IEVC Conference, Greenville, SC March 8, 2012 ML Chan, PhD, ML
Consulting Group (TF2 Lead) Jim Hall, AKF Group (Subgroup Lead)
Laura Manning, OPPD (Subgroup Lead) Mike Henderson, ISO-NE
(Subgroup Lead) Spyros Skarvelis-Kazakos, Cardiff University
(Subgroup Lead) 1
Slide 2
ML Chan, PhD Sr. Vice President ML Consulting Group
[email protected] 2
Slide 3
Objectives of TF2 Report IEEE Standard Association activities;
to provide guidelines for development standards for integrating EVs
into electric grid TF1 EV Technology; TF3 - Cybersecurity & IT
Infrastructure; TF4 Communications & Cybersecurity; TF5 Battery
Technology; TF6 Chargers & Charging; TF2: Impacts on Energy
Supply, Transmission, Distribution and Customer Sectors; part of
P2030.1 report EVs include Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(PHEVs,) Extended Range Electric Vehicles ( EREVs) Battery-powered
Electric Vehicles ( BEVs) Fleet Electric Vehicles 3
Slide 4
Impacts Considered Long term system resource planning case
Capacity issues System reliability Power system operations case
Each case with 2 scenarios EVs acting as a load EVs acting a source
(V2H or V2G) Each scenario with 2 vehicle charging cases
Uncontrolled charging Controlled charging (e.g., electricity TOD
rates) 4
Slide 5
EV Charging Load Shapes The most critical driver to understand
and predict EV impacts on grids that vary by Electrical subsystem
(substation/distribution transformers) Weather region (lifestyles)
Urban/suburb/rural areas Income level Roaming pattern Further
complicated by EVs serving as source, in addition to serving as
load 5
Slide 6
Detailed Grid Impacts Customer grid impacts (Jim Hall, AKF
Group) Distribution system impacts (Laura Manning, OPPD)
Transmission system impacts (Mike Henderson, ISO-NE) Generation
system impacts (Spyros Skarvelis- Kazakos, Cardiff University)
Format of discussion on each sectors impacts Presentation by each
Subgroup Lead Comments/Inputs at the end of each presentation
6
Slide 7
7 IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors Henry Chao, New York ISO Liana
Cipcigan, Cardiff University, UK Thomas Domitrovich, Eaton
Corporation, PA, USA Dr Fainan Hassan, Alstom T&D Aoife Foley,
University College Cork & Queen's College, Belfast Iaki Grau,
Cardiff University, UK Rao Konidena, MISO Jeremy Landt,Transcore
Don Marabell, GE Energy
Slide 8
8 IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors Tony McGrail, US National Grid
Brian McMillan, Greater Sudbury Hydro Inc., ON, Canada Patti Metro,
NRECA Dale Osborn, MISO Panagiotis Papadopoulos, Cardiff
University, UK Bob Saint, NRECA, VA, USA Jose Salazar, Southern
California Edison, CA, USA Steve Widergren, PNL Mulu T.
Woldeyohannes, Baker Hughes, TX, USA
Slide 9
IEEE P2030.1 TF2 Contributors John Bzura, ISO-NE Robert Leavy,
Gannett Fleming Transit & Rail Systems Slide #9
Impacts on Customers Service Overview Modes of Operation
Charging Only EVs acting purely as a load Source V2H No
Net-Metering Source V2G With Net-Metering Impact of Smart Meter
Integration Information will have to be conveyed between customers
charging equipment, meter, and grid operations. May have a
significant impact on todays IT grid. 11
Slide 12
Impacts on Customers Service Overview 12 Specific Impacts
Residential Characterized by single phase services consisting of
equipment and capacities largely dictated by building codes. Many
customers served by a single distribution transformer and feeder.
Currently utility rates are flat with little use of time-of-use
rates. Commercial Larger generally 3-phase distribution systems.
Rates are generally complex time-of-use with seasonal ratcheting.
Impacts are minimal for other than large fleet operations. Work
Using this term to define the special situation where employees
plug- in and charge their EVs on their employers property. Mass
Transit EVs as busses plugged in and charging during evening
hours.
Slide 13
Impacts on Customers Service Overview 13 Unique Characteristics
of Customers Impacts. Impacts are building code driven.
Infrastructure upgrades may be required to satisfy codes while
actual impact to the grid is minimal. Impacts are a function of the
level of charging. Faster charging rate equates to a larger
connected load. In the case of a bi-directional charger the size of
the connection to a main panel is limited by code to 20% of the
size of the existing main (Assuming the size of the main is matched
to the bus). Consideration should be given to minimize the impact
on existing facilitys service and equipment.
Slide 14
EVs acting as a Load Load Issues Additional load entire charger
load impacts equipment No Diversity Available Fault Currents
On-Vehicle chargers will be subject to varying range of available
fault currents. Power Quality Issues Non-Linear Loads Chargers will
have to be single phase resulting in voltage balance issues.
14
Slide 15
EVs acting as a Load Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS) 15
HEMS may be used to coordinate household electric appliance loads
with vehicle charging. The EV charger may be added to the HEMS as
another appliance to be controlled. The HEMS may control the
starting, stopping, and rate of charging to coordinate with the
cycling of air conditioning compressors and hot water heaters.
Cycling these loads to maintain an existing domestic load profile
may delay the loading of distribution system components. Without
Time-of-Use rates the customer will not have the incentive to
coordinate his demand.
Slide 16
EVs Acting as a Load Specific Issues 16 Residential Customers
Very easy to provide an on-board charger that will require
infrastructure upgrades Commercial Customers Small impact except in
the case of large fleet operations Work Impact on existing
facilities service may be large May require a dedicated service for
vehicle charging stations. Mass Transportation Charging load may be
significant relative to transit hub facility load.
Slide 17
EVs Acting as a Source V2H 17 Connection Issues Parallel
sources connected to a common bus. Sum of sources cannot exceed bus
rating. Source of additional fault current Coordination and
Protection Issues Islanding Synchronization assurances required to
prevent closing an intermediate switch while discharging. Power
Quality Issues DC Injection Harmonics
Slide 18
EVs Acting as a Source V2H Specific Issues 18 Residential
Issues Chargers should be limited in size to preclude the
requirement for service upgrades. Typical residential panel (100A
or 200A) will be limited to a 20A or 40A (4.8 or 9.8 kVA) inverter
connection. Commercial Issues May have connection point issues as
utilities require parallel sources to be connected at the PCC. May
only be practical when operating schedules coordinate with utility
time-of-use rates. Work May only be practical by installing
dedicated single phase services directly to charging stations
equipped with smart metering technology.
Slide 19
EVs Acting as a Source V2G 19 Special Net-Meters are Required
Metering Configurations Single meter location Not good for V2G. No
special rates can be applied for ancillary services. Series Meter
meter downstream of service main in dedicated charger circuit.
Measures only chargers imported/exported power. Parallel Metering A
second service to a facility dedicated to charging equipment.
Slide 20
EVs Acting as a Source V2G Specific Issues 20 Residential
Customers Will require serial or parallel metering Of little
benefit without AMI Commercial Customers Again, only practical for
special situations where coordinate well with utility rates. Work
Will require a dedicated charging service from the utility since
single phase sources cannot be connected to three phase systems.
May impact commercial facilities IT infrastructure. Mass
Transportation The large batteries will provide a large centralized
source to the grid. This source will only be available during
off-peak hours.
Distribution System Section Impacts Covered From Distribution
Substation To Distribution Transformer Secondary Step Down to
Customer Voltage Existing &Future Distributed Generation
Micro-grid Individual DG 23
Slide 24
Distribution System Impacts Overview Long-term Planning Effects
Loads or Sources: Thermal Loading, Reactive losses and/or Inductive
additions, Phase Imbalance, Asset Upgrade & Optimization,
Advanced Metering Loads: Greater magnitude than traditional
incremental additions Sources: Resemble Distributed Generation,
Vehicle sourcing considerations and limitations System Operations
Effects Loads or Sources: System Protection, Power Quality, Power
Conditioning, Grid Stability/Reliability, Frequency
Regulation/Synchronism, Phasing, Interactive Voltage Control/Phased
Switching, Reactive Power Management, Demand Side Management,
Controlled Import/Export from/to Grid, Cyber Security Loads:
Greater magnitude than traditional incremental additions, Grid
Stability/Reliability Sources: Resemble Distributed Generation,
System Protection, Power Conditioning, Grid Stability/Reliability,
Utility Personnel and Public Safety 24
Slide 25
Long-term / Planning Effects Uncontrolled Charging Higher Peaks
Lower Valleys Higher Costs Controlled Charging/Discharging Voltage
Support Charging Stations Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) Voltage
Support & Control Rapid Real Power Transfer Frequency
Regulation Load Following 25
Slide 26
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading (United States) Plug-in vehicle type and range (100
- 120 V for 60 Hz freq.) SAE Surface Vehicle Recommended Practice
J1772, SAE Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler Distribution
System Impacts Charging Levels Charger Type VoltageAmpsDemand Full
Charge AC Level 1on-board120 VAC16 A1.92 kWhours AC Level 2
on-board 208 240 V AC 12 80 A2.5 19.2 kW fewer hours DC Level 3
off-board 300 600 V DC 250, 350 & 400 A75 240 kW minute s Slide
#26
Slide 27
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading (Europe) Plug-in vehicle type and range (220 - 240
V for 50 Hz freq.) IEC 61851-1 Electric vehicle conductive charging
system - Part 1: General requirements Distribution System Impacts
Chargin g Modes VoltageAmps Mode 1 max. 250 V AC or 480 V AC,
3-phase max. 16 A Mode 2 max. 250 V AC or 480 V AC, 3-phase max. 32
A Mode 3 max. 690 V AC, 3- phase max. 250 A Mode 4 max. 600 V DC
max. 400 A Slide #27
Slide 28
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading PEV market share and distribution Distribution
System Impacts Penetratio n Possible Definition Possible
Modifications System Impact Small Individual residence adds an EV
or V2G EV Add proper receptacle to vehicle parking area. Older
homes in older areas may require service, secondary or transformer
upgrade. Many locations may not require any changes. Localized and
diverse Medium 2 nd EV is added to a secondary that serves the 1st
EV or V2G EV Might require larger conductors, additional conductors
or a new pedestal. May need to replace transformers to meet peak
load and design for lower overload capacity due to extended loading
time. Services fed directly from transformers may require
replacement of secondary and pedestals. Consider design changes for
new installations in anticipation of further market penetration.
Localized and diverse Slide #28
Slide 29
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Distribution System Impacts Thermal Loading PEV market share and
distribution Slide #29
Slide 30
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Thermal Loading Typical charging/discharging profiles and peak
demand/reverse power levels Spatial vs. roaming load distribution
Mass electric transit systems Reactive losses and/or Inductive
additions Phase Imbalance Distribution System Impacts Slide
#30
Slide 31
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Asset Upgrade & Optimization Distribution Transformer Primary
Lateral Three Phase Feeder Substation Equipment Advanced Metering
Transmit Demand & Supply Management Receive VIN, Demand &
Supply Management Distribution System Impacts Slide #31
Slide 32
Long-term Planning Effects EVs Acting as Loads vs. EVs Acting
as Sources EVs Acting as Loads Forward power flow perspective
Magnitude > Traditional Incremental Load Challenging to model
EVs Acting as Sources Reverse power flow on unidirectional assets
Resemble distributed generation during discharge Equipment capable
of bi-directional operation Vehicle sourcing considerations and
limitations Distribution System Impacts Slide #32
Slide 33
System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads or Sources System
Protection Relay Adaptability Operation caused by poor power
quality Operation due to variations in AC frequency Misoperation
due to Harmonic distortion/heating Power Quality Harmonics impact
to connected components Flicker EMC/EMI Power Conditioning Voltage
Regulators Capacitor Banks Distribution System Impacts Slide
#33
Slide 34
System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads and/or Sources
Grid Stability / Reliability Service Interruption & Restoration
Frequency Regulation / Synchronism Phasing Interactive Voltage
Control / Phased Switching Reactive Power Management Demand Side
Management (DSM) Controlled Charge/Import & Discharge/Export
Cyber Security Distribution System Impacts Slide #34
Slide 35
System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Loads vs. EVs Acting as
Sources EVs Acting as Loads Forward power flow perspective
Magnitude > Traditional incremental additions Challenging to
model for grid stability/reliability EVs Acting as Sources Reverse
power flow on unidirectional assets Resemble distributed generation
during discharge Equipment capable of bi-directional operation
System Protection Islanding Detection Bi-directional Power Flow
Distribution System Impacts Slide #35
Slide 36
System Operations Effects EVs Acting as Sources EVs Acting as
Sources Power Conditioning Voltage Regulators Mitigate
Intermittency Additional Reactive Power Grid Stability /
Reliability Service Interruption and Restoration Potential Hunting
Subtransient voltage and current dynamics Utility Personnel and
Public Safety Anti-Islanding (IEEE 1547) Distribution System
Impacts Slide #36
Slide 37
Summary Design power charge/discharge to high standards
Uncontrolled operation: Lower load factors & higher peaks
Required distribution infrastructure upgrades Planning and
Operations challenge to model the system Controlled operation: Load
leveling = peak shaving + valley filling Delay distribution
infrastructure upgrades Planning and Operations less challenging to
model Intermittent/renewable/local Distribution support
Distribution System Impacts 37
Slide 38
38 IEEE 2030.1 TF2 Draft Webinar Distribution System
Impacts
Slide 39
Michael I. Henderson, ISO-NE Director, Regional Planning and
Coordination [email protected] 39
Slide 40
Disclaimer Properly Presented Information Accurately represents
the positions of ISO New England Inaccurate Information or Opinions
that May Not Fully Agree with ISO New England My private views and
are not meant to represent any organization with which I am
affiliated 40
Slide 41
About ISO New England Not-for-profit corporation created in
1997 to oversee New Englands restructured electric power system
Regulated by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
Regional Transmission Organization Independent of companies doing
business in the market No financial interest in companies
participating in the market Major responsibilities: Reliable
operation of the electric grid Administer wholesale electricity
markets Plan for future system needs 41
Slide 42
New Englands Electric Power Grid 6.5 million customer meters
350+ generators 8,000+ miles of high voltage transmission lines 6
local control centers 13 interconnections with approximately 5,000
MW capability to three neighboring systems : New York New Brunswick
Hydro Quebec 32,000 MW of installed generating capacity Peak load:
Summer: 28,130 MW (8/06) Winter: 22,818 MW (1/04) More than 450
participants in the marketplace Over $9 billion total market value
42 ISO and Local Control Centers 320 mi. 400 mi. 650 km ISO and
Local Control Centers 520 km
Slide 43
43 Reliability Guides Regional Planning North American Electric
Reliability Corporation Reliability Standards for the Bulk Power
System in North America Northeast Power Coordinating Council Basic
Criteria for the Design and Operation of Interconnected Power
Systems ISO New England Reliability requirements for the regional
power system Standards are used to ensure that the regional
transmission system can reliably deliver power to consumers under a
wide range of future system conditions. NPCC
Slide 44
System Expansion Planning and Operations System adequacy and
security Resources develop/operate in amounts, location, and types
when needed Transmission expansion/maintenance needed for
reliability and economic performance Drivers are the amounts,
locations, and characteristics of system loads and resources,
transmission system configuration, and control system interactions
Major considerations include: Future and current operability of the
system Economic performance 44
Slide 45
Planning Is Complex Markets and bid strategies increase
variability Market power issues Independent owners make decisions
for capital investment Technology and physical changes 45 Unit
dispatchAncillary services Unit commitmentNetwork flows Load
pocketsDependency on generating units affect transfer limits
ResourcesLoad serving entities Transmission owners Wind and
solarEnvironmental constraints Distributed
resourcesTransmission
Slide 46
Technical Studies Needed Transmission Planning studies identify
system needs and show how a proposed project meets those needs
Studies must address power flow and stability covering: Power flow
performance, control and line utilization Reactive supply and
voltage control requirements Dynamic and transient stability
concerns and control system responses Reliable system performance
must be demonstrated during normal and contingency conditions Short
circuit availability and transient and harmonic performance must be
satisfied 46
Slide 47
Growth of Smart Grid Technologies Smart grid technologies can
affect energy use Examples: Load management and Flexible
Alternating Current Transmission Systems Energy storage is getting
increased focus as a benefit to system operations and to mitigate
impact of variable resources Plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) can
act as loads, sources, or dynamic voltage sources The large scale
integration of EVs will affect the planning and operation of the
electric power system grid 47
Slide 48
Effects of EV on the Transmission System Economics of EVs
dependent on many factors which affect their penetration and use
Capital and operating costs Performance and range Availability of
charging stations Price of electricity and competing transportation
fuels EVs can Mitigate or defer transmission system needs Advance
transmission system improvements 48
Slide 49
EVs Change Load Shapes & Performance EV uses vary:
Community type - urban/suburb/rural areas Trip purpose-
commute/errands/pleasure Day weekdays/weekend/holiday Weather
region driving patterns vary with hot and cold weather Roaming
pattern charging station operation at different locations
Understanding and predicting EV impacts on the grid depends on
their use Further complicated by EVs acting as a load, real power
source, and/or reactive power source 49
Slide 50
Summer vs. Winter Peak Demand 50
Slide 51
EVs Affect Transmission System Planning Load patterns and
implementation of demand response Large EV penetration and use
patterns affect markets, planning, and operations Load shapes
Demand response Load aggregators Price signals Economic and
environmental system performance EVs can provide ancillary services
Balancing and regulation Operating reserves Voltage regulation and
support 51
Slide 52
EVs Impacts on System Planning & Operations Variability of
load amounts, locations, and characteristics affect transmission
planning Thermal studies Voltage studies Stability studies
Harmonics, transients and system protection Could facilitate
integration of variable resources Observability and controllability
are required Requires accurate projections of load Smart chips can
provide frequency and voltage control 52
Slide 53
Demand-Resource Dispatch Zones 53
Slide 54
Need for New Tools and Modeling EVs introduce additional
uncertainties to load levels, characteristics, and demand response
EV modeling needs to be reflected in transmission need and solution
studies of Resource adequacy Economic performance Environmental
emissions Transmission system performance Forecasts of EVs and new
study tools will be required EV locations and use patterns depend
on consumer behavior End use models Stochastic models Charging and
discharging 54
Slide 55
Summary EVs can act as a load, source, or dynamic voltage
source Affect the system in different ways EVs introduce additional
opportunities and uncertainties into system planning Resource
planning Economic and environmental performance Transmission
Planning Tools may be needed to forecast future EV penetration and
use patterns 55
Slide 56
56 IEEE 2030.1 TF2 Draft Webinar Distribution System
Impacts
Generation System Impacts Overview Long-term planning effects
Generation Capacity Energy Storage Regional Aspects Unit Dispatch
Electricity Markets Mass Transit Operational effects Generator
Efficiency Intermittent Stochastic Generation (Renewable)
Micro-Generation Generation System Impacts Slide #58
Slide 59
Long-Term Planning Effects More Generation Capacity Base load
plants: for demand increase Peaking plants: for unpredictable EV
charging Energy Storage Large and small scale More energy storage
needs for load balancing Regional Aspects EV regional distribution
(urban/rural) Existing installations variability Generation System
Impacts 59
Slide 60
Long-Term Planning Effects Unit Dispatch (depends on EV
operation) Uncontrolled: Wider difference between demand valleys
and peaks Inefficient operation at low loading for spinning reserve
Controlled/V2G: More efficient dispatch Valley filling Generation
System Impacts Slide #60
Slide 61
Long-Term Planning Effects Electricity Markets Impact depends
on tariff incentives Flat rate: peak increase Dynamic tariff:
valley filling Mass Transit Two contrasting effects: overnight
depot charging mid-day fast charging Impact depends on the level of
adoption Generation System Impacts 61
Slide 62
Operational Effects Generator Efficiency Uncontrolled: More
balancing services > higher fuel consumption > more emissions
Ramping of units, reducing efficiency and increasing fatigue
Controlled/V2G: Load leveling > avoid part-loaded, inefficient
operation Base-load generation more cost-effective Generation
System Impacts Slide #62
Slide 63
Operational Effects Intermittent Stochastic Generation
(Renewable) Controlled: avoid curtailment V2G: complement
intermittent, non-controllable sources (e.g. wind) Micro-Generation
Local micro-generator support Local load peak shaving Generation
System Impacts 63
Slide 64
Generation: All-time Peak Generation System Impacts 67
Slide 65
Emissions: All-time Peak Generation System Impacts 68
Slide 66
Summary Need for more generation capacity (base & peak
plants) Uncontrolled operation: reduced plant efficiency, increased
cost and emissions Controlled/V2G operation: load leveling,
intermittent/renewable/local generation support Total emissions due
to generators may increase or decrease depending on the amount and
pattern of EV use and mode of operation Generation System Impacts
66
Slide 67
67 IEEE 2030.1 TF2 Draft Webinar Generation System Impacts