III - Vocabulary List 2 1. Abdicate v - to renounce or
relinquish a throne, right, power, claim, responsibility, or the
like, especially in a formal manner 2. Bigot n - a person who is
obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and
prejudices 3. Candid adj - free from reservation, disguise, or
subterfuge; straightforward 4. Desolate adj - deprived or destitute
of inhabitants; deserted; uninhabited 5. Ebullient adj -
overflowing with fervor, enthusiasm, or excitement; high-spirited
6. Flaccid - adj - soft and limp; not firm; flabby 7. Gibe v - To
make taunting, heckling, or jeering remarks; to jibe 8. Harangue v
- a scolding with a long or intense verbal attack; diatribe 9.
Incongruous adj - Lacking in harmony; incompatible:Not in agreement
10. Jaded adj - made dull, apathetic, or cynical by experience;
worn out, wearied
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- A sentence tells a complete idea. - A fragment (non-
sentence) tells an incomplete idea. Read each of the following
statements and decide which is a complete sentence.
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Sharks are fierce hunters. Sentence Fragment
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Afraid of sharks. Sentence Fragment
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The great white shark will attack people. Sentence
Fragment
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Other kinds will not. Sentence Fragment
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Sharks have an outer row of teeth for grabbing. Sentence
Fragment
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When the outer teeth fall out, another row of teeth moves up.
Sentence Fragment
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Help keep the ocean clean by eating dead animals. Sentence
Fragment Thats good to know!
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Not a single bone in his body. Sentence Fragment
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Cartilage of sharks. Sentence Fragment
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Made of the same material as the tip of your nose. Sentence
Fragment
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Unlike other fish, sharks cannot float. Sentence Fragment
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In motion constantly. Sentence Fragment
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Even when sleeping. Sentence Fragment
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Clause Group of words containing a subject and a verb 1.
Independent 2. Dependent
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Independent Clause main clause A group of words made up of a
subject and predicate Simple sentence Can stand alone as a sentence
Ex. Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his English quiz.
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Dependent Clause subordinate clause Contains a subject and verb
but does not express a complete thought Cannot stand alone as a
sentence Must be attached to an independent clause Ex: When Jim
studied in the Sweet Shop for his English quiz
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Grammar Practice Write 2 SENTENCES. Reminder: These are
COMPLETE thoughts independent (main) clauses Write 2 dependent
clauses. contains a subject & verb You have 5 minutes
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and how to tame it.
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Run-on Sentence Has at least 2 parts Either part can stand
alone 2 independent clauses improperly combined The sun is high,
put on some sunscreen.
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How to Combine a Run-on Comma + coordinating conjunction
(FANBOYS) The sun is high, so put on sunscreen. F A N B O Y S
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FANBOYS Practice Correctly combine 2+ independent clauses using
3 different FANBOYS. You have 8 minutes
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Ok, so what does a semi-colon do? Links 2 independent clauses
(2 complete thoughts) with no additional words
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Examples 1. I am going home; I intend to stay there. 2. It
rained heavily during the afternoon; we managed to have our picnic
anyway. 3. They couldn't make it to the summit and back before
dark; they decided to camp for the night.
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What else can it do? join 2 independent clauses together with a
conjunctive adverb (adverbs that join independent clauses): however
moreover therefore consequently otherwise nevertheless thus
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More Examples 1. I am going home; moreover, I intend to stay
there. 2. It rained heavily during the afternoon; however, we
managed to have our picnic anyway. 3. They couldn't make it to the
summit and back before dark; therefore, they decided to camp for
the night.
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Correct or Incorrect? 1. I felt sleepy after school; I took a
nap on the couch. 2. The prom is next month; but I dont have a date
yet. 3. I love pizza; wings; chocolate; and burgers. 4. Washington
Irving is a Romantic author; however, Nathaniel Hawthorne is a Dark
Romantic. 5. I failed English; consequently, my parents grounded
me.
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Semi-Colon Practice Write 3 sentences correctly combining 2+
independent clauses with a semi-colon and NO additional words.
Write 3 sentences correctly combining 2+ independent clauses using
a conjunctive adverb. You have 11 minutes
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Semi-colon Formulas main clause ;conjunctive adverb,main clause
main clause + ; + conjunctive adverb +, + main clause. I love dogs;
however, I like cats too. main clause; main clause main clause + ;
+ main clause. I love my cat; his name is Jack.
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Common Conjunctive Adverbs accordingly also besides
consequently conversely finally furthermore hence however indeed
instead likewise meanwhile moreover nevertheless next nonetheless
otherwise similarly still subsequently then therefore thus
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NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH Coordinating Conjunctions Coordinating
Conjunctions Main clause,FANBOYSmain clause Main clause +, +
FANBOYS + main clause. I love my dog, and I love my cat. For And
Nor But Or Yet So
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Corrections Correct each of the following sentences 3x. - Using
JUST a semi-colon - Using the semi-colon, conjunctive adverb, comma
construction - Using a comma and FANBOYS 1. I am sleepy I want to
take a nap. 2. My dog ran away I cried myself to sleep. 3. This
weekend is Halloween my costume is awesome.
Simple Has 1 independent (stand alone) clause Ex. David
Letterman and Jay Leno host talk shows.
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Compound Consists of 2+ independent clauses. The independent
clauses can be joined with, + A coordinating conjunction: for, and,
nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) A semicolon (;) Ex. Amir is a
coward, but Hassan is brave.
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Complex Contains 1 independent clause and 1+ dependent clause
Ideas are linked by subordinating conjunctions after, how, until,
although, if, unless, as, in order, that, when as long as,
whenever, as much as, now, where, as soon as, wherever, though,
since, while, before, even, though, because Ex. Although I love the
mountains, I prefer the beach.
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Compound-Complex Has 2+ independent clauses and 1+ dependent
clauses Ex. When the heat comes, the lakes dry up, and farmers know
the crops will fail. I planned to drive to work, but I couldn't
until the mechanic repaired my car.
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Grammar Practice Write 8 sentences: 2 simple 2 compound 2
complex 2 compound-complex You have 12 minutes
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Structure
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Four sentence types Declarative: makes a statement, ends with a
period. English is fascinating. Imperative: makes a command, ends
with a period. Go study for your vocabulary quiz. Exclamatory:
expresses a strong feeling and is followed with an exclamation
point! Im failing English! Interrogative: asks a question and ends
with a question mark? Will you help me with my English
homework?
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Sentence Type Practice Write a declarative, imperative,
interrogative, and exclamatory sentence about The Kite Runner.
Bonus: use vocabulary words in the sentences!
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Sentence Type Review Will Amir ever redeem himself? Hassan is a
loyal boy. Leave us alone, agha. We won!
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Length
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Sentence Length Variety Telegraphic: 5 or fewer words Short:
approximately 10 words Medium: approximately 18 words Long and
Involved: 30 words or more
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Count Poes Sentences I was never kinder to the old man than
during the whole week before I killed him. And every night, about
midnight, I turned the latch of his door and opened it-- oh, so
gently! And then, when I had made an opening sufficient for my
head, I put in a dark lantern, all closed, closed, so that no light
shone out, and then I thrust in my head. Oh, you would have laughed
to see how cunningly I thrust it in! I moved it slowly--very, very
slowly, so that I might not disturb the old man's sleep. It took me
an hour to place my whole head within the opening so far that I
could see him as he lay upon his bed. Ha!--would a madman have been
so wise as this? From: The Tell-Tale Heart
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Poes Sentence Variety Telegraphic: Short: Medium: Long and
Involved: **Longer sentences provide better description. Show, Dont
Tell!!****
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J.K. Rowling Excerpt Nearly ten years had passed since the
Dursleys had woken up to find their nephew on the front step, but
Privet Drive had hardly changed at all. The sun rose on the same
tidy front gardens and lit up the brass number four on the
Dursleys' front door; it crept into their living room, which was
almost exactly the same as it had been on the night when Mr.
Dursley had seen that fateful news report about the owls. Only the
photographs on the mantelpiece really showed how much time had
passed. Ten years ago, there had been lots of pictures of what
looked like a large pink beach ball wearing different-colored
bonnets--but Dudley Dursley was no longer a baby, and now the
photographs showed a large blond boy riding his first bicycle, on a
carousel at the fair, playing a computer game with his father,
being hugged and kissed by his mother. The room held no sign at all
that another boy lived in the house, too. From: Harry Potter and
the Sorcerers Stone
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Rowlings Sentence Variety Telegraphic: Short: Medium: Long and
Involved: **Longer sentences provide better description. Show, Dont
Tell!!****
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Sentence Length Practice Write a Telegraphic, Short, Medium,
and Long & Involved Sentence about Love & Sacrifice and
what you have learned in this unit. Bonus: incorporate vocabulary
terms!
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Variety You should have at least 3 different sentence lengths
in a body paragraph. Combine simple sentences to make compound or
complex sentences. Length helps maintain the readers interest.
Include some telegraphic, or short, sentences for emphasis.
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Grammar Review Write a compound-complex sentence using at least
two vocabulary words. Identify the clauses in each sentence, then
Identify all subjects and verbs Identify any prepositional and/or
verbal phrases.
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Beginnings
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Sentence Beginnings SUBJECT-VERB I shot the sheriff.
SUBORDINATE (DEPENDENT) CLAUSE - After I won the Super Bowl, I went
to Disney World. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE - At the beginning of time,
there was a void.
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Sentence Beginnings Review 1. Screaming loudly, my mother
grounded me. 2. After I worked out, I took a shower. 3. My mom
baked cookies. 4. To hold the door for you is the least I could do.
5. In the woods, there are fairies. 6. Luckily, I remembered to
study for the test.
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More Sentence Beginnings INFINITIVE To be a man must be the
epitome of existence. VERBAL Spinning wildly, she flung herself off
the stage. ADVERB Unfortunately, the opposite was true as
well.
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Sentence Variety in Essays Underline the first five words of
each sentence in red. (Place parenthesis around simple sentences in
green.) Count the number of words in each sentence and place the
number in blue over the last word of the sentence. Highlight any
sentences that are exclamatory or interrogative.
Variety You should have at least 3 types of sentence beginnings
in a body paragraph. Combine simple sentences to make compound or
complex sentences. Length helps maintain the readers interest.
Include some telegraphic, or short, sentences for emphasis. When
writing a speech include multiple exclamatory and interrogative
sentences; if not writing a speech, keep them to a minimum.
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Journal Entry #9 All wars are civil wars, because all men are
brothers. - Francois Fenelon Write a 6-8 sentence paragraph. Define
WAR in your own words. Try to create a 3-part definition (term,
classification, defining characteristics) Discuss a personal
example (a war can represent an internal struggle). Discuss a
historical or cultural example. Discuss a fictional example from a
book or film.