22.219 15.3 25.5S3 12 20.700 2.987 0.862 18.802 22.598 14.0 24.2S4 12 20.492 1.584 0.457 19.485 21.498 17.8 22.9S5 12 20.383 3.452 0.996 18.190 22.577 12.7 25.5S6 12 19.650 3.112 0.898 17.673 21.627 14.0 24.2S7 12 20.925 2.784 0.804 19.156 22.694 16.6 25.5S8 12 22.625 2.601 0.751 20.972 24.278 19.1 28.0S9 12 25.383 3.506 1.012 23.156 27.611 19.1 29.3
S10 12 24.958 3.449 0.996 22.767 27.150 21.7 33.1S11 12 26.325 2.715 0.784 24.600 28.050 21.7 29.3S12 12 28.350 3.804 1.098 25.933 30.767 22.9 34.4S13 12 30.367 3.097 0.894 28.399 32.334 26.8 34.4S14 12 33.842 2.673 0.772 32.143 35.540 29.3 36.9S15 12 35.558 5.802 1.675 31.872 39.245 25.5 44.6S16 12 43.842 8.252 2.382 38.598 49.085 34.4 59.9S17 12 56.475 14.981 4.325 46.957 65.993 36.9 89.2S18 11 68.909 15.136 4.564 58.740 79.078 43.3 95.5S19 5 100.880 4.554 2.037 95.225 106.535 95.5 105.7Total 220 31.438 17.745 1.196 29.080 33.796 12.7 105.7
Tab. C.3: Result of homogeneity of variances for wood disk-1Sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.DT1H1 8.3523 18 201 1.94E-16
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
By using the obtained decisions from test of homogeneity of variances and ANOVA, the posthoc test was calculated using the assumption ’equal variances not assumed’ (EVNA), becausethe variances of vascular bundles population at wood disk-1 was unequal. According to the anal-ysis result of post hoc test by multiple comparisons operation, the vascular bundles populationswere grouped by similarity of population values, which showed by the significantly different ofthe obtained result (’∗’ is signed for value that significantly difference at level 0.05). The differ-ence values were then plotted and transformed into position of sampling at transverse section ofwood disk. To differentiate between one zone to the others was marked by typing in differentcolour of letter as shown in the Table C.5. The oil palm wood zoning was symbolized usingcolumnar-table. The columnar-1; columnar-2 and columnar-3 were marked for inner zone (IZ),central zone (CZ) and peripheral zone (PZ), respectively.
Summary from this result, it can be mentioned that the inner zone area was located from S1 toS7; and from S8 to S14 and S15 to S19 were for central zone and peripheral zone, respectively.On the basis of distance from central point, it can be stated that IZ; CZ and PZ were approx.70mm; 70mm and 50mm, respectively. These distances was necessary to be corrected due tothe calibration of apparatus during counting the vascular bundles. The correction of each zonewas expressed in the following equations:
IZ = ((xi + 5 + (xi
10)) (C.2)
CZ = ((xc + (xc
10)) (C.3)
PZ = rfb − (IZ + CZ) (C.4)
Where, xi is inner zone distance in mm; ′5(mm)′ is a radius of sampling at central point posi-tion; xc is central zone distance in mm; (Xiorc
10) is distance of one sampling to another (mm);
and rfb is radius of the trunk without bark.
Therefore, the corrected distance of IZ, CZ and PZ were then approx. 82mm; 77mm and55mm, respectively. Furthermore, the similar statistical analysis was also carried out for sampleTrunk-1 (incl. wood disk-2 to wood disk-12) and Trunk-2 (incl. wood disk-1 to wood disk-12).
The descriptives results of statistical analysis for sample Trunk-1 (incl. wood disk-1 to wooddisk-12) are presented in Table C.6; C.7; C.8; C.9; C.10; C.11; C.12; C.13; C.14; C.15; C.16;C.17, respectively.
Tab. C.4: Result of ANOVA test for Trunk-1Sample Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.DT1H1 Between Groups 59830.376 18 3323.910 92.539 7.94E-87
Within Groups 7219.743 201 35.919Total 67050.118 219
Tab. C.5: Summary of statistical data analysis for sample T1WD1
Height Sampling Position(m) p1 p2 p3 p4 p5 p6 p7 p8 p9 p10 p11 p12 p13 p14 p15 p16 p17 p18 p19
1 21.2 20.1 20.7 20.5 20.4 19.6 20.9 22.6 25.4 24.9 26.3 28.3 30.4 33.9 35.6 43.8 56.5 68.9 100.9Columnar-1: Inner Zone Columnar-2: Central Zone Columnar-3: Peripheral Zone
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
According to the summarized results in Table C.18 and C.19, all homogeneity test of variancesof vascular bundles populations were significantly different. This was indicated by the proba-bility for all wood disks which were less than 0.05 (p < 0.05). It’s mean that all the Levene testswere significant, and thus the assumption of equal variances of vascular bundles population atwood disk-1 (H0) is violated. In other words, the populations of vascular bundles at the positionfrom central point toward the outer part were significantly different.
Due to all variances of population of vascular bundles were unequal or significantly differentat level 0.05, therefore the post hoc multiple comparison was analyzed using the assumption’equal variances not assumed’ (EVNA) through the Thamhane’s T2 test.
Tab. C.6: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H1
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H1 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 12 21.233 2.202 0.636 19.834 22.632 17.8 24.2S2 12 20.058 3.401 0.982 17.897 22.219 15.3 25.5S3 12 20.700 2.987 0.862 18.802 22.598 14.0 24.2S4 12 20.492 1.584 0.457 19.485 21.498 17.8 22.9S5 12 20.383 3.452 0.996 18.190 22.577 12.7 25.5S6 12 19.650 3.112 0.898 17.673 21.627 14.0 24.2S7 12 20.925 2.784 0.804 19.156 22.694 16.6 25.5S8 12 22.625 2.601 0.751 20.972 24.278 19.1 28.0S9 12 25.383 3.506 1.012 23.156 27.611 19.1 29.3S10 12 24.958 3.449 0.996 22.767 27.150 21.7 33.1S11 12 26.325 2.715 0.784 24.600 28.050 21.7 29.3S12 12 28.350 3.804 1.098 25.933 30.767 22.9 34.4S13 12 30.367 3.097 0.894 28.399 32.334 26.8 34.4S14 12 33.842 2.673 0.772 32.143 35.540 29.3 36.9S15 12 35.558 5.802 1.675 31.872 39.245 25.5 44.6S16 12 43.842 8.252 2.382 38.598 49.085 34.4 59.9S17 12 56.475 14.981 4.325 46.957 65.993 36.9 89.2S18 11 68.909 15.136 4.564 58.740 79.078 43.3 95.5S19 5 100.880 4.554 2.037 95.225 106.535 95.5 105.7Total 220 31.438 17.745 1.196 29.080 33.796 12.7 105.7
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.7: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H2
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H2 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 23.263 2.774 0.981 20.944 25.581 20.4 28.0S2 8 24.213 3.416 1.208 21.357 27.068 19.1 30.6S3 8 24.850 4.080 1.443 21.439 28.261 19.1 29.3S4 8 24.050 3.376 1.194 21.227 26.873 17.8 28.0S5 8 26.775 4.404 1.557 23.093 30.457 16.6 30.6S6 8 28.025 4.815 1.702 23.999 32.051 17.8 33.1S7 8 33.263 5.856 2.070 28.367 38.158 21.7 42.0S8 8 33.438 5.364 1.897 28.953 37.922 24.2 40.8S9 8 38.538 5.775 2.042 33.710 43.365 28.0 44.6S10 8 46.963 8.199 2.899 40.108 53.817 35.7 57.3S11 8 52.863 6.874 2.430 47.116 58.609 43.3 62.4S12 8 59.875 6.041 2.136 54.825 64.925 52.2 67.5S13 8 77.250 6.400 2.263 71.900 82.600 68.8 85.4S14 8 128.650 13.610 4.812 117.272 140.028 107.0 149.0S15 2 157.950 64.842 45.850 -424.629 740.529 112.1 203.8Total 114 46.421 32.790 3.071 40.337 52.505 16.6 203.8
Tab. C.8: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H3
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H3 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 34.725 5.798 2.050 29.877 39.573 26.8 43.3S2 8 33.438 2.525 0.893 31.327 35.548 30.6 36.9S3 8 33.750 3.860 1.365 30.523 36.977 28.0 39.5S4 8 39.163 7.081 2.504 33.243 45.082 31.8 52.2S5 8 38.050 6.643 2.349 32.496 43.604 31.8 51.0S6 8 42.038 8.269 2.923 35.125 48.950 31.8 54.8S7 8 44.888 8.541 3.020 37.747 52.028 31.8 54.8S8 8 49.850 8.052 2.847 43.119 56.581 38.2 59.9S9 8 50.788 8.032 2.840 44.072 57.503 36.9 61.1S10 8 55.100 7.833 2.770 48.551 61.649 44.6 65.0S11 8 59.225 9.328 3.298 51.426 67.024 42.0 70.1S12 8 66.725 10.643 3.763 57.827 75.623 45.9 77.7S13 8 82.800 9.793 3.462 74.613 90.987 66.2 96.8S14 8 101.125 13.849 4.897 89.547 112.703 82.8 123.6S15 8 152.213 30.505 10.785 126.710 177.715 114.6 208.9Total 120 58.925 32.917 3.005 52.975 64.875 26.8 208.9
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.9: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H4
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H4 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 9 30.444 4.694 1.565 26.836 34.053 21.7 35.7S2 9 31.978 7.123 2.374 26.502 37.453 19.1 42.0S3 9 35.833 8.549 2.850 29.262 42.405 21.7 45.9S4 9 35.944 8.603 2.868 29.332 42.557 21.7 47.1S5 9 36.100 6.780 2.260 30.888 41.312 24.2 44.6S6 9 42.044 7.914 2.638 35.961 48.128 26.8 52.2S7 9 43.600 6.194 2.065 38.839 48.361 30.6 49.7S8 9 50.111 7.103 2.368 44.651 55.571 33.1 57.3S9 9 52.244 6.990 2.330 46.871 57.618 36.9 58.6S10 9 57.467 5.760 1.920 53.039 61.894 47.1 65.0S11 9 62.844 6.515 2.172 57.836 67.852 54.8 75.2S12 9 71.178 7.371 2.457 65.512 76.843 61.1 84.1S13 9 94.256 16.606 5.535 81.491 107.020 79.0 135.0S14 9 122.300 22.800 7.600 104.774 139.826 91.7 168.2Total 126 54.739 27.081 2.413 49.964 59.514 19.1 168.2
Tab. C.10: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H5
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H5 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 26.275 4.306 1.523 22.675 29.875 17.8 31.8S2 8 25.663 4.331 1.531 22.042 29.283 20.4 34.4S3 8 26.938 4.929 1.743 22.816 31.059 20.4 35.7S4 8 30.250 4.376 1.547 26.591 33.909 25.5 36.9S5 8 30.400 2.380 0.841 28.411 32.389 26.8 33.1S6 8 33.913 2.551 0.902 31.779 36.046 30.6 38.2S7 8 38.063 3.507 1.240 35.131 40.994 33.1 42.0S8 8 41.088 3.701 1.308 37.994 44.181 35.7 47.1S9 8 44.275 3.676 1.300 41.202 47.348 38.2 51.0S10 8 51.600 3.260 1.153 48.874 54.326 48.4 58.6S11 8 56.375 3.022 1.069 53.848 58.902 52.2 62.4S12 8 65.125 4.723 1.670 61.177 69.073 56.1 71.3S13 8 77.250 3.535 1.250 74.295 80.205 72.6 84.1S14 8 103.350 10.596 3.746 94.491 112.209 90.4 118.5S15 4 114.050 24.469 12.234 75.114 152.986 89.2 147.8Total 116 48.799 25.507 2.368 44.108 53.490 17.8 147.8
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.11: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H6
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H6 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 28.500 2.513 0.888 26.399 30.601 25.5 31.8S2 8 27.563 3.113 1.100 24.960 30.165 22.9 31.8S3 8 27.713 3.526 1.246 24.765 30.660 22.9 34.4S4 8 29.138 3.276 1.158 26.399 31.876 24.2 33.1S5 8 34.713 4.272 1.510 31.141 38.284 26.8 42.0S6 8 35.025 6.029 2.132 29.985 40.065 26.8 47.1S7 8 39.488 2.807 0.992 37.141 41.834 35.7 44.6S8 8 45.213 7.805 2.759 38.687 51.738 35.7 59.9S9 8 52.075 6.133 2.168 46.948 57.202 45.9 62.4S10 8 53.988 8.076 2.855 47.236 60.739 43.3 71.3S11 8 60.838 5.741 2.030 56.038 65.637 52.2 70.1S12 8 70.388 7.940 2.807 63.750 77.025 59.9 80.3S13 8 78.513 11.395 4.029 68.986 88.039 58.6 98.1S14 8 103.650 12.356 4.368 93.320 113.980 84.1 121.0S15 7 138.857 45.071 17.035 97.173 180.541 86.6 214.0Total 119 54.339 32.364 2.967 48.464 60.214 22.9 214.0
Tab. C.12: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H7
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H7 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 28.650 3.405 1.204 25.803 31.497 22.9 34.4S2 8 28.988 2.679 0.947 26.748 31.227 25.5 33.1S3 8 29.763 2.232 0.789 27.897 31.628 25.5 31.8S4 8 33.425 3.016 1.066 30.904 35.946 29.3 38.2S5 8 35.825 3.507 1.240 32.893 38.757 30.6 40.8S6 8 40.600 3.764 1.331 37.453 43.747 34.4 45.9S7 8 44.113 3.918 1.385 40.837 47.388 38.2 49.7S8 8 53.825 5.268 1.862 49.421 58.229 47.1 62.4S9 8 62.263 6.007 2.124 57.240 67.285 51.0 71.3S10 8 65.588 6.501 2.299 60.152 71.023 52.2 72.6S11 8 81.225 7.780 2.751 74.721 87.729 67.5 90.4S12 8 99.988 12.827 4.535 89.264 110.711 82.8 114.6S13 8 132.163 17.788 6.289 117.291 147.034 115.9 170.7S14 4 170.050 36.930 18.465 111.286 228.814 132.5 208.9Total 108 60.847 37.986 3.655 53.601 68.093 22.9 208.9
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.13: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H8
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H8 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 23.900 3.001 1.061 21.391 26.409 20.4 28.0S2 8 25.300 2.680 0.948 23.059 27.541 22.9 29.3S3 8 28.038 2.706 0.957 25.775 30.300 25.5 33.1S4 8 29.625 4.178 1.477 26.132 33.118 24.2 34.4S5 8 32.625 3.848 1.361 29.408 35.842 28.0 39.5S6 8 36.300 3.653 1.291 33.246 39.354 30.6 43.3S7 8 39.325 4.253 1.504 35.770 42.880 30.6 43.3S8 8 43.950 3.653 1.291 40.896 47.004 39.5 48.4S9 8 48.888 6.903 2.440 43.117 54.658 40.8 57.3S10 8 53.025 5.636 1.992 48.314 57.736 44.6 61.1S11 8 56.038 8.563 3.027 48.879 63.196 44.6 66.2S12 8 67.363 6.864 2.427 61.624 73.101 59.9 80.3S13 8 77.050 8.804 3.113 69.690 84.410 66.2 90.4S14 8 88.075 12.045 4.259 78.005 98.145 70.1 104.5S15 6 119.100 14.595 5.958 103.784 134.416 104.5 145.2Total 118 50.090 25.527 2.350 45.436 54.744 20.4 145.2
Tab. C.14: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H9
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H9 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 7 25.486 2.642 0.999 23.042 27.929 20.4 28.0S2 7 25.857 2.751 1.040 23.313 28.401 22.9 30.6S3 7 28.014 4.027 1.522 24.290 31.738 22.9 33.1S4 7 30.029 3.581 1.353 26.717 33.340 24.2 34.4S5 7 32.929 6.165 2.330 27.227 38.630 24.2 43.3S6 7 37.843 6.044 2.284 32.253 43.433 29.3 47.1S7 7 41.500 7.823 2.957 34.265 48.735 33.1 54.8S8 7 47.871 6.820 2.578 41.564 54.179 39.5 59.9S9 7 49.671 10.126 3.827 40.307 59.036 38.2 66.2S10 7 51.314 10.118 3.824 41.957 60.672 40.8 67.5S11 7 58.057 8.353 3.157 50.332 65.783 48.4 73.9S12 7 65.886 8.198 3.099 58.304 73.468 58.6 80.3S13 7 86.629 18.145 6.858 69.847 103.410 67.5 117.2S14 5 119.980 41.481 18.551 68.475 171.485 66.2 168.2Total 96 48.620 26.411 2.696 43.268 53.971 20.4 168.2
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.15: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H10
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H10 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 28.050 1.336 0.472 26.933 29.167 26.8 29.3S2 8 29.300 1.659 0.586 27.913 30.687 26.8 31.8S3 8 31.988 1.979 0.700 30.333 33.642 28.0 34.4S4 8 35.175 1.789 0.632 33.680 36.670 31.8 36.9S5 8 41.400 4.521 1.598 37.621 45.179 36.9 49.7S6 8 45.550 3.250 1.149 42.833 48.267 40.8 51.0S7 8 49.213 4.464 1.578 45.481 52.944 43.3 54.8S8 8 56.850 6.464 2.285 51.446 62.254 49.7 70.1S9 8 64.650 5.638 1.993 59.937 69.363 56.1 72.6S10 8 70.863 7.781 2.751 64.357 77.368 57.3 80.3S11 8 80.750 4.928 1.742 76.630 84.870 75.2 90.4S12 8 90.600 6.481 2.291 85.182 96.018 77.7 99.4S13 8 109.075 14.022 4.957 97.353 120.797 90.4 135.0S14 5 130.160 11.695 5.230 115.639 144.681 114.6 140.1Total 109 59.803 29.195 2.796 54.260 65.346 26.8 140.1
Tab. C.16: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H11
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H11 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 24.525 1.666 0.589 23.132 25.918 22.9 26.8S2 8 25.638 1.859 0.657 24.084 27.191 22.9 28.0S3 8 27.250 2.545 0.900 25.122 29.378 24.2 30.6S4 8 28.975 2.691 0.951 26.726 31.224 24.2 31.8S5 8 34.400 2.361 0.835 32.426 36.374 29.3 36.9S6 8 34.238 2.591 0.916 32.071 36.404 29.3 38.2S7 8 42.338 6.274 2.218 37.092 47.583 34.4 52.2S8 8 46.663 7.397 2.615 40.478 52.847 35.7 59.9S9 8 53.175 7.104 2.512 47.236 59.114 40.8 61.1S10 8 57.963 9.344 3.304 50.151 65.774 40.8 67.5S11 8 62.263 10.033 3.547 53.875 70.650 42.0 73.9S12 8 72.925 5.769 2.040 68.102 77.748 63.7 79.0S13 8 92.200 14.146 5.002 80.373 104.027 67.5 112.1S14 2 106.400 2.687 1.900 82.258 130.542 104.5 108.3Total 106 47.483 22.305 2.166 43.187 51.779 22.9 112.1
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
The results of homogeneity test of variances and ANOVA test were presented in Table C.18 andTable C.19, respectively.
Tab. C.17: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT1H12
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT1H12 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 25.488 2.476 0.875 23.418 27.557 22.9 30.6S2 8 26.138 1.813 0.641 24.621 27.654 22.9 29.3S3 8 28.513 3.117 1.102 25.907 31.118 22.9 31.8S4 8 30.575 2.800 0.990 28.234 32.916 26.8 34.4S5 8 33.438 4.465 1.579 29.705 37.170 28.0 40.8S6 8 37.913 4.544 1.606 34.114 41.711 34.4 48.4S7 8 42.338 7.364 2.604 36.181 48.494 34.4 54.8S8 8 52.238 6.428 2.273 46.864 57.611 44.6 62.4S9 8 55.575 6.739 2.383 49.941 61.209 45.9 65.0S10 8 60.988 7.262 2.567 54.917 67.058 52.2 73.9S11 8 66.563 8.978 3.174 59.057 74.068 54.8 84.1S12 8 80.900 7.611 2.691 74.537 87.263 67.5 91.7S13 8 106.675 9.817 3.471 98.468 114.882 91.7 122.3S14 7 133.029 24.278 9.176 110.575 155.482 107.0 183.4Total 111 55.044 31.498 2.990 49.119 60.969 22.9 183.4
Tab. C.18: Result of homogeneity of variances for Trunk-1Sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.DT1H1 8.3523 18 201 1.94E-16DT1H2 20.8856 14 99 1.56E-23DT1H3 4.9138 14 105 6.38E-07DT1H4 2.4847 13 112 5.15E-03DT1H5 5.3569 14 101 1.60E-07DT1H6 8.4652 14 104 6.81E-12DT1H7 15.2329 13 94 7.15E-18DT1H8 4.7876 14 103 1.07E-06DT1H9 9.6396 13 82 8.17E-12DT1H10 5.2296 13 95 5.86E-07DT1H11 3.7153 13 92 9.41E-05DT1H12 3.1062 13 97 6.85E-04
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SPSS Analysis Results for Sample Trunk-2
The descriptives results of statistical analysis for sample Trunk-2 (incl. wood disk-1 to wooddisk-12) are presented in Table C.20; C.21; C.22; C.23; C.24; C.25; C.26; C.27; C.28; C.29;C.30; C.31, respectively.
Tab. C.19: Result of ANOVA test for Trunk-1Sample Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
DT1H1 Between Groups 59830.376 18 3323.910 92.539 7.94E-87Within Groups 7219.743 201 35.919
Total 67050.118 219DT1H2 Between Groups 107321.799 14 7665.843 97.044 3.10E-51
Within Groups 7820.384 99 78.994Total 115142.183 113
DT1H3 Between Groups 117735.478 14 8409.677 69.396 1.99E-46Within Groups 12724.395 105 121.185
Total 130459.873 119DT1H4 Between Groups 80336.829 13 6179.756 70.487 1.25E-47
Within Groups 9819.291 112 87.672Total 90156.120 125
DT1H5 Between Groups 61218.659 14 4372.761 126.186 2.58E-57Within Groups 3499.983 101 34.653
Total 64718.642 115DT1H6 Between Groups 107050.829 14 7646.488 49.527 1.78E-39
Within Groups 16056.550 104 154.390Total 123107.378 118
DT1H7 Between Groups 120999.220 13 9307.632 101.343 2.74E-49Within Groups 8633.230 94 91.843
Total 129632.450 107DT1H8 Between Groups 70128.849 14 5009.204 110.255 2.67E-55
Within Groups 4679.570 103 45.433Total 74808.419 117
DT1H9 Between Groups 48586.722 13 3737.440 22.924 5.27E-22Within Groups 13368.818 82 163.034
Total 61955.540 95DT1H10 Between Groups 80164.278 13 6166.483 149.051 4.13E-57
Within Groups 3930.302 95 41.372Total 84094.580 108
DT1H11 Between Groups 50499.827 13 3884.602 87.752 6.61E-46Within Groups 4072.641 92 44.268
Total 54572.468 105DT1H12 Between Groups 102820.389 13 7909.261 111.249 3.42E-52
Within Groups 6896.214 97 71.095Total 109716.603 110
Tab. C.20: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H1
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H1 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 12 22.308 3.049 0.880 20.371 24.245 16.6 26.8S2 12 21.142 2.456 0.709 19.581 22.702 16.6 26.8S3 12 22.608 1.632 0.471 21.571 23.645 19.1 24.2S4 12 24.100 2.504 0.723 22.509 25.691 20.4 28.0S5 12 25.283 2.306 0.666 23.818 26.748 21.7 30.6S6 12 26.967 2.650 0.765 25.283 28.650 22.9 31.8S7 12 28.142 3.013 0.870 26.227 30.056 25.5 33.1S8 12 31.308 3.654 1.055 28.987 33.630 25.5 38.2S9 12 33.967 3.996 1.154 31.427 36.506 26.8 39.5S10 12 36.308 4.722 1.363 33.308 39.309 26.8 40.8S11 12 39.600 4.814 1.390 36.541 42.659 31.8 48.4S12 12 41.500 5.253 1.516 38.162 44.838 33.1 48.4S13 12 44.167 6.267 1.809 40.185 48.149 31.8 53.5S14 12 49.792 7.336 2.118 45.131 54.453 36.9 59.9S15 12 56.050 5.823 1.681 52.350 59.750 48.4 65.0S16 12 72.292 19.296 5.570 60.031 84.552 56.1 124.8S17 11 98.200 14.359 4.329 88.554 107.846 65.0 119.7S18 2 114.050 6.293 4.450 57.507 170.593 109.6 118.5Total 205 40.072 21.801 1.523 37.070 43.074 16.6 124.8
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Tab. C.21: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H2
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H2 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 22.450 2.728 0.965 20.169 24.731 17.8 25.5S2 8 23.100 2.402 0.849 21.092 25.108 20.4 25.5S3 8 25.825 2.620 0.926 23.635 28.015 21.7 30.6S4 8 29.150 2.468 0.873 27.087 31.213 26.8 33.1S5 8 31.850 2.040 0.721 30.144 33.556 29.3 35.7S6 8 34.063 1.641 0.580 32.690 35.435 31.8 36.9S7 8 38.050 2.578 0.911 35.895 40.205 34.4 43.3S8 8 41.888 2.500 0.884 39.797 43.978 39.5 45.9S9 8 45.538 1.889 0.668 43.958 47.117 43.3 48.4S10 8 48.238 1.846 0.653 46.694 49.781 45.9 52.2S11 8 51.125 2.086 0.737 49.381 52.869 48.4 53.5S12 8 56.538 7.095 2.509 50.606 62.469 51.0 72.6S13 8 67.675 7.846 2.774 61.116 74.234 53.5 76.4S14 8 85.675 13.897 4.913 74.057 97.293 65.0 100.6S15 8 127.563 38.020 13.442 95.777 159.348 77.7 193.6S16 2 131.200 16.263 11.500 -14.921 277.321 119.7 142.7Total 122 49.936 30.668 2.777 44.439 55.433 17.8 193.6
Tab. C.22: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H3
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H3 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 22.288 2.457 0.869 20.233 24.342 19.1 25.5S2 8 22.150 2.356 0.833 20.181 24.119 19.1 25.5S3 8 25.000 2.047 0.724 23.288 26.712 22.9 29.3S4 8 28.838 2.774 0.981 26.519 31.156 25.5 33.1S5 8 31.050 2.875 1.016 28.647 33.453 26.8 34.4S6 8 33.113 2.664 0.942 30.886 35.339 28.0 35.7S7 8 38.038 1.973 0.697 36.388 39.687 35.7 42.0S8 8 42.038 3.738 1.322 38.913 45.162 36.9 47.1S9 8 45.063 3.114 1.101 42.459 47.666 38.2 48.4S10 8 48.725 3.968 1.403 45.408 52.042 42.0 54.8S11 8 52.075 5.948 2.103 47.102 57.048 45.9 62.4S12 8 60.200 8.754 3.095 52.882 67.518 49.7 73.9S13 8 74.213 13.001 4.597 63.343 85.082 58.6 98.1S14 8 102.375 18.495 6.539 86.913 117.837 84.1 135.0S15 6 124.633 17.059 6.964 106.731 142.535 113.4 158.0Total 118 48.721 28.505 2.624 43.524 53.918 19.1 158.0
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Tab. C.23: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H4
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H4 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 20.700 3.025 1.070 18.171 23.229 16.6 25.5S2 8 22.300 2.733 0.966 20.015 24.585 17.8 25.5S3 8 24.688 2.788 0.986 22.356 27.019 21.7 29.3S4 8 29.788 1.910 0.675 28.190 31.385 26.8 33.1S5 8 32.800 3.025 1.070 30.271 35.329 29.3 36.9S6 8 36.625 2.011 0.711 34.944 38.306 34.4 39.5S7 8 41.713 1.894 0.670 40.129 43.296 38.2 44.6S8 8 45.688 2.500 0.884 43.597 47.778 42.0 49.7S9 8 49.388 2.949 1.043 46.922 51.853 45.9 54.8S10 8 54.300 3.955 1.398 50.994 57.606 51.0 61.1S11 8 58.600 5.860 2.072 53.701 63.499 52.2 68.8S12 8 73.425 9.873 3.491 65.171 81.679 62.4 87.9S13 8 92.813 14.723 5.205 80.504 105.121 76.4 112.1S14 5 132.740 20.299 9.078 107.536 157.944 115.9 160.5Total 109 48.865 27.955 2.678 43.558 54.173 16.6 160.5
Tab. C.24: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H5
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H5 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 21.013 2.619 0.926 18.823 23.202 16.6 24.2S2 8 22.463 2.641 0.934 20.255 24.670 17.8 25.5S3 8 24.688 1.544 0.546 23.397 25.978 22.9 26.8S4 8 28.813 2.788 0.986 26.481 31.144 24.2 31.8S5 8 30.888 1.894 0.670 29.304 32.471 28.0 34.4S6 8 35.988 0.874 0.309 35.257 36.718 34.4 36.9S7 8 41.238 4.322 1.528 37.624 44.851 34.4 45.9S8 8 43.475 5.369 1.898 38.987 47.963 35.7 52.2S9 8 47.788 5.175 1.829 43.462 52.113 40.8 54.8S10 8 52.863 7.126 2.519 46.905 58.820 45.9 66.2S11 8 58.150 12.174 4.304 47.972 68.328 45.9 80.3S12 8 68.150 19.755 6.984 51.635 84.665 52.2 103.2S13 8 84.225 20.724 7.327 66.900 101.550 66.2 118.5S14 6 96.383 15.625 6.379 79.986 112.781 76.4 113.4S15 3 134.200 22.997 13.277 77.072 191.328 112.1 158.0Total 113 48.308 27.317 2.570 43.216 53.400 16.6 158.0
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Tab. C.25: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H6
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H6 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 20.538 3.225 1.140 17.841 23.234 16.6 25.5S2 8 21.163 2.724 0.963 18.885 23.440 17.8 24.2S3 8 24.213 3.202 1.132 21.535 26.890 19.1 29.3S4 8 30.888 2.125 0.751 29.111 32.664 28.0 34.4S5 8 32.813 3.039 1.074 30.272 35.353 28.0 35.7S6 8 39.813 5.001 1.768 35.632 43.993 31.8 45.9S7 8 44.113 4.211 1.489 40.592 47.633 36.9 48.4S8 8 46.500 4.362 1.542 42.853 50.147 39.5 52.2S9 8 50.638 2.860 1.011 48.247 53.028 45.9 53.5S10 8 55.425 4.241 1.499 51.879 58.971 51.0 61.1S11 8 61.275 5.323 1.882 56.824 65.726 52.2 66.2S12 8 75.488 6.357 2.247 70.173 80.802 62.4 82.8S13 8 95.063 12.863 4.548 84.309 105.816 71.3 110.8S14 8 123.400 17.995 6.362 108.356 138.444 90.4 151.6Total 112 51.523 29.372 2.775 46.024 57.023 16.6 151.6
Tab. C.26: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H7
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H7 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 21.813 2.595 0.917 19.643 23.982 17.8 25.5S2 8 23.425 1.648 0.583 22.047 24.803 21.7 25.5S3 8 25.463 2.643 0.934 23.253 27.672 22.9 29.3S4 8 32.325 2.814 0.995 29.973 34.677 28.0 35.7S5 8 37.125 4.492 1.588 33.369 40.881 30.6 45.9S6 8 41.388 2.561 0.905 39.247 43.528 36.9 45.9S7 8 48.413 2.543 0.899 46.286 50.539 44.6 52.2S8 8 56.388 4.064 1.437 52.990 59.785 49.7 59.9S9 8 61.950 5.050 1.785 57.728 66.172 53.5 70.1S10 8 71.500 8.165 2.887 64.674 78.326 61.1 87.9S11 8 83.463 10.536 3.725 74.654 92.271 65.0 101.9S12 8 101.438 16.548 5.850 87.603 115.272 84.1 136.3S13 7 134.129 19.895 7.520 115.728 152.529 104.5 155.4S14 2 164.350 37.830 26.750 -175.541 504.241 137.6 191.1Total 105 58.144 35.754 3.489 51.225 65.063 17.8 191.1
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Tab. C.27: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H8
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H8 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 20.375 2.369 0.837 18.395 22.355 17.8 24.2S2 8 20.863 1.927 0.681 19.251 22.474 17.8 22.9S3 8 25.013 2.033 0.719 23.313 26.712 21.7 28.0S4 8 27.100 1.770 0.626 25.621 28.579 24.2 30.6S5 8 32.963 2.942 1.040 30.503 35.422 28.0 35.7S6 8 37.725 3.726 1.317 34.610 40.840 31.8 43.3S7 8 44.913 4.670 1.651 41.008 48.817 36.9 49.7S8 8 47.938 2.232 0.789 46.072 49.803 45.9 52.2S9 8 51.288 3.100 1.096 48.696 53.879 45.9 56.1S10 8 54.925 3.743 1.324 51.795 58.055 49.7 61.1S11 8 59.400 6.448 2.280 54.009 64.791 51.0 70.1S12 8 65.775 7.493 2.649 59.511 72.039 54.8 73.9S13 8 82.488 11.373 4.021 72.979 91.996 66.2 98.1S14 8 104.625 13.268 4.691 93.532 115.718 90.4 123.6S15 4 173.575 29.550 14.775 126.554 220.596 131.2 196.2Total 116 52.564 33.412 3.102 46.419 58.709 17.8 196.2
Tab. C.28: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H9
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H9 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 7 22.743 2.007 0.758 20.887 24.599 19.1 25.5S2 7 22.743 1.861 0.703 21.022 24.464 20.4 25.5S3 7 26.771 1.942 0.734 24.975 28.568 24.2 29.3S4 7 31.114 2.512 0.949 28.791 33.437 26.8 34.4S5 7 38.214 5.040 1.905 33.553 42.876 33.1 48.4S6 7 43.129 6.283 2.375 37.318 48.939 36.9 51.0S7 7 49.871 6.547 2.475 43.816 55.927 44.6 61.1S8 7 54.971 7.969 3.012 47.602 62.341 47.1 67.5S9 7 63.886 8.879 3.356 55.674 72.097 53.5 73.9S10 7 73.514 9.631 3.640 64.607 82.422 61.1 87.9S11 7 84.429 13.328 5.037 72.103 96.754 67.5 105.7S12 7 101.529 19.351 7.314 83.632 119.425 72.6 129.9S13 6 125.267 24.920 10.174 99.115 151.419 81.5 152.9S14 3 175.800 25.079 14.479 113.500 238.100 155.4 203.8Total 93 59.886 37.946 3.935 52.071 67.701 19.1 203.8
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.29: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H10
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H10 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 21.025 1.809 0.639 19.513 22.537 17.8 22.9S2 8 22.775 1.860 0.658 21.220 24.330 20.4 26.8S3 8 25.963 3.168 1.120 23.314 28.611 21.7 29.3S4 8 29.775 4.128 1.460 26.324 33.226 24.2 38.2S5 8 33.438 4.137 1.463 29.979 36.896 28.0 40.8S6 8 40.600 7.211 2.550 34.571 46.629 29.3 52.2S7 8 45.563 6.632 2.345 40.018 51.107 35.7 56.1S8 8 50.963 6.393 2.260 45.618 56.307 42.0 62.4S9 8 59.250 5.738 2.029 54.453 64.047 51.0 70.1S10 8 66.400 4.931 1.743 62.278 70.522 59.9 75.2S11 8 72.925 6.024 2.130 67.889 77.961 66.2 85.4S12 8 85.663 9.281 3.281 77.904 93.421 67.5 95.5S13 8 100.800 10.888 3.849 91.698 109.902 84.1 117.2S14 4 119.425 18.018 9.009 90.754 148.096 107.0 145.2Total 108 52.952 28.049 2.699 47.601 58.302 17.8 145.2
Tab. C.30: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H11
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H11 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 20.050 2.339 0.827 18.094 22.006 17.8 24.2S2 8 22.938 2.820 0.997 20.580 25.295 19.1 26.8S3 8 23.563 1.181 0.417 22.575 24.550 21.7 25.5S4 8 25.975 3.269 1.156 23.242 28.708 20.4 30.6S5 8 30.250 2.944 1.041 27.789 32.711 26.8 34.4S6 8 34.550 3.083 1.090 31.972 37.128 29.3 38.2S7 8 41.088 3.829 1.354 37.886 44.289 35.7 45.9S8 8 45.525 3.522 1.245 42.581 48.469 39.5 49.7S9 8 49.675 5.204 1.840 45.324 54.026 42.0 59.9S10 8 57.338 9.450 3.341 49.437 65.238 49.7 73.9S11 8 61.950 10.526 3.721 53.150 70.750 49.7 77.7S12 8 69.250 13.604 4.810 57.877 80.623 54.8 93.0S13 8 84.250 18.978 6.710 68.384 100.116 65.0 117.2S14 6 116.967 21.523 8.787 94.380 139.553 82.8 145.2Total 110 47.573 26.660 2.542 42.535 52.611 17.8 145.2
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
The results of homogeneity test of variances and ANOVA test for sample Trunk-2 (incl. wooddisk-1 to wood disk-12) were presented in Table C.32 and Table C.33, respectively.
The summarized analysis of oil palm wood samples Trunk-1 and Trunk-2 were presented inTable 4.7 (Chapter 4, see Section 4.1.2).
Tab. C.31: Result of descriptives One-Way Anova for sample wood disk DT2H12
Sample N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum MaximumDT2H12 Lower Bound Upper Bound
S1 8 19.275 2.488 0.880 17.195 21.355 15.3 22.9S2 8 19.263 2.204 0.779 17.420 21.105 16.6 22.9S3 8 20.238 2.991 1.057 17.737 22.738 16.6 25.5S4 8 26.763 3.097 1.095 24.173 29.352 21.7 31.8S5 8 30.250 2.418 0.855 28.229 32.271 26.8 34.4S6 8 34.550 3.692 1.305 31.463 37.637 29.3 39.5S7 8 39.000 2.056 0.727 37.281 40.719 36.9 42.0S8 8 46.025 3.637 1.286 42.984 49.066 39.5 51.0S9 8 47.613 4.252 1.503 44.058 51.167 39.5 53.5S10 8 54.938 5.132 1.815 50.647 59.228 47.1 59.9S11 8 57.950 5.442 1.924 53.400 62.500 48.4 63.7S12 8 64.963 4.714 1.667 61.021 68.904 58.6 71.3S13 8 86.938 19.291 6.820 70.810 103.065 65.0 117.2S14 4 120.400 30.780 15.390 71.423 169.377 98.1 165.6Total 108 45.034 25.548 2.458 40.161 49.908 15.3 165.6
Tab. C.32: Result of homogeneity of variances for Trunk-2Sample Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.DT2H1 5.1335 17 187 3.75E-09DT2H2 9.5951 15 106 7.35E-14DT2H3 6.0659 14 103 1.34E-08DT2H4 17.2731 13 95 1.19E-19DT2H5 8.5298 14 98 9.72E-12DT2H6 4.4514 13 98 6.81E-06DT2H7 11.1852 13 91 6.76E-14DT2H8 10.1313 14 101 8.54E-14DT2H9 5.5561 13 79 4.70E-07DT2H10 3.0024 13 94 1.02E-03DT2H11 7.3616 13 96 8.26E-10DT2H12 12.5343 13 94 2.05E-15
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Chapter C. Statistical Analysis of Oil Palm Wood Zoning
Tab. C.33: Result of ANOVA test for Trunk-2Sample Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
DT2H1 Between Groups 87736.071 17 5160.945 104.640 8.43E-86Within Groups 9223.025 187 49.321
Total 96959.096 204DT2H2 Between Groups 100881.459 15 6725.431 55.181 5.17E-43
Within Groups 12919.223 106 121.879Total 113800.681 121
DT2H3 Between Groups 88675.717 14 6333.980 102.070 1.06E-53Within Groups 6391.680 103 62.055
Total 95067.397 117DT2H4 Between Groups 79781.353 13 6137.027 126.302 6.92E-54
Within Groups 4616.075 95 48.590Total 84397.428 108
DT2H5 Between Groups 73449.896 14 5246.421 50.767 1.66E-38Within Groups 10127.647 98 103.343
Total 83577.543 112DT2H6 Between Groups 90946.502 13 6995.885 142.408 1.72E-57
Within Groups 4814.318 98 49.126Total 95760.820 111
DT2H7 Between Groups 125284.423 13 9637.263 114.434 1.99E-50Within Groups 7663.716 91 84.217
Total 132948.138 104DT2H8 Between Groups 122312.334 14 8736.595 145.413 3.00E-60
Within Groups 6068.194 101 60.081Total 128380.528 115
DT2H9 Between Groups 122632.864 13 9433.297 75.751 5.32E-39Within Groups 9837.868 79 124.530
Total 132470.732 92DT2H10 Between Groups 79805.708 13 6138.901 131.875 2.60E-54
Within Groups 4375.801 94 46.551Total 84181.510 107
DT2H11 Between Groups 69252.075 13 5327.083 62.228 8.16E-41Within Groups 8218.183 96 85.606
Total 77470.258 109DT2H12 Between Groups 63255.192 13 4865.784 69.443 2.94E-42
Within Groups 6586.451 94 70.069Total 69841.643 107
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D Data of Physical Properties
D.1 Moisture Content
Tab. D.1: Moisture content of oil palm wood in green condition at inner zone (IZ) along thetrunkSample Sample Weight Moisture Sample Sample Weight MoistureCode W0 W1 W2 W3 Content Code W0 W1 W2 W3 Content
(g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
AIZ11 119.010 35.778 35.692 35.692 233.436 AIZ71 139.133 30.025 29.884 29.884 365.577AIZ12 127.185 32.947 32.887 32.887 286.733 AIZ72 140.102 29.630 29.488 29.436 375.955AIZ13 122.003 33.781 33.688 33.688 262.156 AIZ73 141.476 28.694 28.576 28.481 396.738AIZ14 150.183 38.042 37.898 37.870 296.575 AIZ74 128.530 25.402 25.360 25.346 407.102AIZ15 156.178 38.466 38.292 38.292 307.861 AIZ75 127.157 27.156 27.181 27.156 368.246AIZ16 158.043 37.922 37.795 37.795 318.158 AIZ76 123.473 27.283 27.296 27.282 352.580
284.153 377.700AIZ21 144.742 33.011 32.925 32.882 340.186 AIZ81 118.522 24.337 24.203 24.062 392.569AIZ22 148.352 34.670 34.599 34.599 328.775 AIZ82 122.875 26.244 26.135 26.112 370.569AIZ23 114.286 32.239 33.192 33.158 244.671 AIZ83 121.799 24.358 24.250 24.137 404.615AIZ24 143.972 35.475 35.436 35.436 306.287 AIZ84 127.872 25.398 25.357 25.274 405.943AIZ25 142.509 35.069 35.142 35.113 305.858 AIZ85 127.262 25.443 25.260 25.260 403.808AIZ26 144.487 35.145 35.100 35.100 311.644 AIZ86 122.300 25.205 25.069 25.069 387.854
306.237 394.226AIZ31 159.006 36.789 36.780 36.696 333.306 AIZ91 125.767 23.788 23.768 23.649 431.807AIZ32 152.990 34.725 34.634 34.634 341.734 AIZ92 127.302 24.559 24.468 24.468 420.280AIZ33 157.774 35.226 35.138 35.193 348.311 AIZ93 120.009 22.928 22.840 22.840 425.433AIZ34 142.951 36.394 36.398 36.398 292.744 AIZ94 131.079 22.006 21.937 21.937 497.525AIZ35 145.157 37.518 37.514 37.555 286.518 AIZ95 137.050 23.752 23.680 23.680 478.758AIZ36 143.076 38.108 38.011 38.011 276.407 AIZ96 136.251 24.033 24.030 23.815 472.123
313.170 454.321AIZ41 148.937 36.785 36.682 36.682 306.022 AIZ10-1 129.392 31.510 31.374 31.374 312.418AIZ42 146.884 36.295 36.230 36.247 305.231 AIZ10-2 121.849 32.682 32.540 32.540 274.459AIZ43 148.281 38.792 38.776 38.753 282.631 AIZ10-3 129.265 33.529 33.311 33.311 288.055AIZ44 146.455 30.027 29.883 29.868 390.341 AIZ10-4 116.597 20.774 20.734 20.658 464.416AIZ45 146.013 29.292 29.244 29.244 399.292 AIZ10-5 119.963 20.786 20.732 20.732 478.637AIZ46 147.004 29.595 29.571 29.527 397.863 AIZ10-6 120.589 20.645 20.635 20.571 486.209
346.897 384.032AIZ51 131.112 29.952 29.843 29.843 339.339 AIZ11-1 140.712 32.143 32.133 32.095 338.423AIZ52 133.822 31.243 31.211 31.211 328.765 AIZ11-2 137.512 32.344 32.328 32.244 326.473AIZ53 130.889 30.576 30.498 30.486 329.341 AIZ11-3 129.773 32.944 32.990 32.926 294.135AIZ54 135.638 29.791 29.758 29.740 356.079 AIZ11-4 110.573 23.140 23.115 23.022 380.293AIZ55 136.498 30.178 30.077 30.131 353.015 AIZ11-5 124.713 24.482 24.334 24.334 412.505AIZ56 135.124 29.646 29.581 29.581 356.793 AIZ11-6 106.983 17.276 17.192 17.192 522.284
343.889 379.019AIZ61 140.401 32.761 32.609 32.531 331.591 AIZ12-1 104.552 16.650 16.502 16.502 533.572AIZ62 139.554 32.294 32.145 32.078 335.046 AIZ12-2 110.838 16.928 16.791 16.698 563.780AIZ63 140.366 32.882 32.772 32.772 328.311 AIZ12-3 103.898 22.086 22.067 21.935 373.663AIZ64 136.297 31.554 31.473 31.368 334.510 490.338AIZ65 135.118 30.307 30.210 30.210 347.262AIZ66 135.835 30.571 30.474 30.474 345.741
337.077Notes:IZjk is sample from inner zone at height j and replication k
W0=sample weight in green condition; W1=sample weight after 24 hours;W2=sample weight after 24+6 hours; W3=sample weight after 24+6+2 hours; n=69 samples; Standard Testing DIN 52 183
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.1. Moisture Content
Tab. D.2: Moisture content of oil palm wood in green condition at central zone (CZ) along thetrunkSample Sample Weight Moisture Sample Sample Weight MoistureCode W0 W1 W2 W3 Content Code W0 W1 W2 W3 Content
(g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
ACZ11 130.761 40.670 40.630 40.630 221.834 ACZ71 140.798 31.541 31.518 31.518 346.723ACZ12 130.453 43.870 43.848 43.848 197.512 ACZ72 141.519 32.626 32.583 32.583 334.334ACZ13 133.323 42.321 42.280 42.280 215.333 ACZ73 140.137 33.048 33.035 32.976 324.967ACZ14 163.058 61.180 61.104 61.104 166.853 ACZ74 129.225 30.032 29.993 29.993 330.851ACZ15 171.640 66.880 66.756 66.756 157.115 ACZ75 129.772 31.254 31.156 31.156 316.523ACZ16 176.849 69.420 69.299 69.299 155.197 ACZ76 127.349 31.762 31.715 31.681 301.973
185.641 325.895ACZ21 178.467 72.140 72.016 72.016 147.816 ACZ81 130.735 34.386 34.356 34.356 280.530ACZ22 175.129 70.562 70.488 70.488 148.452 ACZ82 130.570 31.921 31.854 31.835 310.146ACZ23 164.989 65.821 65.725 65.725 151.029 ACZ83 129.900 32.975 32.913 32.913 294.677ACZ24 146.824 49.716 49.608 49.608 195.968 ACZ84 122.250 23.905 23.695 23.695 415.932ACZ25 146.199 49.696 49.637 49.649 194.465 ACZ85 127.328 25.372 25.259 25.259 404.090ACZ26 149.516 52.252 52.158 52.158 186.660 ACZ86 119.043 23.582 23.455 23.427 408.144
170.732 352.253ACZ31 153.013 54.338 54.273 54.273 181.932 ACZ91 124.130 26.324 26.193 26.193 373.905ACZ32 155.907 54.725 54.680 54.680 185.126 ACZ92 120.333 24.782 24.635 24.544 390.275ACZ33 154.633 55.423 55.257 55.275 179.752 ACZ93 118.072 24.531 29.529 24.414 383.624ACZ34 143.429 35.420 35.324 35.324 306.038 ACZ94 152.048 28.441 28.426 28.339 436.533ACZ35 141.198 33.239 33.190 33.190 325.423 ACZ95 149.802 28.935 28.859 28.859 419.082ACZ36 137.447 35.562 32.508 32.549 322.277 ACZ96 145.033 28.774 28.685 28.685 405.606
250.092 401.504ACZ41 148.300 52.097 51.986 52.027 185.044 ACZ10-1 132.840 29.950 29.807 29.807 345.667ACZ42 145.157 46.878 46.782 46.782 210.284 ACZ10-2 130.594 29.266 28.996 28.996 350.386ACZ43 146.099 49.773 49.756 49.700 193.962 ACZ10-3 137.607 30.512 30.419 30.345 353.475ACZ44 144.015 36.353 36.363 36.363 296.048 ACZ10-4 110.612 23.261 23.131 23.131 378.198ACZ45 144.139 37.391 37.307 37.307 286.359 ACZ10-5 114.085 25.213 25.158 25.081 354.866ACZ46 143.828 29.090 39.111 39.104 267.809 ACZ10-6 119.141 26.595 26.454 26.454 350.370
239.918 355.494ACZ51 136.869 36.620 36.633 36.552 274.450 ACZ11-1 128.898 27.590 27.499 27.400 370.431ACZ52 136.657 37.426 37.353 37.353 265.853 ACZ11-2 125.402 31.659 31.551 31.430 298.988ACZ53 131.557 37.136 37.061 37.033 255.243 ACZ11-3 133.237 31.743 31.607 31.607 321.543ACZ54 147.723 34.516 34.442 34.442 328.904 ACZ11-4 126.234 26.476 26.308 26.308 379.831ACZ55 144.622 35.853 35.860 35.860 303.296 ACZ11-5 119.736 25.497 25.420 25.353 372.275ACZ56 145.404 35.137 35.079 35.079 314.504 ACZ11-6 125.468 25.193 25.030 25.030 401.270
290.375 357.390ACZ61 136.095 37.102 36.985 36.959 268.232 ACZ12-1 107.675 17.055 16.983 16.889 537.545ACZ62 137.424 36.775 36.707 36.616 275.311 ACZ12-2 102.986 16.864 16.714 16.714 516.166ACZ63 136.896 37.255 37.054 37.000 269.989 ACZ12-3 108.199 17.008 16.894 16.894 540.458ACZ64 129.871 30.442 30.758 30.758 322.235 531.390ACZ65 132.530 31.615 31.473 31.473 321.091ACZ66 132.563 32.812 32.650 32.621 306.373
293.872Notes:CZjk is sample from central zone at height j and replication k
W0=sample weight in green condition; W1=sample weight after 24 hours;W2=sample weight after 24+6 hours; W3=sample weight after 24+6+2 hours; n=69 samples; Standard Testing DIN 52 183
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.1. Moisture Content
Tab. D.3: Moisture content of oil palm wood in green condition at peripheral zone (PZ) alongthe trunkSample Sample Weight Moisture Sample Sample Weight MoistureCode W0 W1 W2 W3 Content Code W0 W1 W2 W3 Content
(g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
APZ11 124.926 53.768 53.646 53.646 132.871 APZ71 133.710 39.567 39.428 39.373 239.598APZ12 137.492 52.862 52.798 52.772 160.540 APZ72 134.935 40.304 40.194 40.194 235.709APZ13 133.626 52.577 52.532 52.532 154.371 APZ73 134.879 40.275 40.225 40.179 235.695APZ14 165.643 79.013 78.900 78.900 109.940 APZ74 126.971 37.304 37.233 37.163 241.660APZ15 161.637 76.395 76.430 76.356 111.689 APZ75 127.311 37.956 37.789 37.733 237.400APZ16 164.667 79.264 79.202 79.202 107.908 APZ76 129.174 37.252 37.121 37.121 247.981
129.553 239.674APZ21 178.668 83.580 83.563 83.563 113.812 APZ81 122.076 37.045 37.293 37.302 227.264APZ22 175.890 82.257 82.165 82.165 114.069 APZ82 131.153 42.345 42.222 42.178 210.951APZ23 170.202 78.291 78.227 78.227 117.574 APZ83 137.903 47.793 47.664 47.664 189.323APZ24 147.051 63.805 63.751 63.805 130.469 APZ84 125.420 28.116 28.050 28.050 347.130APZ25 149.012 64.881 64.846 64.846 129.794 APZ85 128.610 28.978 28.887 28.887 345.218APZ26 146.528 62.846 62.768 62.768 133.444 APZ86 133.313 28.970 28.841 28.829 362.427
123.194 280.385APZ31 160.774 72.767 72.637 72.686 121.190 APZ91 129.105 37.987 37.943 37.847 241.123APZ32 160.714 70.964 70.875 70.866 126.786 APZ92 119.338 36.512 36.388 36.388 227.960APZ33 159.273 69.545 69.454 69.454 129.322 APZ93 129.158 38.874 38.725 30.725 320.368APZ34 146.933 55.054 55.025 55.010 167.102 APZ94 142.710 36.068 35.826 35.826 298.342APZ35 145.321 53.565 53.512 53.512 171.567 APZ95 141.671 35.646 35.667 35.588 298.086APZ36 144.663 54.049 53.999 54.999 163.028 APZ96 132.566 33.370 33.245 33.245 298.755
146.499 280.772APZ41 148.018 60.538 60.500 60.427 144.953 APZ10-1 140.308 39.711 39.605 39.605 254.268APZ42 146.576 59.510 59.478 59.478 146.437 APZ10-2 149.824 42.601 42.462 42.398 253.375APZ43 149.694 60.056 60.018 60.018 149.415 APZ10-3 146.072 42.781 42.647 42.647 242.514APZ44 143.975 45.882 45.635 45.635 215.492 APZ10-4 110.272 28.466 28.408 28.367 288.733APZ45 146.528 48.513 48.377 48.377 202.888 APZ10-5 114.234 29.405 29.311 29.190 291.346APZ46 146.363 50.127 50.056 49.863 193.530 APZ10-6 115.703 30.750 30.725 30.636 277.670
175.453 267.985APZ51 134.428 48.850 48.657 48.657 176.277 APZ11-1 136.458 35.079 34.960 34.960 290.326APZ52 139.091 50.677 50.517 50.480 175.537 APZ11-2 138.540 35.180 35.110 35.110 294.588APZ53 137.076 47.730 47.682 47.540 188.338 APZ11-3 138.542 34.090 34.066 33.954 308.029APZ54 146.707 32.953 32.800 32.800 347.277 APZ11-4 136.912 36.041 36.006 35.948 280.861APZ55 143.821 32.853 32.872 32.872 337.518 APZ11-5 136.343 36.643 36.560 36.467 273.880APZ56 143.528 31.877 31.838 31.743 352.156 APZ11-6 130.890 35.114 35.099 35.099 272.917
262.851 286.767APZ61 132.996 44.779 44.738 44.662 197.783 APZ12-1 115.223 23.757 23.660 23.586 388.523APZ62 136.202 46.494 46.402 46.402 193.526 APZ12-2 112.720 23.679 23.439 23.293 383.922APZ63 136.614 47.562 47.491 47.470 187.790 APZ12-3 111.403 23.294 23.166 23.166 380.890APZ64 134.882 40.148 40.008 39.973 237.433 384.445APZ65 139.948 42.903 42.722 42.645 228.170APZ66 137.139 41.443 41.302 41.267 232.321
212.837Notes:PZjk is sample from peripheral zone at height j and replication kW0=sample weight in green condition; W1=sample weight after 24 hours;W2=sample weight after 24+6 hours; W3=sample weight after 24+6+2 hours; n=69 samples; Standard Testing DIN 52 183
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.1. Moisture Content
.
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.1. Moisture Content
Tab. D.4: Moisture content of oil palm frond in green conditionSample Alu-pan Sample Weight Moisture Sample Alu-pan Sample Weight MoistureCode W0 W1 W2 W3 Content Code W0 W1 W2 W3 Content
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
AF11 0.526 86.795 24.979 24.907 24.907 253.837 AF23-1 0.563 47.811 16.488 16.433 16.388 198.566AF12 0.545 86.737 24.236 24.218 24.218 264.094 AF23-2 0.527 50.012 16.439 16.374 16.398 211.795AF13 0.520 85.026 23.938 23.881 23.903 261.399 AF23-3 0.465 48.056 15.601 15.540 15.562 215.235
259.777 208.532AF21 0.538 62.079 17.315 17.248 17.248 268.288 AF24-1 0.515 38.541 13.172 13.123 13.154 200.862AF22 0.594 60.848 17.182 17.105 17.073 265.641 AF24-2 0.361 38.864 12.555 12.516 12.551 215.857AF23 0.525 57.648 16.678 16.591 16.591 255.552 AF24-3 0.521 39.138 12.415 12.384 12.384 225.525
263.161 214.081AF31 0.497 53.475 14.689 14.653 14.642 274.535 AF25-1 0.434 44.531 13.270 13.230 13.255 243.944AF32 0.460 58.315 15.092 15.069 15.042 296.756 AF25-2 0.458 44.200 12.845 12.802 12.827 253.642AF33 0.498 56.925 14.763 14.734 14.734 296.368 AF25-3 0.463 45.787 13.085 13.052 13.052 260.029
289.220 252.538AF41 0.616 55.138 16.487 16.450 16.450 244.335 AF26-1 0.418 45.802 14.247 14.202 14.212 229.013AF42 0.643 49.608 16.303 16.250 16.243 213.878 AF26-2 0.451 45.192 14.867 14.818 14.818 211.415AF43 0.529 54.770 16.742 16.693 16.673 235.982 AF26-3 0.523 47.501 14.269 14.227 14.227 242.805
231.399 227.744AF51 0.563 58.315 17.639 17.591 17.574 239.498 AF27-1 0.528 55.867 15.825 15.787 15.762 263.260AF52 0.474 57.900 17.923 17.873 17.838 230.719 AF27-2 0.509 57.424 16.175 16.121 16.102 265.004AF53 0.462 57.766 17.237 17.191 17.185 242.666 AF27-3 0.547 60.042 16.036 15.987 15.987 285.330
237.627 271.198AF61 0.523 59.767 17.417 17.388 17.374 251.576 AF28-1 0.470 64.637 20.137 20.084 20.058 227.583AF62 0.591 61.556 17.491 17.464 17.454 261.531 AF28-2 0.465 64.009 19.728 19.663 19.643 231.338AF63 0.501 62.919 18.023 17.985 17.976 257.185 AF28-3 0.442 62.988 20.244 20.170 20.124 217.783
256.764 225.568AF71 0.520 58.690 19.720 19.656 19.636 204.300 AF29-1 0.571 55.401 16.982 16.884 16.836 237.104AF72 0.526 59.504 19.151 19.096 19.055 218.301 AF29-2 0.547 55.832 16.151 16.054 16.054 256.516AF73 0.616 54.606 18.989 18.953 18.937 194.689 AF29-3 0.529 56.975 17.175 17.104 17.117 240.282
205.763 244.634AF81 0.538 60.865 15.799 15.740 15.740 296.836 AF30-1 0.430 56.461 15.903 15.870 15.830 263.838AF82 0.376 59.244 15.578 15.517 15.526 288.568 AF30-2 0.434 53.619 16.170 16.132 16.118 239.104AF83 0.542 61.057 16.124 16.060 16.087 289.289 AF30-3 0.596 57.001 15.842 15.797 15.797 271.061
291.564 258.001AF91 0.525 67.224 20.802 20.747 20.673 231.045 AF31-1 0.513 47.966 15.569 15.507 15.490 216.839AF92 0.581 69.925 21.640 21.540 21.540 230.855 AF31-2 0.575 55.243 17.015 16.958 16.935 234.156AF93 0.757 53.273 16.971 16.870 16.870 225.923 AF31-3 0.566 54.002 17.186 17.123 17.109 223.013
229.275 224.669AF10-1 0.528 50.068 18.672 18.570 18.570 174.582 AF32-1 0.449 64.657 19.495 19.402 19.426 238.346AF10-2 0.545 67.818 21.376 21.269 21.178 226.046 AF32-2 0.443 61.892 18.998 18.921 18.959 231.870AF10-3 0.556 58.041 15.625 15.536 15.500 284.669 AF32-3 0.356 62.642 18.736 18.660 18.678 239.952
228.432 236.723AF11-1 0.381 54.707 16.663 16.583 16.583 235.304 AF33-1 0.464 47.013 15.401 15.382 15.342 212.871AF11-2 0.421 55.636 16.924 16.879 16.846 236.164 AF33-2 0.428 49.447 15.604 15.579 15.555 224.050AF11-3 0.469 53.961 17.331 17.265 17.251 218.746 AF33-3 0.432 48.055 15.172 15.110 15.110 224.452
230.072 220.458AF12-1 0.580 47.155 14.958 14.909 14.909 225.040 AF34-1 0.520 51.731 19.141 19.045 19.011 176.951AF12-2 0.616 47.369 14.654 14.610 14.610 234.093 AF34-2 0.529 56.511 19.145 19.040 19.040 202.426AF12-3 0.603 47.896 14.500 14.451 14.526 239.675 AF34-3 0.537 56.344 18.826 18.719 18.719 206.935
232.936 195.437AF13-1 0.533 60.440 16.722 16.626 16.626 272.255 AF35-1 0.532 51.166 17.756 17.694 17.694 195.036AF13-2 0.522 44.610 12.840 12.765 12.765 260.108 AF35-2 0.526 52.377 17.383 17.327 17.338 208.417AF13-3 0.532 54.878 15.156 15.090 15.063 274.000 AF35-3 0.534 50.558 17.181 17.117 17.117 201.658
268.788 201.703AF14-1 0.557 49.810 15.170 15.132 15.164 237.188 AF36-1 0.689 55.482 17.948 17.894 17.894 218.471AF14-2 0.560 46.718 14.569 14.538 14.563 229.629 AF36-2 0.529 57.746 17.445 17.375 17.391 239.325AF14-3 0.608 50.046 15.111 15.069 15.098 241.187 AF36-3 0.533 56.153 17.362 17.285 17.302 231.683
236.001 229.827AF15-1 0.528 41.722 12.853 12.826 12.812 235.347 AF37-1 0.340 43.204 14.316 14.238 14.253 208.086AF15-2 0.517 44.611 13.374 13.350 13.328 244.189 AF37-2 0.433 47.780 14.895 14.853 14.831 228.844AF15-3 0.616 44.900 13.599 13.579 13.563 242.041 AF37-3 0.435 47.546 14.728 14.691 14.667 231.022
240.525 222.651AF16-1 0.501 44.276 14.884 14.843 14.843 205.222 AF38-1 0.530 39.018 14.604 14.549 14.569 174.151AF16-2 0.530 42.073 14.548 14.526 14.512 197.118 AF38-2 0.553 38.347 14.076 14.018 14.049 180.039AF16-3 0.500 44.223 14.828 14.799 14.777 206.248 AF38-3 0.547 40.503 14.815 14.748 14.689 182.534
202.863 178.908AF17-1 0.455 57.370 16.451 16.417 16.401 256.923 AF39-1 0.525 47.016 14.630 14.538 14.538 231.770AF17-2 0.449 57.683 16.459 16.392 16.374 259.397 AF39-2 0.532 46.693 14.211 14.148 14.105 240.094AF17-3 0.404 60.314 17.220 17.175 17.131 258.163 AF39-3 0.534 46.643 14.446 14.366 14.342 233.930
258.161 235.265AF18-1 0.517 47.198 13.799 13.762 13.733 253.216 AF40-1 0.552 59.756 20.363 20.266 20.202 201.293AF18-2 0.524 46.717 13.995 13.945 13.931 244.544 AF40-2 0.554 51.889 16.469 16.383 16.388 224.207AF18-3 0.565 44.498 13.872 13.848 13.831 231.170 AF40-3 0.539 51.409 16.377 16.885 16.291 222.943
242.977 216.148AF19-1 0.505 49.338 12.919 12.880 12.909 293.688 AF41-1 0.553 44.895 15.812 15.731 15.691 192.918AF19-2 0.295 48.552 12.337 12.317 12.317 301.406 AF41-2 0.555 43.496 16.039 15.959 15.962 178.711AF19-3 0.462 44.535 12.204 12.164 12.192 275.729 AF41-3 0.569 48.445 16.510 16.446 16.405 202.324
290.274 191.318AF20-1 0.413 58.361 16.849 16.815 16.815 253.298 AF42-1 0.540 42.239 13.356 13.296 13.265 227.694AF20-2 0.452 58.761 16.494 16.435 16.485 263.681 AF42-2 0.521 43.535 14.066 14.006 14.006 218.977AF20-3 0.435 56.886 16.040 15.994 15.994 262.819 AF42-3 0.534 44.742 13.407 13.346 13.359 244.702
259.933 230.457AF21-1 0.547 52.121 18.443 18.397 18.397 188.930 AF43-1 0.564 48.585 16.698 16.604 16.825 195.314AF21-2 0.650 53.850 18.053 18.027 18.027 206.152 AF43-2 0.555 46.608 16.714 16.687 16.674 185.706AF21-3 0.765 52.100 17.832 17.779 17.821 200.979 AF43-3 0.571 47.150 16.010 15.915 15.910 203.664
198.687 194.895AF22-1 0.423 47.030 15.423 15.400 15.430 210.568AF22-2 0.437 44.764 15.079 15.029 15.062 203.091AF22-3 0.437 44.714 14.706 14.671 14.683 210.803
208.154Fjk is oil palm frond at number sample j and sample portion k, where k value 1=base part; 2=middle part and 3=tip part of the frondW0=sample weight in green condition; W1=sample weight after 24 hours;W2=sample weight after 24+6 hours; W3=sample weight after 24+6+2 hours; n=43 samples with 5cm in length; Standard Testing DIN 52 183
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.1. Moisture Content
Tab. D.5: Moisture content of oil palm leaves which attached at frond in green conditionSample Alu-pan Sample Weight Moisture Sample Alu-pan Sample Weight MoistureCode W0 W1 W2 W3 Content Code W0 W1 W2 W3 Content
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%) (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)
AL11 0.467 30.970 22.910 22.890 22.890 36.034 AL23-1 0.502 35.610 51.703 26.200 26.200 36.618AL12 0.508 34.900 69.978 23.990 23.640 48.677 AL23-2 0.424 41.930 20.916 31.190 31.190 34.909AL13 0.509 62.330 88.039 41.320 41.210 51.891 AL23-3 0.618 37.240 18.479 30.860 30.640 21.984
45.534 31.170AL21 0.538 42.680 72.564 31.750 31.750 35.019 AL24-1 0.531 25.290 52.249 25.160 24.890 1.642AL22 0.437 35.540 61.851 27.560 27.560 29.422 AL24-2 0.344 35.450 29.162 26.510 26.510 34.166AL23 0.527 36.020 53.256 27.300 27.300 32.570 AL24-3 0.441 29.720 53.663 21.780 21.780 37.209
32.337 24.339AL31 0.542 50.150 63.504 40.630 40.630 23.748 AL25-1 0.549 25.420 71.100 21.300 21.300 19.854AL32 0.629 42.930 42.431 32.620 32.620 32.228 AL25-2 0.547 33.980 60.784 23.620 23.620 44.901AL33 0.568 42.370 25.066 32.750 32.750 29.892 AL25-3 0.335 28.980 87.218 19.780 19.780 47.313
28.623 37.356AL41 0.529 77.390 56.520 44.440 44.440 75.038 AL26-1 0.457 35.820 76.385 33.400 32.880 9.068AL42 0.626 47.230 97.676 27.450 27.200 75.374 AL26-2 0.583 34.580 26.528 33.170 33.170 4.327AL43 0.506 41.430 33.510 23.997 AL26-3 0.435 39.260 26.481 31.070 31.260 25.953
58.137 13.116AL51 0.560 39.160 45.624 27.500 27.500 43.281 AL27-1 0.532 42.370 45.894 33.710 33.710 26.102AL52 0.537 40.390 78.813 27.020 27.020 50.485 AL27-2 0.695 43.780 14.019 34.390 34.200 28.593AL53 0.533 56.680 86.559 39.710 39.710 43.316 AL27-3 0.532 36.020 23.963 25.840 25.840 40.224
45.694 31.640AL61 0.454 39.180 64.863 25.640 25.470 54.805 AL28-1 0.541 42.470 26.803 32.890 32.890 29.615AL62 0.551 57.310 87.195 37.900 37.900 51.969 AL28-2 0.560 30.390 18.159 29.540 29.540 2.933AL63 0.531 32.910 76.937 24.350 24.350 35.938 AL28-3 0.527 30.700 26.942 28.420 28.420 8.174
47.571 13.574AL71 0.526 36.990 32.847 35.640 35.640 3.845 AL29-1 0.565 31.840 32.613 22.670 22.570 42.127AL72 0.543 33.470 15.174 30.960 30.960 8.252 AL29-2 0.569 26.470 29.078 22.640 22.640 17.353AL73 0.540 36.900 31.101 33.360 33.360 10.786 AL29-3 0.565 31.840 56.165 22.670 22.570 42.127
7.628 33.869AL81 0.528 54.700 31.974 33.890 33.890 62.376 AL30-1 0.457 35.820 29.078 33.400 32.880 9.068AL82 0.493 39.330 91.192 25.400 25.400 55.928 AL30-2 0.583 34.580 26.528 33.170 33.170 4.327AL83 0.513 34.410 92.135 23.980 23.980 44.445 AL30-3 0.450 37.470 26.481 31.380 31.380 19.690
54.250 11.028AL91 0.576 34.130 82.546 25.590 25.590 34.141 AL31-1 0.469 39.530 39.397 29.240 29.240 35.765AL92 0.532 36.700 16.641 28.180 28.180 30.816 AL31-2 0.618 39.870 20.285 36.260 36.260 10.129AL93 0.541 37.670 16.798 29.600 29.600 27.771 AL31-3 0.514 38.290 32.547 30.400 30.400 26.400
30.909 24.098AL10-1 0.535 30.000 14.386 29.120 28.890 3.915 AL32-1 0.530 42.110 51.584 39.620 39.620 6.370AL10-2 0.470 32.470 27.443 29.720 29.720 9.402 AL32-2 0.524 39.560 22.698 31.470 31.470 26.142AL10-3 0.537 30.230 29.776 27.880 27.880 8.595 AL32-3 0.316 29.200 50.820 21.340 21.340 37.386
7.304 23.299AL11-1 0.556 36.460 69.836 24.930 24.930 47.305 AL33-1 0.510 33.800 60.616 30.540 30.540 10.856AL11-2 0.529 51.300 88.229 35.760 35.760 44.109 AL33-2 0.343 36.170 32.862 24.430 24.430 48.740AL11-3 0.527 38.470 68.362 28.880 28.880 33.824 AL33-3 0.608 40.000 72.238 27.360 27.360 47.249
41.746 35.615AL12-1 0.580 40.150 62.939 38.530 38.530 4.269 AL34-1 0.452 27.330 87.970 26.950 26.710 2.361AL12-2 0.474 43.180 22.670 33.570 33.570 29.037 AL34-2 0.729 51.160 23.164 43.770 43.770 17.170AL12-3 0.624 36.330 15.088 31.760 31.760 14.678 AL34-3 0.690 45.770 12.829 36.010 36.010 27.633
15.994 15.721AL13-1 0.567 63.090 42.359 57.260 57.260 10.283 AL35-1 0.535 38.980 22.879 29.710 29.710 31.774AL13-2 0.452 29.670 22.291 29.110 28.510 4.134 AL35-2 0.283 27.640 18.966 24.850 24.850 11.357AL13-3 0.383 30.130 23.677 20.900 20.900 44.987 AL35-3 0.546 32.100 25.522 30.400 30.400 5.694
19.802 16.275AL14-1 0.569 40.450 17.926 29.020 29.020 40.174 AL36-1 0.558 31.660 28.709 30.180 30.180 4.996AL14-2 0.468 46.270 73.382 32.060 32.060 44.980 AL36-2 0.595 32.240 28.699 28.310 28.310 14.180AL14-3 0.406 36.130 68.992 23.770 23.770 52.902 AL36-3 0.533 26.840 44.186 22.330 22.180 21.527
46.019 13.568AL15-1 0.383 23.110 83.308 20.410 20.410 13.482 AL37-1 0.534 38.480 59.288 28.320 28.320 36.565AL15-2 0.433 32.040 39.385 22.990 22.990 40.121 AL37-2 0.521 38.380 23.934 29.930 29.930 28.733AL15-3 0.434 30.350 90.247 22.150 22.150 37.760 AL37-3 0.553 35.220 14.806 29.610 29.610 19.307
30.454 28.202AL16-1 0.452 22.840 70.410 21.690 21.690 5.415 AL38-1 0.618 35.880 46.262 28.540 28.540 26.288AL16-2 0.650 32.600 33.023 26.530 26.530 23.454 AL38-2 0.563 32.800 15.742 25.420 25.420 29.690AL16-3 0.536 25.730 62.756 19.580 19.580 32.294 AL38-3 0.542 32.730 15.210 23.750 23.580 39.717
20.388 31.898AL17-1 0.459 34.020 80.942 24.360 24.360 40.417 AL39-1 0.537 38.980 25.165 30.210 30.210 29.555AL17-2 0.521 35.850 72.079 23.590 23.590 53.145 AL39-2 0.420 39.740 16.667 29.300 29.300 36.150AL17-3 0.474 71.740 95.049 37.340 37.340 93.311 AL39-3 0.351 40.420 58.327 26.880 26.880 51.038
62.291 38.915AL18-1 0.538 34.200 120.061 26.100 26.100 31.688 AL40-1 0.510 42.360 72.957 32.130 32.130 32.353AL18-2 0.598 33.630 16.795 26.240 26.000 30.037 AL40-2 0.594 37.090 19.719 33.850 33.850 9.743AL18-3 0.558 38.490 18.032 29.400 29.400 31.517 AL40-3 0.477 67.910 32.891 46.730 46.730 45.792
31.080 29.296AL19-1 0.530 30.520 19.605 22.220 22.000 39.683 AL41-1 0.429 33.250 61.845 29.750 29.750 11.937AL19-2 0.449 28.640 22.874 24.720 24.720 16.151 AL41-2 0.456 32.010 30.597 26.200 26.200 22.568AL19-3 0.546 30.700 41.572 20.210 20.050 54.604 AL41-3 0.533 31.710 47.921 24.830 24.830 28.316
36.813 20.940AL20-1 0.483 38.310 110.418 27.740 27.740 38.779 AL42-1 0.921 22.070 62.615 18.310 18.310 21.623AL20-2 0.535 29.160 23.570 24.720 24.720 18.358 AL42-2 0.302 24.570 142.527 23.360 23.360 5.248AL20-3 0.462 29.340 50.542 23.340 23.340 26.226 AL42-3 0.278 25.770 20.796 18.850 18.850 37.260
27.788 21.377AL21-1 0.445 43.370 56.731 33.350 33.350 30.451 AL43-1 0.458 24.320 60.361 17.300 17.300 41.682AL21-2 0.533 37.030 15.467 33.280 33.280 11.451 AL43-2 0.319 25.120 91.195 14.450 14.450 75.508AL21-3 0.610 39.520 32.487 31.510 31.510 25.922 AL43-3 0.528 39.310 123.091 22.850 22.850 73.739
22.608 63.643AL22-1 0.577 49.780 55.529 44.490 44.490 12.047AL22-2 0.535 32.270 28.564 28.710 28.710 12.635AL22-3 0.441 39.640 38.142 30.540 30.540 30.234
18.305Notes:Ljk is oil palm leaves from frond at number sample j and sample portion k, where k value 1=from base part of the frond;2=from middle part of the frond and 3=from tip part of the frondW0=sample weight in green condition; W1=sample weight after 24 hours;W2=sample weight after 24+6 hours; W3=sample weight after 24+6+2 hours; n=43 samples; Standard Testing DIN 52 183
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.1. Moisture Content
.
Tab. D.6: Moisture content of oil palm root in green conditionSample Alu-pan Sample Weight MoistureCode W0 W1 W2 W3 Content
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (%)AR1 0.672 8.523 8.155 8.154 8.131 5.255AR2 0.676 9.639 9.168 9.155 9.155 5.708AR3 0.676 8.724 8.402 8.381 8.381 4.452AR4 0.711 9.060 8.762 8.740 8.740 3.986AR5 0.676 8.252 7.964 7.958 7.958 4.037AR6 0.601 9.655 9.140 9.121 9.121 6.268AR7 0.670 9.092 8.711 8.687 8.670 5.275AR8 0.712 9.327 8.883 8.869 8.869 5.615AR9 0.653 9.278 8.863 8.872 8.854 5.170
AR10 0.668 8.828 8.490 8.469 8.469 4.602AR11 0.678 8.334 8.098 8.083 8.071 3.557AR12 0.658 8.146 7.877 7.860 7.860 3.971AR13 0.650 8.136 7.845 7.841 7.820 4.407AR14 0.646 9.325 8.896 8.872 8.865 5.597AR15 0.673 8.520 8.211 8.155 8.150 4.949
Average 4.857Notes:Lj is oil palm root sample number jW0=sample weight in green condition; W1=sample weight after 24 hours;W2=sample weight after 24+6 hours; W3=sample weight after 24+6+2 hours;n=15 samples; Standard Testing DIN 52 183
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.2. Density
D.2 Density
Tab. D.7: Density of dried wood of oil palm at inner zone (IZ)Sample Specimen Dimension Weight DensityCode L1 L2 L W1 W2 W T1 T2 T V
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm3) (g) (g/cm3)
BIZ1-1 32.57 32.54 32.56 32.58 32.23 32.41 32.10 32.28 32.19 33.959 5.961 0.1755BIZ1-2 32.02 32.10 32.06 32.44 32.33 32.39 31.82 31.70 31.76 32.975 5.771 0.1750BIZ1-3 36.52 36.35 36.44 32.39 32.17 32.28 32.04 32.06 32.05 37.695 6.694 0.1776BIZ1-4 32.06 32.09 32.08 32.33 32.24 32.29 31.97 32.09 32.03 33.168 6.411 0.1933BIZ1-5 32.14 32.02 32.08 32.78 32.66 32.72 32.00 31.69 31.85 33.426 6.051 0.1810BIZ1-6 31.43 32.07 31.75 31.93 32.07 32.00 32.23 31.95 32.09 32.603 6.120 0.1877BIZ1-7 36.82 36.62 36.72 31.73 32.03 31.88 32.04 32.16 32.10 37.577 6.709 0.1785BIZ1-8 32.03 31.90 31.97 31.91 31.86 31.89 31.98 31.99 31.99 32.599 5.932 0.1820BIZ1-9 31.85 32.02 31.94 32.37 32.33 32.35 31.96 32.42 32.19 33.255 5.831 0.1753BIZ1-10 35.95 35.68 35.82 32.32 32.09 32.21 31.89 31.91 31.90 36.794 6.387 0.1736
Average 0.1800BIZ3-1 32.06 32.08 32.07 32.03 32.08 32.06 32.58 32.28 32.43 33.338 6.304 0.1891BIZ3-2 32.28 32.37 32.33 37.46 31.93 34.70 32.16 31.88 32.02 35.911 6.457 0.1798BIZ3-3 32.13 32.10 32.12 31.96 31.61 31.79 36.29 35.80 36.05 36.794 6.712 0.1824BIZ3-4 32.58 31.97 32.28 32.27 32.10 32.19 32.04 32.14 32.09 33.334 5.966 0.1790BIZ3-5 32.01 32.19 32.10 31.98 31.91 31.95 35.64 35.47 35.56 36.459 6.868 0.1884BIZ3-6 32.78 32.95 32.87 32.29 32.26 32.28 31.94 32.30 32.12 34.070 6.026 0.1769BIZ3-7 32.40 32.17 32.29 31.89 32.43 32.16 32.12 31.77 31.95 33.168 6.455 0.1946BIZ3-8 32.36 32.21 32.29 32.61 33.18 32.90 31.91 31.72 31.82 33.788 6.034 0.1786BIZ3-9 32.16 31.98 32.07 31.60 31.19 31.40 31.10 32.25 31.68 31.892 5.621 0.1763BIZ3-10 31.85 32.11 31.98 32.69 32.83 32.76 32.68 31.62 32.15 33.682 6.034 0.1791
Average 0.1824BIZ5-1 32.26 32.53 32.40 32.91 32.82 32.87 31.97 32.27 32.12 34.197 6.556 0.1917BIZ5-2 32.14 32.00 32.07 31.94 31.43 31.69 32.12 32.21 32.17 32.684 6.400 0.1958BIZ5-3 31.41 32.12 31.77 31.52 31.96 31.74 32.27 32.15 32.21 32.475 6.277 0.1933BIZ5-4 32.57 32.12 32.35 31.60 31.72 31.66 31.41 31.40 31.41 32.160 5.887 0.1831BIZ5-5 31.96 31.65 31.81 32.12 32.16 32.14 31.63 31.78 31.71 32.409 6.095 0.1881BIZ5-6 31.67 31.85 31.76 32.04 32.01 32.03 31.60 31.87 31.74 32.278 5.950 0.1843BIZ5-7 31.83 31.83 31.83 32.19 32.27 32.23 32.26 32.56 32.41 33.249 6.792 0.2043BIZ5-8 32.16 32.67 32.42 31.42 32.04 31.73 32.14 32.30 32.22 33.139 6.417 0.1936BIZ5-9 32.31 32.55 32.43 32.15 32.10 32.13 32.18 32.90 32.54 33.901 6.288 0.1855BIZ5-10 32.45 32.55 32.50 32.42 32.31 32.37 32.37 32.37 32.37 34.049 6.318 0.1856
Average 0.1905BIZ7-1 31.91 31.61 31.76 31.99 31.66 31.83 32.79 32.74 32.77 33.118 6.072 0.1833BIZ7-2 31.75 31.89 31.82 32.17 32.14 32.16 32.06 31.96 32.01 32.752 6.248 0.1908BIZ7-3 32.23 32.20 32.22 31.53 31.53 31.53 32.84 32.17 32.51 33.017 6.315 0.1913BIZ7-4 32.29 32.24 32.27 32.19 31.92 32.06 31.89 31.77 31.83 32.920 6.280 0.1908BIZ7-5 31.96 32.14 32.05 32.44 32.86 32.65 32.01 32.05 32.03 33.517 5.912 0.1764BIZ7-6 32.24 32.40 32.32 32.32 32.20 32.26 32.13 32.08 32.11 33.474 6.647 0.1986BIZ7-7 31.90 32.26 32.08 31.81 32.05 31.93 32.33 32.14 32.24 33.019 6.531 0.1978BIZ7-8 32.12 32.11 32.12 32.10 31.93 32.02 32.08 31.98 32.03 32.932 6.005 0.1823BIZ7-9 32.30 32.02 32.16 32.17 32.47 32.32 33.10 33.48 33.29 34.602 6.161 0.1781BIZ7-10 32.11 32.37 32.24 32.84 32.06 32.45 32.01 32.72 32.37 33.860 5.939 0.1754
Average 0.1865BIZ9-1 32.27 32.19 32.23 32.30 32.20 32.25 32.50 32.40 32.45 33.729 4.800 0.1423BIZ9-2 32.33 32.14 32.24 32.58 32.41 32.50 32.21 32.24 32.23 33.755 5.357 0.1587BIZ9-3 32.35 32.50 32.43 32.51 32.18 32.35 32.38 32.71 32.55 34.133 5.352 0.1568BIZ9-4 31.95 30.94 31.45 32.04 32.22 32.13 32.39 32.22 32.31 32.639 5.005 0.1533BIZ9-5 31.23 31.51 31.37 31.77 31.88 31.83 31.97 32.31 32.14 32.087 5.268 0.1642BIZ9-6 32.24 32.00 32.12 32.69 32.20 32.45 32.70 32.27 32.49 33.854 5.649 0.1669BIZ9-7 31.71 31.61 31.66 31.79 31.39 31.59 33.50 33.42 33.46 33.465 5.640 0.1685BIZ9-8 32.99 33.66 33.33 32.12 32.30 32.21 32.51 32.70 32.61 34.998 5.634 0.1610BIZ9-9 31.95 32.32 32.14 32.23 32.27 32.25 32.24 32.59 32.42 33.593 5.408 0.1610BIZ9-10 31.16 32.11 31.64 32.01 31.89 31.95 31.90 31.98 31.94 32.283 4.849 0.1502
Average 0.1583
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.2. Density
Tab. D.8: Density of dried wood of oil palm at central zone (CZ)Sample Specimen Dimension Weight DensityCode L1 L2 L W1 W2 W T1 T2 T V
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm3) (g) (g/cm3)
BCZ1-1 32.69 32.47 32.58 32.20 31.91 32.06 32.12 32.02 32.07 33.492 8.347 0.2492BCZ1-2 32.07 32.08 32.08 32.30 32.11 32.21 31.68 31.50 31.59 32.632 6.605 0.2024BCZ1-3 32.32 32.38 32.35 32.24 32.18 32.21 31.86 32.05 31.96 33.297 6.737 0.2023BCZ1-4 32.10 32.11 32.11 31.76 31.83 31.80 31.84 31.88 31.86 32.522 6.315 0.1942BCZ1-5 32.22 32.16 32.19 31.95 32.10 32.03 32.65 31.85 32.25 33.246 7.914 0.2380BCZ1-6 32.28 32.10 32.19 32.42 32.26 32.34 31.94 31.89 31.92 33.224 6.998 0.2106BCZ1-7 32.18 32.45 32.32 32.27 32.30 32.29 31.90 31.74 31.82 33.197 6.110 0.1841BCZ1-8 31.69 31.75 31.72 31.45 31.65 31.55 32.09 31.88 31.99 32.010 10.853 0.3391BCZ1-9 32.22 32.25 32.24 32.68 32.18 32.43 31.75 32.28 32.02 33.468 8.303 0.2481BCZ1-10 32.22 32.32 32.27 32.75 32.19 32.47 32.25 32.12 32.19 33.724 6.285 0.1864
Average 0.2254BCZ3-1 30.68 30.89 30.79 32.20 32.55 32.38 32.34 32.22 32.28 32.172 6.027 0.1873BCZ3-2 30.31 30.07 30.19 31.93 31.79 31.86 32.08 32.20 32.14 30.914 5.541 0.1792BCZ3-3 32.15 32.03 32.09 31.42 31.54 31.48 31.76 32.12 31.94 32.266 6.053 0.1876BCZ3-4 32.13 31.87 32.00 31.19 31.33 31.26 32.02 32.17 32.10 32.105 6.431 0.2003BCZ3-5 32.00 31.97 31.99 32.12 31.14 31.63 31.38 31.48 31.43 31.797 6.202 0.1950BCZ3-6 32.33 32.12 32.23 32.25 32.60 32.43 31.16 31.61 31.39 32.794 7.230 0.2205BCZ3-7 32.54 32.25 32.40 32.14 32.93 32.54 31.16 31.61 31.39 33.079 6.692 0.2023BCZ3-8 32.30 32.38 32.34 32.36 31.93 32.15 32.60 32.91 32.76 34.051 6.204 0.1822BCZ3-9 32.43 32.26 32.35 31.52 32.47 32.00 32.26 31.92 32.09 33.209 6.355 0.1914BCZ3-10 32.38 32.46 32.42 31.84 31.92 31.88 31.89 31.99 31.94 33.012 6.989 0.2117
Average 0.1958BCZ5-1 30.52 30.46 30.49 31.93 31.75 31.84 31.74 31.52 31.63 30.706 6.795 0.2213BCZ5-2 32.06 32.01 32.04 31.52 32.06 31.79 32.39 32.28 32.34 32.930 6.803 0.2066BCZ5-3 32.91 33.07 32.99 31.58 31.57 31.58 32.03 31.67 31.85 33.177 7.136 0.2151BCZ5-4 31.90 31.95 31.93 31.92 31.98 31.95 32.09 32.11 32.10 32.742 7.440 0.2272BCZ5-5 32.89 32.04 32.47 32.05 32.17 32.11 31.85 32.00 31.93 33.280 6.801 0.2044BCZ5-6 32.56 32.60 32.58 31.97 31.62 31.80 32.21 32.22 32.22 33.371 7.187 0.2154BCZ5-7 32.11 32.34 32.23 31.86 32.14 32.00 31.87 32.60 32.24 33.241 6.799 0.2045BCZ5-8 31.92 32.06 31.99 31.93 31.72 31.83 32.09 31.09 31.59 32.161 6.980 0.2170BCZ5-9 32.56 32.41 32.49 32.33 32.35 32.34 30.85 30.55 30.70 32.252 6.503 0.2016BCZ5-10 30.85 31.13 30.99 32.23 31.89 32.06 31.77 31.69 31.73 31.525 6.698 0.2125
Average 0.2126BCZ7-1 31.54 32.09 31.82 31.87 31.63 31.75 31.87 31.80 31.84 32.157 6.728 0.2092BCZ7-2 32.27 32.24 32.26 31.92 31.85 31.89 31.86 32.03 31.95 32.854 7.712 0.2347BCZ7-3 31.92 31.87 31.90 31.89 32.00 31.95 31.50 31.74 31.62 32.217 6.800 0.2111BCZ7-4 31.60 31.81 31.71 31.97 31.57 31.77 32.05 32.67 32.36 32.595 6.798 0.2086BCZ7-5 32.08 32.06 32.07 32.05 32.05 32.05 32.33 31.99 32.16 33.055 6.931 0.2097BCZ7-6 31.91 31.63 31.77 32.16 32.24 32.20 31.85 32.86 32.36 33.099 6.503 0.1965BCZ7-7 31.89 32.09 31.99 31.93 32.04 31.99 32.27 32.35 32.31 33.060 6.703 0.2028BCZ7-8 31.59 31.55 31.57 32.06 31.80 31.93 32.17 32.22 32.20 32.454 6.650 0.2049BCZ7-9 32.24 32.26 32.25 32.06 32.02 32.04 31.97 31.95 31.96 33.024 6.627 0.2007BCZ7-10 31.60 31.63 31.62 32.22 32.16 32.19 31.93 32.45 32.19 32.759 6.739 0.2057
Average 0.2084BCZ9-1 32.30 32.45 32.38 32.21 31.95 32.08 32.32 31.63 31.98 33.209 5.748 0.1731BCZ9-2 32.05 32.16 32.11 31.60 31.41 31.51 31.18 31.30 31.24 31.598 5.098 0.1613BCZ9-3 31.84 31.82 31.83 32.37 32.52 32.45 31.64 31.70 31.67 32.706 5.459 0.1669BCZ9-4 32.01 31.81 31.91 32.12 31.60 31.86 31.25 32.07 31.66 32.187 5.463 0.1697BCZ9-5 32.27 32.11 32.19 31.42 31.62 31.52 31.60 32.23 31.92 32.382 5.398 0.1667BCZ9-6 31.92 31.57 31.75 31.95 32.31 32.13 31.43 32.05 31.74 32.374 5.313 0.1641BCZ9-7 32.07 32.24 32.16 32.02 31.64 31.83 31.97 31.98 31.98 32.726 5.499 0.1680BCZ9-8 32.37 32.26 32.32 32.07 32.02 32.05 32.26 31.81 32.04 33.173 5.622 0.1695BCZ9-9 31.97 31.83 31.90 31.61 31.44 31.53 32.35 32.28 32.32 32.497 5.267 0.1621BCZ9-10 31.78 31.69 31.74 32.27 32.44 32.36 32.01 32.16 32.09 32.944 5.411 0.1642
Average 0.1666
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Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.2. Density
Tab. D.9: Density of dried wood of oil palm at peripheral zone (PZ)Sample Specimen Dimension Weight DensityCode L1 L2 L W1 W2 W T1 T2 T V
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm3) (g) (g/cm3)
BPZ1-1 32.17 32.18 32.18 32.70 32.74 32.72 32.03 32.29 32.16 33.857 17.468 0.5159BPZ1-2 32.07 31.71 31.89 32.33 32.56 32.45 32.37 32.51 32.44 33.565 14.706 0.4381BPZ1-3 32.28 32.06 32.17 32.20 32.09 32.15 32.05 31.94 32.00 33.086 13.787 0.4167BPZ1-4 32.30 32.27 32.29 32.15 32.12 32.14 31.76 31.79 31.78 32.966 14.102 0.4278BPZ1-5 32.47 32.34 32.41 32.08 32.09 32.09 32.92 32.08 32.50 33.791 17.345 0.5133BPZ1-6 32.36 32.89 32.63 31.68 31.69 31.69 32.09 32.22 32.16 33.239 15.503 0.4664BPZ1-7 32.08 32.03 32.06 32.22 32.05 32.14 32.20 32.81 32.51 33.483 12.061 0.3602BPZ1-8 32.22 32.28 32.25 31.44 31.63 31.54 32.02 32.15 32.09 32.631 13.037 0.3995BPZ1-9 32.56 32.09 32.33 31.73 32.14 31.94 32.27 32.39 32.33 33.374 12.535 0.3756BPZ1-10 32.10 32.08 32.09 32.12 32.09 32.11 32.13 32.19 32.16 33.133 12.934 0.3904
Average 0.4304BPZ3-1 32.09 32.29 32.19 32.23 32.24 32.24 32.11 31.89 32.00 33.205 11.560 0.3481BPZ3-2 32.23 31.84 32.04 32.03 31.90 31.97 31.71 31.82 31.77 32.527 18.470 0.5678BPZ3-3 31.91 31.89 31.90 32.20 32.55 32.38 31.39 30.79 31.09 32.109 11.133 0.3467BPZ3-4 32.12 32.36 32.24 31.97 31.88 31.93 32.02 32.04 32.03 32.967 12.501 0.3792BPZ3-5 32.49 32.14 32.32 31.85 31.84 31.85 32.42 32.17 32.30 33.234 11.427 0.3438BPZ3-6 32.03 32.10 32.07 32.09 32.04 32.07 31.94 31.78 31.86 32.757 14.012 0.4278BPZ3-7 32.14 32.16 32.15 31.96 32.32 32.14 32.05 32.08 32.07 33.133 14.909 0.4500BPZ3-8 32.13 32.14 32.14 32.04 32.35 32.20 32.02 31.86 31.94 33.045 10.689 0.3235BPZ3-9 31.91 31.98 31.95 31.92 32.24 32.08 31.71 31.65 31.68 32.466 14.130 0.4352BPZ3-10 32.03 31.99 32.01 32.28 33.11 32.70 32.12 32.00 32.06 33.553 19.225 0.5730
Average 0.4195BPZ5-1 32.27 32.24 32.26 32.33 32.25 32.29 32.08 32.22 32.15 33.485 12.705 0.3794BPZ5-2 31.97 31.96 31.97 31.36 31.43 31.40 32.42 32.26 32.34 32.455 9.817 0.3025BPZ5-3 32.08 32.11 32.10 32.38 32.33 32.36 32.03 31.84 31.94 33.162 13.033 0.3930BPZ5-4 31.94 31.92 31.93 32.09 32.10 32.10 32.15 32.48 32.32 33.116 9.023 0.2725BPZ5-5 32.00 31.96 31.98 32.04 32.10 32.07 31.52 31.66 31.59 32.399 9.452 0.2917BPZ5-6 31.85 32.01 31.93 32.11 32.14 32.13 31.72 31.52 31.62 32.434 11.549 0.3561BPZ5-7 30.09 32.01 31.05 32.84 32.12 32.48 31.99 32.15 32.07 32.343 17.761 0.5491BPZ5-8 32.05 32.27 32.16 32.56 32.15 32.36 31.51 31.54 31.53 32.803 19.744 0.6019BPZ5-9 32.10 32.57 32.34 32.10 32.10 32.10 31.80 31.82 31.81 33.017 10.092 0.3057BPZ5-10 32.12 34.27 33.20 32.10 32.82 32.46 31.90 31.59 31.75 34.206 9.152 0.2676
Average 0.3719BPZ7-1 33.00 33.10 33.05 32.89 32.82 32.86 33.75 33.33 33.54 36.420 13.598 0.3734BPZ7-2 33.37 33.52 33.45 33.15 33.25 33.20 33.14 32.82 32.98 36.620 14.882 0.4064BPZ7-3 33.25 33.26 33.26 33.25 33.56 33.41 33.28 33.05 33.17 36.842 13.960 0.3789BPZ7-4 33.04 33.85 33.45 33.03 33.03 33.03 33.15 33.02 33.09 36.549 13.648 0.3734BPZ7-5 33.72 34.35 34.04 33.02 32.18 32.60 33.13 33.39 33.26 36.903 13.173 0.3570BPZ7-6 32.84 33.05 32.95 32.91 33.51 33.21 33.30 33.32 33.31 36.445 14.093 0.3867BPZ7-7 33.48 33.27 33.38 33.55 33.45 33.50 33.48 33.32 33.40 37.343 13.169 0.3526BPZ7-8 33.07 33.05 33.06 33.30 33.97 33.64 32.99 32.85 32.92 36.606 13.187 0.3602BPZ7-9 33.33 33.50 33.42 33.38 34.19 33.79 32.99 33.12 33.06 37.317 13.616 0.3649BPZ7-10 33.44 33.43 33.44 32.53 32.54 32.54 32.83 32.96 32.90 35.783 14.041 0.3924
Average 0.3746BPZ9-1 32.95 33.16 33.06 33.07 33.04 33.06 33.37 33.29 33.33 36.417 14.014 0.3848BPZ9-2 33.63 33.32 33.48 34.25 34.11 34.18 33.05 33.11 33.08 37.849 15.369 0.4061BPZ9-3 33.43 33.31 33.37 33.10 33.64 33.37 33.13 33.41 33.27 37.048 13.700 0.3698BPZ9-4 34.24 33.86 34.05 33.14 33.13 33.14 33.12 33.22 33.17 37.424 14.764 0.3945BPZ9-5 33.49 33.24 33.37 33.11 33.15 33.13 33.27 33.40 33.34 36.848 13.846 0.3758BPZ9-6 33.64 34.62 34.13 33.13 33.89 33.51 33.32 33.51 33.42 38.217 13.583 0.3554BPZ9-7 33.32 33.41 33.37 33.54 33.55 33.55 33.18 33.17 33.18 37.130 13.608 0.3665BPZ9-8 33.31 32.50 32.91 32.17 33.08 32.63 33.46 33.40 33.43 35.888 14.287 0.3981BPZ9-9 32.29 33.04 32.67 33.34 32.98 33.16 33.75 33.16 33.46 36.237 13.806 0.3810BPZ9-10 33.40 33.29 33.35 33.97 33.61 33.79 32.29 33.64 32.97 37.143 14.091 0.3794
Average 0.3811
253
Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.3. Shrinkage
D.3 Shrinkage
254
Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.3. Shrinkage
Tab.
D.1
0:Sh
rink
age
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
atva
riou
str
unk
heig
htin
inne
rzon
e(I
Z)
Sam
ple
Wei
ght
Len
gth
(mm
)A
vera
geW
idth
(mm
)A
vera
geT
hick
(mm
)A
vera
geW
eigh
tW
eigh
tW
eigh
tVo
lum
eVo
lum
eSh
rink
age
Cod
eL
1L
2W
1W
2W
3T
1T
2T
3af
ter2
4h(g
)af
ter3
0h(g
)af
ter3
2h(g
)(w
et,i
ncm
3)
(kiln
dry,
incc
)(%
)
SIZ
2127
7.99
151.
8215
2.21
152.
0251
.49
51.4
451
.46
51.4
537
.23
37.6
937
.48
37.5
970
.19
58.5
658
.96
293.
9626
59.
851
SIZ
2227
6.94
152.
1315
2.00
152.
0752
.22
47.6
848
.13
47.9
137
.09
38.3
837
.30
37.8
462
.12
53.0
953
.32
275.
6525
09.
306
SIZ
2328
2.55
152.
6615
2.29
152.
4852
.81
52.4
051
.89
52.1
537
.16
37.3
437
.18
37.2
664
.40
51.8
652
.53
296.
2525
015
.611
SIZ
2427
7.43
150.
8915
1.60
151.
2551
.60
51.8
152
.03
51.9
231
.68
36.8
936
.33
36.6
160
.24
52.2
052
.55
287.
4924
016
.517
SIZ
2527
9.32
151.
7815
2.01
151.
9051
.26
51.5
352
.24
51.8
936
.89
36.8
236
.79
36.8
167
.23
56.9
057
.20
290.
0626
58.
640
11.9
85SI
Z31
270.
6615
2.34
151.
8815
2.11
51.8
851
.44
51.0
951
.27
38.1
437
.18
37.4
537
.32
92.7
788
.41
88.9
129
0.98
265
8.92
8SI
Z32
289.
7715
2.54
152.
5015
2.52
51.3
651
.64
51.8
951
.77
37.2
936
.61
37.5
037
.06
110.
9210
3.32
103.
9229
2.56
270
7.71
0SI
Z33
274.
2415
3.06
152.
6615
2.86
52.1
951
.92
51.5
651
.74
38.4
237
.25
38.0
037
.63
52.0
248
.96
49.0
829
7.58
250
15.9
88SI
Z34
278.
1115
2.37
152.
0015
2.19
52.7
052
.75
52.6
452
.70
31.4
431
.93
38.1
635
.05
63.9
061
.31
61.9
128
1.04
230
18.1
61SI
Z35
276.
7215
3.03
152.
9015
2.97
51.2
651
.81
52.0
351
.92
31.5
937
.11
38.8
838
.00
51.2
149
.96
50.5
030
1.75
240
20.4
6514
.250
SIZ
5127
6.68
150.
1715
1.34
150.
7652
.16
51.8
251
.45
51.6
437
.02
36.9
436
.45
36.7
058
.44
49.7
450
.13
285.
6423
019
.480
SIZ
5227
3.19
151.
6815
2.09
151.
8952
.32
51.9
351
.80
51.8
736
.71
36.0
737
.28
36.6
865
.07
53.0
153
.41
288.
9124
016
.929
SIZ
5328
6.71
152.
2815
2.18
152.
2351
.61
52.1
650
.50
51.3
337
.53
37.0
936
.42
36.7
672
.68
58.7
559
.20
287.
2020
030
.363
SIZ
5427
8.17
150.
9915
0.54
150.
7752
.23
51.1
751
.50
51.3
435
.93
36.4
937
.14
36.8
258
.60
49.9
250
.18
284.
9324
015
.769
SIZ
5528
5.64
152.
8015
2.59
152.
7053
.48
52.6
551
.62
52.1
437
.15
36.4
437
.14
36.7
958
.63
51.2
951
.50
292.
8824
018
.054
20.1
19SI
Z61
286.
5515
3.38
153.
1415
3.26
51.4
151
.11
52.0
151
.56
31.4
736
.94
36.5
136
.73
58.5
546
.04
46.3
729
0.20
225
22.4
68SI
Z62
284.
5315
3.43
153.
6515
3.54
51.9
652
.48
52.1
952
.34
36.5
336
.18
37.2
736
.73
49.7
344
.95
45.2
629
5.10
230
22.0
61SI
Z63
283.
8315
3.27
153.
7415
3.51
52.2
052
.09
51.9
352
.01
37.2
836
.19
36.0
736
.13
54.8
548
.34
48.5
628
8.45
240
16.7
98SI
Z64
287.
5715
4.00
154.
3015
4.15
51.9
452
.31
52.6
152
.46
37.4
436
.69
36.5
036
.60
62.6
751
.75
51.9
629
5.93
230
22.2
80SI
Z65
289.
0015
3.46
153.
4715
3.47
52.2
252
.15
51.6
051
.88
36.3
136
.82
37.1
436
.98
69.7
053
.80
54.3
029
4.40
240
18.4
7820
.417
255
Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.3. Shrinkage
Tab.
D.1
1:Sh
rink
age
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
atva
riou
str
unk
heig
htin
cent
ralz
one
(CZ
)Sa
mpl
eW
eigh
tL
engt
h(m
m)
Ave
rage
Wid
th(m
m)
Ave
rage
Thi
ck(m
m)
Ave
rage
Wei
ght
Wei
ght
Wei
ght
Volu
me
Volu
me
Shri
nkag
eC
ode
L1
L2
W1
W2
W3
T1
T2
T3
afte
r24h
(g)
afte
r30h
(g)
afte
r32h
(g)
(wet
,in
cm
3)
(kiln
dry,
incc
)(%
)
SCZ
2128
4.11
152.
2815
2.37
152.
3351
.68
52.0
952
.14
52.1
236
.21
36.9
237
.94
37.4
373
.54
72.5
773
.08
297.
1326
012
.498
SCZ
2228
1.23
181.
9115
2.27
167.
0952
.75
52.9
751
.88
52.4
337
.32
37.0
237
.55
37.2
976
.60
72.3
572
.83
326.
6125
023
.455
SCZ
2328
5.35
151.
2915
1.78
151.
5452
.73
51.9
351
.73
51.8
336
.89
36.4
437
.71
37.0
887
.08
82.0
682
.69
291.
1926
010
.711
SCZ
2428
2.22
152.
6515
2.43
152.
5451
.69
51.7
251
.93
51.8
337
.94
37.2
036
.62
36.9
180
.60
78.3
879
.00
291.
7926
010
.894
SCZ
2538
5.38
152.
7415
2.68
152.
7152
.53
51.7
952
.16
51.9
836
.48
36.7
437
.23
36.9
982
.82
81.9
682
.61
293.
5526
011
.430
13.7
98SC
Z31
308.
3412
4.72
124.
6012
4.66
24.7
524
.09
24.0
624
.08
37.0
636
.44
36.3
336
.39
151.
5515
0.15
150.
8810
9.20
7035
.896
SCZ
3229
2.02
128.
0312
4.08
126.
0623
.25
24.0
424
.30
24.1
736
.02
35.7
236
.25
35.9
912
1.19
119.
8112
0.30
109.
6470
36.1
53SC
Z33
293.
4718
0.63
150.
0616
5.35
52.0
051
.97
52.1
052
.04
37.5
836
.55
36.6
736
.61
110.
6410
9.31
109.
9331
4.98
270
14.2
81SC
Z34
279.
8815
1.28
151.
6515
1.47
52.4
751
.99
51.5
351
.76
36.8
136
.12
36.0
036
.06
88.3
586
.52
87.1
528
2.70
260
8.03
1SC
Z35
307.
4715
2.23
152.
3015
2.27
51.8
451
.90
52.0
751
.99
37.2
836
.43
36.1
536
.29
139.
4913
6.87
137.
5328
7.25
270
6.00
620
.074
SCZ
5128
3.47
152.
5315
2.33
152.
4352
.39
52.0
351
.57
51.8
035
.64
36.3
337
.28
36.8
175
.18
72.9
773
.48
290.
6122
024
.297
SCZ
5228
2.21
153.
3415
3.32
153.
3351
.60
52.2
152
.46
52.3
436
.81
36.6
036
.76
36.6
869
.80
68.2
568
.84
294.
3522
523
.559
SCZ
5327
2.44
151.
9915
2.26
152.
1350
.06
51.3
051
.62
51.4
636
.90
36.6
236
.05
36.3
456
.56
44.2
054
.75
284.
4422
520
.898
SCZ
5427
3.57
152.
5715
2.62
152.
6052
.46
51.7
751
.26
51.5
236
.81
35.7
235
.74
35.7
364
.46
52.5
763
.03
280.
8723
018
.112
SCZ
5527
2.48
152.
5415
2.47
152.
5151
.15
51.8
052
.40
52.1
035
.20
36.3
136
.67
36.4
961
.36
57.5
258
.08
289.
9323
020
.671
21.5
07SC
Z61
283.
3015
3.14
153.
0415
3.09
52.1
352
.15
51.4
351
.79
36.8
537
.05
37.2
737
.16
57.3
451
.57
51.9
829
4.62
225
23.6
32SC
Z62
285.
5115
2.95
153.
0515
3.00
53.0
852
.42
51.6
752
.05
36.2
337
.55
36.9
337
.24
55.1
854
.20
54.8
729
6.54
240
19.0
66SC
Z63
2889
.25
151.
3715
1.24
151.
3152
.78
52.8
152
.89
52.8
536
.99
36.5
537
.25
36.9
074
.28
73.4
474
.09
295.
0722
025
.441
SCZ
6429
0.84
152.
5815
2.44
152.
5151
.15
51.7
752
.50
52.1
437
.47
36.7
936
.07
36.4
371
.06
70.3
470
.86
289.
6622
024
.049
SCZ
6528
2.75
151.
6715
2.04
151.
8652
.29
52.0
952
.60
52.3
536
.47
36.2
036
.55
36.3
859
.51
57.0
657
.69
289.
1422
522
.183
22.8
74
256
Chapter D. Data of Physical Properties D.3. Shrinkage
Tab.
D.1
2:Sh
rink
age
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
atva
riou
str
unk
heig
htin
peri
pher
alzo
ne(P
Z)
Sam
ple
Wei
ght
Len
gth
(mm
)A
vera
geW
idth
(mm
)A
vera
geT
hick
(mm
)A
vera
geW
eigh
tW
eigh
tW
eigh
tVo
lum
eVo
lum
eSh
rink
age
Cod
eL
1L
2W
1W
2W
3T
1T
2T
3af
ter2
4h(g
)af
ter3
0h(g
)af
ter3
2h(g
)(w
et,i
ncm
3)
(kiln
dry,
incc
)(%
)
SPZ
2130
0.48
152.
1415
2.14
152.
1452
.54
52.2
651
.98
52.1
236
.55
37.1
337
.67
37.4
088
.19
84.1
584
.44
296.
5626
510
.643
SPZ
2229
4.98
150.
3215
0.46
150.
3951
.83
52.2
352
.41
52.3
236
.66
37.2
337
.32
37.2
890
.52
88.5
188
.98
293.
2927
07.
942
SPZ
2329
7.38
151.
1015
0.98
151.
0452
.32
52.0
352
.26
52.1
537
.14
36.6
337
.44
37.0
410
2.86
96.5
797
.15
291.
6926
59.
149
SPZ
2430
4.17
151.
8615
1.85
151.
8651
.88
52.5
152
.52
52.5
237
.42
36.8
636
.82
36.8
498
.55
94.3
695
.08
293.
7926
011
.500
SPZ
2530
0.61
181.
3215
1.36
166.
3452
.80
51.9
951
.14
51.5
737
.36
36.5
336
.69
36.6
110
7.38
100.
9710
1.43
314.
0227
512
.425
10.3
32SP
Z31
291.
8414
8.96
147.
3514
8.16
51.8
951
.24
51.0
251
.13
36.3
935
.83
35.5
635
.70
120.
4411
8.94
119.
4727
0.40
240
11.2
41SP
Z32
332.
4115
3.32
152.
9915
3.16
52.0
251
.18
50.9
551
.07
37.2
736
.23
35.2
535
.74
200.
7619
9.26
199.
8827
9.52
235
15.9
27SP
Z33
316.
6214
8.62
148.
7814
8.70
51.7
551
.97
50.9
851
.48
36.3
336
.44
35.8
436
.14
167.
2516
2.70
163.
1827
6.63
245
11.4
33SP
Z34
305.
7115
4.36
154.
3915
4.38
52.5
552
.35
62.1
657
.26
36.3
636
.07
35.7
435
.91
138.
8913
3.31
133.
9631
7.35
265
16.4
97SP
Z35
310.
4315
4.25
154.
5415
4.40
52.9
752
.25
51.8
252
.04
37.3
036
.43
36.2
436
.34
136.
4513
1.08
131.
7829
1.91
260
10.9
3213
.206
SPZ
5129
4.07
153.
4715
3.88
153.
6852
.42
52.5
652
.10
52.3
336
.42
36.5
636
.98
36.7
796
.11
95.1
795
.61
295.
7024
018
.836
SPZ
5229
0.75
152.
5815
2.99
152.
7952
.75
52.5
552
.76
52.6
636
.62
36.0
436
.33
36.1
984
.31
82.9
983
.61
291.
1024
017
.555
SPZ
5328
8.88
153.
8915
3.80
153.
8552
.86
52.6
052
.48
52.5
436
.11
35.8
435
.44
35.6
488
.21
87.1
787
.59
288.
0822
023
.632
SPZ
5429
2.34
152.
6915
2.80
152.
7552
.51
52.1
252
.04
52.0
835
.88
35.8
536
.59
36.2
289
.10
88.2
588
.69
288.
1324
016
.704
SPZ
5529
3.66
193.
1115
3.42
173.
2753
.44
52.5
552
.52
52.5
436
.84
36.5
736
.83
36.7
085
.27
84.7
485
.10
334.
0624
028
.157
20.9
77SP
Z61
303.
6415
4.79
154.
9615
4.88
52.6
952
.67
52.2
852
.48
37.1
736
.81
35.9
936
.40
108.
5410
7.55
108.
0529
5.83
230
22.2
51SP
Z62
289.
4915
3.07
153.
2315
3.15
52.3
551
.82
50.9
051
.36
36.7
637
.42
37.5
437
.48
87.5
586
.34
86.8
529
4.81
215
27.0
72SP
Z63
295.
2615
4.24
154.
1615
4.20
52.2
252
.45
52.8
652
.66
37.8
136
.54
36.1
436
.34
91.0
789
.96
90.7
629
5.06
240
18.6
60SP
Z64
293.
7015
4.30
154.
2515
4.28
53.0
551
.81
50.5
351
.17
36.1
636
.33
37.6
136
.97
93.0
292
.00
92.7
529
1.85
210
28.0
45SP
Z65
297.
5815
4.38
152.
3515
3.37
52.8
050
.66
52.8
251
.74
31.8
936
.12
36.2
536
.19
94.9
193
.32
94.0
128
7.13
235
18.1
5622
.837
257
E Statistical Analysis of Physical Properties
E.1 Statistical Analysis Results
Tab. E.1: Univariate analysis of variance - test of between-subjects effectsSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 1.468 14 0.105 56.304 3.04E-49Intercept 10.057 1 10.057 5401.245 9.37E-111Zone 1.412 2 0.706 379.045 4.09E-56Height 0.030 4 0.007 4.022 4.10E-03Zone * Height 0.026 8 0.003 1.760 9.02E-02Error 0.251 135 0.002Total 11.776 150Corrected Total 1.719 149- Dependent variable: density of wood;- R Squared = 0.854 (Adjusted R Squared = 0.839)
Tab. E.2: Post hoc test of homogeneous subsets of oil palm wood zoning based on Duncan’s test
Oil palm wood zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 50 0.180Central Zone 50 0.202Peripheral Zone 50 0.396Sig. 1 1 1- Total sample: 150; alpha 0.05
Tab. E.3: Post hoc test of homogeneous subsets of trunk height based on Duncan’s test
Trunk height N Subset1 2
9 meter 30 0.2357 meter 30 0.256 0.2565 meter 30 0.258 0.2583 meter 30 0.2661 meter 30 0.279Sig. 0.052 0.071- Total sample: 150; alpha 0.05
258
Chapter E. Statistical Analysis of Physical Properties E.1. Statistical Analysis Results
Tab. E.4: Post hoc test of homogeneous subsets of inner, central and peripheral zones of oilpalm wood based on Duncan’s test
Height at IZ N Subset for alpha = .051 2 3
9 10 0.1581 10 0.1803 10 0.1827 10 0.186 0.1865 10 0.191
Sig. 1 0.060 0.214
Height at CZ N Subset for alpha = .051 2 3
9 10 0.1673 10 0.1967 10 0.208 0.2085 10 0.213 0.2131 10 0.225
Sig. 1 0.122 0.117
Height at PZ N Subset for alpha = .051
5 10 0.3727 10 0.3759 10 0.3813 10 0.4201 10 0.430
Sig. 0.106
259
Chapter E. Statistical Analysis of Physical Properties E.2. Regression Analysis Results
E.2 Regression Analysis Results
Tab. E.5: Descriptive statistics of regression analysisMean Std. Deviation N
Density of wood 0.259 0.107 150Oil palm wood zoning 2 0.819 150Trunk height 5 2.838 150
Tab. E.6: Model summary of regression analysis
Model R R Adjusted Std. Error of Change StatisticsSquare R Square the Estimate R Square Change F Change df1 df2 Sig. F Change
1 0.833a 0.694 0.690 0.060 0.694 167.062 2 147 1.41866E-38a. Predictors: (Constant), Trunk height, Oil palm wood zoning
Tab. E.7: ANOVA of regression analysisModel Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.1 Regression 1.194 2 0.597 167.062 1.419E-38
Residual 0.525 147 0.004Total 1.719 149
a. Predictors: (Constant), Trunk height, Oil palm wood zoning
Tab. E.8: Coefficient of regression analysisModel Unstandardized Standardized t Sig. Correlations Collinearity
Coefficients Coefficients StatisticsB Std. Error Beta Zero-order Partial Part Tolerance VIF
1 (Constant) 0.067 0.016 4.310 2.98E-05Oil palm wood zoning 0.108 0.006 0.824 18.066 3.68E-39 0.824 0.830 0.824 1 1Trunk height -0.005 0.002 -0.127 -2.780 6.15E-03 -0.127 -0.223 -0.127 1 1
260
F Data of Mechanical Properties
F.1 Static Bending Strength
261
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. F.1: Modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of oil palm wood (controlspecimen)
Sample b h l y e1 e2 P1 P2 dP y1 y2 dy Pmax MOE MORCode (cm) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2) (kg/cm2)
IZ11 2.51 2.65 36 y = 0.2693x + 0.2824 0.2693 0.2834 5 25 20 1.6299 7.0159 0.5386 26.5327 9272.563 81.285IZ12 2.58 2.61 36 y = 0.2423x + 0.2406 0.2423 0.2406 5 20 15 1.4521 5.0866 0.3635 23.2873 10494.285 71.550IZ13 2.63 2.63 36 y = 0.1975x + 0.2795 0.1975 0.2795 5 30 25 1.2670 6.2045 0.4938 33.0650 12344.043 98.151IZ14 2.64 2.63 36 y = 0.2756x + 0.5203 0.2756 0.5203 5 20 15 1.8983 6.0323 0.4134 24.1292 8812.459 71.354IZ15 2.43 2.52 36 y = 0.3014x + 0.4892 0.3014 0.4892 5 20 15 1.9962 6.5172 0.4521 21.7120 9951.679 75.978
10175.006 79.664IZ31 2.54 2.63 36 y = 0.1603x + 0.3664 0.1603 0.3664 5 30 25 1.1679 5.1754 0.4008 33.3983 15747.551 102.653IZ32 2.62 2.50 36 y = 0.2023x + 0.3703 0.2023 0.3703 5 25 20 1.3818 5.4278 0.4046 29.8217 14084.139 98.343IZ33 2.64 2.34 36 y = 0.3014x + 0.4481 0.3014 0.4481 5 20 15 1.9551 6.4761 0.4521 23.3036 11440.704 87.053IZ34 2.59 2.57 36 y = 0.3663x + 0.6821 0.3663 0.6821 5 15 10 2.5136 6.1766 0.3663 18.6631 7242.883 58.913IZ35 2.64 2.04 36 y = 0.3147x + 0.6823 0.3147 0.6823 5 20 15 2.2558 6.9763 0.4721 23.3517 16536.985 114.775
13010.453 92.348IZ51 2.57 2.63 36 y = 0.1608x + 0.5376 0.1608 0.5376 10 40 30 2.1456 6.9696 0.4824 44.1634 15515.333 134.157IZ52 2.60 2.62 36 y = 0.2234x + 0.537 0.2234 0.537 5 25 20 1.6540 6.1220 0.4468 28.7173 11165.730 86.888IZ53 2.60 2.66 36 y = 0.219x + 0.2127 0.219 0.2127 5 30 25 1.3077 6.7827 0.5475 30.0073 10883.915 88.081IZ54 2.65 2.60 36 y = 0.3029x + 0.4314 0.3029 0.4314 5 20 15 1.9459 6.4894 0.4544 21.6223 8267.655 65.178IZ55 2.64 2.66 36 y = 0.2368x + 0.4258 0.2368 0.4258 5 30 25 1.6098 7.5298 0.5920 30.5294 9913.271 88.256
11149.181 92.512IZ71 2.50 2.68 36 y = 0.3113x + 0.5121 0.3113 0.5121 5 15 10 2.0686 5.1816 0.3113 19.1538 7786.172 57.602IZ72 2.63 2.62 36 y = 0.3395x + 0.4181 0.3395 0.4181 5 20 15 2.1156 7.2081 0.5093 21.4097 7263.536 64.039IZ73 2.66 2.50 36 y = 0.2515x + 0.5155 0.2515 0.5155 5 30 25 1.7730 8.0605 0.6288 30.8835 11158.552 100.313IZ74 2.58 2.67 36 y = 0.22x + 0.4374 0.22 0.4374 5 30 25 1.5374 7.0374 0.5500 32.2437 10796.210 94.667IZ75 2.57 2.60 36 y = 0.251x + 0.3725 0.251 0.3725 5 25 20 1.6275 6.6475 0.5020 26.9404 10287.755 83.737
9458.445 80.072IZ91 2.47 2.43 36 y = 0.3022x + 0.2948 0.3022 0.2948 5 20 15 1.8058 6.3388 0.4533 22.5537 10890.236 83.503IZ92 2.54 2.50 36 y = 0.2532x - 0.0847 0.2532 0.0847 5 25 20 1.1813 6.2453 0.5064 28.7675 11607.269 97.855IZ93 2.54 2.42 36 y = 0.5578x + 0.0985 0.5578 0.0985 5 10 5 2.8875 5.6765 0.2789 12.7862 5808.837 46.416IZ94 2.65 2.53 36 y = 0.214x + 0.3663 0.214 0.3663 5 30 25 1.4363 6.7863 0.5350 33.2439 12700.660 105.832IZ95 2.56 2.56 36 y = 0.4323x + 0.2946 0.4323 0.2946 5 15 10 2.4561 6.7791 0.4323 15.7030 6282.065 50.543
9457.813 76.830CZ11 2.60 2.36 36 y = 0.0561x + 0.3592 0.0561 0.3592 15 80 65 1.2007 4.8472 0.3647 117.9177 60838.051 439.719CZ12 2.60 2.32 36 y = 0.0899x + 0.4865 0.0899 0.4865 15 60 45 1.8350 5.8805 0.4046 60.1954 39962.304 232.278CZ13 2.33 2.30 36 y = 0.1129x + 0.9785 0.1129 0.9785 15 40 25 2.6720 5.4945 0.2823 48.4699 36443.002 212.351CZ14 2.30 2.35 36 y = 0.1006x + 0.1618 0.1006 0.1618 15 50 35 1.6708 5.1918 0.3521 54.6674 38843.478 232.412CZ15 2.22 2.43 36 y = 0.04x + 0.5191 0.04 0.5191 15 90 75 1.1191 4.1191 0.3000 173.5889 91458.620 714.429
53509.091 366.238CZ31 2.68 2.58 36 y = 0.0887x + 0.3482 0.0887 0.3482 15 70 55 1.6787 6.5572 0.4879 71.6703 28571.299 216.950CZ32 2.69 2.70 36 y = 0.0968x + 0.3233 0.0968 0.3233 15 50 35 1.7753 5.1633 0.3388 59.2976 22757.711 163.287CZ33 2.58 2.58 36 y = 0.0996x + 0.2893 0.0996 0.2893 15 50 35 1.7833 5.2693 0.3486 58.4211 26430.742 183.698CZ34 2.66 2.58 36 y = 0.0876x + 0.231 0.0876 0.231 15 60 45 1.5450 5.4870 0.3942 63.4725 29147.590 193.579CZ35 2.66 2.62 36 y = 0.0511x + 0.1479 0.0511 0.1479 15 80 65 0.9144 4.2359 0.3322 110.6152 47713.481 327.133
30924.164 216.929CZ51 2.70 2.68 36 y = 0.122x + 0.0395 0.122 0.0395 15 55 40 1.8695 6.7495 0.4880 55.0114 18395.836 153.184CZ52 2.70 2.58 36 y = 0.1469x + 0.577 0.1469 0.577 15 30 15 2.7805 4.9840 0.2204 38.7645 17123.906 116.473CZ53 2.63 2.69 36 y = 0.1065x + 0.4957 0.1065 0.4957 15 50 35 2.0932 5.8207 0.3728 57.4656 21393.671 163.058CZ54 2.58 2.67 36 y = 0.1198x + 0.5346 0.1198 0.5346 15 50 35 2.3316 6.5246 0.4193 52.6056 19826.096 154.448CZ55 2.63 2.70 36 y = 0.1407x + 0.6427 0.1407 0.6427 15 40 25 2.7532 6.2707 0.3518 49.7333 16014.241 140.074
18550.750 145.447CZ71 2.70 2.60 36 y = 0.1516x + 0.9834 0.1516 0.9834 15 40 25 3.2574 7.0474 0.3790 43.8211 16213.042 129.648CZ72 2.63 2.67 36 y = 0.2327x + 0.5629 0.2327 0.5629 15 30 15 4.0534 7.5439 0.3491 30.8146 10012.940 88.751CZ73 2.55 2.66 36 y = 0.1073x + 0.627 0.1073 0.627 15 50 35 2.2365 5.9920 0.3756 53.3705 22649.713 159.732CZ74 2.67 2.63 36 y = 0.1835x + 0.4289 0.1835 0.4289 15 30 15 3.1814 5.9339 0.2753 35.5176 13086.784 103.852CZ75 2.58 2.64 36 y = 0.1554x + 0.5432 0.1554 0.5432 15 30 15 2.8742 5.2052 0.2331 38.9083 15811.206 116.845
15554.737 119.765CZ91 2.55 2.64 36 y = 0.1663x + 0.8404 0.1663 0.8404 10 30 20 2.5034 5.8294 0.3326 31.7511 14948.696 96.473CZ92 2.61 2.68 36 y = 0.2287x + 0.5381 0.2287 0.5381 10 25 15 2.8251 6.2556 0.3431 25.7193 10151.646 74.087CZ93 2.50 2.68 36 y = 0.1715x + 0.6138 0.1715 0.6138 10 30 20 2.3288 5.7588 0.3430 36.6741 14133.151 110.292CZ94 2.55 2.44 36 y = 0.1763x + 0.6432 0.1763 0.6432 10 30 20 2.4062 5.9322 0.3526 35.2644 17860.168 125.433CZ95 2.49 2.72 36 y = 0.3048x + 0.3879 0.3048 0.3879 10 20 10 3.4359 6.4839 0.3048 22.1949 7637.065 65.059
12946.145 94.269PZ11 2.74 2.66 36 y = 0.024x + 0.621 0.024 0.621 20 90 70 1.1010 2.7810 0.1680 232.6203 94241.198 647.929PZ12 2.50 2.66 36 y = 0.0504x + 1.0883 0.0504 1.0883 20 90 70 2.0963 5.6243 0.3528 122.9883 49184.930 375.452PZ13 2.80 2.66 36 y = 0.0277x + 1.1228 0.0277 1.1228 20 90 70 1.6768 3.6158 0.1939 213.4296 79903.316 581.738PZ14 2.72 2.64 36 y = 0.0308x + 1.0985 0.0308 1.0985 20 90 70 1.7145 3.8705 0.2156 185.7922 75668.672 529.230PZ15 2.60 2.64 36 y = 0.0477x + 1.2129 0.0477 1.2129 20 90 70 2.1669 5.5059 0.3339 113.0037 51114.487 336.748
70022.520 494.219PZ31 2.77 2.69 36 y = 0.0421x + 1.4386 0.0421 1.4386 20 90 70 2.2806 5.2276 0.2947 166.3535 51384.106 448.168PZ32 2.74 2.65 36 y = 0.0316x + 0.7854 0.0316 0.7854 20 90 70 1.4174 3.6294 0.2212 205.1713 72388.944 575.795PZ33 2.75 2.65 36 y = 0.0334x + 0.7249 0.0334 0.7249 20 90 70 1.3929 3.7309 0.2338 189.9055 68238.697 531.015PZ34 2.66 2.58 36 y = 0.0376x + 1.1966 0.0376 1.1966 20 90 70 1.9486 4.5806 0.2632 142.9197 67907.683 435.878PZ35 2.76 2.67 36 y = 0.0322x + 1.51 0.0322 1.51 20 90 70 2.1540 4.4080 0.2254 178.4740 68952.303 489.821
65774.347 496.136PZ51 2.82 2.58 36 y = 0.0287x + 0.7176 0.0287 0.7176 20 90 70 1.2916 3.3006 0.2009 234.9014 83918.437 675.757PZ52 2.70 2.67 36 y = 0.0253x + 0.6823 0.0253 0.6823 20 90 70 1.1883 2.9593 0.1771 286.4894 89707.642 803.741PZ53 2.61 2.65 36 y = 0.0492x + 0.7603 0.0492 0.7603 20 90 70 1.7443 5.1883 0.3444 114.5092 48809.491 337.367PZ54 2.70 2.62 36 y = 0.0355x + 0.7874 0.0355 0.7874 20 90 70 1.4974 3.9824 0.2485 180.9730 67663.042 527.280PZ55 2.62 2.67 36 y = 0.0417x + 0.2565 0.0417 0.2565 20 90 70 1.0905 4.0095 0.2919 135.8806 56088.830 392.851
69237.489 547.399PZ71 2.61 2.61 36 y = 0.0772x + 0.7814 0.0772 0.7814 20 90 70 2.3254 7.7294 0.5404 87.0886 32558.784 264.505PZ72 2.60 2.64 36 y = 0.0582x + 0.6411 0.0582 0.6411 20 90 70 1.8051 5.8791 0.4074 106.6053 41892.801 317.681PZ73 2.63 2.65 36 y = 0.0766x - 0.0429 0.0766 0.0429 20 90 70 1.4891 6.8511 0.5362 72.0379 31111.817 210.624PZ74 2.67 2.69 36 y = 0.0852x + 0.4952 0.0852 0.4952 20 90 70 2.1992 8.1632 0.5964 79.9155 26341.458 223.362PZ75 2.51 2.59 36 y = 0.0686x + 0.5847 0.0686 0.5847 20 90 70 1.9567 6.7587 0.4802 94.7646 38989.744 303.925
34178.921 264.019PZ91 2.65 2.66 36 y = 0.0466x + 0.409 0.0466 0.409 20 90 70 1.3410 4.6030 0.3262 120.6416 50184.640 347.442PZ92 2.74 2.67 36 y = 0.0636x + 0.793 0.0636 0.793 20 90 70 2.0650 6.5170 0.4452 92.8527 35164.630 256.694PZ93 2.77 2.66 36 y = 0.0653x + 0.638 0.0653 0.638 20 90 70 1.9440 6.5150 0.4571 88.0848 34261.759 242.690PZ94 2.73 2.64 36 y = 0.0596x + 0.3908 0.0596 0.3908 20 90 70 1.5828 5.7548 0.4172 91.1475 38960.706 258.683PZ95 2.65 2.71 36 y = 0.0512x + 0.281 0.0512 0.281 20 90 70 1.3050 4.8890 0.3584 112.2754 43194.038 311.526
40353.154 283.407
262
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.2:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)a
ndde
nsity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
inin
nerz
one
(IZ
)tre
ated
with
bior
esin
for1
50se
cond
sSa
mpl
eTi
me
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
(s)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
IZ1T
1115
054
.356
66.7
1622
.74
2.63
2.58
36y
=0.
2031
x+
0.40
820.
2031
0.40
8210
3020
2.43
926.
5012
0.40
6230
.618
612
715.
186
94.4
460.
273
IZ1T
1215
064
.290
83.2
9829
.57
2.62
2.59
36y
=0.
1527
x+
0.54
120.
1527
0.54
1210
3020
2.06
825.
1222
0.30
5437
.574
416
780.
616
115.
448
0.34
1IZ
1T13
150
54.6
7264
.768
18.4
72.
602.
5936
y=
0.18
1x+
0.51
340.
1810
0.51
3410
3020
2.32
345.
9434
0.36
2034
.497
314
265.
805
106.
808
0.26
7IZ
1T14
150
55.4
1470
.058
26.4
32.
602.
6036
y=
0.16
27x
+0.
556
0.16
270.
5560
1030
202.
1830
5.43
700.
3254
35.2
351
1568
7.96
310
8.25
50.
288
IZ1T
1515
054
.049
62.1
8715
.06
2.61
2.57
36y
=0.
2153
x+
0.46
840.
2153
0.46
8410
3020
2.62
146.
9274
0.43
0631
.190
912
228.
230
97.7
040.
258
56.5
5669
.405
22.4
514
335.
560
104.
532
0.28
5IZ
3T11
150
63.4
0874
.440
17.4
02.
732.
6136
y=
0.15
79x
+0.
640.
1579
0.64
0010
3020
2.21
905.
3770
0.31
5839
.603
415
218.
828
114.
996
0.29
0IZ
3T12
150
54.5
3686
.382
58.3
92.
662.
3636
y=
0.19
96x
+0.
5326
0.19
960.
5326
1025
152.
5286
5.52
260.
2994
29.0
906
1671
3.57
410
6.03
30.
382
IZ3T
1315
060
.932
80.2
8531
.76
2.64
2.48
36y
=0.
1507
x+
0.56
640.
1507
0.56
6410
3020
2.07
345.
0874
0.30
1436
.800
219
220.
969
122.
387
0.34
1IZ
3T14
150
50.3
1766
.022
31.2
12.
602.
5036
y=
0.24
24x
+0.
3575
0.24
240.
3575
1025
152.
7815
6.41
750.
3636
25.5
189
1184
4.63
184
.801
0.28
2IZ
3T15
150
58.2
2576
.739
31.8
02.
602.
5236
y=
0.18
07x
+0.
5439
0.18
070.
5439
1030
202.
3509
5.96
490.
3614
30.0
010
1551
3.66
498
.119
0.32
557
.484
76.7
7434
.11
1570
2.33
310
5.26
70.
324
IZ5T
1115
051
.492
71.4
2538
.71
2.70
2.60
36y
=0.
2451
x+
0.63
960.
2451
0.63
9610
3020
3.09
067.
9926
0.49
0233
.853
710
028.
140
100.
159
0.28
3IZ
5T12
150
56.3
2079
.377
40.9
42.
602.
7036
y=
0.20
96x
+0.
4299
0.20
960.
4299
1025
152.
5259
5.66
990.
3144
27.3
902
1087
4.05
778
.035
0.31
4IZ
5T13
150
59.7
1277
.075
29.0
82.
562.
6736
y=
0.14
84x
+0.
6003
0.14
840.
6003
1040
302.
0843
6.53
630.
4452
43.8
058
1613
0.20
412
9.61
70.
313
IZ5T
1415
066
.257
80.8
4622
.02
2.65
2.77
36y
=0.
147x
+0.
0474
0.14
700.
0474
1040
301.
5174
5.92
740.
4410
44.5
706
1408
7.85
911
8.36
90.
306
IZ5T
1515
052
.385
66.9
2227
.75
2.50
2.70
36y
=0.
2054
x+
0.60
970.
2054
0.60
9710
3020
2.66
376.
7717
0.41
0834
.678
511
540.
265
102.
751
0.27
557
.233
75.1
2931
.70
1253
2.10
510
5.78
60.
298
IZ7T
1115
049
.208
61.8
1825
.63
2.52
2.66
36y
=0.
2557
x+
0.33
490.
2557
0.33
495
2520
1.61
346.
7274
0.51
1429
.590
196
17.7
0289
.614
0.25
6IZ
7T12
150
47.6
7857
.150
19.8
72.
572.
6536
y=
0.25
68x
+0.
4467
0.25
680.
4467
530
251.
7307
8.15
070.
6420
30.5
985
9496
.897
91.5
520.
233
IZ7T
1315
046
.558
62.7
0834
.69
2.74
2.47
36y
=0.
2518
x+
0.09
170.
2518
0.09
175
2015
1.35
075.
1277
0.37
7724
.112
611
218.
902
77.8
920.
257
IZ7T
1415
058
.819
69.7
8318
.64
2.54
2.65
36y
=0.
1579
x+
0.72
660.
1579
0.72
665
3025
1.51
615.
4636
0.39
4839
.811
115
627.
663
120.
524
0.28
8IZ
7T15
150
50.0
6661
.534
22.9
12.
652.
6336
y=
0.23
9x+
0.18
040.
2390
0.18
045
3025
1.37
547.
3504
0.59
7531
.211
110
123.
635
91.9
490.
245
50.4
6662
.599
24.3
511
216.
960
94.3
060.
256
IZ9T
1115
053
.614
71.0
0532
.44
2.65
2.66
36y
=0.
2018
x+
0.67
010.
2018
0.67
015
3025
1.67
916.
7241
0.50
4535
.798
511
588.
723
103.
098
0.28
0IZ
9T12
150
55.3
9078
.252
41.2
72.
632.
5636
y=
0.23
88x
+0.
5355
0.23
880.
5355
525
201.
7295
6.50
550.
4776
29.0
701
1106
9.74
391
.076
0.32
3IZ
9T13
150
55.5
4374
.416
33.9
82.
622.
5736
y=
0.19
28x
+0.
6044
0.19
280.
6044
530
251.
5684
6.38
840.
4820
34.9
508
1360
3.16
010
9.06
50.
307
IZ9T
1415
046
.443
69.2
7249
.15
2.59
2.52
36y
=0.
2763
x+
0.64
0.27
630.
6400
525
202.
0215
7.54
750.
5526
27.7
013
1018
5.09
990
.948
0.29
5IZ
9T15
150
50.2
1570
.852
41.1
02.
612.
5736
y=
0.19
7x+
1.06
540.
1970
1.06
545
2520
2.05
045.
9904
0.39
4028
.181
613
364.
152
88.2
780.
293
52.2
4172
.759
39.5
911
962.
175
96.4
930.
300
263
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.3:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)
and
dens
ityof
oilp
alm
woo
din
cent
ralz
one
(CZ
)tr
eate
dw
ithbi
ores
info
r15
0se
cond
sSa
mpl
eTi
me
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
(s)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
CZ
1T11
150
95.8
0611
1.31
616
.19
2.65
2.33
36y
=0.
0712
x+
0.72
30.
0712
0.72
3015
7055
1.79
105.
7070
0.39
1673
.915
448
871.
299
277.
441
0.50
1C
Z1T
1215
098
.321
110.
868
12.7
62.
622.
3436
y=
0.07
02x
+0.
5986
0.07
020.
5986
1570
551.
6516
5.51
260.
3861
77.6
776
4949
5.02
429
2.38
60.
502
CZ
1T13
150
130.
820
138.
958
6.22
2.46
2.30
36y
=0.
0476
x+
0.61
110.
0476
0.61
1115
8065
1.32
514.
4191
0.30
9412
9.84
4881
869.
463
538.
800
0.68
2C
Z1T
1415
011
1.62
712
0.78
28.
202.
562.
3636
y=
0.05
88x
+0.
597
0.05
880.
5970
1580
651.
4790
5.30
100.
3822
105.
6721
5895
1.41
240
0.21
20.
555
CZ
1T15
150
112.
287
122.
234
8.86
2.70
2.28
36y
=0.
0521
x+
1.09
830.
0521
1.09
8315
8065
1.87
985.
2663
0.33
8711
2.23
3769
958.
660
431.
801
0.55
210
9.77
212
0.83
210
.45
6182
9.17
138
8.12
80.
558
CZ
3T11
150
84.6
5096
.036
13.4
52.
682.
5936
y=
0.07
07x
+0.
1893
0.07
070.
1893
1570
551.
2498
5.13
830.
3889
74.8
620
3543
1.86
522
4.86
50.
384
CZ
3T12
150
93.0
4210
5.60
013
.50
2.63
2.37
36y
=0.
0548
x+
0.93
920.
0548
0.93
9215
7055
1.76
124.
7752
0.30
1487
.306
361
103.
626
320.
224
0.47
1C
Z3T
1315
075
.472
93.0
5623
.30
2.61
2.78
36y
=0.
0803
x+
0.54
950.
0803
0.54
9515
7055
1.75
406.
1705
0.44
1779
.472
525
903.
418
212.
755
0.35
6C
Z3T
1415
077
.738
91.1
0517
.19
2.70
2.63
36y
=0.
0833
x+
0.71
480.
0833
0.71
4815
6045
1.96
435.
7128
0.37
4962
.794
328
508.
312
181.
568
0.35
6C
Z3T
1515
010
5.06
211
8.53
212
.82
2.60
2.64
36y
=0.
056x
+0.
536
0.05
600.
5360
1580
651.
3760
5.01
600.
3640
102.
0841
4353
8.59
030
4.20
80.
480
87.1
9310
0.86
616
.05
3889
7.16
224
8.72
40.
410
CZ
5T11
150
110.
959
123.
127
10.9
72.
662.
6636
y=
0.04
34x
+0.
6429
0.04
340.
6429
1580
651.
2939
4.11
490.
2821
106.
6683
5368
2.31
530
6.04
40.
483
CZ
5T12
150
75.4
9592
.959
23.1
32.
612.
7036
y=
0.08
99x
+0.
8247
0.08
990.
8247
1570
552.
1732
7.11
770.
4945
73.5
180
2525
5.50
320
8.65
10.
366
CZ
5T13
150
81.7
5195
.750
17.1
22.
672.
6636
y=
0.08
73x
+0.
6605
0.08
730.
6605
1560
451.
9700
5.89
850.
3929
62.8
071
2658
7.47
517
9.52
60.
374
CZ
5T14
150
80.7
7390
.063
11.5
02.
562.
7036
y=
0.08
8x+
0.47
90.
0880
0.47
9015
6045
1.79
905.
7590
0.39
6069
.105
226
304.
714
199.
957
0.36
2C
Z5T
1515
010
1.40
911
3.69
912
.12
2.70
2.70
36y
=0.
063x
+0.
2887
0.06
300.
2887
1560
451.
2337
4.06
870.
2835
66.0
648
3483
7.89
518
1.24
80.
433
90.0
7710
3.12
014
.97
3333
3.58
021
5.08
50.
404
CZ
7T11
150
66.3
1380
.946
22.0
72.
462.
7036
y=
0.15
31x
+0.
4423
0.15
310.
4423
1540
252.
7388
6.56
630.
3828
43.1
858
1573
4.24
513
0.03
90.
339
CZ
7T12
150
85.7
1610
1.40
718
.31
2.62
2.64
36y
=0.
0665
x+
0.73
770.
0665
0.73
7715
7055
1.73
525.
3927
0.36
5873
.761
936
384.
197
218.
131
0.40
7C
Z7T
1315
075
.907
90.9
9619
.88
2.60
2.64
36y
=0.
0855
x+
0.62
220.
0855
0.62
2215
5035
1.90
474.
8972
0.29
9359
.929
928
516.
503
178.
590
0.36
8C
Z7T
1415
057
.749
104.
428
80.8
32.
682.
7136
y=
0.15
09x
+0.
3418
0.15
090.
3418
1540
252.
6053
6.37
780.
3773
49.1
266
1449
1.57
613
4.78
40.
399
CZ
7T15
150
63.9
6682
.848
29.5
22.
492.
6536
y=
0.10
7x+
0.48
30.
1070
0.48
3015
5035
2.08
805.
8330
0.37
4554
.987
723
524.
845
169.
812
0.34
969
.930
92.1
2534
.12
2373
0.27
316
6.27
10.
372
CZ
9T11
150
58.6
8982
.179
40.0
22.
612.
6536
y=
0.11
9x+
0.51
510.
1190
0.51
5115
5035
2.30
016.
4651
0.41
6558
.001
620
180.
058
170.
884
0.33
0C
Z9T
1215
062
.451
76.7
7822
.94
2.64
2.60
36y
=0.
126x
+0.
5167
0.12
600.
5167
1550
352.
4067
6.81
670.
4410
56.1
687
1995
0.46
416
9.95
60.
311
CZ
9T13
150
62.1
4281
.920
31.8
32.
582.
7236
y=
0.14
11x
+0.
6777
0.14
110.
6777
1540
252.
7942
6.32
170.
3528
47.7
645
1592
1.87
013
5.12
70.
324
CZ
9T14
150
62.1
9383
.907
34.9
12.
462.
7236
y=
0.12
16x
+0.
5843
0.12
160.
5843
1540
252.
4083
5.44
830.
3040
45.7
931
1937
6.35
713
5.86
90.
348
CZ
9T15
150
58.0
7381
.856
40.9
52.
442.
6536
y=
0.13
95x
+0.
5316
0.13
950.
5316
1540
252.
6241
6.11
160.
3488
44.8
909
1841
3.90
314
1.47
20.
352
60.7
1081
.328
34.1
318
768.
530
150.
662
0.33
3
264
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.4:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)
and
dens
ityof
oilp
alm
woo
din
peri
pher
alzo
ne(P
Z)
trea
ted
with
bior
esin
for1
50se
cond
sSa
mpl
eTi
me
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
(s)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
PZ1T
1115
021
6.53
422
3.96
53.
432.
832.
7436
y=
0.02
12x
+0.
3153
0.02
120.
3153
2090
700.
7393
2.22
330.
1484
205.
1603
9450
9.07
852
1.43
40.
802
PZ1T
1215
020
9.30
421
9.67
54.
952.
782.
7036
y=
0.01
92x
+0.
3227
0.01
920.
3227
2090
700.
7067
2.05
070.
1344
272.
9989
1110
22.2
9372
7.41
50.
813
PZ1T
1315
015
3.22
216
4.18
87.
162.
712.
6236
y=
0.03
13x
+0.
390.
0313
0.39
0020
9070
1.01
603.
2070
0.21
9115
6.69
5276
459.
246
454.
860
0.64
2PZ
1T14
150
174.
727
180.
108
3.08
2.71
2.70
36y
=0.
0248
x+
0.15
20.
0248
0.15
2020
9070
0.64
802.
3840
0.17
3617
9.11
9488
172.
925
489.
598
0.68
4PZ
1T15
150
138.
339
150.
024
8.45
2.58
2.68
36y
=0.
0333
x+
0.36
90.
0333
0.36
9020
9070
1.03
503.
3660
0.23
3114
6.94
1670
530.
862
428.
202
0.60
317
8.42
518
7.59
25.
4188
138.
881
524.
302
0.70
9PZ
3T11
150
95.6
9410
6.34
511
.13
2.67
2.63
36y
=0.
0567
x+
0.36
850.
0567
0.36
8520
9070
1.50
255.
4715
0.39
6997
.045
142
353.
172
283.
756
0.42
1PZ
3T12
150
128.
781
136.
459
5.96
2.67
2.63
36y
=0.
0353
x+
0.27
890.
0353
0.27
8920
9070
0.98
493.
4559
0.24
7114
2.07
4668
029.
033
415.
420
0.54
0PZ
3T13
150
100.
432
112.
231
11.7
52.
682.
6336
y=
0.05
28x
+0.
5124
0.05
280.
5124
2090
701.
5684
5.26
440.
3696
107.
6179
4531
1.82
431
3.49
60.
442
PZ3T
1415
010
3.92
611
1.45
77.
252.
682.
4536
y=
0.04
95x
+0.
2632
0.04
950.
2632
2090
701.
2532
4.71
820.
3465
126.
2170
5978
7.34
542
3.68
70.
472
PZ3T
1515
013
7.83
814
3.93
74.
422.
672.
5036
y=
0.03
24x
+0.
4035
0.03
240.
4035
2090
701.
0515
3.31
950.
2268
176.
3382
8629
2.13
557
0.62
30.
599
113.
334
122.
086
8.10
6035
4.70
240
1.39
60.
495
PZ5T
1115
013
9.91
214
9.01
16.
502.
632.
7236
y=
0.02
91x
+0.
3634
0.02
910.
3634
2090
700.
9454
2.98
240.
2037
184.
0543
7573
4.20
351
0.79
40.
579
PZ5T
1215
013
4.04
014
5.11
38.
262.
762.
6036
y=
0.03
26x
+0.
2447
0.03
260.
2447
2090
700.
8967
3.17
870.
2282
152.
5837
7375
6.58
244
1.61
70.
562
PZ5T
1315
015
0.81
215
7.67
64.
552.
642.
7136
y=
0.02
92x
+0.
4722
0.02
920.
4722
2090
701.
0562
3.10
020.
2044
171.
0461
7602
4.37
547
6.39
20.
612
PZ5T
1415
017
4.85
418
3.87
05.
162.
812.
6036
y=
0.02
35x
+0.
3918
0.02
350.
3918
2090
700.
8618
2.50
680.
1645
203.
5383
1004
97.0
4357
8.61
10.
699
PZ5T
1515
014
1.96
515
1.25
86.
552.
652.
7336
y=
0.02
87x
+0.
4314
0.02
870.
4314
2090
701.
0054
3.01
440.
2009
175.
5043
7537
5.77
747
9.85
50.
581
148.
317
157.
386
6.20
8027
7.59
649
7.45
40.
606
PZ7T
1115
012
2.59
212
9.92
75.
982.
572.
7036
y=
0.03
66x
+0.
925
0.03
660.
9250
2090
701.
6570
4.21
900.
2562
166.
0847
6300
0.21
247
8.69
90.
520
PZ7T
1215
014
8.36
715
3.80
83.
672.
622.
5436
y=
0.03
18x
+0.
5989
0.03
180.
5989
2090
701.
2349
3.46
090.
2226
237.
7443
8543
1.48
475
9.51
30.
642
PZ7T
1315
012
6.39
313
5.55
57.
252.
632.
5936
y=
0.03
79x
+0.
5175
0.03
790.
5179
2090
701.
2759
3.92
890.
2653
146.
5036
6735
2.42
944
8.42
20.
553
PZ7T
1415
092
.196
97.7
095.
982.
662.
5536
y=
0.07
12x
+0.
6208
0.07
120.
6208
2090
702.
0448
7.02
880.
4984
89.1
461
3714
2.00
527
8.31
30.
400
PZ7T
1515
018
0.64
718
6.62
33.
312.
662.
6636
y=
0.02
58x
+0.
9411
0.02
580.
9411
2090
701.
4571
3.26
310.
1806
219.
8471
9030
2.80
963
0.76
80.
733
134.
039
140.
724
5.24
6864
5.78
851
9.14
30.
570
PZ9T
1115
017
5.64
318
1.00
93.
062.
742.
6736
y=
0.02
6x+
0.75
520.
0260
0.75
5220
9070
1.27
523.
0952
0.18
2025
4.53
4086
018.
094
703.
666
0.68
7PZ
9T12
150
125.
437
133.
467
6.40
2.63
2.67
36y
=0.
0406
x+
0.52
120.
0406
0.51
1220
9070
1.32
324.
1652
0.28
4214
3.78
4157
389.
434
414.
120
0.52
8PZ
9T13
150
129.
190
138.
812
7.45
2.74
2.70
36y
=0.
0381
x+
0.70
50.
0381
0.70
5020
9070
1.46
704.
1340
0.26
6715
8.34
7056
765.
005
428.
081
0.52
1PZ
9T14
150
124.
423
130.
110
4.57
2.47
2.46
36y
=0.
0434
x+
0.74
80.
0434
0.74
8020
9070
1.61
604.
6540
0.30
3814
3.96
0973
089.
587
520.
081
0.59
5PZ
9T15
150
148.
209
157.
532
6.29
2.80
2.61
36y
=0.
033x
+0.
5994
0.03
300.
5994
2090
701.
2594
3.56
940.
2310
170.
9619
7099
9.29
248
4.01
00.
599
140.
580
148.
186
5.55
6885
2.28
250
9.99
10.
586
265
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.5:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)a
ndde
nsity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
inin
nerz
one
(IZ
)tre
ated
with
bior
esin
for3
00se
cond
sSa
mpl
eTi
me
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
(s)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
IZ1T
2130
051
.793
66.0
4827
.52
2.63
2.32
36y
=0.
2218
x+
0.36
690.
2218
0.36
6910
3020
2.58
497.
0209
0.44
3630
.597
616
012.
763
116.
721
0.30
1IZ
1T22
300
63.0
3876
.162
20.8
22.
552.
6136
y=
0.12
36x
+0.
6028
0.12
360.
6028
1040
301.
8388
5.54
680.
3708
47.6
583
2081
4.56
514
8.15
30.
318
IZ1T
2330
050
.285
62.8
0024
.89
2.59
2.53
36y
=0.
1875
x+
0.59
730.
1875
0.59
7310
3020
2.47
236.
2223
0.37
5035
.539
314
831.
494
115.
761
0.26
6IZ
1T24
300
72.7
5189
.372
22.8
52.
672.
5936
y=
0.11
02x
+0.
6857
0.11
020.
6857
1050
401.
7877
6.19
570.
4408
52.3
829
2281
6.83
315
7.93
30.
359
IZ1T
2530
074
.111
86.8
6617
.21
2.66
2.61
36y
=0.
105x
+0.
6683
0.10
500.
6683
1060
501.
7183
6.96
830.
5250
60.5
567
2348
8.48
818
0.46
50.
348
62.3
9676
.250
22.6
619
592.
828
143.
807
0.31
8IZ
3T21
300
50.0
7467
.745
35.2
92.
172.
6136
y=
0.19
33x
+0.
4544
0.19
330.
4544
1030
202.
3874
6.25
340.
3866
37.8
080
1563
9.91
513
8.11
40.
332
IZ3T
2230
051
.256
64.1
5825
.17
2.53
2.67
36y
=0.
2246
x+
0.54
720.
2246
0.54
7210
2010
2.79
325.
0392
0.22
4627
.538
510
784.
089
82.4
500.
264
IZ3T
2330
061
.309
72.3
7518
.05
2.61
2.32
36y
=0.
15x
+0.
791
0.15
000.
7910
1040
302.
2910
6.79
100.
4500
43.6
918
2385
8.97
516
7.94
90.
332
IZ3T
2430
052
.391
65.7
6025
.52
2.62
2.15
36y
=0.
1646
x+
0.59
930.
1646
0.59
9310
3020
2.24
535.
5373
0.32
9235
.585
527
214.
541
158.
668
0.32
4IZ
3T25
300
57.2
4767
.732
18.3
22.
642.
6036
y=
0.16
27x
+0.
6065
0.16
270.
6065
1030
202.
2335
5.48
750.
3254
36.4
077
1545
0.26
711
0.16
30.
274
54.4
5567
.554
24.4
718
589.
557
131.
469
0.30
5IZ
5T21
300
59.3
9978
.569
32.2
72.
562.
6436
y=
0.13
05x
+0.
6597
0.13
050.
6597
1050
401.
9647
7.18
470.
5220
50.9
150
1897
5.15
215
4.09
60.
323
IZ5T
2230
047
.969
73.9
5954
.18
2.52
2.57
36y
=0.
2102
x+
0.48
550.
2102
0.48
5510
2515
2.58
755.
7405
0.31
5325
.943
812
972.
237
84.1
710.
317
IZ5T
2330
052
.655
71.7
8136
.32
2.64
2.66
36y
=0.
1477
x+
0.51
040.
1477
0.51
0410
4030
1.98
746.
4184
0.44
3141
.588
315
893.
450
120.
226
0.28
4IZ
5T24
300
56.1
3375
.093
33.7
82.
602.
7036
y=
0.16
58x
+0.
5309
0.16
580.
5309
1030
202.
1889
5.50
490.
3316
34.1
856
1374
6.69
697
.395
0.29
7IZ
5T25
300
51.5
1873
.327
42.3
32.
722.
6736
y=
0.20
49x
+0.
4358
0.20
490.
4358
1030
202.
4848
6.58
280.
4098
36.2
207
1099
5.19
310
0.86
90.
280
53.5
3574
.546
39.7
814
516.
546
111.
351
0.30
0IZ
7T21
300
46.2
3963
.504
37.3
42.
562.
5036
y=
0.21
67x
+0.
4568
0.21
670.
4568
525
201.
5403
5.87
430.
4334
29.4
845
1345
6.39
199
.510
0.27
6IZ
7T22
300
47.5
7563
.546
33.5
72.
562.
5836
y=
0.20
45x
+0.
5238
0.20
450.
5238
525
201.
5463
5.63
630.
4090
29.4
572
1297
3.43
993
.348
0.26
7IZ
7T23
300
48.4
0468
.088
40.6
72.
642.
6136
y=
0.21
11x
+0.
4539
0.21
110.
4539
530
251.
5094
6.78
690.
5278
31.1
143
1177
1.55
593
.426
0.27
4IZ
7T24
300
49.6
0378
.395
58.0
42.
752.
4236
y=
0.22
97x
+0.
3899
0.22
970.
3899
520
151.
5384
4.98
390.
3446
22.7
274
1302
8.89
976
.205
0.32
7IZ
7T25
300
48.0
3565
.812
37.0
12.
602.
6236
y=
0.21
27x
+0.
3457
0.21
270.
3457
530
251.
4092
6.72
670.
5318
34.1
822
1172
7.42
910
3.42
30.
268
47.9
7167
.869
41.3
312
591.
543
93.1
820.
283
IZ9T
2130
064
.282
103.
391
60.8
42.
612.
5536
y=
0.16
6x+
1.52
590.
1660
1.52
595
4035
2.35
598.
1659
0.58
1041
.961
716
235.
975
133.
514
0.43
2IZ
9T22
300
67.9
4383
.808
23.3
52.
612.
5536
y=
0.20
16x
+0.
8659
0.20
160.
8659
540
351.
8739
8.92
990.
7056
41.7
479
1336
8.90
813
2.83
30.
350
IZ9T
2330
057
.436
81.6
2342
.11
2.57
2.57
36y
=0.
2422
x+
0.92
720.
2422
0.92
725
3025
2.13
828.
1932
0.60
5530
.481
911
039.
283
96.9
700.
343
IZ9T
2430
050
.448
71.0
6040
.86
2.55
2.58
36y
=0.
275x
+1.
2259
0.27
501.
2259
520
152.
6009
6.72
590.
4125
24.1
173
9685
.354
76.7
260.
300
IZ9T
2530
059
.703
69.2
9316
.06
2.61
2.46
36y
=0.
2642
x+
2.52
710.
2642
2.52
715
2520
3.84
819.
1321
0.52
8425
.834
811
362.
368
88.3
260.
300
59.9
6281
.835
36.6
412
338.
378
105.
674
0.34
5
266
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.6:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)
and
dens
ityof
oilp
alm
woo
din
cent
ralz
one
(CZ
)tr
eate
dw
ithbi
ores
info
r30
0se
cond
sSa
mpl
eTi
me
B0
B1
bh
ly
e1e2
P1P2
dPy1
y2dy
Pmax
MO
EM
OR
Den
sity
Cod
e(s
)(g
)(g
)(%
)(c
m)
(cm
)(c
m)
(kg)
(kg/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
CZ
1T21
300
115.
068
124.
154
7.90
2.55
2.32
36y
=0.
0496
x+
0.52
250.
0496
0.52
2515
8065
1.26
654.
4905
0.32
2413
0.09
7673
851.
904
511.
855
0.58
3C
Z1T
2230
011
2.77
312
2.80
58.
902.
672.
2536
y=
0.05
19x
+0.
5932
0.05
190.
5932
1580
651.
3717
4.74
520.
3374
138.
9496
7389
6.06
955
5.10
50.
568
CZ
1T23
300
103.
738
115.
330
11.1
72.
602.
4036
y=
0.06
08x
+0.
5592
0.06
080.
5592
1580
651.
4712
5.42
320.
3952
94.0
387
5337
4.87
333
9.08
20.
513
CZ
1T24
300
93.7
8210
6.21
613
.26
2.60
2.25
36y
=0.
0721
x+
0.67
0.07
210.
6700
1580
651.
7515
6.43
800.
4687
89.3
172
5462
4.98
736
6.43
00.
504
CZ
1T25
300
97.5
6110
7.15
19.
832.
582.
2536
y=
0.06
56x
+0.
6132
0.06
560.
6132
1580
651.
5972
5.86
120.
4264
80.2
571
6050
2.93
133
1.81
20.
513
104.
584
115.
131
10.2
163
250.
153
420.
857
0.53
6C
Z3T
2130
082
.669
93.0
4012
.55
2.67
2.66
36y
=0.
0728
x+
0.56
840.
0728
0.56
8415
7055
1.66
045.
6644
0.40
0471
.568
331
883.
057
204.
569
0.36
4C
Z3T
2230
084
.421
98.4
6616
.64
2.45
2.70
36y
=0.
0632
x+
0.61
470.
0632
0.61
4715
7055
1.56
275.
0387
0.34
7679
.904
538
271.
286
241.
586
0.41
3C
Z3T
2330
084
.045
96.2
9714
.58
2.55
2.70
36y
=0.
0676
x+
0.66
590.
0676
0.66
5915
7055
1.67
995.
3979
0.37
1884
.237
234
377.
108
244.
698
0.38
9C
Z3T
2430
010
9.96
912
1.05
710
.08
2.63
2.61
36y
=0.
0533
x+
0.48
20.
0533
0.48
2015
7055
1.28
154.
2130
0.29
3210
9.23
4746
799.
696
329.
244
0.49
0C
Z3T
2530
010
0.78
611
6.47
115
.56
2.60
2.73
36y
=0.
0565
x+
0.49
880.
0565
0.49
8815
7055
1.34
634.
4538
0.31
0886
.780
439
024.
538
241.
834
0.45
692
.378
105.
066
13.8
838
071.
137
252.
386
0.42
2C
Z5T
2130
076
.855
88.7
9515
.54
2.67
2.58
36y
=0.
0902
x+
0.47
780.
0902
0.47
7815
5035
1.83
084.
9878
0.31
5759
.450
528
201.
395
180.
634
0.35
8C
Z5T
2230
093
.259
107.
505
15.2
82.
602.
7136
y=
0.07
35x
+0.
4496
0.07
350.
4496
1570
551.
5521
5.59
460.
4043
72.1
643
3066
7.54
120
4.08
20.
424
CZ
5T23
300
70.3
2082
.990
18.0
22.
592.
6136
y=
0.12
29x
+0.
4497
0.12
290.
4497
1560
452.
2932
7.82
370.
5531
61.4
178
2060
9.82
718
7.97
80.
341
CZ
5T24
300
76.1
7591
.103
19.6
02.
662.
6336
y=
0.08
82x
+0.
6943
0.08
820.
6943
1560
452.
0173
5.98
630.
3969
70.9
274
2732
9.39
720
8.16
80.
362
CZ
5T25
300
81.1
4291
.517
12.7
92.
642.
5236
y=
0.08
81x
+0.
5814
0.08
810.
5814
1550
351.
9029
4.98
640.
3084
55.1
110
3133
7.62
317
7.51
20.
382
79.5
5092
.382
16.2
427
629.
157
191.
675
0.37
3C
Z7T
2130
067
.873
80.0
5617
.95
2.66
2.63
36y
=0.
1056
x+
0.55
470.
1056
0.55
4715
5035
2.13
875.
8347
0.36
9659
.268
222
826.
257
173.
949
0.31
8C
Z7T
2230
076
.794
95.8
5124
.82
2.65
2.64
36y
=0.
0806
x+
0.70
220.
0806
0.70
2215
6045
1.91
125.
5382
0.36
2766
.729
729
679.
379
195.
101
0.38
1C
Z7T
2330
060
.293
80.2
1633
.04
2.46
2.63
36y
=0.
1175
x+
0.64
230.
1175
0.64
2315
6045
2.40
487.
6923
0.52
8860
.591
622
182.
337
192.
291
0.34
4C
Z7T
2430
074
.335
88.9
7219
.69
2.66
2.67
36y
=0.
1002
x+
0.68
810.
1002
0.68
8115
6045
2.19
116.
7001
0.45
0961
.408
722
991.
344
174.
872
0.34
8C
Z7T
2530
072
.343
92.8
3828
.33
2.63
2.65
36y
=0.
0849
x+
0.67
510.
0849
0.67
5115
7055
1.94
866.
6181
0.46
7077
.544
128
070.
261
226.
723
0.37
070
.328
87.5
8724
.77
2514
9.91
619
2.58
70.
352
CZ
9T21
300
57.5
5378
.363
36.1
62.
582.
6336
y=
0.15
76x
+0.
4981
0.15
760.
4981
1540
252.
8621
6.80
210.
3940
47.0
193
1576
9.00
714
2.27
80.
321
CZ
9T22
300
61.4
4878
.863
28.3
42.
522.
6636
y=
0.13
24x
+0.
6052
0.13
240.
6052
1540
252.
5912
5.90
120.
3310
48.1
097
1857
4.36
914
5.70
10.
327
CZ
9T23
300
76.2
5396
.218
26.1
82.
502.
6536
y=
0.07
96x
+0.
4647
0.07
960.
4647
1550
351.
6587
4.44
470.
2786
55.8
294
3149
6.10
217
1.72
20.
403
CZ
9T24
300
73.7
2910
0.30
036
.04
2.51
2.66
36y
=0.
0965
x+
0.59
460.
0965
0.59
4615
6045
2.04
216.
3846
0.43
4364
.342
725
585.
951
195.
639
0.41
7C
Z9T
2530
065
.901
80.5
0422
.16
2.54
2.65
36y
=0.
1234
x+
0.32
90.
1234
0.32
9015
5035
2.18
006.
4990
0.43
1957
.153
519
996.
823
173.
026
0.33
266
.977
86.8
5029
.78
2228
4.45
116
5.67
30.
360
267
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.7:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)
and
dens
ityof
oilp
alm
woo
din
peri
pher
alzo
ne(P
Z)
trea
ted
with
bior
esin
for3
00se
cond
sSa
mpl
eTi
me
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
(s)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
PZ1T
2130
014
6.91
115
8.15
17.
652.
722.
5736
y=
0.03
06x
+0.
6926
0.03
060.
6926
2090
701.
3046
3.44
660.
2142
170.
9524
8255
7.74
351
3.84
70.
628
PZ1T
2230
015
5.73
816
6.43
86.
872.
722.
6536
y=
0.03
01x
+0.
9305
0.03
010.
9305
2090
701.
5325
3.63
950.
2107
177.
7568
7655
5.16
450
2.52
70.
641
PZ1T
2330
021
8.62
522
9.31
34.
892.
662.
8636
y=
0.02
04x
+0.
553
0.02
040.
5530
2090
700.
9610
2.38
900.
1428
259.
1586
9188
3.51
664
3.20
00.
837
PZ1T
2430
016
1.79
317
2.01
86.
322.
712.
6436
y=
0.02
9x+
0.53
620.
0290
0.53
6220
9070
1.11
623.
1462
0.20
3018
5.74
6080
661.
899
531.
051
0.66
8PZ
1T25
300
78.4
9591
.456
16.5
12.
672.
6836
y=
0.09
36x
+0.
5718
0.09
360.
5718
2090
702.
4438
8.99
580.
6552
76.2
722
2424
6.88
921
4.77
30.
355
152.
312
163.
475
8.45
7118
1.04
248
1.07
90.
626
PZ3T
2130
011
2.55
112
6.08
112
.02
2.72
2.67
36y
=0.
0414
x+
0.76
840.
0414
0.76
8420
9070
1.59
644.
4944
0.28
9813
1.78
1554
418.
239
366.
992
0.48
2PZ
3T22
300
97.8
3410
6.46
48.
822.
662.
6836
y=
0.05
17x
+0.
7566
0.05
170.
7566
2090
701.
7906
5.40
960.
3619
109.
3774
4406
2.68
430
9.15
10.
415
PZ3T
2330
010
5.17
211
6.45
410
.73
2.66
2.67
36y
=0.
0438
x+
0.42
060.
0438
0.42
0620
9070
1.29
664.
3626
0.30
6613
5.95
7452
596.
637
387.
162
0.45
5PZ
3T24
300
105.
142
113.
025
7.50
2.68
2.62
36y
=0.
0477
x+
0.69
610.
0477
0.69
6120
9070
1.65
014.
9891
0.33
3912
1.60
2050
732.
991
356.
942
0.44
7PZ
3T25
300
105.
027
115.
888
10.3
42.
692.
6636
y=
0.04
78x
+0.
4796
0.04
780.
4796
2090
701.
4356
4.78
160.
3346
128.
9187
4819
7.26
836
5.75
80.
450
105.
145
115.
582
9.88
5000
1.56
435
7.20
10.
450
PZ5T
2130
014
4.55
915
0.65
84.
222.
662.
6136
y=
0.02
97x
+0.
538
0.02
970.
5380
2090
701.
1320
3.21
100.
2079
173.
4548
8304
0.10
851
6.91
30.
603
PZ5T
2230
014
5.66
215
2.27
54.
542.
672.
6336
y=
0.02
8x+
0.66
40.
0280
0.66
4020
9070
1.22
403.
1840
0.19
6024
2.92
2585
765.
174
710.
295
0.60
2PZ
5T23
300
137.
265
148.
487
8.18
2.70
2.70
36y
=0.
0291
x+
0.69
440.
0291
0.69
4420
9070
1.27
643.
3134
0.20
3720
1.48
8575
422.
247
552.
781
0.56
6PZ
5T24
300
180.
807
190.
919
5.59
2.60
2.62
36y
=0.
0231
x+
1.01
580.
0231
1.01
5820
9070
1.47
783.
0948
0.16
1725
0.83
5110
7983
.726
758.
938
0.77
9PZ
5T25
300
175.
014
182.
662
4.37
2.58
2.74
36y
=0.
024x
+0.
5583
0.02
400.
5583
2090
701.
0383
2.71
830.
1680
236.
3565
9157
2.45
965
8.93
20.
718
156.
661
165.
000
5.38
8875
6.74
363
9.57
20.
653
PZ7T
2130
011
5.40
412
5.84
09.
042.
632.
6836
y=
0.04
55x
+0.
5703
0.04
550.
5703
2090
701.
4803
4.66
530.
3185
121.
4445
5063
7.93
534
7.17
30.
496
PZ7T
2230
011
8.08
812
6.66
87.
272.
602.
6536
y=
0.04
37x
+0.
6806
0.04
370.
6806
2090
701.
5546
4.61
360.
3059
143.
7922
5516
3.91
842
5.26
90.
511
PZ7T
2330
093
.536
107.
096
14.5
02.
622.
5636
y=
0.05
68x
+0.
6122
0.05
680.
6122
2090
701.
7482
5.72
420.
3976
104.
7358
4671
7.32
732
9.38
80.
444
PZ7T
2430
012
9.45
813
5.84
74.
942.
622.
6036
y=
0.03
63x
+0.
6017
0.03
630.
6017
2090
701.
3277
3.86
870.
2541
167.
9797
6977
8.16
651
2.15
60.
554
PZ7T
2530
011
2.56
111
8.82
05.
562.
542.
6936
y=
0.04
1x+
0.63
810.
0410
0.63
8120
9070
1.45
814.
3281
0.28
7015
9.01
9857
540.
429
467.
204
0.48
311
3.80
912
2.85
48.
2655
967.
555
416.
238
0.49
7PZ
9T21
300
116.
399
129.
451
11.2
12.
662.
6536
y=
0.04
46x
+0.
5315
0.04
460.
5315
2090
701.
4235
4.54
550.
3122
147.
6990
5283
1.55
542
6.97
10.
510
PZ9T
2230
013
8.03
214
4.10
74.
402.
762.
6736
y=
0.03
09x
+0.
6813
0.03
090.
6813
2090
701.
2993
3.46
230.
2163
260.
2692
7185
3.20
871
4.30
70.
543
PZ9T
2330
012
7.17
913
8.18
78.
662.
802.
6136
y=
0.04
06x
+0.
6932
0.04
060.
6932
2090
701.
5052
4.34
720.
2842
147.
8455
5770
8.78
441
8.56
50.
525
PZ9T
2430
012
1.21
212
9.94
37.
202.
632.
6336
y=
0.04
11x
+0.
6524
0.04
110.
6524
2090
701.
4744
4.35
140.
2877
144.
4760
5931
7.48
042
8.86
60.
522
PZ9T
2530
012
6.36
713
7.42
08.
752.
702.
7136
y=
0.04
05x
+0.
6293
0.04
050.
6293
2090
701.
4393
4.27
430.
2835
145.
1357
5359
4.57
739
5.24
40.
522
125.
838
135.
822
8.04
5906
1.12
147
6.79
10.
524
268
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.8:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)a
ndde
nsity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
trea
ted
with
10%
acet
one
for2
4ho
urs
Sam
ple
Tim
eC
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
hour
(%)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
IZ3T
1K11
2410
65.8
2274
.663
13.4
317
2.38
2.71
36y
=0.
1175
x+
0.84
520.
1175
0.84
525
5045
1.43
276.
7202
0.52
8851
.612
2095
6.79
315
9.45
20.
322
IZ3T
1K12
2454
.805
64.3
7017
.452
82.
302.
6236
y=
0.18
23x
+1.
2145
0.18
231.
2145
530
252.
1260
6.68
350.
4558
30.1
0715
467.
821
102.
973
0.29
7IZ
3T1K
1324
49.4
6759
.960
21.2
121
2.56
2.70
36y
=0.
208x
+0.
6745
0.20
800.
6745
530
251.
7145
6.91
450.
5200
32.9
3811
128.
917
95.3
050.
241
17.3
655
1585
1.17
711
9.24
40.
286
IZ5T
1K11
2458
.498
71.1
2421
.583
62.
622.
7036
y=
0.18
36x
+0.
8987
0.18
360.
8987
530
251.
8167
6.40
670.
4590
38.0
9212
319.
193
107.
697
0.27
9IZ
5T1K
1224
67.7
6274
.178
9.46
842.
602.
6336
y=
0.15
5x+
1.13
010.
1550
1.13
015
4035
1.90
517.
3301
0.54
2544
.646
1591
0.18
513
4.05
90.
301
IZ5T
1K13
2454
.316
65.0
8319
.822
92.
622.
6436
y=
0.27
9x+
0.81
870.
2790
0.81
875
2520
2.21
377.
7937
0.55
8025
.562
8672
.219
75.5
910.
261
16.9
583
1230
0.53
210
5.78
20.
281
IZ7T
1K11
2452
.596
66.1
1125
.695
92.
702.
5836
y=
0.27
02x
+0.
7296
0.27
020.
7296
525
202.
0806
7.48
460.
5404
29.3
3893
09.7
7788
.149
0.26
4IZ
7T1K
1224
66.1
1475
.159
13.6
809
2.61
2.60
36y
=0.
2143
x+
1.06
060.
2143
1.06
065
3025
2.13
217.
4896
0.53
5835
.679
1186
4.91
910
9.20
00.
308
IZ7T
1K13
2466
.286
74.4
1712
.266
52.
592.
7036
y=
0.18
09x
+0.
850.
1809
0.85
005
3025
1.75
456.
2770
0.45
2339
.367
1264
7.88
411
2.58
90.
296
17.2
144
1127
4.19
410
3.31
30.
289
CZ
3T1K
1124
1012
3.61
913
6.01
310
.026
02.
702.
6836
y=
0.04
27x
+0.
2802
0.04
270.
2802
1090
800.
7072
4.12
320.
3416
130.
629
5255
9.53
236
3.74
70.
522
CZ
3T1K
1224
178.
430
192.
882
8.09
952.
622.
6836
y=
0.11
2x+
0.43
240.
1120
0.43
2410
4030
1.55
244.
9124
0.33
6049
.205
2065
0.17
914
1.19
80.
763
CZ
3T1K
1324
86.9
7210
0.84
415
.950
02.
602.
7036
y=
0.09
64x
+0.
5005
0.09
640.
5005
1050
401.
4645
5.32
050.
3856
50.3
7623
643.
177
143.
522
0.39
911
.358
532
284.
296
216.
156
0.56
1C
Z5T
1K11
2411
2.32
212
4.52
610
.865
22.
682.
6536
y=
0.05
19x
+0.
552
0.05
190.
5520
1090
801.
0710
5.22
300.
4152
113.
493
4506
1.71
732
5.63
80.
487
CZ
5T1K
1224
78.4
8087
.356
11.3
099
2.64
2.69
36y
=0.
0959
x+
0.85
850.
0959
0.85
8510
6050
1.81
756.
6125
0.47
9567
.498
2366
8.35
819
0.79
90.
342
CZ
5T1K
1324
85.9
4595
.790
11.4
550
2.65
2.58
36y
=0.
0805
x+
1.02
350.
0805
1.02
3510
6050
1.82
855.
8535
0.40
2564
.513
3183
8.06
319
7.49
50.
389
11.2
100
3352
2.71
323
7.97
70.
406
CZ
7T1K
1124
63.9
0476
.200
19.2
414
2.65
2.61
36y
=0.
1092
x+
0.92
770.
1092
0.92
7710
3020
2.01
974.
2037
0.21
8437
.260
2267
0.31
111
1.45
80.
306
CZ
7T1K
1224
69.0
4084
.544
22.4
565
2.62
2.69
36y
=0.
0963
x+
0.50
040.
0963
0.50
0410
4030
1.46
344.
3524
0.28
8947
.160
2374
9.97
113
4.32
70.
333
CZ
7T1K
1324
69.3
7382
.271
18.5
922
2.64
2.64
36y
=0.
0521
x+
0.55
20.
0521
0.55
2010
5040
1.07
303.
1570
0.20
8452
.190
4608
8.66
015
3.16
80.
328
20.0
967
3083
6.31
413
2.98
40.
322
PZ3T
1K11
2410
177.
309
193.
618
9.19
812.
742.
6636
y=
0.03
23x
+0.
5868
0.03
230.
5868
1080
700.
9098
3.17
080.
2261
232.
800
7002
4.41
964
8.43
00.
738
PZ3T
1K12
2412
2.70
813
4.78
09.
8380
2.73
2.62
36y
=0.
0475
x+
0.21
420.
0475
0.21
4210
8070
0.68
924.
0142
0.33
2513
6.70
050
013.
515
393.
910
0.52
3PZ
3T1K
1324
141.
883
152.
453
7.44
982.
602.
7236
y=
0.03
19x
+0.
2959
0.03
190.
2959
1080
700.
6149
2.84
790.
2233
187.
900
6988
3.84
152
7.48
40.
599
8.82
8663
307.
259
523.
275
0.62
0PZ
5T1K
1124
137.
113
148.
569
8.35
522.
752.
6036
y=
0.04
12x
+0.
3625
0.04
120.
3625
1080
700.
7745
3.65
850.
2884
141.
600
5857
3.01
241
1.31
80.
577
PZ5T
1K12
2413
2.79
314
4.27
28.
6443
2.63
2.65
36y
=0.
048x
+0.
1373
0.04
800.
1373
1080
700.
6173
3.97
730.
3360
127.
400
4964
9.27
437
2.49
10.
575
PZ5T
1K13
2412
8.33
714
0.25
49.
2857
2.63
2.66
36y
=0.
0454
x+
0.20
950.
0454
0.20
9510
8070
0.66
353.
8415
0.31
7813
9.50
051
902.
825
404.
808
0.55
78.
7617
5337
5.03
739
6.20
60.
570
PZ7T
1K11
2410
1.99
411
5.06
412
.814
52.
572.
6036
y=
0.06
65x
+0.
4751
0.06
650.
4751
1080
701.
1401
5.79
510.
4655
88.3
0038
830.
475
274.
457
0.47
8PZ
7T1K
1224
190.
948
211.
043
10.5
238
2.56
2.66
36y
=0.
0244
x+
0.66
820.
0244
0.66
8210
8070
0.91
222.
6202
0.17
0830
5.80
099
213.
966
911.
650
0.86
1PZ
7T1K
1324
154.
975
173.
649
12.0
497
2.68
2.70
36y
=0.
0336
x+
0.40
440.
0336
0.40
4410
8070
0.74
043.
0924
0.23
5219
6.42
065
808.
524
542.
897
0.66
711
.796
067
950.
988
576.
335
0.66
9
269
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.9:
Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)a
ndde
nsity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
trea
ted
with
20%
acet
one
for2
4ho
urs
Sam
ple
Tim
eC
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
hour
(%)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
IZ3T
1K21
2420
60.6
6076
.136
25.5
127
2.60
2.60
36y
=0.
1401
x+
0.37
010.
1401
0.37
0110
5040
1.77
117.
3751
0.56
0454
.089
1821
8.64
116
6.18
30.
313
IZ3T
1K22
2456
.970
71.9
3826
.273
52.
592.
6036
y=
0.12
8x+
0.91
250.
1280
0.91
2510
4030
2.19
256.
0325
0.38
4047
.085
2001
7.86
414
5.22
10.
297
IZ3T
1K23
2447
.625
58.9
7423
.829
92.
632.
5536
y=
0.21
53x
+0.
7357
0.21
530.
7357
530
251.
8122
7.19
470.
5383
33.1
1412
423.
020
104.
562
0.24
425
.205
416
886.
508
138.
655
0.28
5IZ
5T1K
2124
57.7
6473
.013
26.3
988
2.60
2.67
36y
=0.
1481
x+
0.72
490.
1481
0.72
4910
5040
2.20
598.
1299
0.59
2450
.206
1591
4.21
914
6.26
90.
292
IZ5T
1K22
2456
.669
76.9
3935
.769
12.
642.
6636
y=
0.21
02x
+0.
868
0.21
020.
8680
520
151.
9190
5.07
200.
3153
23.9
5311
167.
757
69.2
440.
304
IZ5T
1K23
2451
.242
72.8
1942
.108
02.
682.
6636
y=
0.21
44x
+0.
5004
0.21
440.
5004
530
251.
5724
6.93
240.
5360
32.8
6010
785.
568
93.5
760.
284
34.7
586
1262
2.51
510
3.03
00.
293
IZ7T
1K21
2449
.865
62.4
3225
.202
02.
602.
5536
y=
0.34
14x
+0.
3555
0.34
140.
3555
520
152.
0625
7.18
350.
5121
20.6
2379
24.8
3365
.872
0.26
2IZ
7T1K
2224
72.8
2988
.397
21.3
761
2.54
2.73
36y
=0.
2732
x-0
.054
20.
2732
0.05
425
2015
1.31
185.
4098
0.40
9825
.228
8261
.238
71.9
630.
354
IZ7T
1K23
2450
.722
61.8
6221
.962
92.
662.
5636
y=
0.29
88x
+0.
1981
0.29
880.
1981
520
151.
6921
6.17
410.
4482
23.1
6887
47.1
2671
.766
0.25
222
.847
083
11.0
6669
.867
0.28
9C
Z3T
1K21
2420
122.
105
141.
779
16.1
124
2.63
2.72
36y
=0.
0736
x+
1.11
790.
0736
1.11
7910
7060
1.85
396.
2699
0.44
1670
.216
2994
3.82
219
4.86
60.
551
CZ
3T1K
2224
97.9
5611
4.17
016
.552
32.
472.
7336
y=
0.07
74x
+0.
9997
0.07
740.
9997
1060
501.
7737
5.64
370.
3870
67.6
7129
986.
215
198.
505
0.47
0C
Z3T
1K23
2475
.484
90.8
8020
.396
42.
682.
6836
y=
0.07
86x
+1.
528
0.07
861.
5280
1070
602.
3140
7.03
000.
4716
74.3
8328
766.
418
208.
672
0.35
117
.687
029
565.
485
200.
681
0.45
7C
Z5T
1K21
2485
.918
101.
043
17.6
040
2.67
2.67
36y
=0.
1097
x+
0.92
780.
1097
0.92
7810
6050
2.02
487.
5098
0.54
8562
.867
2092
1.64
517
8.35
50.
394
CZ
5T1K
2224
83.2
2796
.428
15.8
614
2.60
2.69
36y
=0.
1384
x+
0.60
250.
1384
0.60
2510
4030
1.98
656.
1385
0.41
5248
.481
1665
2.56
913
9.15
30.
383
CZ
5T1K
2324
80.4
9498
.792
22.7
321
2.70
2.61
36y
=0.
0742
x+
1.40
340.
0742
1.40
3410
7060
2.14
546.
5974
0.44
5277
.907
3274
6.00
522
8.73
00.
389
18.7
325
2344
0.07
318
2.07
90.
389
CZ
7T1K
2124
60.2
7386
.370
43.2
980
2.66
2.70
36y
=0.
1828
x+
0.93
890.
1828
0.92
8910
4030
2.75
698.
2409
0.54
8441
.237
1218
7.04
411
4.83
40.
334
CZ
7T1K
2224
64.6
3882
.354
27.4
080
2.54
2.65
36y
=0.
166x
+0.
6805
0.16
600.
6805
1040
302.
3405
7.32
050.
4980
41.0
5414
865.
109
124.
287
0.34
0C
Z7T
1K23
2468
.978
89.9
6530
.425
62.
692.
7036
y=
0.14
07x
+0.
0537
0.14
070.
0537
1040
301.
4607
5.68
170.
4221
41.5
1415
657.
046
114.
315
0.34
433
.710
614
236.
400
117.
812
0.33
9PZ
3T1K
2124
2012
0.82
014
7.61
422
.176
82.
672.
6636
y=
0.06
04x
+1.
1729
0.06
041.
1729
2080
602.
3809
6.00
490.
3624
99.6
0838
428.
586
284.
717
0.57
7PZ
3T1K
2224
128.
305
160.
648
25.2
079
2.82
2.60
36y
=0.
0336
x+
1.86
470.
0336
1.86
4720
9070
2.53
674.
8887
0.23
5219
0.72
070
038.
862
540.
249
0.60
9PZ
3T1K
2324
114.
347
145.
490
27.2
355
2.74
2.65
36y
=0.
0271
x+
1.34
40.
0271
1.34
4010
8070
1.61
503.
5120
0.18
9724
4.20
084
409.
249
685.
326
0.55
724
.873
464
292.
232
503.
431
0.58
1PZ
5T1K
2124
122.
925
151.
803
23.4
924
2.74
2.67
36y
=0.
0261
x+
1.17
150.
0261
1.17
1520
9070
1.69
353.
5205
0.18
2721
1.64
385
688.
523
585.
092
0.57
6PZ
5T1K
2224
107.
913
131.
934
22.2
596
2.62
2.65
36y
=0.
051x
+1.
9833
0.05
101.
9833
2090
703.
0033
6.57
330.
3570
121.
294
4690
7.08
235
5.99
10.
528
PZ5T
1K23
2410
9.76
913
6.29
324
.163
52.
672.
6936
y=
0.03
86x
+1.
1138
0.03
861.
1138
2090
701.
8858
4.58
780.
2702
138.
840
5814
2.28
638
8.05
50.
527
23.3
051
6357
9.29
744
3.04
60.
544
PZ7T
1K21
2411
7.49
014
1.23
020
.206
02.
622.
6236
y=
0.07
22x
+0.
9265
0.07
220.
9265
2090
702.
3705
7.42
450.
5054
94.8
0034
285.
078
284.
641
0.57
2PZ
7T1K
2224
108.
286
130.
690
20.6
897
2.65
2.60
36y
=0.
0497
x+
1.09
020.
0497
1.09
0220
9070
2.08
425.
5632
0.34
7910
6.73
450
387.
778
321.
741
0.52
7PZ
7T1K
2324
95.6
1511
8.16
523
.584
22.
652.
5736
y=
0.07
39x
+1.
2751
0.07
391.
2751
2090
702.
7531
7.92
610.
5173
93.5
5035
087.
937
288.
620
0.48
221
.493
339
920.
264
298.
334
0.52
7
270
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.10
:Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)a
ndde
nsity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
trea
ted
with
10%
acet
one
for4
8ho
urs
Sam
ple
Tim
eC
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
hour
(%)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
IZ3T
2K11
4810
71.1
6990
.072
26.5
607
2.63
2.55
36y
=0.
2185
x-0
.069
80.
2185
0.06
985
3025
1.02
276.
4852
0.54
6334
.006
1224
1.08
110
7.37
80.
373
IZ3T
2K12
4868
.613
87.4
0327
.385
52.
532.
5736
y=
0.19
94x
+1.
1173
0.19
941.
1173
530
252.
1143
7.09
930.
4985
35.5
4013
620.
795
114.
847
0.37
3IZ
3T2K
1348
59.8
0177
.496
29.5
898
23.6
02.
1036
y=
0.39
x+
0.07
0.39
000.
0700
520
152.
0200
7.87
000.
5850
20.5
3813
68.4
0010
.656
0.04
327
.845
390
76.7
5977
.627
0.26
3IZ
5T2K
1148
65.3
1183
.203
27.3
951
2.60
2.62
36y
=0.
2611
x+
0.42
850.
2611
0.42
855
2520
1.73
406.
9560
0.52
2229
.453
9553
.520
89.1
160.
339
IZ5T
2K12
4851
.981
78.2
2250
.481
92.
682.
7036
y=
0.23
45x
+0.
3457
0.23
450.
3457
530
251.
5182
7.38
070.
5863
30.3
9494
29.2
8184
.007
0.30
0IZ
5T2K
1348
48.4
8070
.369
45.1
506
2.64
2.54
36y
=0.
2478
x+
0.05
310.
2478
0.05
315
2520
1.29
216.
2481
0.49
5625
.464
1088
0.30
780
.734
0.29
241
.009
299
54.3
6984
.619
0.31
0IZ
7T2K
1148
54.6
1182
.099
50.3
342
2.65
2.61
36y
=0.
3102
x+
0.18
570.
3102
0.18
575
2520
1.73
677.
9407
0.62
0427
.407
7980
.651
81.9
840.
330
IZ7T
2K12
4852
.904
81.3
9053
.844
72.
612.
6736
y=
0.17
64x
+0.
9692
0.17
640.
9692
530
251.
8512
6.26
120.
4410
39.5
4813
309.
895
114.
777
0.32
4IZ
7T2K
1348
52.1
2980
.445
54.3
191
2.58
2.69
36y
=0.
2506
x+
0.85
870.
2506
0.85
875
2520
2.11
177.
1237
0.50
1225
.441
9268
.083
73.5
870.
322
52.8
327
1018
6.21
090
.116
0.32
5C
Z3T
2K11
4810
81.8
6410
6.26
629
.808
02.
642.
8236
y=
0.07
57x
+0.
0243
0.07
570.
0243
2090
701.
5383
6.83
730.
5299
104.
185
2602
5.57
826
7.97
70.
396
CZ
3T2K
1248
80.2
0710
0.17
024
.889
32.
662.
8136
y=
0.06
9x+
0.50
260.
0690
0.50
2610
7060
1.19
265.
3326
0.41
4075
.877
2864
1.63
619
5.07
90.
372
CZ
3T2K
1348
85.2
7310
6.42
424
.803
92.
662.
6836
y=
0.10
66x
+0.
8865
0.10
660.
8865
1050
401.
9525
6.21
650.
4264
52.6
7121
369.
988
148.
873
0.41
526
.500
425
345.
734
203.
976
0.39
4C
Z5T
2K11
4879
.159
98.0
4323
.855
82.
652.
6736
y=
0.10
27x
+0.
2558
0.10
270.
2558
1050
401.
2828
5.39
080.
4108
59.7
1722
516.
320
170.
695
0.38
5C
Z5T
2K12
4871
.655
89.2
3724
.537
02.
662.
6736
y=
0.10
24x
+0.
9311
0.10
240.
9311
1050
401.
9551
6.05
110.
4096
54.6
2522
497.
390
155.
554
0.34
9C
Z5T
2K13
4810
0.00
412
0.64
020
.635
22.
642.
6636
y=
0.09
54x
+0.
7789
0.09
540.
7789
1070
601.
7329
7.45
690.
5724
71.3
5024
606.
526
206.
262
0.47
723
.009
323
206.
745
177.
504
0.40
4C
Z7T
2K11
4862
.706
85.6
9536
.661
62.
652.
6236
y=
0.18
57x
+0.
7338
0.18
570.
7338
540
351.
6623
8.16
180.
6500
40.2
2213
179.
103
119.
401
0.34
3C
Z7T
2K12
4862
.311
87.3
3440
.158
22.
682.
6336
y=
0.15
17x
+0.
6833
0.15
170.
6833
540
351.
4418
6.75
130.
5310
44.3
7815
771.
024
129.
276
0.34
4C
Z7T
2K13
4873
.020
97.2
2833
.152
62.
682.
6936
y=
0.13
04x
+0.
5457
0.13
040.
5457
540
351.
1977
5.76
170.
4564
48.6
4117
146.
611
135.
442
0.37
536
.657
515
365.
579
128.
040
0.35
4PZ
3T2K
1148
1098
.761
124.
766
26.3
312
2.77
2.66
36y
=0.
0357
x+
0.51
750.
0357
0.51
7920
9070
1.23
193.
7309
0.24
9915
6.49
562
669.
267
431.
174
0.47
0PZ
3T2K
1248
147.
273
174.
238
18.3
095
2.75
2.68
36y
=0.
0374
x+
0.32
850.
0374
0.32
8520
9070
1.07
653.
6945
0.26
1816
9.77
558
916.
757
464.
156
0.65
7PZ
3T2K
1348
184.
393
213.
565
15.8
206
2.72
2.69
36y
=0.
0445
x+
0.09
160.
0445
0.09
1620
9070
0.98
164.
0966
0.31
1512
3.54
549
506.
447
338.
956
0.81
120
.153
857
030.
824
411.
429
0.64
6PZ
5T2K
1148
187.
599
221.
273
17.9
500
2.61
2.59
36y
=0.
0581
x+
0.51
970.
0581
0.51
9720
9070
1.68
175.
7487
0.40
6710
6.19
244
272.
248
327.
525
0.90
9PZ
5T2K
1248
118.
269
140.
842
19.0
862
2.73
2.70
36y
=0.
0395
x+
0.80
260.
0395
0.80
2620
9070
1.59
264.
3576
0.27
6513
2.58
854
953.
641
359.
756
0.53
1PZ
5T2K
1348
132.
629
156.
685
18.1
378
2.70
2.64
36y
=0.
0433
x+
0.66
170.
0433
0.66
1720
9070
1.52
774.
5587
0.30
3113
3.49
654
223.
066
383.
082
0.61
118
.391
351
149.
652
356.
788
0.68
4PZ
7T2K
1148
100.
833
127.
207
26.1
561
2.59
2.50
36y
=0.
0582
x+
1.45
740.
0582
1.45
7420
9070
2.62
146.
6954
0.40
7411
9.69
449
522.
748
399.
289
0.54
6PZ
7T2K
1248
112.
151
142.
418
26.9
877
2.64
2.71
36y
=0.
0707
x-0
.074
80.
0707
0.07
4820
9070
1.33
926.
2882
0.49
4910
3.48
831
399.
035
288.
232
0.55
3PZ
7T2K
1348
99.6
7212
5.95
726
.371
52.
622.
6336
y=
0.07
03x
+0.
2723
0.07
030.
0272
2080
601.
4332
5.65
120.
4218
87.0
8334
811.
573
259.
487
0.50
826
.505
138
577.
785
315.
670
0.53
5
271
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab.
F.11
:Mod
ulus
ofel
astic
ity(M
OE
),m
odul
usof
rupt
ure
(MO
R)a
ndde
nsity
ofoi
lpal
mw
ood
trea
ted
with
20%
acet
one
for4
8ho
urs
Sam
ple
Tim
eC
B0
B1
Rb
hl
ye1
e2P1
P2dP
y1y2
dyPm
axM
OE
MO
RD
ensi
tyC
ode
hour
(%)
(g)
(g)
(%)
(cm
)(c
m)
(cm
)(k
g)(k
g/cm
2)
(kg/cm
2)
(g/cm
2)
IZ3T
2K21
4820
62.3
7695
.214
52.6
452
2.56
2.51
36y
=0.
149x
+0.
2589
0.14
900.
2589
540
351.
0039
6.21
890.
5215
41.0
5719
337.
490
137.
465
0.41
2IZ
3T2K
2248
59.9
1886
.309
44.0
452
2.56
2.64
36y
=0.
1709
x+
0.50
150.
1709
0.50
155
3025
1.35
605.
6285
0.42
7333
.143
1448
9.51
010
0.30
90.
355
IZ3T
2K23
4864
.795
89.1
3737
.567
72.
642.
5236
y=
0.14
66x
+0.
0883
0.14
660.
0883
540
350.
8213
5.95
230.
5131
46.6
7818
832.
501
150.
349
0.37
244
.752
717
553.
167
129.
374
0.38
0IZ
5T2K
2148
56.5
9792
.964
64.2
561
2.60
2.69
36y
=0.
2156
x+
0.41
40.
2156
0.41
405
3025
1.49
206.
8820
0.53
9032
.859
1068
9.77
594
.313
0.36
9IZ
5T2K
2248
67.4
1697
.717
44.9
463
2.67
2.61
36y
=0.
1316
x+
0.51
30.
1316
0.51
3010
6050
1.82
908.
4090
0.65
8060
.156
1867
0.62
417
8.60
10.
390
IZ5T
2K23
4857
.754
85.4
5047
.955
12.
682.
5736
y=
0.18
17x
+0.
6139
0.18
170.
6139
530
251.
5224
6.06
490.
4543
35.3
8714
111.
020
107.
953
0.34
552
.385
814
490.
473
126.
956
0.36
8IZ
7T2K
2148
47.9
2582
.125
71.3
615
2.56
2.69
36y
=0.
311x
-0.4
475
0.31
100.
4475
1025
153.
5575
8.22
250.
4665
30.1
7075
26.4
5287
.948
0.33
1IZ
7T2K
2248
58.3
9794
.705
62.1
744
2.62
2.70
36y
=0.
162x
+0.
6295
0.16
200.
6295
1040
302.
2495
7.10
950.
4860
43.4
9013
961.
752
122.
957
0.37
2IZ
7T2K
2348
53.6
1692
.900
73.2
692
2.61
2.67
36y
=0.
3038
x+
0.03
70.
3038
0.03
7010
2515
3.07
507.
6320
0.45
5725
.730
7728
.326
74.6
740.
370
68.9
350
9738
.843
95.1
930.
358
CZ
3T2K
2148
2096
.130
141.
786
47.4
940
2.63
2.70
36y
=0.
0574
x+
0.34
440.
0574
0.34
4420
9070
1.49
245.
5104
0.40
1894
.850
3925
4.42
126
7.14
60.
555
CZ
3T2K
2248
91.2
7612
2.72
734
.457
02.
632.
7236
y=
0.06
39x
+0.
5075
0.06
390.
5075
1080
701.
1465
5.61
950.
4473
88.0
0134
489.
285
244.
222
0.47
7C
Z3T
2K23
4899
.836
126.
154
26.3
612
2.68
2.68
36y
=0.
0626
x+
0.54
90.
0626
0.54
9010
7060
1.17
504.
9310
0.37
5678
.560
3611
8.85
722
0.38
90.
488
36.1
041
3662
0.85
524
3.91
90.
506
CZ
5T2K
2148
94.1
6513
0.03
338
.090
62.
632.
6536
y=
0.06
34x
+0.
6463
0.06
340.
6463
1080
701.
2803
5.71
830.
4438
86.7
1037
589.
356
253.
522
0.51
8C
Z5T
2K22
4884
.794
111.
120
31.0
470
2.64
2.70
36y
=0.
0805
x+
0.28
890.
0805
0.28
8910
6050
1.09
395.
1189
0.40
2560
.230
2788
4.08
616
8.99
60.
433
CZ
5T2K
2348
82.5
1211
6.83
141
.592
72.
602.
7036
y=
0.08
55x
+0.
5845
0.08
550.
5845
1050
401.
4395
4.85
950.
3420
58.7
5426
657.
337
167.
390
0.46
236
.910
130
710.
259
196.
636
0.47
1C
Z7T
2K21
4867
.226
99.3
1147
.727
12.
722.
6836
y=
0.13
46x
+0.
4954
0.13
640.
4954
1050
401.
8594
7.31
540.
5456
51.8
7016
332.
770
143.
376
0.37
8C
Z7T
2K22
4861
.096
95.9
4757
.043
02.
642.
6736
y=
0.13
87x
+1.
2073
0.13
871.
2073
1050
402.
5943
8.14
230.
5548
51.5
2316
735.
294
147.
831
0.37
8C
Z7T
2K23
4873
.853
105.
344
42.6
401
2.66
2.60
36y
=0.
089x
+0.
7071
0.08
900.
7071
1060
501.
5971
6.04
710.
4450
63.0
0828
032.
112
189.
218
0.42
349
.136
720
366.
725
160.
141
0.39
3PZ
3T2K
2148
2020
8.64
823
9.56
514
.817
82.
752.
7536
y=
0.02
22x
+0.
1347
0.02
220.
1347
2090
700.
5787
2.13
270.
1554
277.
475
9186
7.89
472
0.47
60.
880
PZ3T
2K22
4811
7.86
715
5.32
931
.783
32.
772.
7036
y=
0.04
37x
+0.
5334
0.04
370.
5334
2090
701.
4074
4.46
640.
3059
131.
985
4895
4.77
035
2.94
80.
577
PZ3T
2K23
4816
0.18
021
8.49
636
.406
52.
802.
7136
y=
0.02
51x
+0.
7726
0.02
510.
7726
2090
701.
2746
3.03
160.
1757
266.
128
8338
8.83
169
8.85
50.
800
27.6
692
7473
7.16
559
0.75
90.
752
PZ5T
2K21
4811
9.20
616
2.99
236
.731
42.
702.
6736
y=
0.04
49x
+0.
6942
0.04
990.
6942
2090
701.
6922
5.18
520.
3493
122.
769
4548
3.03
334
4.42
70.
628
PZ5T
2K22
4810
7.67
714
2.14
532
.010
62.
652.
6536
y=
0.05
15x
+0.
1052
0.05
150.
1052
2090
701.
1352
4.74
020.
3605
111.
915
4592
5.80
632
4.74
70.
562
PZ5T
2K23
4810
3.03
615
6.75
152
.132
32.
752.
7236
y=
0.02
97x
+0.
7491
0.02
970.
7491
2090
701.
3431
3.42
210.
2079
189.
787
7096
6.21
750
3.72
10.
582
40.2
914
5412
5.01
939
0.96
50.
591
PZ7T
2K21
4896
.403
128.
420
33.2
116
2.67
2.61
36y
=0.
069x
+0.
7445
0.06
900.
7445
2090
702.
1245
6.95
450.
4830
96.9
8235
609.
480
287.
932
0.51
2PZ
7T2K
2248
164.
500
227.
068
38.0
353
2.68
2.69
36y
=0.
0244
x+
0.40
030.
0244
0.40
0320
9070
0.88
832.
5963
0.17
0830
2.58
191
635.
985
842.
550
0.87
5PZ
7T2K
2348
184.
930
218.
899
18.3
686
2.73
2.74
36y
=0.
026x
+0.
5281
0.02
600.
5281
2090
701.
0481
2.86
810.
1820
237.
885
7988
4.00
562
6.75
30.
813
29.8
718
6904
3.15
758
5.74
50.
733
272
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
F.2 Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.12: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood for control specimen
Sample b h Pmax Shear Sample b h Pmax Shear Sample b h Pmax ShearCode (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2) Code (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2) Code (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
GIZ11 5.24 5.07 446 16.7879 GCZ11 5.16 5.12 564 21.3481 GPZ11 5.14 4.21 636 29.3908GIZ12 5.18 5.06 426 16.2528 GCZ12 5.27 5.06 350 13.1252 GPZ12 5.17 5.15 524 19.6804GIZ13 5.23 4.91 412 16.0441 GCZ13 5.20 5.00 636 24.4615 GPZ13 5.10 4.96 1248 49.3359GIZ14 5.22 5.08 544 20.5147 GCZ14 5.13 5.20 888 33.2883 GPZ14 5.01 4.52 670 29.5868GIZ15 5.17 4.96 362 14.1168 GCZ15 5.20 5.16 482 17.9636 GPZ15 5.03 3.97 1024 51.2792
16.7432 22.0374 35.8546GIZ31 5.34 5.10 548 20.1219 GCZ31 5.16 4.16 204 9.5036 GPZ31 5.25 4.50 712 30.1376GIZ32 5.28 5.05 618 23.1773 GCZ32 5.28 4.96 500 19.0921 GPZ32 5.27 5.02 1124 42.4866GIZ33 5.30 5.11 530 19.5695 GCZ33 5.14 4.52 252 10.8467 GPZ33 5.32 5.03 748 27.9526GIZ34 5.36 4.97 538 20.1958 GCZ34 5.02 4.33 370 17.0220 GPZ34 5.26 4.43 524 22.4875GIZ35 5.36 5.13 540 19.6386 GCZ35 5.30 4.97 478 18.1466 GPZ35 5.35 5.55 500 16.8393
20.5406 14.9222 27.9807GIZ51 5.25 4.05 406 19.0947 GCZ51 5.16 5.00 382 14.8177 GPZ51 5.33 4.93 414 15.7553GIZ52 5.25 4.90 484 18.8144 GCZ52 5.33 5.01 418 15.6535 GPZ52 5.24 4.42 512 22.1063GIZ53 5.24 4.22 206 9.3159 GCZ53 5.36 5.00 488 18.2090 GPZ53 4.90 5.24 1772 69.0139GIZ54 5.11 4.44 334 14.7212 GCZ54 5.28 4.78 354 14.0262 GPZ54 5.34 5.07 642 23.7130GIZ55 5.20 5.37 298 10.6718 GCZ55 5.27 4.71 344 13.8588 GPZ55 5.26 5.01 604 22.9199
14.5236 15.3130 30.7017GIZ71 5.16 5.06 208 7.9664 GCZ71 5.26 4.94 284 10.9296 GPZ71 5.26 5.10 312 11.6305GIZ72 5.17 5.19 296 11.0315 GCZ72 5.21 4.92 300 11.7036 GPZ72 5.18 4.36 192 8.5013GIZ73 5.14 5.00 290 11.2840 GCZ73 5.11 4.90 202 8.0674 GPZ73 5.27 4.12 312 14.3697GIZ74 5.18 5.03 182 6.9851 GCZ74 5.04 4.90 212 8.5844 GPZ74 5.29 4.36 550 23.8463GIZ75 5.08 5.20 152 5.7541 GCZ75 5.32 4.88 346 13.3274 GPZ75 5.20 4.33 468 20.7852
8.6042 10.5225 15.8266GIZ91 5.19 5.14 170 6.3726 GCZ91 5.32 4.29 228 9.9900 GPZ91 5.30 4.95 486 18.5249GIZ92 5.22 5.08 248 9.3523 GCZ92 5.48 4.66 182 7.1270 GPZ92 5.34 4.86 234 9.0165GIZ93 5.26 4.86 398 15.5690 GCZ93 5.10 4.10 168 8.0344 GPZ93 5.40 4.65 314 12.5050GIZ94 5.22 4.76 272 10.9469 GCZ94 5.24 4.01 220 10.4700 GPZ94 5.42 4.50 134 5.4941GIZ95 5.24 5.05 208 7.8603 GCZ95 5.48 4.51 206 8.3351 GPZ95 5.36 4.79 530 20.6431
10.0202 8.7913 13.2367
273
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.13: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 150 secondsSample Impregnation B0 B1 R b h Pmax ShearCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
GIZ1T11 150 40.394 48.318 19.617 5.25 4.94 580 22.3636GIZ1T12 150 42.049 48.367 15.025 5.24 5.08 588 22.0893GIZ1T13 150 41.576 47.893 15.194 5.20 4.99 528 20.3484GIZ1T14 150 42.630 50.690 18.907 5.20 5.07 590 22.3790GIZ1T15 150 41.809 48.122 15.100 5.24 5.02 544 20.6806
16.768 21.5722GIZ3T11 150 44.942 51.275 14.091 5.24 5.17 598 22.0739GIZ3T12 150 36.939 43.581 17.981 5.31 5.04 476 17.7861GIZ3T13 150 37.897 45.373 19.727 5.31 5.00 456 17.1751GIZ3T14 150 42.257 48.728 15.313 5.30 5.19 602 21.8853GIZ3T15 150 43.547 51.335 17.884 5.38 5.11 654 23.7889
16.999 20.5419GIZ5T11 150 23.539 32.332 37.355 5.31 4.22 350 15.6193GIZ5T12 150 28.056 33.798 20.466 5.27 4.37 340 14.7634GIZ5T13 150 32.060 38.211 19.186 5.26 4.92 580 22.4118GIZ5T14 150 24.751 30.762 24.286 5.27 4.04 400 18.7875GIZ5T15 150 26.515 33.165 25.080 5.12 4.90 272 10.8418
25.275 16.4848GIZ7T11 150 31.279 45.005 43.882 5.15 5.20 250 9.3353GIZ7T12 150 29.345 42.814 45.899 5.22 5.00 456 17.4713GIZ7T13 150 25.363 48.102 89.654 5.20 5.19 396 14.6732GIZ7T14 150 31.664 44.633 40.958 5.21 4.97 294 11.3541GIZ7T15 150 30.083 45.436 51.035 5.21 5.19 276 10.2071
54.286 12.6082GIZ9T11 150 27.181 36.569 34.539 5.28 5.05 314 11.7762GIZ9T12 150 30.372 28.527 -6.075 5.29 5.13 564 20.7829GIZ9T13 150 33.715 49.231 46.021 5.28 4.96 554 21.1541GIZ9T14 150 30.790 38.218 24.125 5.26 5.11 464 17.2628GIZ9T15 150 26.596 35.734 34.359 5.23 5.07 336 12.6715
26.594 16.7295GCZ1T11 150 56.192 64.876 15.454 5.36 5.15 1284 46.5150GCZ1T12 150 78.581 85.432 8.718 5.31 5.10 1158 42.7606GCZ1T13 150 76.768 83.347 8.570 5.21 4.94 820 31.8603GCZ1T14 150 62.528 72.740 16.332 5.33 5.21 588 21.1745GCZ1T15 150 67.815 76.072 12.176 5.26 4.89 768 29.8584
12.250 34.4337GCZ3T11 150 36.640 45.582 24.405 5.28 4.09 530 24.5425GCZ3T12 150 45.492 55.861 22.793 5.28 5.20 550 20.0321GCZ3T13 150 40.222 48.133 19.668 5.36 4.93 530 20.0569GCZ3T14 150 39.745 47.364 19.170 5.30 4.94 670 25.5901GCZ3T15 150 33.832 40.027 18.311 5.31 3.95 324 15.4473
20.869 21.1338GCZ5T11 150 37.399 47.318 26.522 5.45 4.97 356 13.1431GCZ5T12 150 42.389 52.751 24.445 5.00 5.66 484 17.1025GCZ5T13 150 41.102 46.042 12.019 27.00 5.05 394 2.8896GCZ5T14 150 45.535 55.951 22.875 5.36 5.00 604 22.5373GCZ5T15 150 37.523 51.401 36.985 5.33 4.85 414 16.0152
24.569 14.3375GCZ7T11 150 31.449 42.220 34.249 5.15 4.98 348 13.5688GCZ7T12 150 35.502 45.577 28.379 5.23 4.92 344 13.3688GCZ7T13 150 31.350 41.874 33.569 5.20 4.77 250 10.0790GCZ7T14 150 35.696 45.956 28.743 5.26 4.90 290 11.2516GCZ7T15 150 35.176 45.734 30.015 5.25 4.85 504 19.7938
30.991 13.6124GCZ9T11 150 35.724 45.201 26.528 5.19 5.06 422 16.0692GCZ9T12 150 31.170 42.207 35.409 5.34 3.84 202 9.8510GCZ9T13 150 37.453 43.207 15.363 5.48 4.33 282 11.8845GCZ9T14 150 29.109 43.177 48.329 5.36 3.84 234 11.3689GCZ9T15 150 33.790 43.615 29.077 5.31 5.11 382 14.0782
30.941 12.6504GPZ1T11 150 62.180 68.663 10.426 5.06 4.48 446 19.6746GPZ1T12 150 47.925 53.725 12.102 5.12 4.12 246 11.6619GPZ1T13 150 61.563 66.662 8.283 5.06 1.10 414 74.3802GPZ1T14 150 56.635 64.271 13.483 5.26 4.50 354 14.9556GPZ1T15 150 54.511 62.686 14.997 5.04 4.19 232 10.9861
11.858 26.3317GPZ3T11 150 53.588 67.976 26.849 5.27 4.72 402 16.1612GPZ3T12 150 66.304 72.976 10.063 2.33 5.06 1014 86.0065GPZ3T13 150 61.383 69.413 13.082 5.40 5.27 704 24.7382GPZ3T14 150 62.079 68.103 9.704 5.30 5.30 570 20.2919GPZ3T15 150 75.527 79.869 5.749 5.30 5.02 994 37.3600
13.089 36.9116GPZ5T11 150 74.618 81.255 8.895 5.15 5.21 758 28.2504GPZ5T12 150 69.348 74.695 7.710 5.35 4.32 748 32.3641GPZ5T13 150 62.446 68.028 8.939 5.33 4.84 704 27.2898GPZ5T14 150 64.172 72.654 13.218 5.38 5.27 830 29.2742GPZ5T15 150 64.904 70.339 8.374 5.30 4.30 890 39.0522
9.427 31.2461GPZ7T11 150 47.152 64.773 37.371 5.34 5.15 924 33.5988GPZ7T12 150 48.729 57.466 17.930 5.19 5.38 510 18.2650GPZ7T13 150 44.556 54.582 22.502 4.94 5.23 544 21.0557GPZ7T14 150 39.451 52.490 33.051 5.07 5.16 546 20.8706GPZ7T15 150 45.910 54.651 19.039 5.33 4.40 330 14.0713
25.979 21.5723GPZ9T11 150 55.545 61.681 11.047 5.35 4.26 590 25.8874GPZ9T12 150 52.961 58.287 10.056 5.44 4.25 500 21.6263GPZ9T13 150 48.597 54.285 11.7044 5.35 4.92 325 12.3471GPZ9T14 150 50.306 57.943 15.1811 5.39 4.38 464 19.6542GPZ9T15 150 55.747 59.890 7.4318 5.30 4.89 7298 19.8787
11.0841 19.8787
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.14: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 300 secondsSample Impregnation B0 B1 R b h Pmax ShearCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
GIZ1T21 300 29.393 39.881 35.682 5.27 5.04 572 21.5355GIZ1T22 300 43.070 50.276 16.731 5.24 4.92 522 20.2476GIZ1T23 300 30.687 39.315 28.116 5.28 5.02 360 13.5820GIZ1T24 300 41.835 52.232 24.852 5.26 5.00 744 28.2890GIZ1T25 300 43.134 50.272 16.548 5.14 5.10 318 12.1309
24.386 19.1570GIZ3T21 300 44.915 53.779 19.735 5.28 5.02 528 19.9203GIZ3T22 300 41.379 44.142 6.677 5.25 5.03 720 27.2650GIZ3T23 300 38.880 57.362 47.536 5.36 5.10 594 21.7296GIZ3T24 300 40.338 48.680 20.680 5.39 5.08 480 17.5303GIZ3T25 300 44.156 52.757 19.479 5.27 5.12 538 19.9389
22.821 21.2768GIZ5T21 300 31.579 40.732 28.984 5.21 4.90 392 15.3551GIZ5T22 300 30.923 39.995 29.337 5.26 4.46 540 23.0183GIZ5T23 300 25.683 31.962 24.448 5.24 4.23 416 18.7682GIZ5T24 300 23.382 35.890 53.494 5.32 4.22 192 8.5522GIZ5T25 300 34.762 44.779 28.816 5.30 4.97 576 21.8671
33.016 17.5122GIZ7T21 300 28.946 53.573 85.079 5.27 5.04 328 12.3490GIZ7T22 300 30.516 50.222 64.576 5.15 5.04 262 10.0940GIZ7T23 300 30.943 40.292 30.214 5.30 5.10 404 14.9464GIZ7T24 300 30.087 46.523 54.628 5.16 5.07 280 10.7029GIZ7T25 300 29.968 46.655 55.683 5.24 5.04 324 12.2683
58.036 12.0721GIZ9T21 300 25.220 39.053 54.849 5.08 4.82 394 16.0911GIZ9T22 300 28.157 39.026 38.601 5.30 5.07 342 12.7275GIZ9T23 300 25.837 40.039 54.968 5.20 5.10 368 13.8763GIZ9T24 300 26.573 37.704 41.888 5.20 5.13 302 11.3210GIZ9T25 300 26.091 37.802 44.885 5.23 4.83 460 18.2100
47.038 14.4452GCZ1T21 300 59.941 69.344 15.687 5.28 4.98 324 12.3220GCZ1T22 300 56.460 64.982 15.094 5.35 5.23 1168 41.7434GCZ1T23 300 68.723 77.395 12.619 5.07 4.84 972 39.6107GCZ1T24 300 61.664 73.600 19.357 5.33 5.12 660 24.1850GCZ1T25 300 72.571 80.912 11.494 5.23 4.91 8720 29.4653
14.850 29.4653GCZ3T21 300 40.967 50.865 24.161 5.31 4.94 484 18.4512GCZ3T22 300 34.518 44.142 27.881 5.31 3.93 324 15.5259GCZ3T23 300 40.064 50.200 25.300 5.30 4.97 508 19.2855GCZ3T24 300 35.524 51.572 45.175 5.21 4.87 452 17.8144GCZ3T25 300 33.582 42.466 26.455 5.23 4.16 548 25.1875
29.794 19.2529GCZ5T21 300 45.451 57.754 27.069 5.39 4.98 608 22.6509GCZ5T22 300 38.338 50.424 31.525 5.44 5.05 406 14.7787GCZ5T23 300 39.545 48.605 22.911 5.40 5.04 430 15.7995GCZ5T24 300 39.880 50.927 27.701 5.46 5.00 372 13.6264GCZ5T25 300 38.544 48.712 26.380 5.27 5.02 482 18.2193
27.117 17.0150GCZ7T21 300 29.655 43.801 47.702 5.24 4.87 334 13.0884GCZ7T22 300 26.434 43.631 65.056 5.14 4.96 318 12.4733GCZ7T23 300 28.066 41.729 48.682 5.26 4.96 348 13.3386GCZ7T24 300 31.266 46.716 49.415 5.36 4.90 372 14.1639GCZ7T25 300 28.055 40.636 44.844 5.16 4.92 310 12.2109
51.140 13.0550GCZ9T21 300 36.740 49.420 34.513 5.40 4.52 368 15.0770GCZ9T22 300 31.054 47.488 52.921 5.30 3.91 218 10.5197GCZ9T23 300 32.010 45.788 43.043 5.27 4.15 360 16.4605GCZ9T24 300 31.576 47.839 51.504 5.28 4.16 382 17.3915GCZ9T25 300 29.667 41.178 38.801 5.25 4.02 284 13.4565
44.156 14.5811GPZ1T21 300 60.899 70.225 15.314 5.05 4.41 520 23.3493GPZ1T22 300 66.474 74.540 12.134 5.11 4.32 504 22.8311GPZ1T23 300 61.869 69.251 11.932 5.11 4.28 572 26.1536GPZ1T24 300 66.148 74.540 12.687 5.07 5.06 1328 51.7654GPZ1T25 300 58.829 66.643 13.283 5.40 5.03 660 24.2987
13.070 29.6796GPZ3T21 300 68.526 79.099 15.429 5.43 5.88 458 14.3446GPZ3T22 300 58.072 68.031 17.149 5.25 5.25 334 12.1179GPZ3T23 300 78.522 85.341 8.684 5.33 5.14 808 29.4931GPZ3T24 300 58.456 65.138 11.431 5.27 4.34 470 20.5493GPZ3T25 300 72.142 78.517 8.837 5.35 4.97 500 18.8044
12.306 19.0619GPZ5T21 300 29.936 38.767 29.500 5.29 4.42 354 15.1400GPZ5T22 300 62.189 68.881 10.761 5.37 4.54 364 14.9304GPZ5T23 300 69.468 73.378 5.628 5.20 4.31 836 37.3014GPZ5T24 300 63.274 70.728 11.781 5.41 4.56 526 21.3218GPZ5T25 300 60.202 68.063 13.058 5.42 5.02 564 20.7289
14.145 21.8845GPZ7T21 300 52.249 64.281 23.028 5.31 4.60 218 8.9249GPZ7T22 300 42.245 65.057 53.999 5.30 4.28 444 19.5733GPZ7T23 300 41.468 51.741 24.773 5.35 4.27 230 10.0681GPZ7T24 300 42.382 54.519 28.637 5.22 4.34 572 25.2485GPZ7T25 300 57.152 64.529 12.908 5.36 4.02 426 19.7706
28.669 16.7171GPZ9T21 300 44.697 55.413 23.975 5.41 4.61 630 25.2605GPZ9T22 300 53.146 59.202 11.395 5.35 4.14 504 22.7550GPZ9T23 300 50.316 58.925 17.110 5.36 4.33 540 23.2670GPZ9T24 300 52.357 59.614 13.861 5.47 4.42 314 12.9873GPZ9T25 300 59.450 69.222 16.437 5.35 4.89 784 29.9677
16.556 22.8475
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.15: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% for 24hours
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax ShearCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)GIZ3T1K11 24 10 35.507 58.509 64.782 5.29 5.18 524 19.1226GIZ3T1K12 24 41.422 51.322 23.900 5.25 5.14 462 17.1206GIZ3T1K13 24 40.433 60.433 49.465 5.27 5.10 510 18.9753
46.049 18.4062GIZ5T1K11 24 26.567 46.567 75.281 5.30 4.13 218 9.9593GIZ5T1K12 24 30.486 50.486 65.604 5.21 4.55 572 24.1294GIZ5T1K13 24 27.389 37.389 36.511 5.27 4.22 350 15.7378
59.132 16.6089GIZ7T1K11 24 25.737 55.747 116.603 5.16 5.06 288 11.0304GIZ7T1K12 24 29.448 49.548 68.256 5.18 5.26 332 12.1849GIZ7T1K13 24 29.421 49.421 67.979 5.23 5.22 362 13.2598
84.279 12.1584GCZ3T1K11 24 10 45.789 65.58 43.222 5.25 5.05 614 23.1589GCZ3T1K12 24 36.737 53.256 44.966 5.30 4.50 354 14.8428GCZ3T1K13 24 40.275 52.788 31.069 5.25 5.20 554 20.2930
39.752 19.4316GCZ5T1K11 24 41.769 70.586 68.991 5.34 4.88 290 11.1285GCZ5T1K12 24 40.631 66.31 63.201 5.46 5.02 372 13.5721GCZ5T1K13 24 45.645 69.472 52.201 5.36 5.04 580 21.4700
61.464 15.3902GCZ7T1K11 24 30.193 50.221 66.333 5.30 4.96 266 10.1187GCZ7T1K12 24 26.814 61.611 129.772 5.14 4.80 148 5.9987GCZ7T1K13 24 33.263 54.266 63.142 5.20 4.94 246 9.5765
86.416 8.5646GPZ3T1K11 24 10 67.209 87.173 29.704 5.33 5.01 748 28.0115GPZ3T1K12 24 63.904 80.855 26.526 5.39 5.13 814 29.4387GPZ3T1K13 24 60.446 66.844 10.585 5.35 4.40 602 25.5735
22.272 27.6746GPZ5T1K11 24 69.119 84.375 22.072 5.44 5.13 738 26.4448GPZ5T1K12 24 69.253 88.82 28.254 5.29 5.07 964 35.9429GPZ5T1K13 24 67.282 80.389 19.481 4.76 5.16 804 32.7340
23.269 31.7072GPZ7T1K11 24 58.267 74.168 27.290 5.16 4.61 476 20.0104GPZ7T1K12 24 48.437 61.625 27.227 5.14 4.58 466 19.7951GPZ7T1K13 24 52.921 63.644 20.262 5.33 5.19 638 23.0635
24.926 20.9564
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.16: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 20% for 24hours
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax ShearCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)GIZ3T1K21 24 20 36.636 37.817 3.224 5.23 4.04 390 18.4579GIZ3T1K22 24 43.414 52.197 20.231 5.42 5.00 624 23.0258GIZ3T1K23 24 39.446 54.055 37.035 5.30 5.11 558 20.6033
20.163 20.6957GIZ5T1K21 24 34.966 45.182 29.217 5.27 4.88 448 17.4200GIZ5T1K22 24 24.456 31.977 30.753 5.28 4.94 446 17.0991GIZ5T1K23 24 25.66 31.977 24.618 5.25 4.10 214 9.9419
28.196 14.8203GIZ7T1K21 24 28.517 42.451 48.862 5.17 5.06 220 8.4097GIZ7T1K22 24 29.01 52.078 79.517 5.27 5.34 314 11.1578GIZ7T1K23 24 29.07 43.713 50.372 5.20 5.30 324 11.7562
59.584 10.4412GCZ3T1K21 24 20 44.198 56.595 28.049 5.40 5.07 676 24.6914GCZ3T1K22 24 39.083 55.915 43.067 5.34 4.95 558 21.1100GCZ3T1K23 24 37.529 45.567 21.418 5.24 4.27 334 14.9275
30.845 20.2429GCZ5T1K21 24 40.029 57.46 43.546 5.28 5.14 412 15.1810GCZ5T1K22 24 38.546 58.194 50.973 5.33 4.93 316 12.0258GCZ5T1K23 24 40.732 61.373 50.675 5.36 5.10 430 15.7302
48.398 14.3123GCZ7T1K21 24 30.991 45.539 46.943 5.21 4.86 392 15.4815GCZ7T1K22 24 36.026 50.556 40.332 5.23 4.92 272 10.5707GCZ7T1K23 24 34.213 40.18 17.441 5.28 4.92 256 9.8546
34.905 11.9689GPZ3T1K21 24 20 63.282 80.138 26.636 5.37 5.19 1306 46.8599GPZ3T1K22 24 66.018 81.628 23.645 5.30 4.50 624 26.1635GPZ3T1K23 24 61.348 86.977 41.776 5.32 4.44 424 17.9503
30.686 30.3246GPZ5T1K21 24 64.152 89.719 39.854 5.40 5.32 706 24.5753GPZ5T1K22 24 53.213 79.514 49.426 5.38 5.09 1150 41.9950GPZ5T1K23 24 76.472 85.85 12.263 5.40 4.56 860 34.9253
33.848 33.8319GPZ7T1K21 24 54.281 66.653 22.793 5.37 4.41 420 17.7352GPZ7T1K22 24 57.27 75.507 31.844 5.23 5.25 424 15.4420GPZ7T1K23 24 44.309 66.782 50.719 5.36 4.48 542 22.5713
35.118 18.5829
277
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.17: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% for 48hours
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax ShearCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)GIZ3T2K11 48 10 38.726 66.154 70.826 5.30 5.16 484 17.6978GIZ3T2K12 48 37.348 88.928 138.106 5.26 5.03 388 14.6649GIZ3T2K13 48 42.12 90.52 114.910 5.33 5.15 464 16.9038
107.947 16.4222GIZ5T2K11 48 28.477 60.477 112.371 5.27 4.88 448 17.4200GIZ5T2K12 48 29.951 72.428 141.822 5.28 4.94 446 17.0991GIZ5T2K13 48 22.827 69.298 203.579 5.25 4.10 214 9.9419
152.591 14.8203GIZ7T2K11 48 31.285 85.15 172.175 5.26 5.10 262 9.7666GIZ7T2K12 48 29.718 82.632 178.054 5.30 5.16 394 14.4069GIZ7T2K13 48 28.518 70.93 148.720 5.18 5.15 318 11.9204
166.316 12.0313GCZ3T2K11 48 10 42.338 77.313 82.609 5.37 4.80 482 18.6996GCZ3T2K12 48 32.609 62.723 92.349 5.28 4.04 590 27.6590GCZ3T2K13 48 45.425 87.772 93.224 5.30 5.05 314 11.7317
89.394 19.3634GCZ5T2K11 48 36.39 81.632 124.325 5.20 5.01 388 14.8933GCZ5T2K12 48 37.99 86.592 127.934 5.28 5.13 264 9.7466GCZ5T2K13 48 41.578 90.708 118.163 5.26 4.83 440 17.3189
123.474 13.9863GCZ7T2K11 48 28.562 80.07 180.338 5.30 4.96 306 11.6403GCZ7T2K12 48 29.084 82.45 183.489 5.26 4.95 248 9.5211GCZ7T2K13 48 31.888 83.202 160.919 5.33 4.96 348 13.1635
174.915 11.4416GPZ3T2K11 48 10 60.92 91.587 50.340 5.20 5.07 1050 39.8270GPZ3T2K12 48 69.984 90.08 28.715 5.34 5.15 1120 40.7258GPZ3T2K13 48 61.656 94.438 53.169 5.30 5.15 894 32.7533
44.075 37.7687GPZ5T2K11 48 75.165 101.576 35.137 5.38 5.20 1334 47.6837GPZ5T2K12 48 53.357 73.466 37.688 4.81 4.87 272 11.6117GPZ5T2K13 48 63.211 77.572 22.719 4.74 5.20 470 19.0685
31.848 26.1213GPZ7T2K11 48 59.553 83.619 40.411 5.32 4.29 346 15.1603GPZ7T2K12 48 60.415 88.38 46.288 5.26 4.58 826 34.2869GPZ7T2K13 48 47.512 66.084 39.089 5.44 4.64 326 12.9152
41.929 20.7875
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.2. Shear Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.18: Shear strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetone 20% for 48hours
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax ShearCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)GIZ3T2K21 48 20 25.582 61.977 142.268 5.40 5.13 506 18.2658GIZ3T2K22 48 39.831 70.374 76.681 5.27 5.00 448 17.0019GIZ3T2K23 48 42.239 84.245 99.448 5.35 5.18 532 19.1968
106.133 18.1548GIZ5T2K21 48 23.619 57.616 143.939 5.34 5.01 508 18.9882GIZ5T2K22 48 33.928 66.205 95.134 5.36 4.22 210 9.2841GIZ5T2K23 48 25.288 50.711 100.534 5.26 4.50 316 13.3502
113.202 13.8742GIZ7T2K21 48 29.098 74.65 156.547 5.25 5.11 264 9.8406GIZ7T2K22 48 30.188 62.79 107.997 5.15 5.32 248 9.0518GIZ7T2K23 48 30.945 75.911 145.309 5.20 5.20 266 9.8373
136.618 9.5766GCZ3T2K21 48 20 43.828 63.202 44.205 5.28 4.74 492 19.6586GCZ3T2K22 48 39.619 59.071 49.098 5.34 4.67 416 16.6815GCZ3T2K23 48 34.419 62.209 80.740 5.26 4.63 302 12.4005
58.014 16.2469GCZ5T2K21 48 42.64 70.58 65.525 5.44 4.94 314 11.6843GCZ5T2K22 48 40.023 63.565 58.821 5.36 4.93 370 14.0020GCZ5T2K23 48 43.825 83.681 90.944 5.40 4.95 246 9.2031
71.763 11.6298GCZ7T2K21 48 27.489 45.645 66.048 5.25 5.04 362 13.6810GCZ7T2K22 48 30.83 67.766 119.805 5.23 4.80 284 11.3129GCZ7T2K23 48 32.807 69.592 112.125 5.17 4.94 218 8.5357
99.326 11.1766GPZ3T2K21 48 20 62.907 103.571 64.641 5.34 5.13 886 32.3426GPZ3T2K22 48 65.654 94.145 43.396 5.29 5.13 1098 40.4603GPZ3T2K23 48 71.114 89.185 25.411 5.27 5.13 784 28.9993
44.483 33.9341GPZ5T2K21 48 66.598 101.701 52.709 5.43 5.07 946 34.3624GPZ5T2K22 48 66.442 85.451 28.610 5.34 4.40 494 21.0249GPZ5T2K23 48 69.355 102.303 47.506 5.24 4.58 682 28.4176
42.942 27.9350GPZ7T2K21 48 45.14 99.04 119.406 5.28 5.30 548 19.5826GPZ7T2K22 48 54.582 91.933 68.431 5.34 4.28 512 22.4019GPZ7T2K23 48 48.779 86.97 78.294 5.26 5.25 522 18.9028
88.710 20.2958
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F.3 Hardness Strength
Tab. F.19: Hardness strength of oil palm wood for control specimenSample Side 1 Side 2 Hardness Sample Side 1 Side 2 Hardness Sample Side 1 Side 2 HardnessCode (kg) (kg) (kg) Code (kg) (kg) (kg) Code (kg) (kg) (kg)
FIZ11 57 71 64.0 FCZ11 126 145 135.5 FPZ11 111 155 133.0FIZ12 76 82 79.0 FCZ12 138 222 180.0 FPZ12 181 117 149.0FIZ13 71 62 66.5 FCZ13 117 142 129.5 FPZ13 116 134 125.0FIZ14 91 95 93.0 FCZ14 136 106 121.0 FPZ14 117 124 120.5FIZ15 72 70 71.0 FCZ15 111 98 104.5 FPZ15 151 179 165.0
74.7 134.1 138.5FIZ31 54 78 66.0 FCZ31 93 77 85.0 FPZ31 184 135 159.5FIZ32 65 72 68.5 FCZ32 85 90 87.5 FPZ32 525 443 484.0FIZ33 67 73 70.0 FCZ33 86 145 115.5 FPZ33 127 150 138.5FIZ34 65 62 63.5 FCZ34 91 101 96.0 FPZ34 141 165 153.0FIZ35 82 96 89.0 FCZ35 129 106 117.5 FPZ35 180 219 199.5
71.4 100.3 226.9FIZ51 81 90 85.5 FCZ51 142 112 127.0 FPZ51 410 336 373.0FIZ52 95 104 99.5 FCZ52 77 86 81.5 FPZ52 274 193 233.5FIZ53 56 60 58.0 FCZ53 78 70 74.0 FPZ53 108 172 140.0FIZ54 72 80 76.0 FCZ54 155 110 132.5 FPZ54 442 496 469.0FIZ55 79 82 80.5 FCZ55 91 86 88.5 FPZ55 201 152 176.5
79.9 100.7 278.4FIZ71 86 81 83.5 FCZ71 100 108 104.0 FPZ71 263 161 212.0FIZ72 66 71 68.5 FCZ72 91 107 99.0 FPZ72 212 229 220.5FIZ73 90 80 85.0 FCZ73 111 102 106.5 FPZ73 97 122 109.5FIZ74 87 70 78.5 FCZ74 85 101 93.0 FPZ74 156 195 175.5FIZ75 95 80 87.5 FCZ75 95 111 103.0 FPZ75 237 157 197.0
80.6 101.1 182.9FIZ91 118 112 115.0 FCZ91 96 106 101.0 FPZ91 431 225 328.0FIZ92 116 90 103.0 FCZ92 156 124 140.0 FPZ92 372 217 294.5FIZ93 101 110 105.5 FCZ93 95 101 98.0 FPZ93 259 226 242.5FIZ94 86 88 87.0 FCZ94 162 98 130.0 FPZ94 271 215 243.0FIZ95 94 88 91.0 FCZ95 105 91 98.0 FPZ95 282 251 266.5
100.3 113.4 274.9
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Tab. F.20: Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 150 secondsSample Impregnation B0 B1 R Side 1 Side 2 HardnessCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (kg) (kg) (kg)
FIZ1T11 150 76.156 87.482 14.872 90 117 103.5FIZ1T12 150 61.466 75.200 22.344 72 116 94.0FIZ1T13 150 50.219 62.320 24.096 76 76 76.0FIZ1T14 150 52.903 73.425 38.792 89 75 82.0FIZ1T15 150 52.302 63.719 21.829 68 94 81.0
24.387 87.3FIZ3T11 150 55.612 66.262 19.151 78 73 75.5FIZ3T12 150 59.960 69.221 15.445 90 97 93.5FIZ3T13 150 48.703 62.031 27.366 69 68 68.5FIZ3T14 150 52.833 66.560 25.982 89 68 78.5FIZ3T15 150 53.527 64.745 20.958 80 74 77.0
21.780 78.6FIZ5T11 150 65.168 75.825 16.353 90 95 92.5FIZ5T12 150 65.665 74.623 13.642 102 97 99.5FIZ5T13 150 63.673 72.636 14.077 78 86 82.0FIZ5T14 150 53.667 67.040 24.918 78 85 81.5FIZ5T15 150 45.854 59.372 29.481 60 61 60.5
19.694 83.2FIZ7T11 150 63.681 75.831 19.079 94 107 100.5FIZ7T12 150 64.659 75.330 16.504 96 102 99.0FIZ7T13 150 66.611 76.684 15.122 100 90 95.0FIZ7T14 150 43.720 55.555 27.070 77 75 76.0FIZ7T15 150 44.798 58.465 30.508 71 77 74.0
21.657 88.9FIZ91T11 150 79.926 91.845 14.913 98 110 104.0FIZ91T12 150 72.926 85.624 17.412 99 86 92.5FIZ91T13 150 71.064 81.692 14.956 91 86 88.5FIZ91T14 150 76.340 87.320 14.383 106 97 101.5FIZ91T15 150 73.388 86.707 18.149 94 88 91.0
15.962 95.5FCZ1T11 150 89.064 99.866 12.128 103 108 105.5FCZ1T12 150 74.001 82.874 11.990 158 145 151.5FCZ1T13 150 122.665 135.815 10.720 197 226 211.5FCZ1T14 150 83.445 82.869 -0.690 91 101 96.0FCZ1T15 150 113.262 123.309 8.871 162 174 168.0
8.604 146.5FCZ3T11 150 71.547 80.724 12.827 118 117 117.5FCZ3T12 150 71.312 82.064 15.077 111 91 101.0FCZ3T13 150 71.554 81.883 14.435 91 110 100.5FCZ3T14 150 71.669 81.024 13.053 110 168 139.0FCZ3T15 150 85.698 95.991 12.011 116 151 133.5
13.481 118.3FCZ5T11 150 47.652 58.343 22.436 82 71 76.5FCZ5T12 150 87.600 96.951 10.675 158 121 139.5FCZ5T13 150 53.636 65.630 22.362 80 85 82.5FCZ5T14 150 89.138 98.502 10.505 126 168 147.0FCZ5T15 150 63.311 72.444 14.426 91 110 100.5
16.081 109.2FCZ7T11 150 68.048 79.159 16.328 120 114 117.0FCZ7T12 150 73.255 84.219 14.967 106 137 121.5FCZ7T13 150 78.834 89.612 13.672 106 108 107.0FCZ7T14 150 75.599 87.741 16.061 121 95 108.0FCZ7T15 150 70.757 81.183 14.735 135 137 136.0
15.153 117.9FCZ91T11 150 77.476 92.429 19.300 102 107 104.5FCZ91T12 150 84.210 97.890 16.245 123 105 114.0FCZ91T13 150 88.604 104.994 18.498 137 147 142.0FCZ91T14 150 78.172 92.091 17.806 120 138 129.0FCZ91T15 150 124.406 139.405 12.056 197 136 166.5
16.781 131.2FPZ1T11 150 63.006 71.939 14.178 160 147 153.5FPZ1T12 150 111.644 122.217 9.470 100 202 151.0FPZ1T13 150 137.790 147.648 7.154 167 232 199.5FPZ1T14 150 92.719 103.814 11.966 112 127 119.5FPZ1T15 150 114.639 125.170 9.186 177 169 173.0
10.391 159.3FPZ3T11 150 119.238 126.533 6.118 300 178 239.0FPZ3T12 150 123.793 132.171 6.768 135 151 143.0FPZ3T13 150 113.733 121.978 7.249 262 190 226.0FPZ3T14 150 115.048 126.087 9.595 182 226 204.0FPZ3T15 150 168.549 176.259 4.574 402 435 418.5
6.861 246.1FPZ5T11 150 98.851 107.359 8.607 168 178 173.0FPZ5T12 150 174.306 183.152 5.075 282 326 304.0FPZ5T13 150 97.442 108.429 11.275 113 155 134.0FPZ5T14 150 150.624 158.305 5.099 192 201 196.5FPZ5T15 150 127.266 134.495 5.680 316 288 302.0
7.147 221.9FPZ7T11 150 112.715 121.913 8.160 123 165 144.0FPZ7T12 150 121.589 131.446 8.107 342 218 280.0FPZ7T13 150 134.037 141.788 5.783 140 264 202.0FPZ7T14 150 91.367 100.482 9.976 178 187 182.5FPZ7T15 150 128.331 135.200 5.353 530 440 485.0
7.476 258.7FPZ91T11 150 143.740 152.586 6.154 192 298 245.0FPZ91T12 150 116.640 122.824 5.302 242 218 230.0FPZ91T13 150 142.405 151.422 6.332 240 286 263.0FPZ91T14 150 152.531 162.288 6.397 201 298 249.5FPZ91T15 150 139.830 146.167 4.532 243 224 233.5
5.743 244.2
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.3. Hardness Strength
Tab. F.21: Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with bioresin for 300 secondsSample Impregnation B0 B1 R Side 1 Side 2 HardnessCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (kg) (kg) (kg)
FIZ1T21 300 49.578 61.003 23.044 80 78 79.0FIZ1T22 300 66.406 77.186 16.233 104 97 100.5FIZ1T23 300 49.931 61.459 23.088 70 89 79.5FIZ1T24 300 51.704 62.934 21.720 71 70 70.5FIZ1T25 300 57.298 67.284 17.428 98 85 91.5
20.303 84.2FIZ3T21 300 62.521 43.400 -30.583 79 94 86.5FIZ3T22 300 45.921 59.585 29.755 73 58 65.5FIZ3T23 300 72.628 84.218 15.958 91 116 103.5FIZ3T24 300 61.041 86.968 42.475 98 136 117.0FIZ3T25 300 74.744 69.685 -6.768 108 91 99.5
10.167 94.4FIZ5T21 300 49.834 65.655 31.747 65 53 59.0FIZ5T22 300 48.301 62.200 28.776 74 60 67.0FIZ5T23 300 63.391 72.106 13.748 84 103 93.5FIZ5T24 300 64.350 73.236 13.809 96 109 102.5FIZ5T25 300 66.312 76.443 15.278 88 101 94.5
20.672 83.3FIZ7T21 300 61.366 71.623 16.714 80 81 80.5FIZ7T22 300 61.070 70.644 15.677 97 106 101.5FIZ7T23 300 62.374 76.688 22.949 83 81 82.0FIZ7T24 300 63.219 70.610 11.691 106 84 95.0FIZ7T25 300 67.689 73.157 8.078 94 92 93.0
15.022 90.4FIZ91T21 300 55.408 76.655 38.346 72 80 76.0FIZ91T22 300 75.833 88.007 16.054 101 95 98.0FIZ91T23 300 57.534 80.857 40.538 88 89 88.5FIZ91T24 300 56.391 80.326 42.445 94 78 86.0FIZ91T25 300 54.973 76.823 39.747 95 78 86.5
35.426 87.0FCZ1T21 300 106.679 118.025 10.636 224 178 201.0FCZ1T22 300 121.261 133.060 9.730 156 210 183.0FCZ1T23 300 123.392 134.982 9.393 146 220 183.0FCZ1T24 300 73.752 82.877 12.373 140 108 124.0FCZ1T25 300 90.500 101.208 11.832 180 120 150.0
10.793 168.2FCZ3T21 300 85.197 94.601 11.038 132 180 156.0FCZ3T22 300 68.441 79.635 16.356 112 118 115.0FCZ3T23 300 76.515 86.349 12.852 140 101 120.5FCZ3T24 300 67.783 75.505 11.392 118 100 109.0FCZ3T25 300 73.262 81.708 11.528 117 112 114.5
12.633 123.0FCZ5T21 300 48.984 83.179 69.809 72 76 74.0FCZ5T22 300 69.891 79.013 13.052 121 102 111.5FCZ5T23 300 81.259 89.402 10.021 157 112 134.5FCZ5T24 300 49.442 63.329 28.087 88 70 79.0FCZ5T25 300 69.802 78.181 12.004 116 107 111.5
26.595 102.1FCZ7T21 300 72.435 82.858 14.389 110 106 108.0FCZ7T22 300 69.796 81.263 16.429 118 102 110.0FCZ7T23 300 74.916 85.483 14.105 114 128 121.0FCZ7T24 300 71.855 83.069 15.606 117 106 111.5FCZ7T25 300 66.104 76.771 16.137 133 90 111.5
15.333 112.4FCZ91T21 300 119.757 131.520 9.822 178 157 167.5FCZ91T22 300 81.621 97.388 19.317 132 130 131.0FCZ91T23 300 78.396 91.591 16.831 136 126 131.0FCZ91T24 300 86.012 99.361 15.520 120 140 130.0FCZ91T25 300 92.054 107.688 16.984 150 130 140.0
15.695 139.9FPZ1T21 300 130.105 158.447 21.784 224 362 293.0FPZ1T22 300 127.404 137.538 7.954 206 168 187.0FPZ1T23 300 102.628 113.770 10.857 142 136 139.0FPZ1T24 300 101.940 113.767 11.602 150 134 142.0FPZ1T25 300 102.081 114.320 11.989 134 191 162.5
12.837 184.7FPZ3T21 300 104.347 113.097 8.385 198 181 189.5FPZ3T22 300 110.386 117.423 6.375 244 223 233.5FPZ3T23 300 116.737 97.007 -16.901 154 150 152.0FPZ3T24 300 113.060 119.504 5.700 126 170 148.0FPZ3T25 300 110.433 125.099 13.280 247 206 226.5
3.368 189.9FPZ5T21 300 150.015 157.743 5.151 250 236 243.0FPZ5T22 300 105.454 113.943 8.050 138 180 159.0FPZ5T23 300 152.395 123.394 -19.030 272 270 271.0FPZ5T24 300 114.725 123.879 7.979 132 213 172.5FPZ5T25 300 116.003 112.421 -3.088 241 138 189.5
-0.187 207.0FPZ7T21 300 80.810 91.206 12.865 120 131 125.5FPZ7T22 300 110.109 119.958 8.945 208 175 191.5FPZ7T23 300 118.000 124.260 5.305 126 271 198.5FPZ7T24 300 88.355 140.169 58.643 255 245 250.0FPZ7T25 300 104.417 119.027 13.992 160 195 177.5
19.950 188.6FPZ91T21 300 147.574 157.859 6.969 219 225 222.0FPZ91T22 300 146.930 153.275 4.318 246 370 308.0FPZ91T23 300 145.094 152.335 4.991 345 264 304.5FPZ91T24 300 123.047 130.751 6.261 287 239 263.0FPZ91T25 300 147.010 153.420 4.360 356 246 301.0
5.380 279.7
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Tab. F.22: Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% and 20% for 24 hoursimpregnation time
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R Test Position HardnessCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) Side 1 Side 2 (kg)
FIZ3T1K11 24 10 64,980 74,107 14,046 92 100 96,00FIZ3T1K12 24 63,065 69,681 10,491 103 95 99,00FIZ3T1K13 24 64,807 73,881 14,002 94 103 98,50
12,846 97,83FIZ5T1K11 24 68,946 77,786 12,822 114 97 105,50FIZ5T1K12 24 65,692 74,233 13,002 110 108 109,00FIZ5T1K13 24 68,387 76,816 12,325 91 84 87,50
12,716 100,67FIZ7T1K11 24 48,548 63,744 31,301 73 76 74,50FIZ7T1K12 24 60,600 70,758 16,762 92 94 93,00FIZ7T1K13 24 64,469 78,271 21,409 94 108 101,00
23,157 89,50FCZ3T1K11 24 10 70,193 78,644 12,040 128 103 115,50FCZ3T1K12 24 93,631 93,712 0,087 111 100 105,50FCZ3T1K13 24 89,570 99,990 11,633 155 167 161,00
7,920 127,33FCZ5T1K11 24 67,009 76,214 13,737 128 118 123,00FCZ5T1K12 24 73,828 82,991 12,411 141 120 130,50FCZ5T1K13 24 53,571 61,214 14,267 104 82 93,00
13,472 115,50FCZ7T1K11 24 65,600 76,187 16,139 112 107 109,50FCZ7T1K12 24 81,078 106,733 31,642 147 182 164,50FCZ7T1K13 24 72,993 84,685 16,018 127 91 109,00
21,266 127,67FPZ3T1K11 24 10 135,050 149,414 10,636 331 284 307,50FPZ3T1K12 24 108,119 119,613 10,631 152 182 167,00FPZ3T1K13 24 162,223 172,681 6,447 225 402 313,50
9,238 262,67FPZ5T1K11 24 113,389 128,614 13,427 137 235 186,00FPZ5T1K12 24 158,401 172,404 8,840 235 392 313,50FPZ5T1K13 24 117,018 134,626 15,047 149 200 174,50
12,438 224,67FPZ7T1K11 24 101,681 118,033 16,082 122 154 138,00FPZ7T1K12 24 125,316 147,646 17,819 295 269 282,00FPZ7T1K13 24 136,737 158,900 16,208 340 300 320,00
16,703 246,67FIZ3T1K21 24 20 53,145 72,951 37,268 70 71 70,50FIZ3T1K22 24 57,208 78,660 37,498 119 74 96,50FIZ3T1K23 24 61,218 78,588 28,374 87 98 92,50
34,380 86,50FIZ5T1K21 24 60,100 78,193 30,105 80 78 79,00FIZ5T1K22 24 65,023 74,058 13,895 79 82 80,50FIZ5T1K23 24 63,778 82,789 29,808 112 84 98,00
24,603 85,83FIZ7T1K21 24 67,982 93,784 37,954 102 95 98,50FIZ7T1K22 24 67,419 92,589 37,334 105 84 94,50FIZ7T1K23 24 69,139 95,384 37,960 99 100 99,50
37,749 97,50FCZ3T1K21 24 20 77,457 102,990 32,964 130 88 109,00FCZ3T1K22 24 85,740 111,068 29,540 136 107 121,50FCZ3T1K23 24 84,090 106,177 26,266 141 110 125,50
29,590 118,67FCZ5T1K21 24 72,062 91,449 26,903 120 94 107,00FCZ5T1K22 24 88,796 116,110 30,760 152 120 136,00FCZ5T1K23 24 73,607 94,015 27,726 138 148 143,00
28,463 128,67FCZ7T1K21 24 71,301 92,556 29,810 96 102 99,00FCZ7T1K22 24 78,787 104,592 32,753 110 122 116,00FCZ7T1K23 24 79,592 103,413 29,929 112 92 102,00
30,831 105,67FPZ3T1K21 24 20 157,453 193,441 22,856 207 170 188,50FPZ3T1K22 24 146,747 177,924 21,245 418 330 374,00FPZ3T1K23 24 150,311 180,651 20,185 345 360 352,50
21,429 305,00FPZ5T1K21 24 114,293 157,375 37,694 132 205 168,50FPZ5T1K22 24 122,711 158,590 29,239 137 158 147,50FPZ5T1K23 24 94,890 129,105 36,058 180 157 168,50
34,330 161,50FPZ7T1K21 24 128,873 164,086 27,324 291 361 326,00FPZ7T1K22 24 128,876 163,342 26,744 417 197 307,00FPZ7T1K23 24 128,210 164,515 28,317 284 182 233,00
27,461 288,67
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.3. Hardness Strength
Tab. F.23: Hardness strength of oil palm wood treated with acetone 10% and 20% for 48 hoursimpregnation time
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R Test Position HardnessCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) Side 1 Side 2 (kg)
FIZ3T2K11 48 10 62,982 82,169 30,464 94 86 90,00FIZ3T2K12 48 52,533 69,673 32,627 78 71 74,50FIZ3T2K13 48 67,757 91,526 35,080 94 104 99,00
32,724 87,83FIZ5T2K11 48 65,249 77,765 19,182 82 84 83,00FIZ5T2K12 48 54,396 83,032 52,644 72 67 69,50FIZ5T2K13 48 59,992 79,891 33,169 97 160 128,50
34,998 93,67FIZ7T2K11 48 62,044 88,289 42,301 90 95 92,50FIZ7T2K12 48 67,960 87,309 28,471 103 79 91,00FIZ7T2K13 48 63,045 86,339 36,948 88 80 84,00
35,907 89,17FCZ3T2K11 48 10 54,473 82,941 52,261 131 115 123,00FCZ3T2K12 48 59,704 89,607 50,085 110 117 113,50FCZ3T2K13 48 73,738 95,206 29,114 128 114 121,00
43,820 119,17FCZ5T2K11 48 49,023 63,600 29,735 88 73 80,50FCZ5T2K12 48 65,092 83,033 27,563 117 108 112,50FCZ5T2K13 48 67,783 84,004 23,931 115 105 110,00
27,076 101,00FCZ7T2K11 48 72,610 86,901 19,682 115 109 112,00FCZ7T2K12 48 82,854 104,264 25,841 123 104 113,50FCZ7T2K13 48 78,942 111,478 41,215 128 120 124,00
28,913 116,50FPZ3T2K11 48 10 151,782 180,109 18,663 370 337 353,50FPZ3T2K12 48 116,186 137,130 18,026 257 216 236,50FPZ3T2K13 48 102,410 127,273 24,278 182 134 158,00
20,322 249,33FPZ5T2K11 48 97,123 121,120 24,708 166 152 159,00FPZ5T2K12 48 125,708 155,681 23,843 191 238 214,50FPZ5T2K13 48 122,208 151,658 24,098 241 207 224,00
24,216 199,17FPZ7T2K11 48 125,817 162,966 29,526 335 243 289,00FPZ7T2K12 48 128,473 161,324 25,570 316 242 279,00FPZ7T2K13 48 137,664 168,649 22,508 462 215 338,50
25,868 302,17FIZ3T2K21 48 20 54,255 73,511 35,492 95 104 99,50FIZ3T2K22 48 53,802 71,709 33,283 102 96 99,00FIZ3T2K23 48 74,666 87,241 16,842 100 106 103,00
28,539 100,50FIZ5T2K21 48 60,006 75,962 26,591 120 94 107,00FIZ5T2K22 48 64,064 79,512 24,113 100 88 94,00FIZ5T2K23 48 55,799 77,224 38,397 130 106 118,00
29,700 106,33FIZ7T2K21 48 42,218 66,792 58,207 92 82 87,00FIZ7T2K22 48 51,920 70,170 35,150 100 86 93,00FIZ7T2K23 48 45,968 69,589 51,386 90 95 92,50
48,248 90,83FCZ3T2K21 48 20 75,532 116,912 54,785 140 108 124,00FCZ3T2K22 48 88,175 110,704 25,550 171 136 153,50FCZ3T2K23 48 82,049 107,417 30,918 153 118 135,50
37,084 137,67FCZ5T2K21 48 73,972 119,446 61,475 164 163 163,50FCZ5T2K22 48 68,479 85,741 25,208 152 100 126,00FCZ5T2K23 48 63,046 84,622 34,223 96 73 84,50
40,302 124,67FCZ7T2K21 48 87,927 119,410 35,806 167 131 149,00FCZ7T2K22 48 73,355 97,389 32,764 140 94 117,00FCZ7T2K23 48 67,657 114,140 68,704 128 111 119,50
45,758 128,50FPZ3T2K21 48 20 145,951 214,601 47,036 428 450 439,00FPZ3T2K22 48 104,681 149,522 42,836 207 180 193,50FPZ3T2K23 48 125,996 179,870 42,759 327 260 293,50
44,210 308,67FPZ5T2K21 48 91,590 140,895 53,832 180 144 162,00FPZ5T2K22 48 143,650 200,537 39,601 407 362 384,50FPZ5T2K23 48 144,660 189,291 30,852 430 302 366,00
41,429 304,17FPZ7T2K21 48 142,872 213,262 49,268 588 300 444,00FPZ7T2K22 48 101,792 139,690 37,231 191 175 183,00FPZ7T2K23 48 95,194 144,925 52,242 125 166 145,50
46,247 257,50
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.4. Compression Strength Parallel to Grain
F.4 Compression Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.24: Compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) forcontrol specimen
Sample b h Pmax CompressionCode (cm) (cm ) (kg) (kg/cm2)EPZ11 2.51 2.62 1324.0 201.332EPZ12 2.64 2.60 1991.0 290.064EPZ13 2.63 2.62 833.0 120.889EPZ14 2.66 2.66 1237.0 174.826EPZ15 2.62 2.62 781.0 113.775
180.177EPZ31 2.40 2.63 982.8 155.703EPZ32 2.70 2.41 586.8 90.180EPZ33 2.68 2.54 1323.0 194.353EPZ34 2.60 2.65 2145.0 311.321EPZ35 2.55 2.80 856.8 120.000
174.311EPZ51 2.60 2.65 1615.0 234.398EPZ52 2.60 2.68 1298.0 186.280EPZ53 2.60 2.77 1654.0 229.658EPZ54 2.53 2.74 1623.0 234.125EPZ55 2.62 2.59 1555.0 229.155
222.723EPZ71 2.70 2.72 867.8 118.164EPZ72 2.63 2.52 1288.0 194.339EPZ73 2.60 2.30 1347.0 225.251EPZ74 2.69 2.70 968.0 133.278EPZ75 2.58 2.64 1212.0 177.942
169.795EPZ91 2.63 2.63 1903.0 275.123EPZ92 2.67 2.65 1571.0 222.034EPZ93 2.66 2.66 1454.0 205.495EPZ94 2.68 2.67 1472.0 205.713EPZ95 2.61 2.62 1862.0 272.294
236.132
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.4. Compression Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.25: Compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ)treated with bioresin
Sample Impregnation B0 B1 R b h Pmax CompressionCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
EPZ1T11 150 39.105 43.285 10.689 2.48 2.66 2763.0 418.839EPZ1T12 150 28.980 32.754 13.023 2.36 2.40 1450.0 255.786EPZ1T13 150 23.335 26.204 12.295 2.67 2.64 1645.0 233.373EPZ1T14 150 18.137 19.128 5.464 2.62 2.61 831.0 121.523EPZ1T15 150 23.553 26.766 13.642 2.66 2.52 1638.0 244.361
254.777EPZ3T11 150 33.987 38.337 12.799 2.55 2.73 1107.0 159.017EPZ3T12 150 51.012 57.899 13.501 2.64 2.74 2935.0 405.745EPZ3T13 150 46.050 52.872 14.814 2.61 2.66 3205.0 461.643EPZ3T14 150 37.735 42.366 12.272 2.76 2.55 1345.0 191.105EPZ3T15 150 31.082 34.932 12.387 2.53 2.70 1112.0 162.787
13.155 276.060EPZ5T11 150 51.225 58.945 15.071 2.75 2.63 4153.0 574.214EPZ5T12 150 26.805 29.730 10.912 2.62 2.73 1546.0 216.145EPZ5T13 150 26.507 29.910 12.838 2.66 2.61 739.0 106.444EPZ5T14 150 45.813 54.627 19.239 2.72 2.54 4335.0 627.461EPZ5T15 150 24.835 29.556 19.009 2.68 2.51 1432.0 212.880
347.429EPZ7T11 150 23.200 27.184 17.172 2.60 2.72 1288.0 182.127EPZ7T12 150 24.810 28.974 16.784 2.69 2.65 1131.0 158.659EPZ7T13 150 20.402 24.560 20.380 2.67 2.56 1169.0 171.026EPZ7T14 150 24.023 28.124 17.071 2.38 2.71 1480.0 229.464EPZ7T15 150 20.605 25.413 23.334 2.65 2.74 1032.0 142.129
176.681EPZ9T11 150 27.573 32.185 16.727 2.65 2.50 1528.0 230.642EPZ9T12 150 24.118 29.108 20.690 2.55 2.66 1392.0 205.219EPZ9T13 150 25.118 32.778 30.496 2.69 2.68 1778.0 246.629EPZ9T14 150 31.810 37.584 18.152 2.66 2.63 1828.0 261.300EPZ9T15 150 26.489 33.303 25.724 2.70 2.65 1660.0 232.006
235.159EPZ1T21 300 22.870 29.138 27.407 2.64 2.67 1087.0 154.211EPZ1T22 300 40.169 49.675 23.665 2.59 2.68 2525.0 363.770EPZ1T23 300 26.074 31.983 22.662 2.56 2.63 1815.0 269.576EPZ1T24 300 33.368 39.669 18.883 2.69 2.58 2388.0 344.082EPZ1T25 300 31.598 39.004 23.438 2.58 2.72 2011.0 286.565
283.641EPZ3T21 300 40.462 48.186 19.090 2.62 2.65 1915.0 275.817EPZ3T22 300 42.211 49.990 18.429 2.66 2.73 1830.0 252.004EPZ3T23 300 29.328 39.913 36.092 2.46 2.68 785.0 119.069EPZ3T24 300 42.394 49.901 17.708 2.57 2.71 1148.0 164.831EPZ3T25 300 36.393 46.387 27.461 2.66 2.62 1639.0 235.178
209.380EPZ5T21 300 25.761 34.165 32.623 2.66 2.57 1743.0 254.966EPZ5T22 300 32.579 39.688 21.821 2.68 2.46 1965.0 298.052EPZ5T23 300 30.332 38.247 26.095 2.60 2.68 1990.0 285.591EPZ5T24 300 34.207 41.573 21.534 2.60 2.65 2155.0 312.772EPZ5T25 300 41.234 49.111 19.103 2.55 2.55 3158.0 485.659
327.408EPZ7T21 300 23.374 27.224 16.471 2.60 2.67 1250.0 180.063EPZ7T22 300 18.360 23.302 26.917 2.58 2.68 1004.0 145.204EPZ7T23 300 23.362 27.548 17.918 2.63 2.65 1319.0 189.253EPZ7T24 300 21.724 25.667 18.150 2.66 2.68 1624.0 227.808EPZ7T25 300 18.270 27.744 51.856 2.62 2.72 1390.0 195.049
26.262 187.476EPZ9T21 300 27.775 35.657 28.378 2.59 2.66 1992.0 289.140EPZ9T22 300 27.324 35.300 29.190 2.68 2.68 1795.0 249.916EPZ9T23 300 32.965 44.991 36.481 2.62 2.60 1984.0 291.251EPZ9T24 300 27.642 35.134 27.104 2.61 2.40 1977.0 315.613EPZ9T25 300 23.624 29.392 24.416 2.65 2.42 1612.0 251.364
279.457
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.4. Compression Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.26: Compression strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone treatedwith acetone
Sample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax CompressionCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
EPZ3T1K11 24 10 41.587 43.970 5.730 2.66 2.42 1653.0 256.789EPZ3T1K12 24 36.278 38.297 5.565 2.40 2.64 1554.0 245.265EPZ3T1K13 24 32.473 34.463 6.128 2.62 2.42 998.0 157.403
219.819EPZ5T1K11 24 31.189 33.649 7.887 2.67 2.57 2123.0 309.390EPZ5T1K12 24 28.054 30.235 7.774 2.62 2.70 1616.0 228.442EPZ5T1K13 24 28.350 30.445 7.390 2.68 2.45 1843.0 280.688
272.840EPZ7T1K11 24 36.344 39.903 9.793 2.58 2.58 2237.0 336.068EPZ7T1K12 24 33.535 36.958 10.207 2.62 2.70 929.0 131.326EPZ7T1K13 24 24.659 28.815 16.854 2.60 2.62 1817.0 266.735
244.710EPZ3T1K21 24 20 29.840 40.497 35.714 2.66 2.60 1796.0 259.688EPZ3T1K22 24 38.013 46.314 21.837 2.76 2.60 879.0 122.492EPZ3T1K23 24 26.781 50.389 88.152 2.54 2.64 2175.0 324.356
235.512EPZ5T1K21 24 30.343 41.176 35.702 2.66 2.67 1403.0 197.544EPZ5T1K22 24 29.909 38.913 30.105 2.72 2.63 1936.0 270.633EPZ5T1K23 24 31.861 51.507 61.662 2.62 2.76 3061.0 423.305
297.161EPZ7T1K21 24 23.485 31.105 32.446 2.73 2.67 1149.0 157.633EPZ7T1K22 24 25.737 33.597 30.540 2.70 2.68 1405.0 194.168EPZ7T1K23 24 20.778 29.040 39.763 2.74 2.65 884.0 121.746
157.849EPZ3T2K11 48 10 28.544 31.015 8.657 2.66 2.42 807.2 125.396EPZ3T2K12 48 29.692 32.663 10.006 2.40 2.64 809.6 127.778EPZ3T2K13 48 30.911 33.545 8.521 2.62 2.42 728.1 114.835
122.670EPZ5T2K11 48 25.774 30.925 19.985 2.58 2.58 1614.0 242.473EPZ5T2K12 48 26.941 30.465 13.080 2.62 2.70 1472.0 208.086EPZ5T2K13 48 28.102 31.316 11.437 2.60 2.62 1314.0 192.895
214.485EPZ7T2K11 48 22.485 29.375 30.643 2.57 2.58 1156.0 174.343EPZ7T2K12 48 20.060 28.643 42.787 2.73 2.64 728.0 101.010EPZ7T2K13 48 22.509 30.890 37.234 2.73 2.64 1065.0 147.769
141.041EPZ3T2K21 48 20 35.951 43.584 21.232 2.48 2.69 1005.0 150.648EPZ3T2K22 48 30.868 42.350 37.197 2.60 2.70 1670.0 237.892EPZ3T2K23 48 44.663 58.889 31.852 2.65 2.62 1314.0 189.255
192.598EPZ5T2K21 48 25.328 35.721 41.034 2.67 2.57 1697.0 247.308EPZ5T2K22 48 33.118 45.145 36.316 2.62 2.70 1688.0 238.620EPZ5T2K23 48 45.124 57.423 27.256 2.68 2.45 1119.0 170.423
218.784EPZ7T2K21 48 24.138 31.518 30.574 2.61 2.54 1450.0 218.723EPZ7T2K22 48 24.689 34.686 40.492 2.70 2.67 1452.0 201.415EPZ7T2K23 48 19.877 29.680 49.318 2.68 2.71 1067.0 146.913
189.017
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.5. Tension Strength Parallel to Grain
F.5 Tension Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.27: Tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) for controlspecimen
Sample b h Pmax TensionCode (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)KPZ11 0.59 0.60 148.40 419.2090KPZ12 0.62 0.50 127.60 411.6129KPZ13 0.44 0.62 90.20 330.6452
387.1557KPZ31 0.62 0.55 198.50 582.1114KPZ32 0.58 0.62 82.90 230.5339KPZ33 0.58 0.62 140.40 390.4338
401.0264KPZ51 0.59 0.58 197.00 575.6867KPZ52 0.53 0.70 68.20 183.8275KPZ53 0.52 0.69 79.20 220.7358
326.7500KPZ71 0.55 0.62 102.80 301.4663KPZ72 0.45 0.60 42.50 157.4074KPZ73 0.56 0.59 88.10 266.6465
241.8401KPZ91 0.48 0.59 20.76 73.3051KPZ92 0.71 0.60 22.79 53.4977KPZ93 0.70 0.61 25.79 60.3981
62.4003
288
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.5. Tension Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.28: Tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treatedwith bioresin
Sample Impregnation b h Pmax TensionCode Time (s) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
KPZ1T11 150 0.66 0.60 245.80 620.7071KPZ1T12 150 0.57 0.62 113.00 319.7510KPZ1T13 150 0.67 0.54 153.40 423.9912KPZ1T14 150 0.63 0.58 170.74 467.2687KPZ1T15 150 0.63 0.61 170.79 444.4184
455.2273KPZ3T11 150 0.66 0.61 120.60 299.5529KPZ3T12 150 0.63 0.61 123.65 321.7538KPZ3T13 150 0.60 0.63 126.80 335.4497KPZ3T14 150 0.63 0.60 123.69 327.2222KPZ3T15 150 0.63 0.63 123.62 311.4638
319.0885KPZ5T11 150 0.52 0.69 143.50 399.9443KPZ5T12 150 0.69 0.63 39.80 91.5574KPZ5T13 150 0.69 0.73 109.80 217.9869KPZ5T14 150 0.67 0.64 229.30 534.7481KPZ5T15 150 0.71 0.72 178.20 348.5915
318.5656KPZ7T11 150 0.53 0.67 20.30 57.1670KPZ7T12 150 0.55 0.56 137.00 444.8052KPZ7T13 150 0.63 0.45 68.69 242.2928KPZ7T14 150 0.57 0.58 75.63 228.7659KPZ7T15 150 0.57 0.55 75.83 241.8820
242.9826KPZ9T11 150 0.64 0.58 124.80 336.2069KPZ9T12 150 0.75 0.60 126.00 280.0000KPZ9T13 150 0.66 0.75 98.70 199.3939KPZ9T14 150 0.66 0.62 123.00 300.5865KPZ9T15 150 0.71 0.66 34.60 73.8370
238.0049KPZ1T21 300 0.55 0.50 78.01 283.6727KPZ1T22 300 0.66 0.59 139.60 358.5003KPZ1T23 300 0.70 0.61 132.00 309.1335KPZ1T24 300 0.64 0.59 139.54 369.5445KPZ1T25 300 0.64 0.58 131.54 354.3642
335.0430KPZ3T21 300 0.74 0.69 108.10 211.7117KPZ3T22 300 0.61 0.61 89.10 239.4518KPZ3T23 300 0.65 0.66 97.30 226.8065KPZ3T24 300 0.66 0.65 127.50 297.2028KPZ3T25 300 0.67 0.64 128.50 299.6735
254.9693KPZ5T21 300 0.72 0.75 85.18 157.7407KPZ5T22 300 0.80 0.66 131.70 249.4318KPZ5T23 300 0.50 0.69 96.00 278.2609KPZ5T24 300 0.64 0.72 112.50 244.1406KPZ5T25 300 0.72 0.69 164.40 330.9179
252.0984KPZ7T21 300 0.56 0.60 69.44 206.6667KPZ7T22 300 0.62 0.64 140.10 353.0746KPZ7T23 300 0.60 0.55 132.10 400.3030KPZ7T24 300 0.59 0.60 113.88 321.6949KPZ7T25 300 0.59 0.60 113.88 321.6949
320.6868KPZ9T21 300 0.77 0.82 88.64 140.3864KPZ9T22 300 0.62 0.79 18.92 38.6280KPZ9T23 300 0.61 0.68 14.49 34.9325KPZ9T24 300 0.59 0.69 144.90 355.9322KPZ9T25 300 0.66 0.77 12.20 24.0063
118.7771
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.5. Tension Strength Parallel to Grain
Tab. F.29: Tension strength parallel to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetoneSample Impregnation C b h Pmax TensionCode Time (h) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)KPZ3T1K11 24 10 0.65 0.68 297.80 673.7557KPZ3T1K12 24 0.71 0.64 274.80 604.7535KPZ3T1K13 24 0.62 0.64 329.10 829.3851
702.6314KPZ5T1K11 24 0.58 0.64 216.20 582.4353KPZ5T1K12 24 0.64 0.58 261.50 704.4720KPZ5T1K13 24 0.61 0.66 232.30 576.9995
621.3023KPZ7T1K11 24 0.63 0.58 282.90 774.2200KPZ7T1K12 24 0.64 0.65 238.50 573.3173KPZ7T1K13 24 0.62 0.67 235.50 566.9234
638.1536KPZ3T1K21 24 20 0.65 0.52 338.40 1001.1834KPZ3T1K22 24 0.69 0.61 400.00 950.3445KPZ3T1K23 24 0.62 0.62 336.60 875.6504
942.3928KPZ5T1K21 24 0.69 0.67 252.00 545.1006KPZ5T1K22 24 0.73 0.66 234.70 487.1316KPZ5T1K23 24 0.77 0.65 319.20 637.7622
556.6648KPZ7T1K21 24 0.62 0.67 164.60 396.2446KPZ7T1K22 24 0.63 0.61 161.30 419.7242KPZ7T1K23 24 0.65 0.62 258.30 640.9429
485.6372KPZ3T2K11 48 10 0.64 0.63 308.90 766.1210KPZ3T2K12 48 0.69 0.71 431.40 880.5879KPZ3T2K13 48 0.67 0.67 370.15 824.5712
823.7600KPZ5T2K11 48 0.56 0.64 277.50 774.2746KPZ5T2K12 48 0.65 0.65 326.20 772.0710KPZ5T2K13 48 0.64 0.61 347.30 889.6004
811.9820KPZ7T2K11 48 0.65 0.66 223.70 521.4452KPZ7T2K12 48 0.63 0.66 182.80 439.6344KPZ7T2K13 48 0.62 0.66 193.40 472.6295
477.9031KPZ3T2K21 48 20 0.66 0.64 298.30 706.2027KPZ3T2K22 48 0.67 0.60 134.80 335.3234KPZ3T2K23 48 0.65 0.62 172.70 428.5360
490.0207KPZ5T2K21 48 0.65 0.69 261.20 582.3857KPZ5T2K22 48 0.64 0.68 269.80 619.9449KPZ5T2K23 48 0.64 0.66 147.80 349.9053
517.4120KPZ7T2K21 48 0.52 0.65 128.60 380.4734KPZ7T2K22 48 0.56 0.76 164.60 386.7481KPZ7T2K23 48 0.63 0.62 234.40 600.1024
455.7746
290
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.6. Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain
F.6 Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain
Tab. F.30: Tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) forcontrol specimen
Sample b h Pmax TensionCode (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)LPZ11 2,72 4,34 44,20 3,7442LPZ12 2,77 4,67 58,31 4,5076LPZ13 2,90 4,33 54,00 4,3004LPZ14 2,75 4,70 47,75 3,6944LPZ15 2,05 5,26 57,51 5,3334
4,3160LPZ31 2,68 5,17 107,47 7,7564LPZ32 2,60 5,33 90,48 6,5291LPZ33 2,84 5,05 60,00 4,1835LPZ34 2,80 4,92 20,00 1,4518LPZ35 2,76 4,82 32,00 2,4054
4,4653LPZ51 2,55 4,55 49,49 4,2655LPZ52 0,00 0,00 0,00 3,6728LPZ53 2,76 4,70 32,00 2,4669LPZ54 2,53 5,03 14,33 1,1261LPZ55 2,77 5,06 95,77 6,8328
3,6728LPZ71 2,68 4,36 20,00 1,7116LPZ72 2,87 5,30 57,44 3,7762LPZ73 2,93 5,20 58,61 3,8468LPZ74 2,36 5,15 30,32 2,4947LPZ75 2,50 4,55 14,00 1,2308
2,6120LPZ91 3,95 4,16 42,00 2,5560LPZ92 2,68 5,00 42,00 3,1343LPZ93 2,27 4,89 30,19 2,7197LPZ94 1,90 5,13 9,46 0,9706LPZ95 2,31 5,10 49,77 4,2246
2,7210
291
Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.6. Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain
Tab. F.31: Tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ)treated with bioresin
Sample Impregnation B0 B1 R b h Pmax TensionCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
LPZ1T11 150 59.785 66.374 11.021 2.87 4.26 19.12 1.5639LPZ1T12 150 50.926 57.688 13.278 3.03 4.31 55.50 4.2498LPZ1T13 150 50.829 56.574 11.303 2.75 4.21 64.00 5.5280LPZ1T14 150 42.857 49.194 14.786 3.05 4.20 3.75 0.2927LPZ1T15 150 50.490 57.580 14.042 2.79 4.50 66.00 5.2569
12.886 3.3783LPZ3T11 150 51.624 57.513 11.407 2.75 5.04 128.00 9.2352LPZ3T12 150 55.332 61.349 10.874 2.66 4.93 86.00 6.5580LPZ3T13 150 52.922 58.044 9.678 2.75 5.12 130.00 9.2330LPZ3T14 150 49.453 56.235 13.714 2.64 5.12 156.00 11.5412LPZ3T15 150 54.264 58.335 7.502 2.80 2.42 94.00 13.8725
10.635 10.0880LPZ5T11 150 52.612 58.830 11.819 2.81 5.17 14.61 1.0057LPZ5T12 150 47.784 53.074 11.071 2.79 4.45 100.00 8.0544LPZ5T13 150 47.895 56.138 17.211 2.91 4.78 101.00 7.2611LPZ5T14 150 50.256 56.001 11.431 2.71 2.66 20.00 2.7745LPZ5T15 150 61.781 67.159 8.705 3.03 4.94 79.00 5.2779
12.047 4.8747LPZ7T11 150 34.482 51.231 48.573 2.91 4.46 20.00 1.5410LPZ7T12 150 50.700 56.216 10.880 3.00 4.36 138.00 10.5505LPZ7T13 150 45.077 55.687 23.538 3.07 4.80 6.36 0.4316LPZ7T14 150 45.988 52.688 14.569 2.66 4.16 58.00 5.2415LPZ7T15 150 50.015 59.970 19.904 3.00 4.69 12.55 0.8920
23.493 3.7313LPZ9T11 150 44.067 50.216 13.954 2.70 4.29 78.00 6.7340LPZ9T12 150 42.190 49.697 17.793 3.02 4.64 50.20 3.5824LPZ9T13 150 42.076 48.697 15.736 2.38 5.24 98.22 7.8757LPZ9T14 150 44.294 51.170 15.524 2.60 4.97 19.64 1.5199LPZ9T15 150 44.860 52.938 18.007 2.26 5.35 34.00 2.8120
16.203 4.5048LPZ1T21 300 60.945 64.720 6.194 3.01 4.50 63.55 4.6918LPZ1T22 300 54.292 58.433 7.627 3.00 4.46 80.34 6.0045LPZ1T23 300 61.821 65.819 6.467 2.54 4.39 72.00 6.4571LPZ1T24 300 44.884 56.541 25.971 2.40 4.58 22.00 2.0015LPZ1T25 300 56.297 63.257 12.363 2.60 5.15 8.84 0.6602
11.725 3.9630LPZ3T21 300 57.093 62.931 10.225 2.66 4.47 38.00 3.1959LPZ3T22 300 45.962 52.139 13.439 2.94 2.95 59.13 6.8177LPZ3T23 300 56.938 62.201 9.243 2.67 5.02 100.00 7.4608LPZ3T24 300 52.304 57.427 9.795 3.00 4.03 15.68 1.2969LPZ3T25 300 54.076 60.090 11.121 2.57 5.10 27.40 2.0905
10.765 4.1724LPZ5T21 300 53.756 57.447 6.866 2.77 4.28 88.00 7.4227LPZ5T22 300 51.709 57.096 10.418 2.54 4.56 94.00 8.1158LPZ5T23 300 47.002 52.815 12.368 2.45 4.44 82.00 7.5382LPZ5T24 300 47.467 56.223 18.446 2.46 4.94 20.30 1.6705LPZ5T25 300 51.720 59.693 15.416 2.42 4.58 46.00 4.1503
12.703 5.7795LPZ7T21 300 37.675 41.471 10.076 2.74 4.29 50.82 4.3234LPZ7T22 300 42.445 52.339 23.310 2.40 4.82 40.49 3.5002LPZ7T23 300 55.259 60.996 10.382 2.87 5.25 37.31 2.4762LPZ7T24 300 45.240 55.217 22.053 2.94 4.65 38.17 2.7920LPZ7T25 300 41.298 50.366 21.957 2.77 4.59 96.88 7.6198
17.556 4.1423LPZ9T21 300 37.987 45.688 20.273 2.92 4.32 54.69 4.3355LPZ9T22 300 40.514 48.230 19.045 2.70 4.87 15.87 1.2069LPZ9T23 300 49.906 57.899 16.016 2.70 5.03 18.04 1.3283LPZ9T24 300 36.275 48.882 34.754 2.63 4.68 14.60 1.1862LPZ9T25 300 39.781 50.336 26.533 3.01 4.88 39.47 2.6871
23.324 2.1488
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.6. Tension Strength Perpendicular to Grain
Tab. F.32: Tension strength perpendicular to grain of oil palm wood treated with acetoneSample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax TensionCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)LPZ3T1K11 24 10 57.255 62.371 8.935 2.83 5.72 104.60 6.4617LPZ3T1K12 24 54.455 58.850 8.071 2.46 5.06 62.54 5.0243LPZ3T1K13 24 61.933 67.037 8.241 2.55 5.08 97.65 7.5382
8.416 6.3414LPZ5T1K11 24 49.708 55.505 11.662 2.10 4.92 66.11 6.3986LPZ5T1K12 24 57.302 61.112 6.649 2.38 5.11 15.92 1.3090LPZ5T1K13 24 51.452 54.448 5.823 2.36 5.11 82.40 6.8327
8.045 4.8468LPZ7T1K11 24 49.800 54.585 9.608 3.17 5.21 51.72 3.1316LPZ7T1K12 24 38.316 42.554 11.061 2.84 5.13 61.55 4.2247LPZ7T1K13 24 43.896 48.997 11.621 3.03 5.31 52.90 3.2879
10.763 3.5480LPZ3T1K21 24 20 58.244 69.248 18.893 2.80 5.10 75.65 5.2976LPZ3T1K22 24 49.973 59.670 19.404 2.77 5.09 54.00 3.8300LPZ3T1K23 24 48.887 59.804 22.331 2.94 5.53 55.34 3.4038
20.210 4.1771LPZ5T1K21 24 65.105 74.082 13.788 2.74 5.16 118.90 8.4097LPZ5T1K22 24 50.517 65.760 30.174 2.76 5.17 19.51 1.3673LPZ5T1K23 24 54.916 66.135 20.429 3.03 5.17 22.11 1.4114
21.464 3.7295LPZ7T1K21 24 50.672 61.285 20.945 3.09 5.27 73.73 4.5277LPZ7T1K22 24 45.780 60.083 31.243 2.45 5.17 17.18 1.3563LPZ7T1K23 24 34.528 45.881 32.881 2.84 5.11 46.36 3.1945
28.356 3.0262LPZ3T2K11 48 10 50.135 61.305 22.280 2.71 5.56 78.11 5.1840LPZ3T2K12 48 52.475 60.939 16.130 2.63 5.07 55.80 4.1848LPZ3T2K13 48 64.344 78.677 22.276 2.96 5.25 98.13 6.3147
20.228 5.2278LPZ5T2K11 48 45.825 52.467 14.494 2.96 4.96 72.43 4.9334LPZ5T2K12 48 54.509 64.495 18.320 2.87 5.04 90.42 6.2510LPZ5T2K13 48 54.416 66.462 22.137 2.86 4.97 75.23 5.2926
18.317 5.4923LPZ7T2K11 48 41.770 56.697 35.736 2.97 5.20 79.55 5.1509LPZ7T2K12 48 36.378 48.881 34.370 2.23 5.30 36.61 3.0976LPZ7T2K13 48 37.538 50.387 34.229 2.17 5.19 39.67 3.5224
34.778 3.9236LPZ3T2K21 48 20 61.044 67.214 10.107 2.92 4.36 94.38 7.4133LPZ3T2K22 48 50.382 58.090 15.299 2.60 5.17 91.37 6.7974LPZ3T2K23 48 58.094 77.239 32.955 2.95 5.46 150.10 9.3189
19.454 7.8432LPZ5T2K21 48 64.699 71.297 10.198 2.76 5.32 94.85 6.4598LPZ5T2K22 48 77.777 86.244 10.886 3.00 4.96 81.09 5.4496LPZ5T2K23 48 54.302 64.646 19.049 2.75 4.99 168.20 12.2572
13.378 8.0555LPZ7T2K21 48 47.044 54.994 16.899 2.65 4.47 69.73 5.8866LPZ7T2K22 48 36.946 47.651 28.975 2.84 4.74 60.25 4.4757LPZ7T2K23 48 42.291 49.920 18.039 2.76 4.29 76.41 6.4533
21.304 5.6052
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.7. Cleavage Strength
F.7 Cleavage Strength
Tab. F.33: Cleavage strength of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) for control specimenSample b h Pmax CleavageCode (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)HPZ11 4.18 5.14 42.14 1.9614HPZ12 4.54 4.84 22.88 1.0412HPZ13 4.49 4.97 52.51 2.3531HPZ14 4.20 5.11 33.60 1.5656HPZ15 4.54 4.95 35.43 1.5766
1.6996HPZ31 4.50 5.11 61.09 2.6567HPZ32 4.53 5.05 31.86 1.3927HPZ33 5.12 5.05 57.04 2.2061HPZ34 5.20 5.15 57.21 2.1363HPZ35 4.54 5.04 51.93 2.2695
2.1322HPZ51 4.53 5.08 39.36 1.7104HPZ52 4.42 5.06 55.21 2.4686HPZ53 4.80 5.09 49.36 2.0203HPZ54 4.61 5.02 38.38 1.6584HPZ55 4.29 5.00 57.10 2.6620
2.1039HPZ71 4.10 5.18 39.15 1.8434HPZ72 4.51 5.18 33.38 1.4288HPZ73 4.31 5.24 26.23 1.1614HPZ74 4.53 5.31 35.78 1.4875HPZ75 4.47 5.23 1.49 0.0637
1.1970HPZ91 4.86 4.97 54.53 2.2576HPZ92 4.96 4.79 42.87 1.8044HPZ93 4.98 5.00 3.09 0.1241HPZ94 4.46 4.97 23.81 1.0742HPZ95 4.15 4.98 37.57 1.8179
1.4156
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.7. Cleavage Strength
Tab. F.34: Cleavage strength of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treated with bioresinSample Impregnation B0 B1 R b h Pmax CleavageCode Time (s) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
HPZ1T11 150 113.492 118.319 4.253 4.53 4.95 84.58 3.7719HPZ1T12 150 105.757 110.610 4.589 4.15 5.05 39.63 1.8910HPZ1T13 150 88.637 97.517 10.018 4.40 5.16 15.83 0.6972HPZ1T14 150 102.105 108.282 6.050 4.28 5.15 56.12 2.5460HPZ1T15 150 97.615 103.603 6.134 4.41 5.10 41.92 1.8639
6.209 2.1540HPZ3T11 150 104.762 113.552 8.390 5.70 5.60 71.82 2.2500HPZ3T12 150 100.937 107.778 6.777 5.00 5.12 78.78 3.0773HPZ3T13 150 98.184 103.828 5.748 4.95 5.00 84.45 3.4121HPZ3T14 150 110.985 116.249 4.743 4.61 5.11 65.48 2.7796HPZ3T15 150 87.760 98.633 12.389 5.20 5.06 65.88 2.5038
7.610 2.8046HPZ5T11 150 82.544 90.734 9.922 7.72 5.11 75.63 1.9171HPZ5T12 150 92.389 101.187 9.523 4.50 5.19 63.67 2.7262HPZ5T13 150 116.207 123.503 6.278 4.84 5.15 29.59 1.1871HPZ5T14 150 112.645 119.095 5.726 4.55 5.11 44.77 1.9255HPZ5T15 150 91.423 98.902 8.181 5.23 5.08 57.69 2.1714
7.926 1.9855HPZ7T11 150 65.133 77.467 18.937 4.35 5.15 6.39 0.2853HPZ7T12 150 82.322 90.031 9.364 4.36 5.19 63.31 2.7978HPZ7T13 150 80.136 88.680 10.662 4.08 5.15 63.16 3.0059HPZ7T14 150 98.825 102.564 3.783 4.57 5.31 26.85 1.1065HPZ7T15 150 85.177 93.836 10.166 4.98 5.18 66.56 2.5802
10.582 1.9551HPZ9T11 150 71.799 80.975 12.780 4.68 4.90 59.73 2.6047HPZ9T12 150 83.728 93.271 11.398 4.80 4.89 48.27 2.0565HPZ9T13 150 74.370 84.607 13.765 4.57 4.91 34.40 1.5331HPZ9T14 150 68.334 81.989 19.983 4.73 5.03 42.95 1.8052HPZ9T15 150 77.998 85.087 9.089 4.20 4.90 71.39 3.4689
13.403 2.2937HPZ1T21 300 101.605 108.794 7.075 4.20 5.11 61.50 2.8655HPZ1T22 300 71.798 85.716 19.385 4.21 5.16 35.08 1.6148HPZ1T23 300 89.278 98.307 10.113 4.16 4.97 46.23 2.2360HPZ1T24 300 84.930 97.595 14.912 4.57 5.13 13.80 0.5886HPZ1T25 300 96.670 105.010 8.627 4.46 5.24 49.16 2.1035
12.023 1.8817HPZ3T21 300 92.344 102.901 11.432 5.75 5.06 70.66 2.4286HPZ3T22 300 83.984 94.699 12.758 5.33 5.00 68.60 2.5741HPZ3T23 300 92.202 100.345 8.832 4.66 5.07 76.03 3.2180HPZ3T24 300 92.954 103.269 11.097 5.41 5.03 18.69 0.6868HPZ3T25 300 76.821 84.967 10.604 4.29 5.08 51.06 2.3429
10.945 2.2501HPZ5T21 300 89.059 98.218 10.284 4.46 5.08 67.22 2.9669HPZ5T22 300 91.110 102.653 12.669 5.22 4.98 67.10 2.5812HPZ5T23 300 88.136 95.842 8.743 4.22 5.07 58.94 2.7548HPZ5T24 300 82.619 94.214 14.034 5.10 5.00 75.83 2.9737HPZ5T25 300 84.066 92.267 9.755 4.42 4.96 41.25 1.8816
11.097 2.6316HPZ7T21 300 72.301 83.790 15.891 4.58 5.13 31.98 1.3611HPZ7T22 300 47.533 89.016 87.272 4.57 5.33 34.01 1.3963HPZ7T23 300 78.959 89.787 13.713 4.33 5.21 34.27 1.5191HPZ7T24 300 67.248 81.992 21.925 4.52 5.14 43.59 1.8762HPZ7T25 300 66.523 79.741 19.870 4.67 5.37 10.25 0.4087
31.734 1.3123HPZ9T21 300 72.444 83.965 15.903 4.72 4.75 46.16 2.0589HPZ9T22 300 65.307 83.093 27.234 4.36 4.96 16.54 0.7648HPZ9T23 300 60.533 72.874 20.387 4.41 5.06 5.60 0.2510HPZ9T24 300 62.315 76.750 23.165 4.50 5.06 54.45 2.3913HPZ9T25 300 65.679 78.406 19.378 4.28 5.10 42.91 1.9658
21.213 1.4864
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.7. Cleavage Strength
Tab. F.35: Cleavage strength of oil palm wood in peripheral zone (PZ) treated with acetoneSample Impregnation C B0 B1 R b h Pmax CleavageCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) (cm) (cm) (kg) (kg/cm2)
HPZ3T1K11 24 10 91.846 102.162 11.232 5.02 5.03 68.19 2.7005HPZ3T1K12 24 85.242 94.443 10.794 5.23 5.08 66.41 2.4996HPZ3T1K13 24 109.040 123.557 13.313 5.40 5.15 66.59 2.3945
57.226 64.032 11.780 2.5315HPZ5T1K11 24 108.857 118.884 9.211 4.60 5.07 83.68 3.5880HPZ5T1K12 24 92.522 103.199 11.540 4.74 4.98 55.07 2.3330HPZ5T1K13 24 90.957 105.926 16.457 5.23 5.09 84.54 3.1757
91.720 103.120 12.403 3.0322HPZ7T1K11 24 73.846 85.025 15.138 4.44 5.25 54.30 2.3295HPZ7T1K12 24 81.270 92.113 13.342 4.74 5.24 66.34 2.6710HPZ7T1K13 24 84.717 96.942 14.430 4.52 5.24 27.41 1.1573
84.502 96.625 14.304 2.0526HPZ3T1K21 24 20 88.146 99.237 12.583 5.29 5.08 29.99 1.1160HPZ3T1K22 24 94.437 102.975 9.041 4.67 5.13 71.88 3.0004HPZ3T1K23 24 88.766 101.269 14.085 4.65 5.20 60.64 2.5079
54.270 59.896 11.903 2.2081HPZ5T1K21 24 93.447 104.246 11.556 4.61 5.08 46.54 1.9873HPZ5T1K22 24 110.123 122.573 11.306 4.90 5.22 53.40 2.0877HPZ5T1K23 24 99.027 112.405 13.509 4.41 5.08 53.59 2.3921
89.127 85.878 12.124 2.1557HPZ7T1K21 24 64.713 75.844 17.201 4.43 5.26 46.36 1.9895HPZ7T1K22 24 68.231 78.222 14.643 4.63 5.39 48.80 1.9555HPZ7T1K23 24 85.525 95.057 11.145 4.79 5.32 46.74 1.8342
81.325 76.281 14.330 1.9264HPZ3T2K11 48 10 108.673 122.259 12.502 4.43 5.16 59.52 2.6038HPZ3T2K12 48 87.609 98.305 12.209 4.86 5.04 78.73 3.2142HPZ3T2K13 48 95.530 108.811 13.902 5.28 5.06 71.19 2.6646
16.900 19.325 12.871 2.8275HPZ5T2K11 48 100.360 118.543 18.118 5.00 5.14 63.68 2.4778HPZ5T2K12 48 78.112 86.446 10.669 4.47 5.03 57.25 2.5462HPZ5T2K13 48 102.149 119.912 17.389 5.11 5.03 56.84 2.2114
78.610 90.607 15.392 2.4118HPZ7T2K11 48 80.625 94.752 17.522 4.64 5.28 48.03 1.9605HPZ7T2K12 48 76.191 86.346 13.328 4.42 5.16 51.82 2.2721HPZ7T2K13 48 60.776 72.189 18.779 4.26 5.21 54.88 2.4727
79.670 92.761 16.543 2.2351HPZ3T2K21 48 20 83.523 101.485 21.505 4.47 5.14 29.99 1.3053HPZ3T2K22 48 91.499 108.777 18.883 4.48 5.14 71.88 3.1215HPZ3T2K23 48 88.544 113.044 27.670 5.50 5.09 60.64 2.1661
68.978 79.917 22.686 2.1976HPZ5T2K21 48 85.693 111.199 29.764 5.24 5.12 46.54 1.7347HPZ5T2K22 48 94.599 114.115 20.630 4.63 5.10 53.40 2.2615HPZ5T2K23 48 85.216 112.565 32.094 5.15 5.07 53.59 2.0524
84.606 106.168 27.496 2.0162HPZ7T2K21 48 66.113 92.310 39.625 4.67 5.21 46.36 1.9054HPZ7T2K22 48 60.982 82.421 35.156 4.25 5.30 48.80 2.1665HPZ7T2K23 48 66.256 86.595 30.698 4.45 5.07 46.74 2.0717
72.635 96.012 35.159 2.0479
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
F.8 Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Tab. F.36: Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood treated with acetoneSample Withdrawal Position Nail WithdrawalCode Thick side 1 Thick side 2 Width side 1 Width side 2 Top (kg)MPZ11 28.83 40.32 15.43 5.13 29.87 23.9160MPZ12 41.72 43.18 33.68 28.09 28.89 35.1120MPZ13 33.44 37.83 20.02 19.90 28.80 27.9980MPZ14 19.04 38.79 30.51 31.41 21.62 28.2740MPZ15 26.66 37.33 29.06 21.37 22.34 27.3520
28.5304MPZ31 55.48 57.12 29.38 47.29 69.11 51.6760MPZ32 55.21 48.18 46.64 45.75 36.48 46.4520MPZ33 31.08 55.86 42.27 51.42 47.95 45.7160MPZ34 32.89 37.80 35.46 29.54 42.20 35.5780MPZ35 53.40 39.37 34.46 26.48 44.92 39.7260
43.8296MPZ51 38.86 34.48 32.98 26.87 24.35 31.5080MPZ52 27.95 39.33 37.78 7.83 38.03 30.1840MPZ53 49.88 67.59 36.64 29.41 58.39 48.3820MPZ54 35.82 54.85 42.36 28.06 46.26 41.4700MPZ55 34.33 39.00 23.81 31.87 42.15 34.2320
37.1552MPZ71 16.37 32.70 27.18 28.63 23.57 25.6900MPZ72 14.39 31.97 26.00 19.21 45.11 27.3360MPZ73 27.10 32.59 27.16 25.01 37.54 29.8800MPZ74 27.48 45.15 28.04 33.53 42.78 35.3960MPZ75 25.53 46.76 25.19 24.48 33.69 31.1300
29.8864MPZ91 30.13 39.29 32.56 36.99 33.86 34.5660MPZ92 39.91 39.74 7.74 31.56 49.63 33.7160MPZ93 35.56 19.10 21.74 17.13 22.38 23.1820MPZ94 19.72 36.13 37.01 29.17 39.72 32.3500MPZ95 28.11 54.42 39.13 42.72 43.45 41.5660
33.0760
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Tab. F.37: Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood treated with bioresinSample Impregnation B0 B1 R Withdrawal Position Nail WithdrawalCode Time (h) (g) (g) (%) Thick side 1 Thick side 2 Width side 1 Width side 2 Top (kg)
MPZ1T11 150 71.429 81.247 13.745 37.80 35.66 32.12 9.96 11.61 25.4300MPZ1T12 150 67.557 76.394 13.081 26.27 20.14 25.81 29.26 21.18 24.5320MPZ1T13 150 74.216 84.081 13.292 18.21 19.06 20.45 13.19 11.02 16.3860MPZ1T14 150 70.162 80.779 15.132 23.04 35.34 25.88 31.11 19.45 26.9640MPZ1T15 150 68.934 80.431 16.678 32.62 31.87 24.49 28.06 19.33 27.2740
14.386 24.1172MPZ3T11 150 74.881 80.301 7.238 36.04 45.39 29.94 43.13 44.03 39.7060MPZ3T12 150 75.447 80.329 6.471 40.64 50.38 39.93 38.06 47.11 43.2240MPZ3T13 150 73.335 78.977 7.693 40.46 42.41 39.83 44.58 33.04 40.0640MPZ3T14 150 80.289 85.112 6.007 57.70 49.46 49.73 34.76 53.15 48.9600MPZ3T15 150 75.990 80.880 6.435 45.05 51.71 33.97 45.06 37.59 42.6760
6.769 42.9260MPZ5T11 150 82.898 88.900 7.240 28.95 38.59 17.82 13.21 11.01 21.9160MPZ5T12 150 62.038 68.918 11.090 35.53 38.69 33.07 37.12 28.29 34.5400MPZ5T13 150 74.883 78.835 5.278 15.75 30.61 40.80 46.65 41.99 35.1600MPZ5T14 150 73.113 77.765 6.363 24.61 33.73 48.52 10.24 38.92 31.2040MPZ5T15 150 61.429 68.950 12.243 40.95 27.69 46.62 23.48 12.60 30.2680
8.443 30.6176MPZ7T11 150 54.901 62.451 13.752 31.85 37.74 24.48 23.85 24.46 28.4760MPZ7T12 150 52.077 62.586 20.180 28.90 24.52 24.99 23.53 21.87 24.7620MPZ7T13 150 43.737 51.551 17.866 29.67 32.62 24.20 23.33 20.30 26.0240MPZ7T14 150 49.915 58.842 17.884 19.66 31.24 19.53 16.72 24.38 22.3060MPZ7T15 150 50.327 59.930 19.081 32.74 31.40 10.18 28.21 16.14 23.7340
17.753 25.0604MPZ9T11 150 67.764 78.362 15.640 40.83 22.91 22.80 32.16 30.98 29.9356MPZ9T12 150 74.773 81.260 8.676 45.13 38.65 37.95 30.12 32.86 36.9420MPZ9T13 150 69.739 76.807 10.135 39.20 34.13 30.07 27.27 29.01 31.9360MPZ9T14 150 66.785 79.629 19.232 8.96 26.87 22.43 35.98 31.76 25.2000MPZ9T15 150 72.558 82.213 13.307 40.80 22.85 22.84 32.12 30.97 29.9156
13.398 30.7858MPZ1T21 300 66.037 79.728 20.732 43.32 43.72 16.77 32.71 27.97 32.8980MPZ1T22 300 64.863 78.733 21.384 9.75 23.34 22.07 24.51 30.63 22.0600MPZ1T23 300 65.009 77.136 18.654 19.38 4.95 29.87 23.92 14.07 18.4380MPZ1T24 300 71.446 82.992 16.160 29.08 32.60 22.66 22.22 7.93 22.8980MPZ1T25 300 65.417 77.162 17.954 18.40 21.12 14.07 6.24 40.25 20.0160
18.977 23.2620MPZ3T21 300 68.566 75.808 10.562 28.37 6.73 24.71 18.59 36.46 22.9720MPZ3T22 300 75.146 81.091 7.911 28.55 19.85 42.41 34.54 10.25 27.1200MPZ3T23 300 77.558 81.817 5.491 36.91 28.93 37.53 28.25 7.77 27.8788MPZ3T24 300 79.669 84.462 6.016 48.31 40.03 39.28 38.04 38.57 40.8460MPZ3T25 300 68.348 76.264 11.582 39.10 36.78 25.02 20.09 34.50 31.0980
8.313 29.9830MPZ5T21 300 61.298 67.055 9.392 39.38 43.75 33.70 32.15 32.54 36.3040MPZ5T22 300 62.207 70.210 12.865 33.31 36.97 37.90 30.71 3.41 28.4600MPZ5T23 300 66.338 71.864 8.330 6.32 38.66 14.36 29.06 17.29 21.1380MPZ5T24 300 71.994 76.833 6.721 42.19 40.31 34.79 34.82 30.12 36.4460MPZ5T25 300 64.686 70.684 9.272 22.51 36.32 32.71 7.57 33.11 26.4440
9.316 29.7584MPZ7T21 300 55.276 62.813 13.635 23.71 14.18 29.67 26.64 19.66 22.7720MPZ7T22 300 56.092 65.079 16.022 36.33 30.93 151.90 21.27 30.55 54.1960MPZ7T23 300 48.990 67.812 38.420 32.58 29.14 25.65 33.60 20.05 28.2040MPZ7T24 300 50.357 59.248 17.656 11.21 37.21 12.99 23.53 33.67 23.7228MPZ7T25 300 51.636 63.630 23.228 29.74 35.01 29.96 25.62 33.47 30.7600
21.792 31.9310MPZ9T21 300 71.582 81.803 14.279 26.94 33.30 27.18 32.44 33.67 30.7060MPZ9T22 300 66.241 76.360 15.276 21.14 30.41 26.00 28.39 7.45 22.6780MPZ9T23 300 63.926 74.437 16.442 32.67 29.56 27.16 25.31 37.17 30.3740MPZ9T24 300 65.593 79.688 21.489 31.97 17.26 28.04 30.90 5.93 22.8200MPZ9T25 300 70.770 80.951 14.386 32.68 29.59 27.26 25.39 37.27 30.4380
16.374 27.4032
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Chapter F. Data of Mechanical Properties F.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Tab. F.38: Nail withdrawal resistance of oil palm wood treated with acetoneSample Impregnation C B0 B1 R Withdrawal Position Nail WithdrawalCode Time (h) (%) (g) (g) (%) Thick side 1 Thick side 2 Width side 1 Width side 2 Top (kg)
MPZ3T1K11 24 10 77.219 86.944 12.594 30.39 33.37 41.27 32.40 32.56 33.9980MPZ3T1K12 24 70.315 79.142 12.554 38.96 41.42 40.47 18.90 23.18 32.5860MPZ3T1K13 24 72.371 80.739 11.563 32.55 28.51 30.34 27.81 15.32 26.9060
12.237 31.1633MPZ5T1K11 24 70.386 78.497 11.524 47.12 36.73 26.83 35.66 30.05 35.2780MPZ5T1K12 24 81.447 90.446 11.049 17.93 39.31 42.21 27.74 27.14 30.8668MPZ5T1K13 24 71.199 78.990 10.943 39.66 34.20 36.85 36.99 27.86 35.1120
11.172 33.7523MPZ7T1K11 24 55.289 63.350 14.580 25.29 17.51 28.63 23.63 15.29 22.0700MPZ7T1K12 24 52.206 64.901 24.317 23.42 29.67 16.89 12.39 20.17 20.5080MPZ7T1K13 24 59.666 69.170 15.929 20.40 28.71 20.21 19.97 21.31 22.1200
18.275 21.5660MPZ3T1K21 24 20 73.421 106.028 44.411 69.40 62.77 51.36 57.96 45.33 57.3640MPZ3T1K22 24 78.288 111.413 42.312 67.25 78.69 56.91 46.69 17.63 53.4340MPZ3T1K23 24 97.960 108.164 10.416 88.13 58.60 73.28 70.46 63.92 70.8780
32.380 60.5587MPZ5T1K21 24 66.416 117.530 76.960 41.66 37.40 43.52 37.48 27.39 37.4900MPZ5T1K22 24 63.921 130.905 104.792 34.04 41.20 35.35 34.15 30.22 34.9920MPZ5T1K23 24 80.858 118.431 46.468 38.71 34.47 38.60 31.92 43.43 37.4260
76.073 36.6360MPZ7T1K21 24 47.897 85.146 77.769 26.14 43.67 28.72 22.09 24.46 29.0160MPZ7T1K22 24 50.883 85.303 67.645 52.08 47.27 38.71 21.81 40.15 40.0040MPZ7T1K23 24 47.231 104.486 121.223 35.66 37.80 16.06 26.47 47.77 32.7520
88.879 33.9240MPZ3T2K11 48 10 85.581 101.037 18.060 63.95 49.62 57.47 38.40 43.66 50.6200MPZ3T2K12 48 70.477 87.511 24.170 57.88 31.83 36.67 39.98 18.04 36.8800MPZ3T2K13 48 77.466 92.757 19.739 37.95 46.17 71.61 39.10 21.64 43.2940
20.656 43.5980MPZ5T2K11 48 68.500 85.538 24.873 34.71 46.78 12.78 31.36 28.50 30.8260MPZ5T2K12 48 86.342 105.636 22.346 48.68 49.00 33.59 43.66 36.50 42.2860MPZ5T2K13 48 63.117 77.105 22.162 32.71 26.39 33.30 28.18 11.29 26.3740
23.127 33.1620MPZ7T2K11 48 49.990 76.190 52.410 37.09 358.71 28.84 21.59 30.36 95.3180MPZ7T2K12 48 58.945 84.987 44.180 34.55 38.09 31.71 44.94 40.52 37.9620MPZ7T2K13 48 50.231 79.373 58.016 17.87 29.65 28.73 23.36 25.89 25.1000
51.536 52.7933MPZ3T2K21 48 20 76.959 97.641 26.874 39.55 53.46 49.83 49.91 34.28 45.4060MPZ3T2K22 48 84.869 103.450 21.894 47.23 50.30 55.47 47.03 44.52 48.9100MPZ3T2K23 48 68.639 87.084 26.872 29.96 43.73 34.94 35.56 19.73 32.7840
25.213 42.3667MPZ5T2K21 48 61.944 77.017 24.333 37.65 38.31 37.29 32.10 41.05 37.2800MPZ5T2K22 48 67.051 87.500 30.498 36.97 27.12 44.70 37.65 30.76 35.4400MPZ5T2K23 48 83.444 99.251 18.943 49.27 53.82 3.60 17.17 4.37 25.6460
24.591 32.7887MPZ7T2K21 48 58.018 76.958 32.645 17.11 39.41 29.43 28.92 30.93 29.1600MPZ7T2K22 48 54.135 82.061 51.586 29.07 32.64 29.47 27.57 22.68 28.2860MPZ7T2K23 48 56.510 79.279 40.292 31.04 35.74 9.23 3.66 1.80 16.2940
41.508 24.5800
299
G Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties
G.1 Static Bending Strength
MOE of Untreated Wood (MOE-UW)
Tab. G.1: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-UWWood Zoning Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NInner Zone 1 meter 10,175.00580 1,371.812053 5
3 meter 13,010.45240 3,768.617474 55 meter 11,149.18080 2,690.937979 57 mater 9,458.44500 1,801.517179 59 meter 9,457.81340 3,185.453446 5Total 10,650.17948 2,823.344106 25
Central Zone 1 meter 53,509.09100 23,365.184797 53 meter 30,924.16460 9,714.102507 55 meter 18,550.75000 2,133.217481 57 mater 15,554.73700 4,680.815427 59 meter 12,946.14520 4,048.529699 5Total 26,296.97756 18,608.197055 25
Peripheral Zone 1 meter 70,022.52060 19,415.022502 53 meter 65,774.34660 8,239.470208 55 meter 69,237.48840 17,515.897188 57 mater 34,178.92080 6,247.114528 59 meter 40,353.15460 6,532.486599 5Total 55,913.28620 19,658.630745 25
Total 1 meter 44,568.87247 30,767.325184 153 meter 36,569.65453 23,762.107501 155 meter 32,979.13973 28,374.234540 157 mater 19,730.70093 11,696.374954 159 meter 20,919.03773 14,975.938404 15Total 30,953.48108 24,439.452650 75
Note:
Tab. G.2: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UWF df1 df2 Sig.
6.365 14 60 1.400E-07Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.3: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UWSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 37986412969,331(a) 14 2,713,315,212.095 26.204 2.213E-20Intercept 71,858,849,322.744 1 71,858,849,322.744 693.974 1.128E-34WZ 26,422,473,813.018 2 13,211,236,906.509 127.587 2.444E-22H 6,714,966,410.216 4 1,678,741,602.554 16.212 4.705E-09WZ * H 4,848,972,746.097 8 606,121,593.262 5.854 1.588E-05Error 6,212,813,620.700 60 103,546,893.678Total 116,058,075,912.775 75Corrected Total 44,199,226,590.032 74Note: a. R Squared = ,859 (Adjusted R Squared = ,827)
Tab. G.4: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOE-UW
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 25 10,650.17948Central Zone 25 26,296.97756Peripheral Zone 25 55,913.28620Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.5: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 15 19,730.700939 meter 15 20,919.037735 meter 15 32,979.139733 meter 15 36,569.654531 meter 15 44,568.87247Sig. 0.750 0.338 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
301
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of UW at IZ
Tab. G.6: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.957 4 20 0.140Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.7: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 44438242,700(a) 4 11,109,560.675 1.513 0.236Intercept 2,835,658,073.905 1 2,835,658,073.905 386.139 0.000HIZ 44,438,242.700 4 11,109,560.675 1.513 0.236Error 146,872,283.927 20 7,343,614.196Total 3,026,968,600.532 25Corrected Total 191,310,526.627 24Note: a. R Squared = ,232 (Adjusted R Squared = ,079)
Tab. G.8: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
9 meter 5 9,457.813407 mater 5 9,458.445001 meter 5 10,175.005805 meter 5 11,149.180803 meter 5 13,010.45240Sig. 0.076Note: Alpha = ,05.
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of UW at CZ
Tab. G.9: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
5.999 4 20 0.002Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.10: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 5577772380,698(a) 4 1,394,443,095.175 10.206 1.139E-04Intercept 17,288,275,719.779 1 17,288,275,719.779 126.534 4.224E-10HCZ 5,577,772,380.698 4 1,394,443,095.175 10.206 1.139E-04Error 2,732,587,562.983 20 136,629,378.149Total 25,598,635,663.460 25Corrected Total 8,310,359,943.681 24Note: a. R Squared = ,671 (Adjusted R Squared = ,605)
Tab. G.11: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
9 meter 5 12,946.145207 mater 5 15,554.73700 15,554.737005 meter 5 18,550.75000 18,550.750003 meter 5 30,924.164601 meter 5 53,509.09100Sig. 0.483 0.062 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
303
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of UW at PZ
Tab. G.12: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
4.345 4 20 0.011Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.13: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 5941728532,916(a) 4 1,485,432,133.229 8.913 2.662E-04Intercept 78,157,389,342.078 1 78,157,389,342.078 468.941 2.355E-15HPZ 5,941,728,532.916 4 1,485,432,133.229 8.913 2.662E-04Error 3,333,353,773.790 20 166,667,688.690Total 87,432,471,648.784 25Corrected Total 9,275,082,306.706 24Note: a. R Squared = ,641 (Adjusted R Squared = ,569)
Tab. G.14: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 5 34,178.920809 meter 5 40,353.154603 meter 5 65,774.346605 meter 5 69,237.488401 meter 5 70,022.52060Sig. 0.458 0.629Note: Alpha = ,05.
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of Untreated Wood (MOR-UW
Tab. G.15: Descriptive statistics of modulus of rupture for MOR-UWWood Zoning Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NInner Zone 1 meter 79.66360 11.100411 5
3 meter 92.34740 21.160338 55 meter 92.51200 25.252872 57 mater 80.07160 18.695603 59 meter 76.82980 27.127999 5Total 84.28488 20.729851 25
Central Zone 1 meter 366.23780 215.738452 53 meter 216.92940 64.559872 55 meter 145.44740 18.161692 57 mater 119.76560 27.012279 59 meter 94.26880 24.966609 5Total 188.52980 136.756729 25
Peripheral Zone 1 meter 494.21940 133.617762 53 meter 496.13540 58.167722 55 meter 547.39920 194.029828 57 mater 264.01940 47.371808 59 meter 283.40700 44.367483 5Total 417.03608 158.743246 25
Total 1 meter 313.37360 224.989044 153 meter 268.47073 181.173274 155 meter 261.78620 235.019270 157 mater 154.61887 87.421686 159 meter 151.50187 101.616739 15Total 229.95025 184.256585 75
Note:
Tab. G.16: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UWF df1 df2 Sig.
7.848 14 60 4.389E-09Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.17: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UWSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 2041194,721(a) 14 145,799.623 18.568 9.126E-17Intercept 3,965,783.926 1 3,965,783.926 505.044 6.557E-31WZ 1,448,379.037 2 724,189.519 92.226 4.998E-19H 319,286.653 4 79,821.663 10.165 2.380E-06WZ * H 273,529.031 8 34,191.129 4.354 3.480E-04Error 471,141.461 60 7,852.358Total 6,478,120.107 75Corrected Total 2,512,336.182 74Note: a. R Squared = ,812 (Adjusted R Squared = ,769)
305
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.18: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOR-UW
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 25 84.28488Central Zone 25 188.52980Peripheral Zone 25 417.03608Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.19: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
9 meter 15 151.501877 mater 15 154.618875 meter 15 261.786203 meter 15 268.470731 meter 15 313.37360Sig. 0.924 0.137Note: Alpha = ,05.
306
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of UW at IZ
Tab. G.20: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.080 4 20 0.393Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.21: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 1136,880(a) 4 284.220 0.619 0.654Intercept 177,598.525 1 177,598.525 387.070 0.000HIZ 1,136.880 4 284.220 0.619 0.654Error 9,176.562 20 458.828Total 187,911.966 25Corrected Total 10,313.442 24Note: a. R Squared = ,110 (Adjusted R Squared = -,068)
Tab. G.22: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
9 meter 5 76.829801 meter 5 79.663607 mater 5 80.071603 meter 5 92.347405 meter 5 92.51200Sig. 0.311Note: Alpha = ,05.
307
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of UW at CZ
Tab. G.23: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
8.154 4 20 4.532E-04Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.24: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 239282,075(a) 4 59,820.519 5.709 3.117E-03Intercept 888,587.137 1 888,587.137 84.799 1.242E-08HCZ 239,282.075 4 59,820.519 5.709 3.117E-03Error 209,575.594 20 10,478.780Total 1,337,444.807 25Corrected Total 448,857.669 24Note: a. R Squared = ,533 (Adjusted R Squared = ,440)
Tab. G.25: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
9 meter 5 94.268807 mater 5 119.765605 meter 5 145.447403 meter 5 216.929401 meter 5 366.23780Sig. 0.096 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
308
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of UW at PZ
Tab. G.26: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
5.746 4 20 0.003Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.27: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 352396,729(a) 4 88,099.182 6.981 1.094E-03Intercept 4,347,977.301 1 4,347,977.301 344.545 4.466E-14HPZ 352,396.729 4 88,099.182 6.981 1.094E-03Error 252,389.305 20 12,619.465Total 4,952,763.334 25Corrected Total 604,786.034 24Note: a. R Squared = ,583 (Adjusted R Squared = ,499)
Tab. G.28: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 5 264.01949 meter 5 283.40701 meter 5 494.21943 meter 5 496.13545 meter 5 547.3992Sig. 0.788 0.488Note: Alpha = ,05.
309
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Heat Technique (MOE-WBH)
Tab. G.29: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBHF df1 df2 Sig.
3.944 44 180 4.070E-11Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.30: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBHSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 137700474676,967(a) 44 3,129,556,242.658 29.307 1.311E-61Intercept 303,182,753,315.509 1 303,182,753,315.509 2,839.183 3.727E-112ITRES 3,871,390,210.602 2 1,935,695,105.301 18.127 6.726E-08WZ 102,081,794,056.244 2 51,040,897,028.122 477.977 9.819E-73H 14,691,166,666.311 4 3,672,791,666.578 34.394 2.571E-21ITRES * WZ 1,536,535,233.547 4 384,133,808.387 3.597 7.558E-03ITRES * H 1,102,349,100.818 8 137,793,637.602 1.290 2.510E-01WZ * H 11,268,966,450.204 8 1,408,620,806.275 13.191 6.411E-15ITRES * WZ * H 3,148,272,959.241 16 196,767,059.953 1.843 2.876E-02Error 19,221,339,075.906 180 106,785,217.088Total 460,104,567,068.384 225Corrected Total 156,921,813,752.872 224Note: a. R Squared = ,878 (Adjusted R Squared = ,848)
Tab. G.31: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOE-WBH
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 75 13,108.59217Central Zone 75 32,295.22787Peripheral Zone 75 64,720.24696Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.32: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
9 meter 45 28,447.116697 mater 45 28,499.348533 meter 45 36,813.935445 meter 45 39,553.682841 meter 45 50,226.02816Sig. 0.981 0.210 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
310
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.33: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 75 30,953.48108300 seconds 75 38,598.77925150 seconds 75 40,571.80667Sig. 1.000 0.244Note: Alpha = ,05.
311
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of WBH at IZ
Tab. G.34: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-WBH at IZImpregnation Time Height at IZ Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 10,175.00580 1,371.812053 5
3 meter 13,010.45240 3,768.617474 55 meter 11,149.18080 2,690.937979 57 mater 9,458.44500 1,801.517179 59 meter 9,457.81340 3,185.453446 5Total 10,650.17948 2,823.344106 25
150 seconds 1 meter 14,335.56000 1,928.640072 53 meter 15,702.33320 2,671.827346 55 meter 12,532.10500 2,518.402142 57 mater 11,216.95980 2,557.631089 59 meter 11,962.17540 1,479.211924 5Total 13,149.82668 2,669.015479 25
300 seconds 1 meter 19,592.82860 3,954.433690 53 meter 18,589.55740 6,738.656680 55 meter 14,516.54560 3,047.643284 57 mater 12,591.54260 791.226929 59 meter 12,338.37760 2,546.175276 5Total 15,525.77036 4,736.182266 25
Total 1 meter 14,701.13147 4,688.108445 153 meter 15,767.44767 4,963.080569 155 meter 12,732.61047 2,929.357403 157 mater 11,088.98247 2,176.424195 159 meter 11,252.78880 2,669.819494 15Total 13,108.59217 4,023.307439 75
Note:
Tab. G.35: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.607 14 60 2.515E-04Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.36: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 637468216,623(a) 14 45,533,444.044 4.875 6.699E-06Intercept 12,887,639,157.508 1 12,887,639,157.508 1,379.907 4.116E-43ITRESIZ 297,206,091.034 2 148,603,045.517 15.911 2.858E-06HIZ 259,048,285.601 4 64,762,071.400 6.934 1.174E-04ITRESIZ * HIZ 81,213,839.987 8 10,151,729.998 1.087 3.847E-01Error 560,369,987.034 60 9,339,499.784Total 14,085,477,361.165 75Corrected Total 1,197,838,203.657 74Note: a. R Squared = ,532 (Adjusted R Squared = ,423)
312
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.37: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 15 11,088.982479 meter 15 11,252.788805 meter 15 12,732.61047 12,732.610471 meter 15 14,701.13147 14,701.131473 meter 15 15,767.44767Sig. 0.170 0.083 0.343Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.38: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2 3
Control 25 10,650.17948150 seconds 25 13,149.82668300 seconds 25 15,525.77036Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
313
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of WBH at CZ
Tab. G.39: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-WBH at CZImpregnation Time Height at CZ Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 53,509.09100 23,365.184797 5
3 meter 30,924.16460 9,714.102507 55 meter 18,550.75000 2,133.217481 57 mater 15,554.73700 4,680.815427 59 meter 12,946.14520 4,048.529699 5Total 26,296.97756 18,608.197055 25
150 seconds 1 meter 61,829.17160 14,106.922243 53 meter 38,897.16220 14,172.541833 55 meter 33,333.58040 12,005.250910 57 mater 23,730.27320 9,115.398742 59 meter 18,768.53040 1,731.189360 5Total 35,311.74356 18,438.041006 25
300 seconds 1 meter 63,250.15280 10,064.722103 53 meter 38,071.13700 5,680.558063 55 meter 27,629.15660 4,262.417255 57 mater 25,149.91560 3,460.845248 59 meter 22,284.45040 6,269.038547 5Total 35,276.96248 16,346.312429 25
Total 1 meter 59,529.47180 16,172.790959 153 meter 35,964.15460 10,358.540010 155 meter 26,504.49567 9,347.253690 157 mater 21,478.30860 7,251.185241 159 meter 17,999.70867 5,714.623010 15Total 32,295.22787 18,095.656746 75
Note:
Tab. G.40: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.929 14 60 9.728E-05Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.41: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 18166544629,490(a) 14 1,297,610,330.678 12.837 3.319E-13Intercept 78,223,630,721.994 1 78,223,630,721.994 773.858 5.477E-36ITRESCZ 1,349,227,874.348 2 674,613,937.174 6.674 2.415E-03HCZ 16,650,978,855.392 4 4,162,744,713.848 41.182 1.434E-16ITRESCZ * HCZ 166,337,899.751 8 20,792,237.469 0.206 9.888E-01Error 6,064,962,056.378 60 101,082,700.940Total 102,455,137,407.863 75Corrected Total 24,231,506,685.868 74Note: a. R Squared = ,750 (Adjusted R Squared = ,691)
314
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.42: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3 4
9 meter 15 17,999.708677 mater 15 21,478.30860 21,478.308605 meter 15 26,504.495673 meter 15 35,964.154601 meter 15 59,529.47180Sig. 0.347 0.176 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.43: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 26,296.97756300 seconds 25 35,276.96248150 seconds 25 35,311.74356Sig. 1.000 0.990Note: Alpha = ,05.
315
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of WBH at PZ
Tab. G.44: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOE-WBH at PZImpregnation Time Height at PZ Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 70,022.52060 19,415.022502 5
3 meter 65,774.34660 8,239.470208 55 meter 69,237.48840 17,515.897188 57 mater 34,178.92080 6,247.114528 59 meter 40,353.15460 6,532.486599 5Total 55,913.28620 19,658.630745 25
150 seconds 1 meter 88,138.88080 15,895.654441 53 meter 60,354.70180 17,904.684734 55 meter 80,277.59600 11,336.994740 57 mater 68,645.78780 21,076.170181 59 meter 68,852.28240 12,193.529604 5Total 73,253.84976 17,757.771255 25
300 seconds 1 meter 71,181.04220 26,830.972354 53 meter 50,001.56380 4,040.488433 55 meter 88,756.74280 12,217.234919 57 mater 55,967.55500 8,772.461294 59 meter 59,061.12080 7,652.166702 5Total 64,993.60492 19,155.045530 25
Total 1 meter 76,447.48120 21,425.261526 153 meter 58,710.20407 12,709.397803 155 meter 79,423.94240 15,344.492722 157 mater 52,930.75453 19,419.850570 159 meter 56,088.85260 14,871.841448 15Total 64,720.24696 19,935.936182 75
Note:
Tab. G.45: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.827 14 60 0.055Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.46: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 16814667774,609(a) 14 1,201,047,698.186 5.721 7.084E-07Intercept 314,153,277,492.253 1 314,153,277,492.253 1,496.442 3.980E-44ITRESPZ 3,761,491,478.766 2 1,880,745,739.383 8.959 3.940E-04HPZ 9,050,105,975.521 4 2,262,526,493.880 10.777 1.195E-06ITRESPZ * HPZ 4,003,070,320.322 8 500,383,790.040 2.384 2.661E-02Error 12,596,007,032.493 60 209,933,450.542Total 343,563,952,299.356 75Corrected Total 29,410,674,807.102 74Note: a. R Squared = ,572 (Adjusted R Squared = ,472)
316
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.47: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 15 52,930.754539 meter 15 56,088.852603 meter 15 58,710.204071 meter 15 76,447.481205 meter 15 79,423.94240Sig. 0.309 0.576Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.48: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2 3
Control 25 55,913.28620300 seconds 25 64,993.60492150 seconds 25 73,253.84976Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
317
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Heat Technique (MOR-WBH)
Tab. G.49: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBHF df1 df2 Sig.
4.939 44 180 1.015E-14Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.50: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBHSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 6422971,825(a) 44 145,976.632 22.387 7.225E-53Intercept 15,356,829.896 1 15,356,829.896 2,355.081 2.540E-105ITRES 110,677.700 2 55,338.850 8.487 3.005E-04WZ 5,021,680.367 2 2,510,840.183 385.055 9.437E-66H 434,907.794 4 108,726.949 16.674 1.212E-11ITRES * WZ 21,399.180 4 5,349.795 0.820 5.137E-01ITRES * H 115,105.996 8 14,388.250 2.207 2.892E-02WZ * H 474,775.234 8 59,346.904 9.101 1.779E-10ITRES * WZ * H 244,425.553 16 15,276.597 2.343 3.566E-03Error 1,173,730.249 180 6,520.724Total 22,953,531.970 225Corrected Total 7,596,702.074 224Note: a. R Squared = ,845 (Adjusted R Squared = ,808)
Tab. G.51: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOR-WBH
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 75 100.88615Central Zone 75 222.31315Peripheral Zone 75 460.55653Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.52: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 45 216.176079 meter 45 217.754383 meter 45 255.761765 meter 45 282.920201 meter 45 333.64731Sig. 0.926 0.112 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.53: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 75 229.95025150 seconds 75 275.16943300 seconds 75 278.63615Sig. 1.000 0.793Note: Alpha = ,05.
319
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of WBH at IZ
Tab. G.54: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBH at IZImpregnation Time Height at IZ Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 79.66360 11.100411 5
3 meter 92.34740 21.160338 55 meter 92.51200 25.252872 57 mater 80.07160 18.695603 59 meter 76.82980 27.127999 5Total 84.28488 20.729851 25
150 seconds 1 meter 104.53220 8.463878 53 meter 105.26720 14.648256 55 meter 105.78620 19.603831 57 mater 94.30620 15.747680 59 meter 96.49300 9.072739 5Total 101.27696 13.836756 25
300 seconds 1 meter 143.80660 27.759999 53 meter 131.46880 35.254574 55 meter 111.35140 27.153707 57 mater 93.18240 10.407056 59 meter 105.67380 26.112144 5Total 117.09660 30.578256 25
Total 1 meter 109.33413 31.982859 153 meter 109.69447 28.777571 155 meter 103.21653 23.865992 157 mater 89.18673 15.697104 159 meter 92.99887 24.159967 15Total 100.88615 26.204094 75
Note:
Tab. G.55: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.022 14 60 0.031Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.56: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 23468,672(a) 14 1,676.334 3.678 2.033E-04Intercept 763,351.094 1 763,351.094 1,675.010 1.527E-45ITRESIZ 13,463.340 2 6,731.670 14.771 6.077E-06HIZ 5,302.067 4 1,325.517 2.909 2.882E-02ITRESIZ * HIZ 4,703.265 8 587.908 1.290 2.660E-01Error 27,343.763 60 455.729Total 814,163.528 75Corrected Total 50,812.434 74Note: a. R Squared = ,462 (Adjusted R Squared = ,336)
320
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.57: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 15 89.186739 meter 15 92.99887 92.998875 meter 15 103.21653 103.216531 meter 15 109.334133 meter 15 109.69447Sig. 0.094 0.053Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.58: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2 3
Control 25 84.28488150 seconds 25 101.27696300 seconds 25 117.09660Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
321
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of WBH at CZ
Tab. G.59: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBH at CZImpregnation Time Height at CZ Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 366.23780 215.738452 5
3 meter 216.92940 64.559872 55 meter 145.44740 18.161692 57 mater 119.76560 27.012279 59 meter 94.26880 24.966609 5Total 188.52980 136.756729 25
150 seconds 1 meter 388.12800 107.440156 53 meter 248.72400 60.340023 55 meter 215.08520 52.328715 57 mater 166.27120 35.909417 59 meter 150.66160 18.205857 5Total 233.77400 103.578736 25
300 seconds 1 meter 420.85680 104.739704 53 meter 252.38620 46.045379 55 meter 191.67480 13.803213 57 mater 192.58720 21.406019 59 meter 165.67320 21.993323 5Total 244.63564 106.302785 25
Total 1 meter 391.74087 142.373621 153 meter 239.34653 55.753781 155 meter 184.06913 42.755187 157 mater 159.54133 40.976139 159 meter 136.86787 37.727820 15Total 222.31315 117.509271 75
Note:
Tab. G.60: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
6.692 14 60 6.325E-08Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.61: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 677181,840(a) 14 48,370.131 8.421 1.263E-09Intercept 3,706,735.139 1 3,706,735.139 645.319 8.369E-34ITRESCZ 44,273.984 2 22,136.992 3.854 2.663E-02HCZ 625,495.343 4 156,373.836 27.224 6.675E-13ITRESCZ * HCZ 7,412.513 8 926.564 0.161 9.951E-01Error 344,641.892 60 5,744.032Total 4,728,558.870 75Corrected Total 1,021,823.732 74Note: a. R Squared = ,663 (Adjusted R Squared = ,584)
322
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.62: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3 4
9 meter 15 136.867877 mater 15 159.541335 meter 15 184.06913 184.069133 meter 15 239.346531 meter 15 391.74087Sig. 0.112 0.050 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.63: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 188.52980150 seconds 25 233.77400300 seconds 25 244.63564Sig. 1.000 0.614Note: Alpha = ,05.
323
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of WBH at PZ
Tab. G.64: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBH at PZImpregnation Time Height at PZ Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 494.21940 133.617762 5
3 meter 496.13540 58.167722 55 meter 547.39920 194.029828 57 mater 264.01940 47.371808 59 meter 283.40700 44.367483 5Total 417.03608 158.743246 25
150 seconds 1 meter 524.30180 118.874814 53 meter 401.39640 112.801727 55 meter 497.45380 51.564323 57 mater 519.14300 183.626076 59 meter 509.99160 116.390853 5Total 490.45732 122.265473 25
300 seconds 1 meter 481.07960 159.085719 53 meter 357.20100 29.050030 55 meter 639.57180 102.716481 57 mater 416.23800 77.769293 59 meter 476.79060 133.447432 5Total 474.17620 139.117404 25
Total 1 meter 499.86693 129.306497 153 meter 418.24427 91.882017 155 meter 561.47493 135.068310 157 mater 399.80013 154.177403 159 meter 423.39640 142.183883 15Total 460.55653 142.486867 75
Note:
Tab. G.65: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.983 14 60 0.035Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.66: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 700640,946(a) 14 50,045.782 3.745 1.668E-04Intercept 15,908,424.030 1 15,908,424.030 1,190.536 2.838E-41ITRESPZ 74,339.556 2 37,169.778 2.782 6.994E-02HPZ 278,885.619 4 69,721.405 5.218 1.128E-03ITRESPZ * HPZ 347,415.772 8 43,426.971 3.250 3.869E-03Error 801,744.595 60 13,362.410Total 17,410,809.571 75Corrected Total 1,502,385.541 74Note: a. R Squared = ,466 (Adjusted R Squared = ,342)
324
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
.
Tab. G.67: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 15 399.800133 meter 15 418.24427 418.244279 meter 15 423.39640 423.396401 meter 15 499.86693 499.866935 meter 15 561.47493Sig. 0.603 0.072 0.150Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.68: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 417.03608300 seconds 25 474.17620 474.17620150 seconds 25 490.45732Sig. 0.086 0.620Note: Alpha = ,05.
325
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Chemical Technique (MOE-WBC)
Tab. G.69: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBCF df1 df2 Sig.
4.675 44 90 3.079E-10Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.70: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 59307686911,785(a) 44 1,347,901,975.268 10.966 1.856E-21Intercept 127,489,954,196.580 1 127,489,954,196.580 1,037.245 3.478E-51WZ 47,955,814,983.622 2 23,977,907,491.811 195.082 1.898E-33H 2,474,295,874.076 2 1,237,147,937.038 10.065 1.135E-04ITACE 130,966,180.708 1 130,966,180.708 1.066 3.047E-01CACE 57,540,187.756 1 57,540,187.756 0.468 4.956E-01WZ * H 546,903,939.950 4 136,725,984.987 1.112 3.557E-01WZ * ITACE 201,179,480.136 2 100,589,740.068 0.818 4.444E-01H * ITACE 306,118,754.601 2 153,059,377.301 1.245 2.928E-01WZ * H * ITACE 13,556,645.948 4 3,389,161.487 0.028 9.985E-01WZ * CACE 4,908,037.631 2 2,454,018.816 0.020 9.802E-01H * CACE 22,472,789.345 2 11,236,394.673 0.091 9.127E-01WZ * H * CACE 131,106,064.988 4 32,776,516.247 0.267 8.987E-01ITACE * CACE 1,526,424,859.121 1 1,526,424,859.121 12.419 6.703E-04WZ * ITACE * CACE 386,449,130.282 2 193,224,565.141 1.572 2.133E-01H * ITACE * CACE 596,857,201.471 2 298,428,600.735 2.428 9.397E-02WZ * H * ITACE * CACE 1,093,884,126.799 4 273,471,031.700 2.225 7.251E-02Error 11,062,084,118.639 90 122,912,045.763Total 206,767,134,493.156 135Corrected Total 70,369,771,030.424 134Note: a. R Squared = ,843 (Adjusted R Squared = ,766)
Tab. G.71: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOE-WBC
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 45 12,217.40153Central Zone 45 25,112.27544Peripheral Zone 45 58,028.37231Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
326
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.72: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 45 26,401.554045 meter 45 32,540.978093 meter 45 36,415.51716Sig. 1.000 0.101Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.73: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 27 29,948.3411524 hours 54 31,144.2314448 hours 54 33,346.63906Sig. 0.197Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.74: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBCBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 27 29,948.3411520% 54 31,515.5177810% 54 32,975.35272Sig. 0.251Note: Alpha = ,05.
327
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of WBC at IZ
Tab. G.75: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at IZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 13,757.46467 2,171.927683 3
Total 13,757.46467 2,171.927683 324 hours 10% 15,851.17700 4,925.140408 3
20% 9,076.75867 6,711.184521 3Total 12,463.96783 6,441.011210 6
48 hours 10% 16,886.50833 3,968.796660 320% 17,553.16700 2,665.192138 3Total 17,219.83767 3,045.516140 6
Total 0% 13,757.46467 2,171.927683 310% 16,368.84267 4,040.410286 620% 13,314.96283 6,512.460994 6Total 14,625.01513 4,883.798415 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 12,521.65933 2,596.423779 3Total 12,521.65933 2,596.423779 3
24 hours 10% 12,300.53233 3,619.019083 320% 9,954.36933 804.288042 3Total 11,127.45083 2,673.764312 6
48 hours 10% 12,622.51467 2,857.097333 320% 14,490.47300 4,003.932582 3Total 13,556.49383 3,274.839388 6
Total 0% 12,521.65933 2,596.423779 310% 12,461.52350 2,921.510483 620% 12,222.42117 3,583.882405 6Total 12,377.90973 2,935.363393 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 8,736.08667 2,114.128855 3Total 8,736.08667 2,114.128855 3
24 hours 10% 11,274.19333 1,745.696765 320% 10,186.20967 2,780.724336 3Total 10,730.20150 2,160.339452 6
48 hours 10% 8,311.06567 413.404816 320% 9,738.84333 3,658.538845 3Total 9,024.95450 2,456.397511 6
Total 0% 8,736.08667 2,114.128855 310% 9,792.62950 1,980.247956 620% 9,962.52650 2,916.671856 6Total 9,649.27973 2,303.640999 15
Total 0 hours 0% 11,671.73689 3,019.281092 9Total 11,671.73689 3,019.281092 9
24 hours 10% 13,141.96756 3,798.235733 920% 9,739.11256 3,689.401061 9Total 11,440.54006 4,032.322339 18
48 hours 10% 12,606.69622 4,450.828050 920% 13,927.49444 4,556.053622 9Total 13,267.09533 4,421.805895 18
Total 0% 11,671.73689 3,019.281092 910% 12,874.33189 4,023.322007 1820% 11,833.30350 4,562.609426 18Total 12,217.40153 4,031.435382 45
Note:
328
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.76: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.993 14 30 0.055Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.77: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 374400367,262(a) 14 26,742,883.376 2.355 2.404E-02Intercept 6,297,848,570.478 1 6,297,848,570.478 554.537 6.685E-21HIZ 177,568,299.471 2 88,784,149.736 7.818 1.851E-03ITACEIZ 30,026,737.645 1 30,026,737.645 2.644 1.144E-01CACEIZ 9,753,660.958 1 9,753,660.958 0.859 3.615E-01HIZ * ITACEIZ 64,252,507.650 2 32,126,253.825 2.829 7.491E-02HIZ * CACEIZ 18,482,989.900 2 9,241,494.950 0.814 4.527E-01ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 50,204,024.469 1 50,204,024.469 4.421 4.401E-02HIZ * ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 9,389,100.995 2 4,694,550.498 0.413 6.651E-01Error 340,708,367.236 30 11,356,945.575Total 7,432,029,244.700 45Corrected Total 715,108,734.498 44Note: a. R Squared = ,524 (Adjusted R Squared = ,301)
Tab. G.78: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 9,649.279735 meter 15 12,377.909733 meter 15 14,625.01513Sig. 1.000 0.078Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.79: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
24 hours 18 11,440.540060 hours 9 11,671.7368948 hours 18 13,267.09533Sig. 0.193Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.80: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC at IZBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 9 11,671.7368920% 18 11,833.3035010% 18 12,874.33189Sig. 0.390Note: Alpha = ,05.
329
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of WBC at CZ
Tab. G.81: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at CZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 25,919.91733 2,940.264910 3
Total 25,919.91733 2,940.264910 324 hours 10% 32,284.29600 17,622.525511 3
20% 25,345.73400 3,683.185721 3Total 28,815.01500 12,003.782644 6
48 hours 10% 29,565.48500 692.336872 320% 36,620.85433 2,421.906535 3Total 33,093.16967 4,179.887029 6
Total 0% 25,919.91733 2,940.264910 310% 30,924.89050 11,253.029560 620% 30,983.29417 6,775.772789 6Total 29,947.25733 8,197.701800 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 18,971.13767 2,192.248228 3Total 18,971.13767 2,192.248228 3
24 hours 10% 33,522.71267 10,795.716081 320% 23,206.74533 1,212.282567 3Total 28,364.72900 8,895.650651 6
48 hours 10% 23,440.07300 8,337.057650 320% 30,710.25967 5,988.965107 3Total 27,075.16633 7,616.191803 6
Total 0% 18,971.13767 2,192.248228 310% 28,481.39283 10,243.021682 620% 26,958.50250 5,641.431648 6Total 25,970.18567 7,946.228818 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 16,291.89833 6,318.755550 3Total 16,291.89833 6,318.755550 3
24 hours 10% 30,836.31400 13,219.945549 320% 15,365.57933 2,014.589031 3Total 23,100.94667 11,972.188649 6
48 hours 10% 14,236.39967 1,818.429278 320% 20,366.72533 6,641.469789 3Total 17,301.56250 5,499.144500 6
Total 0% 16,291.89833 6,318.755550 310% 22,536.35683 12,405.507039 620% 17,866.15233 5,174.023035 6Total 19,419.38333 8,804.628365 15
Total 0 hours 0% 20,394.31778 5,644.889011 9Total 20,394.31778 5,644.889011 9
24 hours 10% 32,214.44089 12,321.641370 920% 21,306.01956 5,047.904937 9Total 26,760.23022 10,720.801590 18
48 hours 10% 22,413.98589 7,935.633430 920% 29,232.61311 8,498.569379 9Total 25,823.29950 8,713.820067 18
Total 0% 20,394.31778 5,644.889011 910% 27,314.21339 11,247.475857 1820% 25,269.31633 7,912.741736 18Total 25,112.27544 9,241.654806 45
Note:
330
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.82: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
5.040 14 30 1.010E-04Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.83: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 2091010698,125(a) 14 149,357,907.009 2.688 1.128E-02Intercept 25,713,960,694.256 1 25,713,960,694.256 462.773 8.702E-20HCZ 779,311,913.044 2 389,655,956.522 7.013 3.172E-03ITACECZ 7,900,552.604 1 7,900,552.604 0.142 7.088E-01CACECZ 37,634,435.710 1 37,634,435.710 0.677 4.170E-01HCZ * ITACECZ 152,894,755.203 2 76,447,377.602 1.376 2.681E-01HCZ * CACECZ 34,765,812.372 2 17,382,906.186 0.313 7.337E-01ITACECZ * CACECZ 707,058,563.605 1 707,058,563.605 12.725 1.235E-03HCZ * ITACECZ * CACECZ 21,722,987.044 2 10,861,493.522 0.195 8.235E-01Error 1,666,949,378.217 30 55,564,979.274Total 32,136,147,086.236 45Corrected Total 3,757,960,076.342 44Note: a. R Squared = ,556 (Adjusted R Squared = ,349)
Tab. G.84: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 19,419.383335 meter 15 25,970.185673 meter 15 29,947.25733Sig. 1.000 0.154Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.85: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
0 hours 9 20,394.3177848 hours 18 25,823.29950 25,823.2995024 hours 18 26,760.23022Sig. 0.068 0.746Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.86: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC at CZBioresin Concentration N Subset
1 20% 9 20,394.3177820% 18 25,269.31633 25,269.3163310% 18 27,314.21339Sig. 0.100 0.482Note: Alpha = ,05.
331
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOE of WBC at PZ
Tab. G.87: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 64,003.91567 11,124.335241 3
Total 64,003.91567 11,124.335241 324 hours 10% 63,307.25833 11,512.934005 3
20% 57,030.82367 6,781.040922 3Total 60,169.04100 9,123.056275 6
48 hours 10% 64,292.23233 23,522.822043 320% 74,737.16500 22,727.132382 3Total 69,514.69867 21,463.160690 6
Total 0% 64,003.91567 11,124.335241 310% 63,799.74533 16,572.247121 620% 65,883.99433 17,862.149421 6Total 64,674.27900 15,190.922889 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 74,145.19000 22,131.469822 3Total 74,145.19000 22,131.469822 3
24 hours 10% 53,375.03700 4,640.455915 320% 51,149.65167 5,967.197487 3Total 52,262.34433 4,933.782803 6
48 hours 10% 63,579.29700 19,954.219052 320% 54,125.01867 14,586.585720 3Total 58,852.15783 16,467.870233 6
Total 0% 74,145.19000 22,131.469822 310% 58,477.16700 14,110.986935 620% 52,637.33517 10,099.812580 6Total 59,274.83887 15,622.267049 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 35,187.80067 5,851.598113 3Total 35,187.80067 5,851.598113 3
24 hours 10% 67,950.98833 30,248.704293 320% 38,577.78533 9,630.966189 3Total 53,264.38683 25,728.026835 6
48 hours 10% 39,920.26433 9,074.016609 320% 69,043.15667 29,544.632509 3Total 54,481.71050 25,229.587637 6
Total 0% 35,187.80067 5,851.598113 310% 53,935.62633 25,192.165487 620% 53,810.47100 25,781.737394 6Total 50,135.99907 22,995.617129 15
Total 0 hours 0% 57,778.96878 21,640.471620 9Total 57,778.96878 21,640.471620 9
24 hours 10% 61,544.42789 17,574.138635 920% 48,919.42022 10,499.080758 9Total 55,231.92406 15,472.759835 18
48 hours 10% 55,930.59789 20,068.366003 920% 65,968.44678 22,034.591633 9Total 60,949.52233 21,087.371724 18
Total 0% 57,778.96878 21,640.471620 910% 58,737.51289 18,525.872520 1820% 57,443.93350 18,902.292548 18Total 58,028.37231 18,872.068390 45
Note:
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.88: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOE-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.264 14 30 0.030Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.89: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOE-WBC at PZ
Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 6616392100,572(a) 14 472,599,435.755 1.566 1.476E-01Intercept 143,433,959,915.469 1 143,433,959,915.469 475.239 5.978E-20HPZ 2,064,319,601.510 2 1,032,159,800.755 3.420 4.593E-02ITACEPZ 294,218,370.594 1 294,218,370.594 0.975 3.314E-01CACEPZ 15,060,128.718 1 15,060,128.718 0.050 8.248E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ 102,528,137.696 2 51,264,068.848 0.170 8.446E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 100,330,052.061 2 50,165,026.031 0.166 8.476E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 1,155,611,401.330 1 1,155,611,401.330 3.829 5.974E-02HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 1,659,629,240.231 2 829,814,620.116 2.749 8.010E-02Error 9,054,426,373.187 30 301,814,212.440Total 167,198,958,162.220 45Corrected Total 15,670,818,473.759 44Note: a. R Squared = ,422 (Adjusted R Squared = ,153)
Tab. G.90: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOE-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 50,135.999075 meter 15 59,274.83887 59,274.838873 meter 15 64,674.27900Sig. 0.160 0.401Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.91: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOE-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
24 hours 18 55,231.924060 hours 9 57,778.9687848 hours 18 60,949.52233Sig. 0.427Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.92: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOE-WBC at PZBioresin Concentration N Subset
120% 18 57,443.933500% 9 57,778.9687810% 18 58,737.51289Sig. 0.857Note: Alpha = ,05.
333
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Chemical Technique (MOR-WBC)
Tab. G.93: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBCF df1 df2 Sig.
4.392 44 90 1.436E-09Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.94: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBCSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 3705347,639(a) 44 84,212.446 8.805 3.039E-18Intercept 7,520,795.237 1 7,520,795.237 786.380 2.927E-46WZ 2,959,785.784 2 1,479,892.892 154.739 7.478E-30H 117,220.429 2 58,610.215 6.128 3.197E-03ITACE 8,511.285 1 8,511.285 0.890 3.480E-01CACE 879.780 1 879.780 0.092 7.624E-01WZ * H 31,691.631 4 7,922.908 0.828 5.105E-01WZ * ITACE 6,713.800 2 3,356.900 0.351 7.049E-01H * ITACE 9,610.405 2 4,805.203 0.502 6.067E-01WZ * H * ITACE 6,465.839 4 1,616.460 0.169 9.537E-01WZ * CACE 1,563.477 2 781.739 0.082 9.216E-01H * CACE 5,598.853 2 2,799.427 0.293 7.469E-01WZ * H * CACE 4,636.207 4 1,159.052 0.121 9.746E-01ITACE * CACE 88,109.486 1 88,109.486 9.213 3.142E-03WZ * ITACE * CACE 58,052.742 2 29,026.371 3.035 5.302E-02H * ITACE * CACE 35,807.970 2 17,903.985 1.872 1.597E-01WZ * H * ITACE * CACE 84,817.410 4 21,204.353 2.217 7.335E-02Error 860,744.088 90 9,563.823Total 12,564,240.069 135Corrected Total 4,566,091.727 134Note: a. R Squared = ,811 (Adjusted R Squared = ,719)
Tab. G.95: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for MOR-WBC
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 45 101.12122Central Zone 45 177.07776Peripheral Zone 45 452.01324Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
334
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.96: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 45 209.189845 meter 45 243.63262 243.632623 meter 45 277.38976Sig. 0.098 0.105Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.97: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 27 235.5023324 hours 54 236.5021148 hours 54 254.25691Sig. 0.421Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.98: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBCBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 27 235.5023320% 54 242.5253710% 54 248.23365Sig. 0.585Note: Alpha = ,05.
335
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of WBC at IZ
Tab. G.99: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at IZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 13,757.46467 2,171.927683 3
Total 13,757.46467 2,171.927683 324 hours 10% 15,851.17700 4,925.140408 3
20% 9,076.75867 6,711.184521 3Total 12,463.96783 6,441.011210 6
48 hours 10% 16,886.50833 3,968.796660 320% 17,553.16700 2,665.192138 3Total 17,219.83767 3,045.516140 6
Total 0% 13,757.46467 2,171.927683 310% 16,368.84267 4,040.410286 620% 13,314.96283 6,512.460994 6Total 14,625.01513 4,883.798415 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 12,521.65933 2,596.423779 3Total 12,521.65933 2,596.423779 3
24 hours 10% 12,300.53233 3,619.019083 320% 9,954.36933 804.288042 3Total 11,127.45083 2,673.764312 6
48 hours 10% 12,622.51467 2,857.097333 320% 14,490.47300 4,003.932582 3Total 13,556.49383 3,274.839388 6
Total 0% 12,521.65933 2,596.423779 310% 12,461.52350 2,921.510483 620% 12,222.42117 3,583.882405 6Total 12,377.90973 2,935.363393 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 8,736.08667 2,114.128855 3Total 8,736.08667 2,114.128855 3
24 hours 10% 11,274.19333 1,745.696765 320% 10,186.20967 2,780.724336 3Total 10,730.20150 2,160.339452 6
48 hours 10% 8,311.06567 413.404816 320% 9,738.84333 3,658.538845 3Total 9,024.95450 2,456.397511 6
Total 0% 8,736.08667 2,114.128855 310% 9,792.62950 1,980.247956 620% 9,962.52650 2,916.671856 6Total 9,649.27973 2,303.640999 15
Total 0 hours 0% 11,671.73689 3,019.281092 9Total 11,671.73689 3,019.281092 9
24 hours 10% 13,141.96756 3,798.235733 920% 9,739.11256 3,689.401061 9Total 11,440.54006 4,032.322339 18
48 hours 10% 12,606.69622 4,450.828050 920% 13,927.49444 4,556.053622 9Total 13,267.09533 4,421.805895 18
Total 0% 11,671.73689 3,019.281092 910% 12,874.33189 4,023.322007 1820% 11,833.30350 4,562.609426 18Total 12,217.40153 4,031.435382 45
Note:
336
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.100: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.909 14 30 0.007Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.101: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 17869,730(a) 14 1,276.409 1.435 1.973E-01Intercept 425,815.249 1 425,815.249 478.839 5.373E-20HIZ 4,977.227 2 2,488.613 2.799 7.685E-02ITACEIZ 1,696.396 1 1,696.396 1.908 1.774E-01CACEIZ 324.096 1 324.096 0.364 5.506E-01HIZ * ITACEIZ 3,880.097 2 1,940.049 2.182 1.304E-01HIZ * CACEIZ 1,734.873 2 867.436 0.975 3.887E-01ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 3,360.946 1 3,360.946 3.779 6.132E-02HIZ * ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 61.017 2 30.509 0.034 9.663E-01Error 26,677.991 30 889.266Total 504,695.292 45Corrected Total 44,547.721 44Note: a. R Squared = ,401 (Adjusted R Squared = ,122)
Tab. G.102: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 86.494675 meter 15 104.68573 104.685733 meter 15 112.18327Sig. 0.105 0.496Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.103: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 9 91.0143324 hours 18 96.7833948 hours 18 110.51250Sig. 0.118Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.104: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC at IZBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 9 91.0143320% 18 100.6475010% 18 106.64839Sig. 0.208Note: Alpha = ,05.
337
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of WBC at CZ
Tab. G.105: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at CZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 187.97833 27.086350 3
Total 187.97833 27.086350 324 hours 10% 216.15567 127.823126 3
20% 203.97633 60.048419 3Total 210.06600 89.567441 6
48 hours 10% 200.68100 7.155602 320% 243.91900 23.379973 3Total 222.30000 28.284054 6
Total 0% 187.97833 27.086350 310% 208.41833 81.411432 620% 223.94767 46.255803 6Total 210.54207 58.515646 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 144.23833 24.547083 3Total 144.23833 24.547083 3
24 hours 10% 237.97733 75.990154 320% 177.50367 26.030631 3Total 207.74050 60.646172 6
48 hours 10% 182.07933 44.904484 320% 196.63600 49.271265 3Total 189.35767 42.909172 6
Total 0% 144.23833 24.547083 310% 210.02833 63.669007 620% 187.06983 36.768388 6Total 187.68693 51.334936 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 126.04367 35.627503 3Total 126.04367 35.627503 3
24 hours 10% 132.98433 20.887391 320% 128.03967 8.091651 3Total 130.51200 14.423525 6
48 hours 10% 117.81200 5.613516 320% 160.14167 25.279174 3Total 138.97683 28.385903 6
Total 0% 126.04367 35.627503 310% 125.39817 16.005554 620% 144.09067 24.309794 6Total 133.00427 23.910956 15
Total 0 hours 0% 152.75344 37.568660 9Total 152.75344 37.568660 9
24 hours 10% 195.70578 89.104056 920% 169.83989 46.919651 9Total 182.77283 70.351466 18
48 hours 10% 166.85744 44.076407 920% 200.23222 47.186855 9Total 183.54483 47.506701 18
Total 0% 152.75344 37.568660 910% 181.28161 69.790914 1820% 185.03606 48.252428 18Total 177.07776 56.499914 45
Note:
338
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.106: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
5.100 14 30 9.082E-05Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.107: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 70025,747(a) 14 5,001.839 2.130 4.031E-02Intercept 1,294,156.959 1 1,294,156.959 551.230 7.280E-21HCZ 42,216.116 2 21,108.058 8.991 8.724E-04ITACECZ 5.364 1 5.364 0.002 9.622E-01CACECZ 126.863 1 126.863 0.054 8.178E-01HCZ * ITACECZ 1,672.394 2 836.197 0.356 7.033E-01HCZ * CACECZ 3,226.125 2 1,613.062 0.687 5.108E-01ITACECZ * CACECZ 7,896.277 1 7,896.277 3.363 7.660E-02HCZ * ITACECZ * CACECZ 305.343 2 152.672 0.065 9.372E-01Error 70,432.824 30 2,347.761Total 1,551,502.490 45Corrected Total 140,458.572 44Note: a. R Squared = ,499 (Adjusted R Squared = ,265)
Tab. G.108: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 133.004275 meter 15 187.686933 meter 15 210.54207Sig. 1.000 0.206Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.109: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 9 152.7534424 hours 18 182.7728348 hours 18 183.54483Sig. 0.129Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.110: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC at CZBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 9 152.7534410% 18 181.2816120% 18 185.03606Sig. 0.111Note: Alpha = ,05.
339
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
MOR of WBC at PZ
Tab. G.111: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for MOR-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 518.32600 64.752767 3
Total 518.32600 64.752767 324 hours 10% 523.27467 127.312201 3
20% 411.42867 64.893518 3Total 467.35167 109.181887 6
48 hours 10% 503.43067 202.826490 320% 590.75967 206.234475 3Total 547.09517 189.093637 6
Total 0% 518.32600 64.752767 310% 513.35267 151.845079 620% 501.09417 168.360961 6Total 509.44393 137.877845 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 605.62167 240.967634 3Total 605.62167 240.967634 3
24 hours 10% 396.20567 20.793847 320% 356.78767 27.897192 3Total 376.49667 30.828373 6
48 hours 10% 443.04600 124.055732 320% 390.96500 98.144089 3Total 417.00550 104.031552 6
Total 0% 605.62167 240.967634 310% 419.62583 83.588806 620% 373.87633 67.191021 6Total 438.52520 142.584078 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 264.27000 53.528887 3Total 264.27000 53.528887 3
24 hours 10% 576.33467 319.909812 320% 315.66933 73.829230 3Total 446.00200 251.994329 6
48 hours 10% 298.33400 20.368452 320% 585.74500 279.573825 3Total 442.03950 237.090877 6
Total 0% 264.27000 53.528887 310% 437.33433 253.551131 620% 450.70717 235.217285 6Total 408.07060 220.695122 15
Total 0 hours 0% 462.73922 199.666369 9Total 462.73922 199.666369 9
24 hours 10% 498.60500 190.188882 920% 361.29522 65.884900 9Total 429.95011 155.098439 18
48 hours 10% 414.93689 150.224449 920% 522.48989 205.710717 9Total 468.71339 183.291585 18
Total 0% 462.73922 199.666369 910% 456.77094 171.741111 1820% 441.89256 169.807589 18Total 452.01324 172.799378 45
Note:
340
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.1. Static Bending Strength
Tab. G.112: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for MOR-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.697 14 30 0.011Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.113: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for MOR-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 550190,222(a) 14 39,299.302 1.544 1.550E-01Intercept 8,760,608.814 1 8,760,608.814 344.168 5.464E-18HPZ 101,718.718 2 50,859.359 1.998 1.532E-01ITACEPZ 13,523.325 1 13,523.325 0.531 4.717E-01CACEPZ 1,992.298 1 1,992.298 0.078 7.816E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ 10,523.753 2 5,261.876 0.207 8.144E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 5,274.063 2 2,637.031 0.104 9.019E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 134,905.005 1 134,905.005 5.300 2.844E-02HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 120,259.020 2 60,129.510 2.362 1.115E-01Error 763,633.273 30 25,454.442Total 10,508,042.288 45Corrected Total 1,313,823.496 44Note: a. R Squared = ,419 (Adjusted R Squared = ,148)
Tab. G.114: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for MOR-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
7 meter 15 408.070605 meter 15 438.525203 meter 15 509.44393Sig. 0.110Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.115: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for MOR-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
24 hours 18 429.950110 hours 9 462.7392248 hours 18 468.71339Sig. 0.558Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.116: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for MOR-WBC at PZBioresin Concentration N Subset
120% 18 441.8925610% 18 456.770940% 9 462.73922Sig. 0.752Note: Alpha = ,05.
341
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
G.2 Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear Parallel to Grain of Untreated Wood (Shear-UW)
Tab. G.117: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-UWWood Zoning Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NInner Zone 1 meter 16.74326 2.337382 5
3 meter 20.54062 1.500252 55 meter 14.52360 4.508366 57 mater 8.60422 2.460917 59 meter 10.02022 3.537803 5Total 14.08638 5.259603 25
Central Zone 1 meter 22.03734 7.565668 53 meter 14.92220 4.420546 55 meter 15.31304 1.769084 57 mater 10.52248 2.191571 59 meter 8.79130 1.396945 5Total 14.31727 6.041962 25
Peripheral Zone 1 meter 35.85462 13.805203 53 meter 27.98072 9.609633 55 meter 30.70168 21.647741 57 mater 15.82660 6.369716 59 meter 13.23672 6.346518 5Total 24.72007 14.770993 25
Total 1 meter 24.87841 11.912757 153 meter 21.14785 7.953552 155 meter 20.17944 14.142788 157 mater 11.65110 4.969118 159 meter 10.68275 4.405189 15Total 17.70791 10.793504 75
Note:
Tab. G.118: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UWF df1 df2 Sig.
4.383 14 60 2.642E-05Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.119: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UWSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 4758,254(a) 14 339.875 5.279 2.252E-06Intercept 23,517.750 1 23,517.750 365.303 3.361E-27WZ 1,844.556 2 922.278 14.326 8.202E-06H 2,330.933 4 582.733 9.052 8.669E-06WZ * H 582.766 8 72.846 1.132 3.558E-01Error 3,862.725 60 64.379Total 32,138.730 75Corrected Total 8,620.979 74Note: a. R Squared = ,552 (Adjusted R Squared = ,447)
342
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.120: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Shear-UW
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2
Inner Zone 25 14.08638Central Zone 25 14.31727Peripheral Zone 25 24.72007Sig. 0.919 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.121: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
9 meter 15 10.682757 mater 15 11.651105 meter 15 20.179443 meter 15 21.147851 meter 15 24.87841Sig. 0.742 0.135Note: Alpha = ,05.
343
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of UW at IZ
Tab. G.122: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.016 4 20 0.131Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.123: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 477,476(a) 4 119.369 12.805 2.499E-05Intercept 4,960.655 1 4,960.655 532.126 6.969E-16HIZ 477.476 4 119.369 12.805 2.499E-05Error 186.447 20 9.322Total 5,624.578 25Corrected Total 663.922 24Note: a. R Squared = ,719 (Adjusted R Squared = ,663)
Tab. G.124: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 5 8.604229 meter 5 10.020225 meter 5 14.523601 meter 5 16.74326 16.743263 meter 5 20.54062Sig. 0.472 0.264 0.063Note: Alpha = ,05.
344
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of UW at CZ
Tab. G.125: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.741 4 20 0.020Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.126: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 529,469(a) 4 132.367 7.637 6.624E-04Intercept 5,124.607 1 5,124.607 295.657 1.892E-13HCZ 529.469 4 132.367 7.637 6.624E-04Error 346.659 20 17.333Total 6,000.734 25Corrected Total 876.127 24Note: a. R Squared = ,604 (Adjusted R Squared = ,525)
Tab. G.127: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
9 meter 5 8.791307 mater 5 10.52248 10.522483 meter 5 14.922205 meter 5 15.313041 meter 5 22.03734Sig. 0.518 0.099 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
345
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of UW at PZ
Tab. G.128: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.039 4 20 0.128Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.129: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Source Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 1906,754(a) 4 476.689 2.863 5.015E-02Intercept 15,277.044 1 15,277.044 91.764 6.484E-09HPZ 1,906.754 4 476.689 2.863 5.015E-02Error 3,329.620 20 166.481Total 20,513.418 25Corrected Total 5,236.374 24a. R Squared = ,364 (Adjusted R Squared = ,237)
Tab. G.130: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
9 meter 5 13.236727 mater 5 15.826603 meter 5 27.98072 27.980725 meter 5 30.70168 30.701681 meter 5 35.85462Sig. 0.062 0.373Note: Alpha = ,05.
346
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear Parallel to Grain of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Heat Technique (Shear-WBH)
Tab. G.131: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBHF df1 df2 Sig.
3.494 44 180 1.991E-09Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.132: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBHSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 11414,944(a) 44 259.431 3.320 9.137E-09Intercept 84,814.218 1 84,814.218 1,085.279 3.840E-78WZ 3,137.085 2 1,568.542 20.071 1.353E-08H 4,804.216 4 1,201.054 15.369 7.847E-11ITRES 498.839 2 249.419 3.192 4.344E-02WZ * H 959.997 8 120.000 1.536 1.477E-01WZ * ITRES 366.855 4 91.714 1.174 3.240E-01H * ITRES 439.629 8 54.954 0.703 6.885E-01WZ * H * ITRES 1,208.324 16 75.520 0.966 4.954E-01Error 14,066.938 180 78.150Total 110,296.100 225Corrected Total 25,481.882 224Note: a. R Squared = ,448 (Adjusted R Squared = ,313)
Tab. G.133: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Shear-WBH
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2
Inner Zone 75 16.18878Central Zone 75 17.40823Peripheral Zone 75 24.64875Sig. 0.399 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.134: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 45 13.843389 meter 45 14.797845 meter 45 19.890933 meter 45 22.402481 meter 45 26.14164Sig. 0.609 0.179 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
347
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.135: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 75 17.70791300 seconds 75 19.20154 19.20154150 seconds 75 21.33632Sig. 0.302 0.141Note: Alpha = ,05.
348
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of WBH at IZ
Tab. G.136: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBH at IZTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 16.74326 2.337382 5
150 seconds 21.57218 0.979447 5300 seconds 19.15700 6.532358 5
Total 19.15748 4.265088 153 meter Control 20.54062 1.500252 5
150 seconds 20.54186 2.899333 5300 seconds 21.27682 3.665034 5
Total 20.78643 2.647924 155 meter Control 14.52360 4.508366 5
150 seconds 16.48476 4.358541 5300 seconds 17.51218 5.826545 5
Total 16.17351 4.751985 157 mater Control 8.60422 2.460917 5
150 seconds 12.60820 3.389834 5300 seconds 12.07212 1.881778 5
Total 11.09485 3.065887 159 meter Control 10.02022 3.537803 5
150 seconds 16.72950 4.395853 5300 seconds 14.44518 2.734843 5
Total 13.73163 4.420977 15Total Control 14.08638 5.259603 25
150 seconds 17.58730 4.534429 25300 seconds 16.89266 5.299730 25
Total 16.18878 5.202991 75Note:
Tab. G.137: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.132 14 60 0.022Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.138: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 1175,816(a) 14 83.987 6.090 2.773E-07Intercept 19,655.748 1 19,655.748 1,425.282 1.622E-43HIZ 929.063 4 232.266 16.842 2.629E-09ITRESIZ 171.784 2 85.892 6.228 3.485E-03HIZ * ITRESIZ 74.968 8 9.371 0.680 7.076E-01Error 827.447 60 13.791Total 21,659.011 75Corrected Total 2,003.263 74Note: a. R Squared = ,587 (Adjusted R Squared = ,491)
349
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.139: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 15 11.094859 meter 15 13.73163 13.731635 meter 15 16.173511 meter 15 19.157483 meter 15 20.78643Sig. 0.057 0.077 0.234Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.140: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 14.08638300 seconds 25 16.89266150 seconds 25 17.58730Sig. 1.000 0.511Note: Alpha = ,05.
350
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of WBH at CZ
Tab. G.141: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBH at CZTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 22.03734 7.565668 5
150 seconds 34.43376 10.230557 5300 seconds 29.46528 11.994323 5
Total 28.64546 10.731424 153 meter Control 14.92220 4.420546 5
150 seconds 21.13378 4.067788 5300 seconds 19.25290 3.599412 5
Total 18.43629 4.610828 155 meter Control 15.31304 1.769084 5
150 seconds 14.33754 7.248752 5300 seconds 17.01496 3.576828 5
Total 15.55518 4.568778 157 mater Control 10.52248 2.191571 5
150 seconds 13.61240 3.752640 5300 seconds 13.05502 0.768454 5
Total 12.39663 2.738917 159 meter Control 8.79130 1.396945 5
150 seconds 12.65036 2.438867 5300 seconds 14.58104 2.712752 5
Total 12.00757 3.250668 15Total Control 14.31727 6.041962 25
150 seconds 19.23357 10.089110 25300 seconds 18.67384 8.035271 25
Total 17.40823 8.407570 75Note:
Tab. G.142: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.542 14 60 3.052E-04Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.143: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 3398,802(a) 14 242.772 7.951 3.498E-09Intercept 22,728.477 1 22,728.477 744.361 1.616E-35HCZ 2,775.740 4 693.935 22.726 1.835E-11ITRESCZ 362.191 2 181.096 5.931 4.463E-03HCZ * ITRESCZ 260.871 8 32.609 1.068 3.975E-01Error 1,832.054 60 30.534Total 27,959.333 75Corrected Total 5,230.856 74Note: a. R Squared = ,650 (Adjusted R Squared = ,568)
351
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.144: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
9 meter 15 12.007577 mater 15 12.396635 meter 15 15.55518 15.555183 meter 15 18.436291 meter 15 28.64546Sig. 0.101 0.159 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.145: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 14.31727300 seconds 25 18.67384150 seconds 25 19.23357Sig. 1.000 0.722Note: Alpha = ,05.
352
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of WBH at PZ
Tab. G.146: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBH at PZTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 35.85462 13.805203 5
150 seconds 26.33168 27.078965 5300 seconds 29.67962 12.411124 5
Total 30.62197 18.017722 153 meter Control 27.98072 9.609633 5
150 seconds 36.91156 28.572257 5300 seconds 19.06186 6.737222 5
Total 27.98471 18.152068 155 meter Control 30.70168 21.647741 5
150 seconds 31.24614 4.761828 5300 seconds 21.88450 9.126618 5
Total 27.94411 13.560741 157 mater Control 15.82660 6.369716 5
150 seconds 21.57228 7.290391 5300 seconds 16.71708 6.985594 5
Total 18.03865 6.895743 159 meter Control 13.23672 6.346518 5
150 seconds 19.87874 4.897295 5300 seconds 22.84750 6.203384 5
Total 18.65432 6.830273 15Total Control 24.72007 14.770993 25
150 seconds 27.18808 17.773301 25300 seconds 22.03811 9.039776 25
Total 24.64875 14.289799 75Note:
Tab. G.147: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.291 14 60 0.014Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.148: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 3703,241(a) 14 264.517 1.391 1.857E-01Intercept 45,567.078 1 45,567.078 239.670 1.268E-22HPZ 2,059.410 4 514.852 2.708 3.845E-02ITRESPZ 331.718 2 165.859 0.872 4.232E-01HPZ * ITRESPZ 1,312.113 8 164.014 0.863 5.527E-01Error 11,407.437 60 190.124Total 60,677.756 75Corrected Total 15,110.678 74Note: a. R Squared = ,245 (Adjusted R Squared = ,069)
353
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.149: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 15 18.038659 meter 15 18.654325 meter 15 27.94411 27.944113 meter 15 27.98471 27.984711 meter 15 30.62197Sig. 0.075 0.621Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.150: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
300 seconds 25 22.03811Control 25 24.72007150 seconds 25 27.18808Sig. 0.219Note: Alpha = ,05.
354
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear Parallel to Grain of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Chemical Technique (Shear-WBC)
Tab. G.151: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBCF df1 df2 Sig.
5.910 44 90 5.857E-13Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.152: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBCSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 8371,486(a) 44 190.261 3.787 4.512E-08Intercept 45,334.308 1 45,334.308 902.247 1.088E-48WZ 4,627.949 2 2,313.974 46.053 1.684E-14H 2,310.136 2 1,155.068 22.988 8.611E-09ITACE 9.280 1 9.280 0.185 6.684E-01CACE 2.610 1 2.610 0.052 8.202E-01WZ * H 515.543 4 128.886 2.565 4.352E-02WZ * ITACE 20.484 2 10.242 0.204 8.160E-01H * ITACE 82.757 2 41.379 0.824 4.422E-01WZ * H * ITACE 178.875 4 44.719 0.890 4.734E-01WZ * CACE 1.164 2 0.582 0.012 9.885E-01H * CACE 2.503 2 1.252 0.025 9.754E-01WZ * H * CACE 63.583 4 15.896 0.316 8.664E-01ITACE * CACE 16.903 1 16.903 0.336 5.634E-01WZ * ITACE * CACE 8.881 2 4.440 0.088 9.155E-01H * ITACE * CACE 14.913 2 7.457 0.148 8.623E-01WZ * H * ITACE * CACE 17.639 4 4.410 0.088 9.860E-01Error 4,522.140 90 50.246Total 60,917.109 135Corrected Total 12,893.627 134Note: a. R Squared = ,649 (Adjusted R Squared = ,478)
Tab. G.153: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Shear-WBC
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2
Central Zone 45 14.22419Inner Zone 45 14.98679Peripheral Zone 45 27.37140Sig. 0.611 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
355
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Tab. G.154: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 45 13.320645 meter 45 20.175413 meter 45 23.08632Sig. 1.000 0.055Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.155: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 27 18.5612148 hours 54 18.6425624 hours 54 19.22881Sig. 0.693Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.156: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBCBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 27 18.5612120% 54 18.7802410% 54 19.09114Sig. 0.754Note: Alpha = ,05.
356
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of WBC at IZ
Tab. G.157: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at IZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 20.95623 1.943229 3
Total 20.95623 1.943229 324 hours 10% 18.40617 1.115767 3
20% 20.69567 2.285350 3Total 19.55092 2.039521 6
48 hours 10% 16.42217 1.572768 320% 18.15483 1.101650 3Total 17.28850 1.541276 6
Total 0% 20.95623 1.943229 310% 17.41417 1.633490 620% 19.42525 2.123990 6Total 18.92701 2.252384 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 15.74167 5.566642 3Total 15.74167 5.566642 3
24 hours 10% 16.60883 7.125094 320% 14.82033 4.227893 3Total 15.71458 5.330707 6
48 hours 10% 14.82033 4.227893 320% 13.87417 4.873222 3Total 14.34725 4.113140 6
Total 0% 15.74167 5.566642 310% 15.71458 5.330707 620% 14.34725 4.113140 6Total 15.17307 4.594002 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 10.09397 1.846847 3Total 10.09397 1.846847 3
24 hours 10% 12.15837 1.114937 320% 10.44123 1.784619 3Total 11.29980 1.629645 6
48 hours 10% 12.03130 2.322137 320% 9.57657 0.454464 3Total 10.80393 2.011780 6
Total 0% 10.09397 1.846847 310% 12.09483 1.630646 620% 10.00890 1.257321 6Total 10.86029 1.758175 15
Total 0 hours 0% 15.59729 5.628344 9Total 15.59729 5.628344 9
24 hours 10% 15.72446 4.590507 920% 15.31908 5.140708 9Total 15.52177 4.732469 18
48 hours 10% 14.42460 3.184067 920% 13.86852 4.482146 9Total 14.14656 3.782427 18
Total 0% 15.59729 5.628344 910% 15.07453 3.890347 1820% 14.59380 4.737836 18Total 14.98679 4.519129 45
Note:
357
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Tab. G.158: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.810 14 30 0.009Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.159: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 561,348(a) 14 40.096 3.567 1.692E-03Intercept 9,668.975 1 9,668.975 860.118 1.207E-23HIZ 501.616 2 250.808 22.311 1.158E-06ITACEIZ 17.021 1 17.021 1.514 2.281E-01CACEIZ 2.080 1 2.080 0.185 6.702E-01HIZ * ITACEIZ 4.681 2 2.341 0.208 8.132E-01HIZ * CACEIZ 28.716 2 14.358 1.277 2.935E-01ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 0.051 1 0.051 0.005 9.467E-01HIZ * ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 1.122 2 0.561 0.050 9.514E-01Error 337.243 30 11.241Total 11,005.764 45Corrected Total 898.591 44Note: a. R Squared = ,625 (Adjusted R Squared = ,450)
Tab. G.160: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 meter 15 10.860295 meter 15 15.173073 meter 15 18.92701Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.161: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
48 hours 18 14.1465624 hours 18 15.521770 hours 9 15.59729Sig. 0.298Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.162: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC at IZBioresin Concentration N Subset
120% 18 14.5938010% 18 15.074530% 9 15.59729Sig. 0.470Note: Alpha = ,05.
358
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of WBC at CZ
Tab. G.163: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at CZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 13.14747 5.191818 3
Total 13.14747 5.191818 324 hours 10% 19.43157 4.224444 3
20% 20.24297 4.939357 3Total 19.83727 4.134584 6
48 hours 10% 19.36343 7.984374 320% 16.24687 3.648518 3Total 17.80515 5.808499 6
Total 0% 13.14747 5.191818 310% 19.39750 5.713130 620% 18.24492 4.458051 6Total 17.68646 5.330002 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 16.22673 1.766827 3Total 16.22673 1.766827 3
24 hours 10% 15.39020 5.405162 320% 14.31233 1.999145 3Total 14.85127 3.692354 6
48 hours 10% 13.98627 3.866777 320% 11.62980 2.399914 3Total 12.80803 3.154442 6
Total 0% 16.22673 1.766827 310% 14.68823 4.272985 620% 12.97107 2.461963 6Total 14.30907 3.278481 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 10.23353 1.915429 3Total 10.23353 1.915429 3
24 hours 10% 8.56463 2.238639 320% 11.96893 3.062971 3Total 10.26678 3.038766 6
48 hours 10% 11.44163 1.829309 320% 11.17653 2.575359 3Total 11.30908 2.003153 6
Total 0% 10.23353 1.915429 310% 10.00313 2.413771 620% 11.57273 2.567893 6Total 10.67705 2.353844 15
Total 0 hours 0% 13.20258 3.895228 9Total 13.20258 3.895228 9
24 hours 10% 14.46213 5.970319 920% 15.50808 4.804618 9Total 14.98511 5.284581 18
48 hours 10% 14.93044 5.725394 920% 13.01773 3.511384 9Total 13.97409 4.711330 18
Total 0% 13.20258 3.895228 910% 14.69629 5.679611 1820% 14.26291 4.278685 18Total 14.22419 4.753997 45
Note:
359
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Tab. G.164: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.430 14 30 0.200Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.165: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 531,728(a) 14 37.981 2.463 1.879E-02Intercept 8,481.942 1 8,481.942 549.950 7.525E-21HCZ 306.760 2 153.380 9.945 4.860E-04ITACECZ 9.199 1 9.199 0.596 4.460E-01CACECZ 1.690 1 1.690 0.110 7.429E-01HCZ * ITACECZ 18.973 2 9.486 0.615 5.473E-01HCZ * CACECZ 18.532 2 9.266 0.601 5.548E-01ITACECZ * CACECZ 19.696 1 19.696 1.277 2.674E-01HCZ * ITACECZ * CACECZ 3.200 2 1.600 0.104 9.018E-01Error 462.693 30 15.423Total 10,099.167 45Corrected Total 994.422 44Note: a. R Squared = ,535 (Adjusted R Squared = ,318)
Tab. G.166: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 meter 15 10.677055 meter 15 14.309073 meter 15 17.68646Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.167: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 9 13.2025848 hours 18 13.9740924 hours 18 14.98511Sig. 0.275Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.168: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC at CZBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 9 13.2025820% 18 14.2629110% 18 14.69629Sig. 0.360Note: Alpha = ,05.
360
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Shear of WBC at PZ
Tab. G.169: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 33.52560 7.836976 3
Total 33.52560 7.836976 324 hours 10% 27.67457 1.954504 3
20% 30.32457 14.897218 3Total 28.99957 9.612784 6
48 hours 10% 37.76870 4.366651 320% 33.93407 5.893913 3Total 35.85138 5.092510 6
Total 0% 33.52560 7.836976 310% 32.72163 6.302583 620% 32.12932 10.323501 6Total 32.64550 7.829795 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 35.62517 29.089335 3Total 35.62517 29.089335 3
24 hours 10% 31.70723 4.831580 320% 33.83187 8.761175 3Total 32.76955 6.433907 6
48 hours 10% 26.12130 19.042158 320% 27.93497 6.681836 3Total 27.02813 12.801840 6
Total 0% 35.62517 29.089335 310% 28.91427 12.796092 620% 30.88342 7.680760 6Total 31.04411 14.383472 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 11.50050 2.936359 3Total 11.50050 2.936359 3
24 hours 10% 20.95633 1.828032 320% 18.58283 3.639449 3Total 19.76958 2.885302 6
48 hours 10% 20.78747 11.744622 320% 20.29577 1.855365 3Total 20.54162 7.524888 6
Total 0% 11.50050 2.936359 310% 20.87190 7.517958 620% 19.43930 2.748714 6Total 18.42458 6.115337 15
Total 0 hours 0% 26.88376 19.052468 9Total 26.88376 19.052468 9
24 hours 10% 26.77938 5.454251 920% 27.57976 11.216975 9Total 27.17957 8.566136 18
48 hours 10% 28.22582 13.655077 920% 27.38827 7.466633 9Total 27.80704 10.684928 18
Total 0% 26.88376 19.052468 910% 27.50260 10.114331 1820% 27.48401 9.244184 18Total 27.37140 11.772927 45
Note:
361
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.2. Shear Strength ‖ to Grain
Tab. G.170: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Shear-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
5.618 14 30 3.745E-05Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.171: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Shear-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 2376,276(a) 14 169.734 1.368 2.284E-01Intercept 31,811.340 1 31,811.340 256.391 3.052E-16HPZ 2,017.302 2 1,008.651 8.129 1.510E-03ITACEPZ 3.544 1 3.544 0.029 8.669E-01CACEPZ 0.003 1 0.003 0.000 9.960E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ 237.978 2 118.989 0.959 3.947E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 18.839 2 9.420 0.076 9.271E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 6.036 1 6.036 0.049 8.269E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 28.230 2 14.115 0.114 8.929E-01Error 3,722.203 30 124.073Total 39,812.178 45Corrected Total 6,098.480 44Note: a. R Squared = ,390 (Adjusted R Squared = ,105)
Tab. G.172: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Shear-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 18.424585 meter 15 31.044113 meter 15 32.64550Sig. 1.000 0.697Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.173: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Shear-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 9 26.8837624 hours 18 27.1795748 hours 18 27.80704Sig. 0.841Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.174: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Shear-WBC at PZBioresin Concentration N Subset
10% 9 26.8837620% 18 27.4840110% 18 27.50260Sig. 0.893Note: Alpha = ,05.
362
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
G.3 Hardness Strength
Hardness of Untreated Wood (Hardness-UW)
Tab. G.175: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-UWWood Zoning Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NInner Zone 1 meter 74.700 11.7132 5
3 meter 71.400 10.1452 55 meter 79.900 15.0889 57 mater 80.600 7.5200 59 meter 100.300 11.3336 5Total 81.380 14.6289 25
Central Zone 1 meter 134.100 28.1855 53 meter 100.300 15.3566 55 meter 100.700 27.0800 57 mater 101.100 5.2726 59 meter 113.400 20.0699 5Total 109.920 23.3071 25
Peripheral Zone 1 meter 138.500 18.3644 53 meter 226.900 145.4903 55 meter 278.400 138.5927 57 mater 182.900 44.4458 59 meter 274.900 36.5435 5Total 220.320 101.7647 25
Total 1 meter 115.767 35.6295 153 meter 132.867 105.0271 155 meter 153.000 119.4320 157 mater 121.533 51.7782 159 meter 162.867 85.3697 15Total 137.207 85.1028 75
Note:
Tab. G.176: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UWF df1 df2 Sig.
6.893 14 60 3.914E-08Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.177: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UWSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 348462,347(a) 14 24,890.168 7.966 3.386E-09Intercept 1,411,925.203 1 1,411,925.203 451.860 1.280E-29WZ 269,225.127 2 134,612.563 43.080 2.510E-12H 24,480.413 4 6,120.103 1.959 1.124E-01WZ * H 54,756.807 8 6,844.601 2.190 4.074E-02Error 187,481.700 60 3,124.695Total 1,947,869.250 75Corrected Total 535,944.047 74Note: a. R Squared = ,650 (Adjusted R Squared = ,569)
363
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
.
Tab. G.178: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Hardness-UW
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2
Inner Zone 25 81.380Central Zone 25 109.920Peripheral Zone 25 220.320Sig. 0.076 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.179: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
1 meter 15 115.7677 mater 15 121.533 121.5333 meter 15 132.867 132.8675 meter 15 153.000 153.0009 meter 15 162.867Sig. 0.101 0.068Note: Alpha = ,05.
364
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of UW at IZ
Tab. G.180: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
0.399 4 20 0.807Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.181: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 2524,940(a) 4 631.235 4.835 6.824E-03Intercept 165,567.610 1 165,567.610 1,268.134 1.445E-19HIZ 2,524.940 4 631.235 4.835 6.824E-03Error 2,611.200 20 130.560Total 170,703.750 25Corrected Total 5,136.140 24Note: a. R Squared = ,492 (Adjusted R Squared = ,390)
Tab. G.182: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
3 meter 5 71.4001 meter 5 74.7005 meter 5 79.9007 mater 5 80.6009 meter 5 100.300Sig. 0.257 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
365
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of UW at CZ
Tab. G.183: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.826 4 20 0.052Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.184: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 4260,640(a) 4 1,065.160 2.427 8.159E-02Intercept 302,060.160 1 302,060.160 688.323 5.750E-17HCZ 4,260.640 4 1,065.160 2.427 8.159E-02Error 8,776.700 20 438.835Total 315,097.500 25Corrected Total 13,037.340 24Note: a. R Squared = ,327 (Adjusted R Squared = ,192)
Tab. G.185: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
3 meter 5 100.3005 meter 5 100.7007 mater 5 101.1009 meter 5 113.400 113.4001 meter 5 134.100Sig. 0.376 0.134Note: Alpha = ,05.
366
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of UW at PZ
Tab. G.186: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
4.473 4 20 0.010Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.187: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 72451,640(a) 4 18,112.910 2.057 1.248E-01Intercept 1,213,522.560 1 1,213,522.560 137.827 2.000E-10HPZ 72,451.640 4 18,112.910 2.057 1.248E-01Error 176,093.800 20 8,804.690Total 1,462,068.000 25Corrected Total 248,545.440 24a. R Squared = ,292 (Adjusted R Squared = ,150)
Tab. G.188: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
1 meter 5 138.5007 mater 5 182.900 182.9003 meter 5 226.900 226.9009 meter 5 274.9005 meter 5 278.400Sig. 0.173 0.155Note: Alpha = ,05.
367
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Heat Technique (Hardness-WBH)
Tab. G.189: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBHF df1 df2 Sig.
5.172 44 180 1.565E-15Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.190: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBHSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 885800,962(a) 44 20,131.840 8.835 9.455E-27Intercept 4,522,285.788 1 4,522,285.788 1,984.718 3.808E-99ITRES 2,794.509 2 1,397.254 0.613 5.427E-01WZ 715,514.836 2 357,757.418 157.011 3.447E-40H 27,583.884 4 6,895.971 3.026 1.906E-02ITRES * WZ 6,156.958 4 1,539.239 0.676 6.098E-01ITRES * H 19,780.002 8 2,472.500 1.085 3.755E-01WZ * H 83,705.909 8 10,463.239 4.592 4.103E-05ITRES * WZ * H 30,264.864 16 1,891.554 0.830 6.502E-01Error 410,139.500 180 2,278.553Total 5,818,226.250 225Corrected Total 1,295,940.462 224Note: a. R Squared = ,684 (Adjusted R Squared = ,606)
Tab. G.191: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Hardness-WBH
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 75 85.313Central Zone 75 121.220Peripheral Zone 75 218.780Sig. 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.192: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
1 meter 45 130.8337 mater 45 135.7223 meter 45 138.7675 meter 45 140.6339 meter 45 162.900Sig. 0.382 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
368
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
.
Tab. G.193: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH
Impregnation Time N Subset1
Control 75 137.207300 seconds 75 142.320150 seconds 75 145.787Sig. 0.303Note: Alpha = ,05.
369
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of WBH at IZ
Tab. G.194: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBH at IZImpregnation Time Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 74.700 11.7132 5
3 meter 71.400 10.1452 55 meter 79.900 15.0889 57 mater 80.600 7.5200 59 meter 100.300 11.3336 5Total 81.380 14.6289 25
150 seconds 1 meter 87.300 11.2116 53 meter 78.600 9.1679 55 meter 83.200 14.7631 57 mater 88.900 12.8666 59 meter 95.500 6.8283 5Total 86.700 11.8357 25
300 seconds 1 meter 84.200 11.7877 53 meter 94.400 19.4756 55 meter 83.300 19.0676 57 mater 90.400 8.9401 59 meter 87.000 7.8342 5Total 87.860 13.7132 25
Total 1 meter 82.067 12.0666 153 meter 81.467 16.1450 155 meter 82.133 15.2929 157 mater 86.633 10.3051 159 meter 94.267 9.9980 15Total 85.313 13.5609 75
Note:
Tab. G.195: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.330 14 60 0.218Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.196: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 4345,187(a) 14 310.370 2.010 3.204E-02Intercept 545,877.363 1 545,877.363 3,535.780 4.845E-55ITRESIZ 596.987 2 298.493 1.933 1.536E-01HIZ 1,760.320 4 440.080 2.851 3.133E-02ITRESIZ * HIZ 1,987.880 8 248.485 1.609 1.412E-01Error 9,263.200 60 154.387Total 559,485.750 75Corrected Total 13,608.387 74Note: a. R Squared = ,319 (Adjusted R Squared = ,160)
370
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
.
Tab. G.197: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
3 meter 15 81.4671 meter 15 82.0675 meter 15 82.1337 mater 15 86.633 86.6339 meter 15 94.267Sig. 0.307 0.098Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.198: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
Control 25 81.380150 seconds 25 86.700300 seconds 25 87.860Sig. 0.086Note: Alpha = ,05.
371
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of WBH at CZ
Tab. G.199: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBH at CZImpregnation Time Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 134.100 28.1855 5
3 meter 100.300 15.3566 55 meter 100.700 27.0800 57 mater 101.100 5.2726 59 meter 113.400 20.0699 5Total 109.920 23.3071 25
150 seconds 1 meter 146.500 47.2850 53 meter 118.300 17.8627 55 meter 109.200 32.4222 57 mater 117.900 11.8131 59 meter 131.200 24.3737 5Total 124.620 29.9886 25
300 seconds 1 meter 168.200 30.8172 53 meter 123.000 18.8911 55 meter 102.100 25.2473 57 mater 112.400 5.0175 59 meter 139.900 15.9546 5Total 129.120 30.5148 25
Total 1 meter 149.600 36.7415 153 meter 113.867 19.0539 155 meter 104.000 26.5861 157 mater 110.467 10.3639 159 meter 128.167 22.0880 15Total 121.220 28.9478 75
Note:
Tab. G.200: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.008 14 60 0.002Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.201: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 26979,420(a) 14 1,927.101 3.301 6.284E-04Intercept 1,102,071.630 1 1,102,071.630 1,887.610 4.755E-47ITRESCZ 5,041.500 2 2,520.750 4.317 1.771E-02HCZ 19,798.720 4 4,949.680 8.478 1.722E-05ITRESCZ * HCZ 2,139.200 8 267.400 0.458 8.805E-01Error 35,030.700 60 583.845Total 1,164,081.750 75Corrected Total 62,010.120 74Note: a. R Squared = ,435 (Adjusted R Squared = ,303)
372
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
.
Tab. G.202: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
5 meter 15 104.0007 mater 15 110.467 110.4673 meter 15 113.867 113.8679 meter 15 128.1671 meter 15 149.600Sig. 0.298 0.062 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.203: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 109.920150 seconds 25 124.620300 seconds 25 129.120Sig. 1.000 0.513Note: Alpha = ,05.
373
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of WBH at PZ
Tab. G.204: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBH at PZImpregnation Time Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 138.500 18.3644 5
3 meter 226.900 145.4903 55 meter 278.400 138.5927 57 mater 182.900 44.4458 59 meter 274.900 36.5435 5Total 220.320 101.7647 25
150 seconds 1 meter 159.300 29.5394 53 meter 246.100 103.1724 55 meter 221.900 77.3292 57 mater 258.700 135.8702 59 meter 244.200 13.2127 5Total 226.040 85.6057 25
300 seconds 1 meter 184.700 63.5193 53 meter 189.900 40.1021 55 meter 207.000 47.9388 57 mater 188.600 44.6688 59 meter 279.700 37.0061 5Total 209.980 56.6674 25
Total 1 meter 160.833 43.3687 153 meter 220.967 100.6553 155 meter 235.767 94.1619 157 mater 210.067 87.6462 159 meter 266.267 32.9799 15Total 218.780 82.5937 75
Note:
Tab. G.205: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.059 14 60 0.001Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.206: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 138961,520(a) 14 9,925.823 1.628 9.763E-02Intercept 3,589,851.630 1 3,589,851.630 588.749 1.032E-32ITRESPZ 3,312.980 2 1,656.490 0.272 7.630E-01HPZ 89,730.753 4 22,432.688 3.679 9.583E-03ITRESPZ * HPZ 45,917.787 8 5,739.723 0.941 4.899E-01Error 365,845.600 60 6,097.427Total 4,094,658.750 75Corrected Total 504,807.120 74Note: a. R Squared = ,275 (Adjusted R Squared = ,106)
374
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
.
Tab. G.207: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
1 meter 15 160.8337 mater 15 210.067 210.0673 meter 15 220.9675 meter 15 235.7679 meter 15 266.267Sig. 0.089 0.076Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.208: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
300 seconds 25 209.980Control 25 220.320150 seconds 25 226.040Sig. 0.498Note: Alpha = ,05.
375
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of Treated Wood with Bioresin Using Chemical Technique (Hardness-WBC)
Tab. G.209: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBCF df1 df2 Sig.
6.509 44 90 3.636E-14Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.210: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBCSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 791332,767(a) 44 17,984.836 4.826 1.372E-10Intercept 2,921,037.232 1 2,921,037.232 783.804 3.342E-46WZ 647,083.681 2 323,541.840 86.816 9.908E-22H 4,988.042 2 2,494.021 0.669 5.146E-01ITACE 1,784.454 1 1,784.454 0.479 4.907E-01CACE 2,893.343 1 2,893.343 0.776 3.806E-01WZ * H 10,465.996 4 2,616.499 0.702 5.925E-01WZ * ITACE 2,592.116 2 1,296.058 0.348 7.072E-01H * ITACE 1,577.810 2 788.905 0.212 8.096E-01WZ * H * ITACE 5,488.037 4 1,372.009 0.368 8.307E-01WZ * CACE 2,420.782 2 1,210.391 0.325 7.235E-01H * CACE 1,754.810 2 877.405 0.235 7.907E-01WZ * H * CACE 3,240.981 4 810.245 0.217 9.281E-01ITACE * CACE 3,864.037 1 3,864.037 1.037 3.113E-01WZ * ITACE * CACE 355.560 2 177.780 0.048 9.534E-01H * ITACE * CACE 8,794.060 2 4,397.030 1.180 3.120E-01WZ * H * ITACE * CACE 16,578.926 4 4,144.731 1.112 3.558E-01Error 335,407.167 90 3,726.746Total 4,299,820.000 135Corrected Total 1,126,739.933 134Note: a. R Squared = ,702 (Adjusted R Squared = ,557)
Tab. G.211: Post Hoc Tests - Wood Zoning for Hardness-WBC
Wood Zoning N Subset1 2 3
Inner Zone 45 90.289Central Zone 45 116.289Peripheral Zone 45 253.356Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
376
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Tab. G.212: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC
Trunk Height N Subset1
5 meter 45 144.6567 meter 45 153.5443 meter 45 161.733Sig. 0.215Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.213: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 hours 27 134.63024 hours 54 153.91748 hours 54 162.046Sig. 0.058Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.214: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBCBioresin Concentration N Subset
1 20% 27 134.63010% 54 152.806 152.80620% 54 163.157Sig. 0.184 0.447Note: Alpha = ,05.
377
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of WBC at IZ
Tab. G.215: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBC at IZImpregnation Trunk Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NTime Height Concentration0 hour 3 meter 0% 68.167 2.0207 3
Total 68.167 2.0207 35 meter 0% 81.000 21.1128 3
Total 81.000 21.1128 37 meter 0% 79.000 9.1241 3
Total 79.000 9.1241 3Total 0% 76.056 13.0011 9
Total 76.056 13.0011 924 hours 3 meter 10% 97.833 1.6073 3
20% 86.500 14.0000 3Total 92.167 10.8612 6
5 meter 10% 100.667 11.5362 320% 85.833 10.5633 3Total 93.250 12.8014 6
7 meter 10% 89.500 13.5923 320% 97.500 2.6458 3Total 93.500 9.7929 6
Total 10% 96.000 10.2652 920% 89.944 10.5281 9Total 92.972 10.5572 18
48 hours 3 meter 10% 87.833 12.3929 320% 100.500 2.1794 3Total 94.167 10.5578 6
5 meter 10% 93.667 30.9125 320% 106.333 12.0139 3Total 100.000 22.0930 6
7 meter 10% 89.167 4.5369 320% 90.833 3.3292 3Total 90.000 3.6742 6
Total 10% 90.222 17.0131 920% 99.222 9.2740 9Total 94.722 14.0757 18
Total 3 meter 0% 68.167 2.0207 310% 92.833 9.6160 620% 93.500 11.7941 6Total 88.167 13.8030 15
5 meter 0% 81.000 21.1128 310% 97.167 21.2171 620% 96.083 15.1143 6Total 93.500 18.6586 15
7 meter 0% 79.000 9.1241 310% 89.333 9.0646 620% 94.167 4.5350 6Total 89.200 9.0254 15
Total 0% 76.056 13.0011 910% 93.111 13.9511 1820% 94.583 10.7433 18Total 90.289 14.2396 45
Note:
378
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Tab. G.216: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC at IZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.864 14 30 0.001Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.217: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC at IZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 4005,744(a) 14 286.125 1.746 9.796E-02Intercept 334,825.800 1 334,825.800 2,043.282 3.713E-29ITACEIZ 27.562 1 27.562 0.168 6.846E-01HIZ 282.607 2 141.304 0.862 4.324E-01CACEIZ 19.507 1 19.507 0.119 7.325E-01ITACEIZ * HIZ 157.875 2 78.937 0.482 6.224E-01ITACEIZ * CACEIZ 510.007 1 510.007 3.112 8.788E-02HIZ * CACEIZ 55.431 2 27.715 0.169 8.452E-01ITACEIZ * HIZ * CACEIZ 519.264 2 259.632 1.584 2.218E-01Error 4,916.000 30 163.867Total 375,765.500 45Corrected Total 8,921.744 44Note: a. R Squared = ,449 (Adjusted R Squared = ,192)
Tab. G.218: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC at IZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
1 15 88.1673 15 89.2002 15 93.500Sig. 0.291Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.219: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC at IZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
0 9 76.0561 18 92.9722 18 94.722Sig. 1.000 0.725Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.220: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC at IZBioresin Concentration N Subset
1 20 9 76.0561 18 93.1112 18 94.583Sig. 1.000 0.767Note: Alpha = ,05.
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of WBC at CZ
Tab. G.221: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Shear-WBC at CZImpregnation Trunk Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NTime Height Concentration0 hour 3 meter 0% 96.000 16.9337 3
Total 96.000 16.9337 35 meter 0% 94.167 28.6807 3
Total 94.167 28.6807 37 meter 0% 103.167 3.8188 3
Total 103.167 3.8188 3Total 0% 97.778 17.2611 9
Total 97.778 17.2611 924 hours 3 meter 10% 127.333 29.5818 3
20% 118.667 8.6072 3Total 123.000 20.0549 6
5 meter 10% 115.500 19.8431 320% 128.667 19.0875 3Total 122.083 18.8479 6
7 meter 10% 127.667 31.8996 320% 105.667 9.0738 3Total 116.667 24.1902 6
Total 10% 123.500 24.6501 920% 117.667 15.1637 9Total 120.583 20.0787 18
48 hours 3 meter 10% 119.167 5.0083 320% 137.667 14.8689 3Total 128.417 14.1824 6
5 meter 10% 101.000 17.7975 320% 124.667 39.5169 3Total 112.833 30.3211 6
7 meter 10% 116.500 6.5383 320% 128.500 17.7975 3Total 122.500 13.6748 6
Total 10% 112.222 12.9738 920% 130.278 23.6288 9Total 121.250 20.6940 18
Total 3 meter 0% 96.000 16.9337 310% 123.250 19.4955 620% 128.167 15.0455 6Total 119.767 20.3478 15
5 meter 0% 94.167 28.6807 310% 108.250 18.6353 620% 126.667 27.8418 6Total 112.800 26.1546 15
7 meter 0% 103.167 3.8188 310% 122.083 21.4835 620% 117.083 17.7776 6Total 116.300 18.2030 15
Total 0% 97.778 17.2611 910% 117.861 19.9704 1820% 123.972 20.3235 18Total 116.289 21.5197 45
Note:
380
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Tab. G.222: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC at CZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.388 14 30 0.022Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.223: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC at CZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 7546,078(a) 14 539.006 1.260 2.871E-01Intercept 555,221.641 1 555,221.641 1,298.241 2.965E-26ITACECZ 4.000 1 4.000 0.009 9.236E-01HCZ 296.542 2 148.271 0.347 7.098E-01CACECZ 336.111 1 336.111 0.786 3.824E-01ITACECZ * HCZ 442.792 2 221.396 0.518 6.011E-01ITACECZ * CACECZ 1,284.028 1 1,284.028 3.002 9.341E-02HCZ * CACECZ 828.931 2 414.465 0.969 3.910E-01ITACECZ * HCZ * CACECZ 219.181 2 109.590 0.256 7.756E-01Error 12,830.167 30 427.672Total 628,916.000 45Corrected Total 20,376.244 44Note: a. R Squared = ,370 (Adjusted R Squared = ,076)
Tab. G.224: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC at CZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
2 15 112.8003 15 116.3001 15 119.767Sig. 0.392Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.225: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC at CZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
0 9 97.7781 18 120.5832 18 121.250Sig. 1.000 0.934Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.226: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC at CZBioresin Concentration N Subset
1 20 9 97.7781 18 117.8612 18 123.972Sig. 1.000 0.449Note: Alpha = ,05.
381
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Hardness of WBC at PZ
Tab. G.227: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Hardness-WBC at PZImpregnation Trunk Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NTime Height Concentration0 hour 3 meter 0% 260.667 193.6971 3
Total 260.667 193.6971 35 meter 0% 248.833 117.2544 3
Total 248.833 117.2544 37 meter 0% 180.667 61.7785 3
Total 180.667 61.7785 3Total 0% 230.056 123.1636 9
Total 230.056 123.1636 924 hours 3 meter 10% 262.667 82.9041 3
20% 305.000 101.4630 3Total 283.833 86.0510 6
5 meter 10% 224.667 77.1465 320% 161.500 12.1244 3Total 193.083 60.3029 6
7 meter 10% 246.667 96.0069 320% 288.667 49.1359 3Total 267.667 71.9852 6
Total 10% 244.667 76.0493 920% 251.722 88.5597 9Total 248.194 80.1596 18
48 hours 3 meter 10% 249.333 98.3798 320% 308.667 123.4507 3Total 279.000 104.9933 6
5 meter 10% 199.167 35.1082 320% 304.167 123.4669 3Total 251.667 99.4895 6
7 meter 10% 302.167 31.8604 320% 257.500 162.5984 3Total 279.833 107.6098 6
Total 10% 250.222 70.5067 920% 290.111 121.7892 9Total 270.167 98.6946 18
Total 3 meter 0% 260.667 193.6971 310% 256.000 81.6946 620% 306.833 101.0840 6Total 277.267 109.6366 15
5 meter 0% 248.833 117.2544 310% 211.917 55.3962 620% 232.833 110.7365 6Total 227.667 87.4832 15
7 meter 0% 180.667 61.7785 310% 274.417 70.8311 620% 273.083 108.7770 6Total 255.133 89.7141 15
Total 0% 230.056 123.1636 910% 247.444 71.1983 1820% 270.917 105.1708 18Total 253.356 96.1334 45
Note:
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Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.3. Hardness Strength
Tab. G.228: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Hardness-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.603 14 30 0.014Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.229: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Hardness-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 88970,811(a) 14 6,355.058 0.600 8.434E-01Intercept 2,678,073.472 1 2,678,073.472 252.918 3.668E-16ITACEPZ 4,345.007 1 4,345.007 0.410 5.267E-01HPZ 14,874.889 2 7,437.444 0.702 5.034E-01CACEPZ 4,958.507 1 4,958.507 0.468 4.990E-01ITACEPZ * HPZ 6,465.181 2 3,232.590 0.305 7.392E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 2,425.563 1 2,425.563 0.229 6.357E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 4,111.431 2 2,055.715 0.194 8.246E-01ITACEPZ * HPZ * CACEPZ 24,634.542 2 12,317.271 1.163 3.262E-01Error 317,661.000 30 10,588.700Total 3,295,138.500 45Corrected Total 406,631.811 44Note: a. R Squared = ,219 (Adjusted R Squared = -,146)
Tab. G.230: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Hardness-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
2 15 227.6673 15 255.1331 15 277.267Sig. 0.222Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.231: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Hardness-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
0 9 230.0561 18 248.1942 18 270.167Sig. 0.348Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.232: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Hardness-WBC at PZBioresin Concentration N Subset
10 9 230.0561 18 247.4442 18 270.917Sig. 0.339Note: Alpha = ,05.
383
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
G.4 Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
Compression Parallel to Grain of Untreated Wood at Peripheral Zone (Compar-UW at PZ)
Tab. G.233: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Compar-UWTrunk Height Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter 180.17720 71.546510 53 meter 174.31140 85.946770 55 meter 222.72320 20.517482 57 mater 169.79480 43.998298 59 meter 236.13180 34.966710 5Total 196.62768 58.804727 25Note:
Tab. G.234: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Compar-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.884 4 20 0.153Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.235: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Compar-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 18650,949(a) 4 4,662.737 1.449 2.547E-01Intercept 966,561.114 1 966,561.114 300.450 1.627E-13HPZ 18,650.949 4 4,662.737 1.449 2.547E-01Error 64,340.954 20 3,217.048Total 1,049,553.017 25Corrected Total 82,991.903 24a. R Squared = ,225 (Adjusted R Squared = ,070)
Tab. G.236: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Compar-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
7 mater 5 169.794803 meter 5 174.311401 meter 5 180.177205 meter 5 222.723209 meter 5 236.13180Sig. 0.111Note: Alpha = ,05.
384
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
.
385
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
Compression Parallel to Grain of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using HeatTechnique (Compar-WBH at PZ)
Tab. G.237: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Compar-WBHImpregnation Time Trunk Height Mean Std. Deviation NControl 1 meter 180.17720 71.546510 5
3 meter 174.31140 85.946770 55 meter 222.72320 20.517482 57 mater 169.79480 43.998298 59 meter 236.13180 34.966710 5Total 196.62768 58.804727 25
150 seconds 1 meter 254.77640 106.349202 53 meter 276.05940 145.779317 55 meter 347.42880 236.253069 57 mater 176.68100 33.039053 59 meter 235.15920 20.866607 5Total 258.02096 134.932034 25
300 seconds 1 meter 283.64080 82.207466 53 meter 209.37980 65.262752 55 meter 327.40800 90.988833 57 mater 187.47540 29.702916 59 meter 279.45680 28.293120 5Total 257.47216 79.129096 25
Total 1 meter 239.53147 93.064242 153 meter 219.91687 106.336762 155 meter 299.18667 147.094196 157 mater 177.98373 34.260564 159 meter 250.24927 34.053332 15Total 237.37360 99.491132 75
Note:
Tab. G.238: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Compar-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
7.706 14 60 6.028E-09Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.239: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Compar-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 224613,783(a) 14 16,043.842 1.895 4.508E-02Intercept 4,225,966.948 1 4,225,966.948 499.254 8.936E-31ITRESPZ 62,262.390 2 31,131.195 3.678 3.114E-02HPZ 117,347.823 4 29,336.956 3.466 1.298E-02ITRESPZ * HPZ 45,003.570 8 5,625.446 0.665 7.203E-01Error 507,874.133 60 8,464.569Total 4,958,454.864 75Corrected Total 732,487.916 74a. R Squared = ,307 (Adjusted R Squared = ,145)
386
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.240: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Compar-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 15 177.983733 meter 15 219.916871 meter 15 239.53147 239.531479 meter 15 250.24927 250.249275 meter 15 299.18667Sig. 0.052 0.098Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.241: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Compar-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 196.62768300 seconds 25 257.47216150 seconds 25 258.02096Sig. 1.000 0.983Note: Alpha = ,05.
387
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
Compression Parallel to Grain of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin UsingChemical Technique (Compar-WBC)
Tab. G.242: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Compar-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 146.74533 52.661023 3
Total 146.74533 52.661023 324 hours 10% 219.81900 54.360081 3
20% 235.51200 103.080686 3Total 227.66550 74.203366 6
48 hours 10% 122.66967 6.888758 320% 192.59833 43.717986 3Total 157.63400 47.439355 6
Total 0% 146.74533 52.661023 310% 171.24433 63.501081 620% 214.05517 74.613879 6Total 183.46887 67.665182 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 216.77867 26.518737 3Total 216.77867 26.518737 3
24 hours 10% 272.84000 41.040687 320% 297.16067 115.194597 3Total 285.00033 78.479945 6
48 hours 10% 214.48467 25.400821 320% 218.78367 42.106245 3Total 216.63417 31.189733 6
Total 0% 216.77867 26.518737 310% 243.66233 44.197504 620% 257.97217 88.656521 6Total 244.00953 62.030230 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 179.25133 55.114741 3Total 179.25133 55.114741 3
24 hours 10% 244.70967 104.132887 320% 157.84900 36.211483 3Total 201.27933 84.412111 6
48 hours 10% 141.04067 37.126609 320% 189.01700 37.476017 3Total 165.02883 42.469440 6
Total 0% 179.25133 55.114741 310% 192.87517 90.072170 620% 173.43300 37.117686 6Total 182.37353 62.506805 15
Total 0 hours 0% 180.92511 50.494717 9Total 180.92511 50.494717 9
24 hours 10% 245.78956 66.321298 920% 230.17389 99.783033 9Total 237.98172 82.582816 18
48 hours 10% 159.39833 47.832511 920% 200.13300 38.343598 9Total 179.76567 46.987078 18
Total 0% 180.92511 50.494717 910% 202.59394 71.569466 1820% 215.15344 74.941596 18Total 203.28398 69.084076 45
Note:
388
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
Tab. G.243: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Compar-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.152 14 30 0.038Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.244: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Compar-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of SquaACE df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 101267,897(a) 14 7,233.421 1.996 5.505E-02Intercept 1,716,738.296 1 1,716,738.296 473.683 6.262E-20HPZ 34,429.902 2 17,214.951 4.750 1.614E-02ITACEPZ 30,501.982 1 30,501.982 8.416 6.902E-03CACEPZ 1,419.669 1 1,419.669 0.392 5.361E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ 2,175.345 2 1,087.673 0.300 7.429E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 5,826.941 2 2,913.470 0.804 4.570E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 7,144.560 1 7,144.560 1.971 1.706E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 8,997.983 2 4,498.992 1.241 3.034E-01Error 108,726.924 30 3,624.231Total 2,069,591.724 45Corrected Total 209,994.821 44a. R Squared = ,482 (Adjusted R Squared = ,241)
Tab. G.245: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Compar-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 182.373533 meter 15 183.468875 meter 15 244.00953Sig. 0.961 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.246: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Compar-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
48 hours 18 179.765670 hours 9 180.9251124 hours 18 237.98172Sig. 0.960 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
389
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical PropertiesG.4. Compression Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.247: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Compar-WBC at PZ
Bioresin Concentration N Subset1
0% 9 180.9251110% 18 202.5939420% 18 215.15344Sig. 0.173Note: Alpha = ,05.
390
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.5. Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
G.5 Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
Tension Parallel to Grain of Untreated Wood at Peripheral Zone (Tenpar-UW at PZ)
Tab. G.248: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenpar-UWTrunk Height Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter 387.15570 49.086685 33 meter 401.02637 176.027942 35 meter 326.75000 216.373903 37 mater 241.84007 75.164892 39 meter 62.40030 10.054346 3Total 283.83449 169.678363 15Note:
Tab. G.249: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenpar-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.947 4 10 0.036Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.250: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenpar-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 231142,744(a) 4 57,785.686 3.361 5.460E-02Intercept 1,208,430.237 1 1,208,430.237 70.287 7.793E-06HPZ 231,142.744 4 57,785.686 3.361 5.460E-02Error 171,927.712 10 17,192.771Total 1,611,500.694 15Corrected Total 403,070.457 14a. R Squared = ,573 (Adjusted R Squared = ,403)
Tab. G.251: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenpar-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
9 meter 3 62.400307 mater 3 241.84007 241.840075 meter 3 326.750001 meter 3 387.155703 meter 3 401.02637Sig. 0.125 0.196Note: Alpha = ,05.
391
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.5. Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
Tension Parallel to Grain of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using HeatTechnique (Tenpar-WBH at PZ)
Tab. G.252: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenpar-WBHTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 387.15570 49.086685 3
150 seconds 455.22728 108.368484 5300 seconds 335.04304 36.824303 5
Total 393.29375 88.258899 133 meter Control 401.02637 176.027942 3
150 seconds 319.08848 13.970733 5300 seconds 254.96926 40.887926 5
Total 313.33598 95.615256 135 meter Control 326.75000 216.373903 3
150 seconds 318.56564 170.226113 5300 seconds 252.09838 62.989687 5
Total 294.89001 141.544259 137 mater Control 241.84007 75.164892 3
150 seconds 242.98258 137.353195 5300 seconds 320.68682 71.397347 5
Total 272.60517 102.444959 139 meter Control 62.40030 10.054346 3
150 seconds 238.00486 104.601131 5300 seconds 118.77708 140.663431 5
Total 151.62389 125.730546 13Total Control 283.83449 169.678363 15
150 seconds 314.77377 134.927552 25300 seconds 256.31492 106.830837 25
Total 285.14976 134.435201 65Note:
Tab. G.253: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenpar-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.240 14 50 0.019Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.254: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenpar-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 574323,095(a) 14 41,023.078 3.522 5.022E-04Intercept 4,983,365.644 1 4,983,365.644 427.876 3.670E-26HPZ 426,223.750 4 106,555.938 9.149 1.259E-05ITRESPZ 42,751.701 2 21,375.851 1.835 1.701E-01HPZ * ITRESPZ 134,148.634 8 16,768.579 1.440 2.036E-01Error 582,337.595 50 11,646.752Total 6,441,835.755 65Corrected Total 1,156,660.690 64a. R Squared = ,497 (Adjusted R Squared = ,356)
392
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.5. Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.255: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenpar-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
9 meter 13 151.623897 mater 13 272.605175 meter 13 294.890013 meter 13 313.33598 313.335981 meter 13 393.29375Sig. 1.000 0.371 0.065Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.256: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenpar-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
300 seconds 25 256.31492Control 15 283.83449150 seconds 25 314.77377Sig. 0.107Note: Alpha = ,05.
393
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.5. Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
Tension Parallel to Grain of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using ChemicalTechnique (Tenpar-WBC)
Tab. G.257: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenpar-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 401.02637 176.027942 3
Total 401.02637 176.027942 324 hours 10% 702.63143 115.066046 3
20% 942.39277 63.143140 3Total 822.51210 155.359420 6
48 hours 10% 823.76003 57.237761 320% 490.02070 192.932994 3Total 656.89037 222.742684 6
Total 0% 401.02637 176.027942 310% 763.19573 104.919892 620% 716.20673 279.063119 6Total 671.96626 237.291143 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 326.75000 216.373903 3Total 326.75000 216.373903 3
24 hours 10% 621.30227 72.078363 320% 556.66480 75.978237 3Total 588.98353 75.103886 6
48 hours 10% 811.98200 67.228535 320% 517.41197 146.275548 3Total 664.69698 190.782431 6
Total 0% 326.75000 216.373903 310% 716.64213 121.629005 620% 537.03838 106.442129 6Total 566.82221 195.878161 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 241.84007 75.164892 3Total 241.84007 75.164892 3
24 hours 10% 638.15357 117.880347 320% 485.63723 135.010038 3Total 561.89540 140.811094 6
48 hours 10% 477.90303 41.159560 320% 455.77463 125.030881 3Total 466.83883 84.128664 6
Total 0% 241.84007 75.164892 310% 558.02830 118.067880 620% 470.70593 117.523211 6Total 459.86171 158.381127 15
Total 0 hours 0% 323.20548 160.067752 9Total 323.20548 160.067752 9
24 hours 10% 654.02909 97.287151 920% 661.56493 228.700545 9Total 657.79701 170.536417 18
48 hours 10% 704.54836 176.898430 920% 487.73577 138.846601 9Total 596.14206 190.372098 18
Total 0% 323.20548 160.067752 910% 679.28872 140.910409 1820% 574.65035 204.167341 18Total 566.21672 213.948789 45
Note:
394
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.5. Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
Tab. G.258: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenpar-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.001 14 30 0.054Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.259: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenpar-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of SquaACE df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 1559031,056(a) 14 111,359.361 7.342 2.665E-06Intercept 12,324,602.689 1 12,324,602.689 812.560 2.754E-23HPZ 301,238.627 2 150,619.314 9.930 4.903E-04ITACEPZ 34,211.996 1 34,211.996 2.256 1.436E-01CACEPZ 98,542.700 1 98,542.700 6.497 1.616E-02HPZ * ITACEPZ 92,384.512 2 46,192.256 3.045 6.250E-02HPZ * CACEPZ 27,729.306 2 13,864.653 0.914 4.118E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 113,247.494 1 113,247.494 7.466 1.043E-02HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 185,832.266 2 92,916.133 6.126 5.877E-03Error 455,028.656 30 15,167.622Total 16,441,121.768 45Corrected Total 2,014,059.712 44a. R Squared = ,774 (Adjusted R Squared = ,669)
Tab. G.260: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenpar-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 meter 15 459.861715 meter 15 566.822213 meter 15 671.96626Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.261: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenpar-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
0 hours 9 323.2054848 hours 18 596.1420624 hours 18 657.79701Sig. 1.000 0.203Note: Alpha = ,05.
395
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.5. Tension Strength ‖ to Grain
.
Tab. G.262: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Tenpar-WBC at PZ
Bioresin Concentration N Subset1 2 3
0% 9 323.2054820% 18 574.6503510% 18 679.28872Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
396
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.6. Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
G.6 Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
Tension Perpendicular to Grain of Untreated Wood at Peripheral Zone (Tenper-UW at PZ)
Tab. G.263: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenper-UWTrunk Height Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter 4.31600 0.668094 53 meter 4.46524 2.669007 55 meter 3.67282 2.137567 57 mater 2.61202 1.184513 59 meter 2.72104 1.175027 5Total 3.55742 1.764495 25Note:
Tab. G.264: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenper-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.582 4 20 0.068Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.265: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenper-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 15,031(a) 4 3.758 1.259 3.187E-01Intercept 316.382 1 316.382 106.005 1.933E-09HPZ 15.031 4 3.758 1.259 3.187E-01Error 59.692 20 2.985Total 391.104 25Corrected Total 74.723 24a. R Squared = ,201 (Adjusted R Squared = ,041)
Tab. G.266: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenper-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1
7 mater 5 2.612029 meter 5 2.721045 meter 5 3.672821 meter 5 4.316003 meter 5 4.46524Sig. 0.142Note: Alpha = ,05.
397
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.6. Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
Tension Perpendicular to Grain of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin UsingHeat Technique (Tenper-WBH at PZ)
Tab. G.267: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenper-WBHTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 4.31600 0.668094 5
150 seconds 3.37826 2.330388 5300 seconds 3.96302 2.533544 5
Total 3.88576 1.916596 153 meter Control 4.46524 2.669007 5
150 seconds 10.08798 2.754697 5300 seconds 4.17236 2.800337 5
Total 6.24186 3.792611 155 meter Control 3.67282 2.137567 5
150 seconds 4.87472 2.972708 5300 seconds 5.77950 2.774419 5
Total 4.77568 2.612923 157 mater Control 2.61202 1.184513 5
150 seconds 3.73132 4.258205 5300 seconds 4.14232 2.069861 5
Total 3.49522 2.693265 159 meter Control 2.72104 1.175027 5
150 seconds 4.50480 2.690647 5300 seconds 2.14880 1.374629 5
Total 3.12488 2.020246 15Total Control 3.55742 1.764495 25
150 seconds 5.31542 3.754802 25300 seconds 4.04120 2.463993 25
Total 4.30468 2.847552 75Note:
Tab. G.268: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenper-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.295 14 60 0.014Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.269: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenper-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 238,901(a) 14 17.064 2.835 2.589E-03Intercept 1,389.770 1 1,389.770 230.903 3.101E-22HPZ 92.957 4 23.239 3.861 7.405E-03ITRESPZ 41.235 2 20.618 3.425 3.902E-02HPZ * ITRESPZ 104.709 8 13.089 2.175 4.219E-02Error 361.132 60 6.019Total 1,989.803 75Corrected Total 600.033 74a. R Squared = ,398 (Adjusted R Squared = ,258)
398
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.6. Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
.
Tab. G.270: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenper-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
9 meter 15 3.124887 mater 15 3.495221 meter 15 3.885765 meter 15 4.77568 4.775683 meter 15 6.24186Sig. 0.097 0.107Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.271: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenper-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 3.55742300 seconds 25 4.04120 4.04120150 seconds 25 5.31542Sig. 0.488 0.071Note: Alpha = ,05.
399
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.6. Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
Tension Perpendicular to Grain of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin UsingChemical Technique (Tenper-WBC)
Tab. G.272: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Tenper-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 6.15633 1.815384 3
Total 6.15633 1.815384 324 hours 10% 6.34140 1.261260 3
20% 4.17713 0.993477 3Total 5.25927 1.560873 6
48 hours 10% 5.22783 1.065626 320% 7.84320 1.314573 3Total 6.53552 1.788157 6
Total 0% 6.15633 1.815384 310% 5.78462 1.209357 620% 6.01017 2.262311 6Total 5.94918 1.686242 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 3.46840 0.916556 3Total 3.46840 0.916556 3
24 hours 10% 4.84677 3.071474 320% 3.72947 4.053261 3Total 4.28812 3.274089 6
48 hours 10% 5.49233 0.681130 320% 8.05553 3.673640 3Total 6.77393 2.748604 6
Total 0% 3.46840 0.916556 310% 5.16955 2.020936 620% 5.89250 4.193361 6Total 5.11850 2.949589 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 3.11153 1.212892 3Total 3.11153 1.212892 3
24 hours 10% 3.54807 0.591170 320% 3.02617 1.592387 3Total 3.28712 1.111659 6
48 hours 10% 3.92363 1.083859 320% 5.60520 1.018388 3Total 4.76442 1.316452 6
Total 0% 3.11153 1.212892 310% 3.73585 0.807470 620% 4.31568 1.850554 6Total 3.84292 1.371641 15
Total 0 hours 0% 4.24542 1.865367 9Total 4.24542 1.865367 9
24 hours 10% 4.91208 2.075804 920% 3.64426 2.289186 9Total 4.27817 2.217946 18
48 hours 10% 4.88127 1.105679 920% 7.16798 2.333976 9Total 6.02462 2.126727 18
Total 0% 4.24542 1.865367 910% 4.89667 1.613476 1820% 5.40612 2.883802 18Total 4.97020 2.244770 45
Note:
400
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.6. Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
Tab. G.273: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Tenper-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
3.969 14 30 0.001Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.274: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Tenper-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of SquaACE df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 109,780(a) 14 7.841 2.102 4.310E-02Intercept 1,017.484 1 1,017.484 272.698 1.326E-16HPZ 34.952 2 17.476 4.684 1.697E-02ITACEPZ 27.451 1 27.451 7.357 1.095E-02CACEPZ 2.336 1 2.336 0.626 4.350E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ 2.521 2 1.260 0.338 7.160E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 0.393 2 0.197 0.053 9.487E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 28.428 1 28.428 7.619 9.754E-03HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 2.507 2 1.253 0.336 7.173E-01Error 111.935 30 3.731Total 1,333.346 45Corrected Total 221.716 44a. R Squared = ,495 (Adjusted R Squared = ,260)
Tab. G.275: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Tenper-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 3.842925 meter 15 5.11850 5.118503 meter 15 5.94918Sig. 0.081 0.248Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.276: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Tenper-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
0 hours 9 4.2454224 hours 18 4.2781748 hours 18 6.02462Sig. 0.965 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
401
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.6. Tension Strength ⊥ to Grain
.
Tab. G.277: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Tenper-WBC at PZ
Bioresin Concentration N Subset1
0% 9 4.2454210% 18 4.8966720% 18 5.40612Sig. 0.150Note: Alpha = ,05.
402
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.7. Cleavage Strength
G.7 Cleavage Strength
Cleavage of Untreated Wood at Peripheral Zone (Cleavage-UW at PZ)
Tab. G.278: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Cleavage-UWTrunk Height Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter 1.69958 0.490453 53 meter 2.13226 0.459970 55 meter 2.10394 0.448549 57 mater 1.19696 0.678526 59 meter 1.41564 0.837631 5Total 1.70968 0.667040 25Note:
Tab. G.279: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Cleavage-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
0.857 4 20 0.506Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.280: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Cleavage-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 3,417(a) 4 0.854 2.353 8.877E-02Intercept 73.075 1 73.075 201.271 6.694E-12HPZ 3.417 4 0.854 2.353 8.877E-02Error 7.261 20 0.363Total 83.753 25Corrected Total 10.679 24a. R Squared = ,320 (Adjusted R Squared = ,184)
Tab. G.281: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Cleavage-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 mater 5 1.196969 meter 5 1.41564 1.415641 meter 5 1.69958 1.699585 meter 5 2.103943 meter 5 2.13226Sig. 0.226 0.099Note: Alpha = ,05.
403
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.7. Cleavage Strength
Cleavage of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using Heat Technique (Cleavage-WBH at PZ)
Tab. G.282: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Cleavage-WBHTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 1.69958 0.490453 5
150 seconds 2.15400 1.123261 5300 seconds 1.88168 0.849401 5
Total 1.91175 0.820191 153 meter Control 2.13226 0.459970 5
150 seconds 2.80456 0.458832 5300 seconds 2.25008 0.938907 5
Total 2.39563 0.681566 155 meter Control 2.10394 0.448549 5
150 seconds 1.98546 0.554283 5300 seconds 2.63164 0.449910 5
Total 2.24035 0.536310 157 mater Control 1.19696 0.678526 5
150 seconds 1.95514 1.195139 5300 seconds 1.31228 0.544674 5
Total 1.48813 0.862335 159 meter Control 1.41564 0.837631 5
150 seconds 2.29368 0.766685 5300 seconds 1.48636 0.925114 5
Total 1.73189 0.884817 15Total Control 1.70968 0.667040 25
150 seconds 2.23857 0.855307 25300 seconds 1.91241 0.858814 25
Total 1.95355 0.817853 75Note:
Tab. G.283: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Cleavage-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.418 14 60 0.173Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.284: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Cleavage-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 15,222(a) 14 1.087 1.903 4.405E-02Intercept 286.227 1 286.227 501.044 8.117E-31HPZ 8.178 4 2.044 3.579 1.105E-02ITRESPZ 3.560 2 1.780 3.116 5.158E-02HPZ * ITRESPZ 3.484 8 0.435 0.762 6.369E-01Error 34.276 60 0.571Total 335.724 75Corrected Total 49.497 74a. R Squared = ,308 (Adjusted R Squared = ,146)
404
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.7. Cleavage Strength
.
Tab. G.285: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Cleavage-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
7 mater 15 1.488139 meter 15 1.73189 1.731891 meter 15 1.91175 1.91175 1.911755 meter 15 2.24035 2.240353 meter 15 2.39563Sig. 0.153 0.086 0.102Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.286: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Cleavage-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
Control 25 1.70968300 seconds 25 1.91241 1.91241150 seconds 25 2.23857Sig. 0.347 0.132Note: Alpha = ,05.
405
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.7. Cleavage Strength
Cleavage of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using Chemical Technique(Cleavage-WBC)
Tab. G.287: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Cleavage-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 2.08517 0.640619 3
Total 2.08517 0.640619 324 hours 10% 2.53153 0.155479 3
20% 2.20810 0.977318 3Total 2.36982 0.650471 6
48 hours 10% 2.82753 0.336240 320% 2.19763 0.908511 3Total 2.51258 0.703144 6
Total 0% 2.08517 0.640619 310% 2.67953 0.284916 620% 2.20287 0.843949 6Total 2.36999 0.642194 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 2.06643 0.381199 3Total 2.06643 0.381199 3
24 hours 10% 3.03223 0.639682 320% 2.15570 0.210793 3Total 2.59397 0.641829 6
48 hours 10% 2.41180 0.176889 320% 2.01620 0.265259 3Total 2.21400 0.295991 6
Total 0% 2.06643 0.381199 310% 2.72202 0.540069 620% 2.08595 0.227501 6Total 2.33647 0.499641 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 1.47787 0.343637 3Total 1.47787 0.343637 3
24 hours 10% 2.05260 0.793931 320% 1.92640 0.081637 3Total 1.98950 0.509485 6
48 hours 10% 2.23510 0.258097 320% 2.04787 0.132172 3Total 2.14148 0.210120 6
Total 0% 1.47787 0.343637 310% 2.14385 0.537372 620% 1.98713 0.118658 6Total 1.94797 0.435301 15
Total 0 hours 0% 1.87649 0.507834 9Total 1.87649 0.507834 9
24 hours 10% 2.53879 0.667753 920% 2.09673 0.518071 9Total 2.31776 0.622787 18
48 hours 10% 2.49148 0.349456 920% 2.08723 0.485128 9Total 2.28936 0.459867 18
Total 0% 1.87649 0.507834 910% 2.51513 0.517584 1820% 2.09198 0.486910 18Total 2.21814 0.555395 45
Note:
406
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.7. Cleavage Strength
Tab. G.288: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Cleavage-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
2.499 14 30 0.017Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.289: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Cleavage-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of SquaACE df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 5,837(a) 14 0.417 1.617 1.316E-01Intercept 202.258 1 202.258 784.368 4.591E-23HPZ 1.742 2 0.871 3.379 4.750E-02ITACEPZ 0.007 1 0.007 0.028 8.679E-01CACEPZ 1.612 1 1.612 6.249 1.812E-02HPZ * ITACEPZ 0.556 2 0.278 1.079 3.529E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 0.358 2 0.179 0.693 5.078E-01ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 0.003 1 0.003 0.012 9.118E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 0.243 2 0.122 0.472 6.282E-01Error 7.736 30 0.258Total 234.980 45Corrected Total 13.572 44a. R Squared = ,430 (Adjusted R Squared = ,164)
Tab. G.290: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Cleavage-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 1.947975 meter 15 2.336473 meter 15 2.36999Sig. 1.000 0.858Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.291: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Cleavage-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
0 hours 9 1.8764948 hours 18 2.2893624 hours 18 2.31776Sig. 1.000 0.885Note: Alpha = ,05.
407
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.7. Cleavage Strength
.
Tab. G.292: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Cleavage-WBC at PZ
Bioresin Concentration N Subset1 2
0% 9 1.8764920% 18 2.0919810% 18 2.51513Sig. 0.279 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
408
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
G.8 Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Nail Withdrawal of Untreated Wood at Peripheral Zone (Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZ)
Tab. G.293: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Nail Withdrawal-UWTrunk Height Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter 28.53040 4.072713 53 meter 43.82960 6.263584 55 meter 37.15520 7.643496 57 mater 29.88640 3.742211 59 meter 33.07600 6.578908 5Total 34.49552 7.776347 25Note:
Tab. G.294: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.111 4 20 0.379Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.295: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 765,203(a) 4 191.301 5.576 3.498E-03Intercept 29,748.523 1 29,748.523 867.159 6.036E-18HPZ 765.203 4 191.301 5.576 3.498E-03Error 686.115 20 34.306Total 31,199.840 25Corrected Total 1,451.318 24a. R Squared = ,527 (Adjusted R Squared = ,433)
Tab. G.296: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Nail Withdrawal-UW at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
1 meter 5 28.530407 mater 5 29.88640 29.886409 meter 5 33.07600 33.076005 meter 5 37.15520 37.155203 meter 5 43.82960Sig. 0.259 0.077 0.087Note: Alpha = ,05.
409
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Nail Withdrawal of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using Heat Technique(Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ)
Tab. G.297: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Nail Withdrawal-WBHTrunk Height Impregnation Time Mean Std. Deviation N1 meter Control 28.53040 4.072713 5
150 seconds 24.11720 4.464768 5300 seconds 23.26200 5.662095 5
Total 25.30320 5.030347 153 meter Control 43.82960 6.263584 5
150 seconds 42.92600 3.712139 5300 seconds 29.98296 6.727305 5
Total 38.91285 8.422716 155 meter Control 37.15520 7.643496 5
150 seconds 30.61760 5.296285 5300 seconds 29.75840 6.605892 5
Total 32.51040 6.990288 157 mater Control 29.88640 3.742211 5
150 seconds 25.06040 2.346804 5300 seconds 31.93096 12.867146 5
Total 28.95925 7.859293 159 meter Control 33.07600 6.578908 5
150 seconds 30.78584 4.239782 5300 seconds 27.40320 4.250805 5
Total 30.42168 5.336898 15Total Control 34.49552 7.776347 25
150 seconds 30.70141 7.810596 25300 seconds 28.46750 7.744054 25
Total 31.22148 8.069874 75Note:
Tab. G.298: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
1.255 14 60 0.262Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.299: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZSource Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 2573,639(a) 14 183.831 4.912 6.059E-06Intercept 73,108.549 1 73,108.549 1,953.509 1.751E-47HPZ 1,524.029 4 381.007 10.181 2.338E-06ITRESPZ 464.355 2 232.177 6.204 3.556E-03HPZ * ITRESPZ 585.255 8 73.157 1.955 6.808E-02Error 2,245.453 60 37.424Total 77,927.640 75Corrected Total 4,819.092 74a. R Squared = ,534 (Adjusted R Squared = ,425)
410
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
.
Tab. G.300: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2 3
1 meter 15 25.303207 mater 15 28.95925 28.959259 meter 15 30.421685 meter 15 32.510403 meter 15 38.91285Sig. 0.107 0.139 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.301: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Nail Withdrawal-WBH at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1 2
300 seconds 25 28.46750150 seconds 25 30.70141Control 25 34.49552Sig. 0.202 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
411
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Nail Withdrawal of Treated Wood at Peripheral Zone with Bioresin Using Chemical Tech-nique (Nail Withdrawal-WBC)
Tab. G.302: Descriptive statistics of modulus of elasticity for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZTrunk Impregnation Bioresin Mean Std. Deviation NHeight Time Concentration3 meter 0 hours 0% 47.94800 3.249448 3
Total 47.94800 3.249448 324 hours 10% 31.16333 3.753945 3
20% 60.55867 9.150284 3Total 45.86100 17.272915 6
48 hours 10% 43.59800 6.875043 320% 42.36667 8.481753 3Total 42.98233 6.938111 6
Total 0% 47.94800 3.249448 310% 37.38067 8.421972 620% 51.46267 12.710303 6Total 45.12693 11.364975 15
5 meter 0 hours 0% 36.69133 10.146034 3Total 36.69133 10.146034 3
24 hours 10% 33.75227 2.500265 320% 36.63600 1.424105 3Total 35.19413 2.409676 6
48 hours 10% 33.16200 8.209178 320% 32.78867 6.253772 3Total 32.97533 6.530078 6
Total 0% 36.69133 10.146034 310% 33.45713 5.437030 620% 34.71233 4.571180 6Total 34.60605 5.850531 15
7 meter 0 hours 0% 27.63533 2.110977 3Total 27.63533 2.110977 3
24 hours 10% 21.56600 0.916596 320% 33.92400 5.586969 3Total 27.74500 7.657532 6
48 hours 10% 52.79333 37.384732 320% 24.58000 7.189180 3Total 38.68667 28.609765 6
Total 0% 27.63533 2.110977 310% 37.17967 29.187793 620% 29.25200 7.704058 6Total 32.09973 18.571475 15
Total 0 hours 0% 37.42489 10.351584 9Total 37.42489 10.351584 9
24 hours 10% 28.82720 6.017512 920% 43.70622 13.797619 9Total 36.26671 12.854187 18
48 hours 10% 43.18444 21.223229 920% 33.24511 10.005961 9Total 38.21478 16.888761 18
Total 0% 37.42489 10.351584 910% 36.00582 16.839509 1820% 38.47567 12.871321 18Total 37.27757 13.939371 45
Note:
412
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
Tab. G.303: Levene’s Test of Equality of Error Variances for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZF df1 df2 Sig.
7.212 14 30 3.206E-06Note: Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
Tab. G.304: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZSource Type III Sum of SquaACE df Mean Square F Sig.Corrected Model 4687,228(a) 14 334.802 2.601 1.374E-02Intercept 59,307.486 1 59,307.486 460.672 9.280E-20HPZ 1,497.256 2 748.628 5.815 7.341E-03ITACEPZ 34.155 1 34.155 0.265 6.103E-01CACEPZ 54.901 1 54.901 0.426 5.187E-01HPZ * ITACEPZ 364.635 2 182.317 1.416 2.584E-01HPZ * CACEPZ 733.277 2 366.639 2.848 7.372E-02ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 1,385.889 1 1,385.889 10.765 2.626E-03HPZ * ITACEPZ * CACEPZ 560.086 2 280.043 2.175 1.312E-01Error 3,862.240 30 128.741Total 71,082.254 45Corrected Total 8,549.467 44a. R Squared = ,548 (Adjusted R Squared = ,337)
Tab. G.305: Post Hoc Tests - Trunk Height for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ
Trunk Height N Subset1 2
7 meter 15 32.099735 meter 15 34.606053 meter 15 45.12693Sig. 0.550 1.000Note: Alpha = ,05.
Tab. G.306: Post Hoc Tests - Impregnation Time for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZ
Impregnation Time N Subset1
24 hours 18 36.266710 hours 9 37.4248948 hours 18 38.21478Sig. 0.678Note: Alpha = ,05.
413
Chapter G. Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties G.8. Nail Withdrawal Resistance
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Tab. G.307: Post Hoc Tests - Bioresin Concentration for Nail Withdrawal-WBC at PZBioresin Concentration N Subset
110% 18 36.005820% 9 37.4248920% 18 38.47567Sig. 0.599Note: Alpha = ,05.
414
Declaration
I, Erwinsyah, declare that the dissertation entitle:
Improvement of Oil Palm Wood Properties Using Bioresin
is the result of my own work, originating from me and is not a duplicate of any other previouswork presented to any academic institute of higher education.
Dresden, May 27, 2008
Erwinsyah
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