Ideas On Hay Use During Difficult Economic Times
Brian PughOklahoma State University
Feeding hay during periods of reduced forage production dates to 750 BC in Great Britain.
Producing High Quality Hay
High Quality = Timely Management
For cow hay, we want enough quality to maintain the cow during the winter feeding period with the least amount of supplemental grain.
8+ protein, 54%+ TDN
Quantity:Rainfall, Temp.VarietyTime of HarvestFertility #1Storage
Quality:Rainfall, Temp.VarietyTime of Harvest #1Fertility #2Storage
The #2 most controllable factor affecting quality, and the #1 factor affecting yield is…???
Soil Fertility!
Phases of Maturity
Reprint from MSU Forage News. May 2009
For Bermudagrass, this is going to be 4
to 6 weeks.
Effects of Age on the Quality of Fertilized Bermudagrass.
Weeks of Regrowth CP TDN .
2 16.0 56.34 13.6 57.16 9.0 52.6 8 7.5 47.9 10 8.3 46.1
Source: University of Florida extension Publication #SS-AGR-60
Things to consider! Timing of nutrient Applications Utilizing commercial N in our fertility
system: Trading Resources! Nitrogen: Effects on Protein and TDN! Weed Control: Effects on fertility! Cost of Inputs: $ per extra ton of
production!
Effect of Nitrogen on Crude Protein in Bermudagrass
Nitrogen/acre Growth (weeks) Crude protein (%)
4 7.0
0 6 6.0
8 5.0
4 9.0
50 6 7.0
8 5.0
Source: Dr. Darren Redfern, Extension Forage Specialist, OSU
This effect is not limited to spring.
Nitrogen applications in summer can improve the yield and Quality of the forages grown in late summer.
Requires rainfall!
Indianola
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Grass yield total August
Am NitrateUreaUrea + At
June 14 application of 100 units N – 294 lb/ac ammonium nitrate, 217 #/ac urea, or 217 lb/ac of urea+Agrotain.
Harvest August 30, 2005
LSD = 702
ABB
02
468
101214
Protien Content August DryBasis
Am NitrateUreaUrea + Atcheck
No statistics were run: These are just sample means.
Indianola
5757.5
5858.5
5959.5
6060.5
61
TDN Content August Dry Basis
Am NitrateUreaUrea + Atcheck
Indianola
No statistics were run: These are just sample means.
Fertility and weed control! Weeds like fertilizer!!!! Grass does not grow well
in low fertility soils!!!! Integrated management
of weeds and fertility can pay off big in grass production!
Cost of Inputs!! Fertilizer is
Expensive! Weed control:
Seems to be the cheapest thing we can do.
Or is it? Both depend on the
grass response we get!
Do Nothing Herbicide only
100#N + P + K 100#N + P + K and 2,4-D
Rainfall: April=5.8, May= 3, June= 6.5 Total = 15.3 inches
Hartshorne2003
PH-5.3
N-4
P-10(65)
K-200
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
D+Fert Fert 2,4-D Nothing D+NTreatment
Yie
ld (l
bs/a
cre)
Grass Broadleaf Legumes
Costs per acre and cost of increased production.
Cost per Extra
Cost/ac Treatment Ton of Prod.
$36 100 units N$34.90
$46.49 100 N + P$33.47
$ 0 Do nothing no extra
$44.50 100 N + grazon$31.24
$54.99 N+P + grazon$25.77
$52.99 N+P + 2,4-D$30.30
$8.50 Grazon 1 pt. $98.84Can you buy a ton of hay for this price?
No Statistical analysis. These are just numbers!
Cost analysis by J.J. Jones, S.E. District Ag. Econ.
What does hay actually cost???
What does hay actually cost? Many producers claim hay can be baled
cheaper than you can buy it.
This makes sense…or does it?
The truth is, it depends. Usually hay is not cheap to bale.
Forage Production Costs
Forage production costs depend on› Cost of establishment› Years of stand life› Maintenance costs
agecon.okstate.edu/budgets
Example AGMACH$Input and Report Windows
Custom Costs Most custom harvesters are charging
from $18 to $25 per round bale. True, but what if we baled it ourselves?
Would we save money? Personal harvest does allow you to get
the hay rolled at the ideal stage of production, this is worth something!
Cost per Harvested Acre for Owning Haying Equipment
Size Capacity Initial Total Acres Harvested Per YearMachine Feet Acres/hr Cost ($) 100 200 400 800
Sickle bar mower9 4.4
4,000
$9 $7 $6 $5
Pull-type swather16 7.0
20,000 $27 $15 $10 $8
Self-propelled swather16 7.8
60,000 $73 $37 $20 $11
Side delivery rake9 5.2
4,500 $9 $6 $5 $4
Wheel rake30 17.4
8,000 $10 $6 $3 $2
Large round baler30 11.8
24,000 $32 $18 $11 $7
Small square baler18 6.6
16,000 $24 $14 $10 $8
Large square baler30 20.4
67,000 $83 $43 $23 $13
*Assumptions: Labor @ $9 per hour, fuel @ $1 per gallon.Source: Huhnke, http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/agmach/index.html
$31 per Acre
Custom Costs On average bermuda produces 2
tons/acre or 3-1300 lb bales. This is $11 per bale (at $1 fuel costs)
This 200 acres @ 2 ton production produces enough hay for 270 cows over 150 days, that’s 5 months!
Most OK producers don’t need that quantity of hay! Meaning they bale less acreage and bale cost goes up accordingly.
Custom Costs OK average owner harvest costs (100
acres harvested) are about $60 per acre, or $20 per 1300 lb. round bale.
Honestly, compare this to custom harvesters at $18 to $25 per round bale, is it worth the difference for the headache?
Don’t forget the cost of nutrients removed, herbicide used, and loss after baling!
Cost of feeding hay in 2012?1200 lb round bale example
N-P-K replacement cost$36.90
Herbicide (2,4-D) $1.17Harvesting
$19.00Stacking and feeding $
2.32Storage loss $ ?Feeding loss $ ?Total $ 59.39Even if you assume $10 harvest,
it’s easy to see you may be better buying hay.
Minimizing Dry Matter Losses
Hay Production & DM Losses
Field lossesMowing - 0%Respiration – 2% to 16%Raking – 5% to 20%Weather – 0% to 35%
(3-50% for 2 winter storage)
We will concentrate on losses due to weathering.
Amount of Dry Matter in Outer Layers of Large Round Bales
Outer Layer Depth
Bale Diameter, ft 2” 4” 6” 8”
------------------ % dry matter loss ------------------
4 16 31 44 56
5 13 25 36 46
6 11 21 31 40
7 9 18 27 34
8 8 16 23 31
The outside 4” on a 6 ft. bale is 21% of the weight!!! The outside 6” comprises 1/3 of that bale!!
Percent Dry Matter Loss of Round Hay Bales
Storage PeriodStorage Method Up to 9 monthsa 12 to 18 months
Exposed NW OK – SE OK NW OK – SE OK
Ground 5-20 15-50Elevated 3-15 12-35
CoveredGround 5-10 10-15Elevated 2-4 5-10
Under roof 2-5 3-10Enclosed barn Less than 2 2-5a If used before spring warm-up.Source: Huhnke.
We can lose this outside 4” on exposed hay before winter is over!!!
Value of Hay Lost in Storage Hay Price (per ton)
Storage Loss $40 $60 $80 $100 $120(%) -------------------------------- $ per ton ------------------------------
52 3
45 6
104 6
8 10 12
156 9
12 15 18
208 12
16 20 24
25 1015
20 25 30
30 1218
24 30 36
35 1421
28 35 42
40 1624
32 40 48Does not include losses associated with shrinkage or reduced quality.Source: Huhnke.
With 100 acres mowed, 200 tons x $20 = $4000 x 10 yrs = $40,000 loss This would easily build a 50x75 metal barn with a life of 30 years plus!
Assuming our $59 bale cost, $100 per ton.
Weather damage to hay stored outside depends on:Bale density/shape (ability to shed rain)
This bale is coarse stemmed, lumpy, and squattedThese are recipes for disaster!Note dark areas of water infiltration
Weather damage to hay stored outside depends on:Bale density/shape (ability to shed rain)
This bale is FINE stemmed, smooth, tight and roundThese are recipes for success!Net wrap removed showing no signs of rot after 6 months
Weather damage to hay stored outside depends on:Storing method and location
Bales are not butted together on ends, are on a flat, poorly drained site, rows are too close together and run east/west
Weather damage to hay stored outside depends on:Storing method and location
Bales are tightly butted together on ends to shed rainStored on a south exposure slope that is well drained North/south Rows are 3-4 feet apart to allow wind/south sun to enter
Note beginning water marks on west side of this baleBaled in June 2009
These rows were baled in Aug. 2008Notice the outer deterioration, but net-wrap holding a nice tight circle.
Feed your low quality, old, and exposed hay first before bad weather arrives!!
Picture: JAN 2010
REMEMBER:The larger the bale, the lower the spoilage ring loss.A 3 to 4” spoilage layer on a 5’ bale equals 18 to 22% hay loss.
Weather damage to hay stored outside depends on:Bale storage method
stored on ground: 43% handling+storage wastestored on wooden rack: 31% handling+storage waste
Moisture distribution of twine wrapped alfalfa/grass round bales stored on the ground or pallets
Images courtesy of Dr. Kevin Shinners, U of Wisconsin
Soil Contact Pallet
Weather damage to hay stored outside depends on:Bale wrap (mesh vs. sisal twine) after 9 months
Fescue hay wrapped: 2” weathered layerFescue hay unwrapped: 4.4” weathered layer On a 6ft. Bale that is a 10% difference in hay lossIf the hay values @ $59, then wrap saved $5.90!
Net Wrapping costs $1.50-2/bale & 8-10 secondsTwine Costs $0.75/bale & ~2 minutes (~30% slower baling)
Moisture distribution of net wrapped vs. twine wrapped alfalfa/grass round bales stored on the ground
Images courtesy of Dr. Kevin Shinners, University of Wisconsin
Net Wrapped Twine Wrapped
Hay should not be stored outside for more than a yearIf carry-over is required, use net-wrap!This bale is almost a 3 year oldIdeally your cattle should be older than your hay
Storage and handling lossesHay stored on wooden racks: 31%Hay stored on wooden racks w/ tarp: 12%Hay stored in a pole barn: 2%
Often difficult to keep hay covered plus disposal of worn out tarps
Sheltering hay reduces spoilage lossesMust consider the cost of losses vs. cost of building a pole barnHay baled wet + pole barns = hot fire
It is more economical to shelter high quality hayas opposed to low quality hay.
Hay sheds allow you the option to carryover more hay.To the left of the green line is fert. Bermuda hay from 2007To the right is Ryegrass and Berm from 2008.Quality and DM loss is minimal.
Since the hay was not used up last winter, the producer only cut one 10 acre field of fert. Berm in 2009. Similar hay barns would allow you to select ideal rainfall (years), and condense resources without the fear of running out of hay. This saves money in the long run.
Picture: JAN 2010
Hay Barns
For More Information on Round Bale Storage see OSU factsheet: BAE 1716 @ Extension Office.
FSA now has low interest loans for commodity sheds which includes the use of barns for hay storage.
Hay Feeding Strategies
Feeding unprotected hay results in excessive losses.Losses from protecting vs. not protecting
1974 study comparing rack vs. no rack: 23 to 39%, University of Tennessee, 1978: 28%
Cone FeederHay Waste – 4%Not a common feeder
Image source: D. Buskirk, Michigan State University, JAS
Ring FeederHay Waste – 6%
Cradle FeederHay Waste – 15%
Image source: D. Buskirk, Michigan State University, JAS
Wagon hay feederHay waste 11%
Image source: D. Buskirk, Michigan State University, JAS
Losses from unrolling exist and will vary with feeding situation.Excessive unrolled hay is exposed to defecation, urination, trampling and bedding.
Don’t unroll multiple days worth of hay!!!
1250 lb cow – last 1/3 pregnancy needs:12.4 Mcals energy/day = 1.4 Mcal shortage
2 lbs. of byproduct (0.85-1.0)3.5 lbs stockpiled bermuda (0.39 Jan/Feb)5.25 lbs stockpiled fescue (0.27 Jan/Feb)
1 – 1200 lb bale per day60 head of 1250 lb cows = 20 lbs / cowHigh quality veg. bermuda hay (0.55)11.0 Mcal / day supplied
Hay is expensive, treat it as such! You don’t pour a weeks worth of cubes on the ground!?
Questions?
Minimizing Winter Feed Costs:Year Round Grazing
Feeding Cows in the winter is normally the #1 variable cost associated with owning that cow.
Any thing you can do to reduce the number of days you have to hand feed those cows is going to end up as money in your pocket.
Having a balanced forage system will help reduce hay feeding days.
Stockpiling fall forage production as a standing hay crop.
Stockpiling native forage and supplementing protein.
Growing a cool season spring production forage – Ryegrass, Clover, Fescue
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Excess forage; harvest as hay
Forage requiredby livestock
Feed hay
Graze Ryegrass
Graze Bermuda Summer growth
Graze Stockpiled Bermuda
Move a portion of fertility resources and haying cost to different time of year.
Reducing Feeding Cost.
Graze Stockpiled
Fescue
Bale Ryegrass Bale Bermuda
Case Study: Pontotoc County 2005
Cut for Hay Aug. 25, 2005Fertilized Sept. 3, with 100 # of
34-0-0 and 150 # 18-46-0. POULTRY LITTER!!!
Standing forage, protein and TDN samples taken on Nov 14, Dec 2,
and Jan10.
History:
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
N field S. Field
Yield in Tons/Acre
14-Nov2-Dec10-Jan
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
%
N - pro S - Pro
Protien content Dry Basis
14-Nov2-Dec10-Jan
010203040506070
%
N- TDN S- TDN
TDN content Dry Basis
14-Nov2-Dec10-Jan
Notes:If cow needed 50# forage/day: 1 acre would provide 1 cow 60 days of grazing at this site.South field was grazed out by Jan.Cow needs 8% protein and 53% TDN when dry, 10% protein and 59% TDN when lactating.It was a dry winter!
What do I have to do if I want to stockpile pastures for fall grazing?
Forage productionExtremely variableDependent on late-summer rainfallRange from 25 to 50 lbs of forage per
lb of N (East)Range from 0 to 40 lbs of forage per lb
of N (West)
Fall Fertilized Bermudagrass
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Stillwater Haskell
For
age
yiel
d (lb
s/ac
re)
1997 1998
$15.34/ton
How do I stockpile forages for fall and winter grazing?
Tall fescue Remove existing forage
by late AugustGraze, hay, or
mow Apply 75 to 100 lbs
of N Grazing can begin in
late-December and continue through February
Expect about 1 ton of forage per acre
1 acre = 45 grazing days for 1 animal
Bermudagrass Remove existing forage
by late AugustGraze, hay, or
mow Apply 50 to 75 lbs of
N Grazing usually
begins sometime during October through early January
Expect about 1 ton of forage per acre
1 acre = 45 grazing days for 1 animal
How Do I Over Seed Rye Grass in Bermuda Pasture.
Pasture should be grazed down to 3 inches. Plant 20 to 30 lb /ac broadcast in Late
September or early October. If pasture previously had rye grass, re-seed
with 10 lbs/ac with fall fertilizer. Dragging pasture with a chain harrow will
improve plant populations. Apply 60 units N in February. Expect most of the production in late March
–Early April, only 1000# in Fall.
Three-yr mean monthly yield for Marshall annual ryegrass
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
Fora
ge y
ield
(lbs
/acr
e)
0 N 186 lbs N
Eichhorn, 1991
Consider a February Application of Nitrogen on ryegrass Pastures.
A nitrogen application in February to ryegrass will increase yields significantly.
Harvested for hay, it may be a good method of removing P from the soil.
Ryegrass when fertilized and harvested properly can have protein and TDN levels similar to 10% bloom Alfalfa.
Getting it put up dry may be a concern! May inhibit bermuda grass growth in May!
Final Thoughts for Nitrogen Hay is one of the most expensive inputs
to the beef cattle production system
Reducing DM losses of hay will ultimately result in increased returns to the operation
Hay is not cheap, and hopefully we can all agree on this in order to manage those resources wisely.
Final Thoughts The round baler has been the best invention
for agriculture since the cotton gin, but it has also been the worst invention.
With the ease of creating round hay we also easily throw it away.
How many of our fathers or grandfathers would have wasted square hay as we do, leaving a weeks worth in the pasture unprotected?
The value of hay has not changed, just our mindset.
Basic Grazing Management Fit your cow herd to your resource! 1200 # cow eats 30 # dry matter/day At best, she is only about 60%
efficient when continuously grazing. Bugs, Trampling, Etc.
You will need to provide 50#/cow per day.
For a year = 9 tons of forage/ cow 1 acre = 1 ton without fertilizer or 9
acres/cow 1 acre = 2 ton with 50 units N or 4.5
acres/cow Problem is, when is it grown, and how
nutritious is it during the time she is eating it?
Nitrogen/acre Growth (weeks) Crude protein (%)
4 7.0
0 6 6.0
8 5.0
4 9.0
50 6 7.0
8 5.0
What kind of protein content is grass grown in August going to have in January?What about TDN?
Protein Content as effected by age and fertility.
What it takes to make good bermuda grass hay.
Fertilize it. Spay it for weeds. Cut it. Rake it. Bale it. Haul and stack it. Haul it back out in
winter.
Storage DM losses
Animal refusal
Total Losses
---------------------------% ----------------------
Ground 28 22 50
Gravel 31 17 48
Tires 35 6 41
Rack 26 6 32
Rack/Cover
12 2 14
Barn 2 1 3
Traditional – Continuous Grazing
Individual animal performance usually highest.
Plants grazed in the spring, re-grazed all year.
Un-grazed plants in winter low protein & TDN.
Must make up for these deficiencies by hauling in feed, hay or grain, usually both!
Most of the time we are overstocked to take advantage of the fast summer growth, but run out of forage Dec.- April.
By shifting how we apply resources we may be able to reduce the amount of hay and feed we need.
160 acres – 35 cows and 2 bulls. (4.3 ac/animal)
Production with 50 units N to entire pasture applied in April = 320 tons of DM grass production.
13 tons short of needed forage for the year.
Forage quality for August to March would be low. (protein= 5, TDN= high 40s.)
Hay and supplementation would be needed from Nov.- March in order to keep cows from losing body condition score. (150 days)
Rotational Grazing!It doesn't’ have to be scary!
Rotational stocking-grazing two or more pastures with a rest period for forage re-growth and recovery.
The best thing about it is it allows you a chance to better manipulate a forage for forage Quality and
Season of production.
160 acres – 35 cows and 2 bulls.
Same inputs as Cont. Graze, Same prod. potential.
High quality forage grow in Sept.- Oct. grazed Nov. – Dec. = A standing hay crop without the baling cost.
Bermuda summer graze and fall stockpile:50 units N Applied in May + 50 units in August.Grazed: June, Aug., Nov., Dec, Jan., March
Bermuda rotational graze:No nitrogen applied.Grazed: May, July, Sept., Oct., Feb., April
We would still be 13 tons short of forage needed for the year.Stockpiled bermuda would have a protein content of 8 to 10% in December and TDN in upper 50s.We could nock off 60 days of Supplementation and hay when our cows are dry and in need of less protein and energy.
Bermuda Stockpiled Forage Production
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Exp 1 Exp 2
Lbs
per a
cre
StillwaterHaskell
Location effect P < .05
Forage QualityCrude Protein
02468
10121416
Nov Dec Jan Feb
Crud
e Pr
otei
n, %
of D
M
Exp 1Exp 2Cow Req.
Forage QualityDigestibilitya, Exp 1
30
40
50
60
70
Nov Dec Jan Feb
TDN
, % o
f DM
Exp 1Cow Req.
aIn vitro dry matter disapearanceLinear decline P < .05
How will my cattle do?Using OSU Cowculator – Late Gest. Bcs 6Continuous graze: Period of Nov –DecOld Bermuda and 2 lb of 38’s per dayLoss .47 units of BCSCost = $1276 for 60 daysStockpiled Bermudagrass:Let cows graze all 30 lbsGain .75 units of BCSCost = $899
160 acres – 35 cows and 2 bulls.Three pasture rotation: Increased nitrogen application by 60 units on 53 acres. (370 T of potential production) Could add 4 more cows.Cattle would be eating high quality green forage for all months except Nov. and Dec when they would have High quality stockpiled bermuda.Bermuda summer graze and fall stockpile: 50 units N applied in May + 50 units in Aug.Grazed June, Aug., Nov., Dec.
Bermuda grass + Rye grass: 60 units N applied in Feb.Grazed: April, May, July, Sept., Oct.
Fescue or small grains (wheat or rye):60 units of N applied in late Aug.Grazed: Jan., Feb., March
• Thirty days of stored hay would be kept on hand and a grain based energy supplemented would be fed during periods of cold wet weather.
• The reduction of hay production cost and increased carrying capacity should more than make up for the additional cost of the increased nitrogen use.
Cattle would be rotated anytime forage is lacking or in abundance except when stockpiling forage.
E.R.S. - 1996 Fall Fescue
lb../A0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
lb../A
Fawn Triumph
Mart in
Endo
buster Dov
eyK31
Stargrazer
Phyter
Forager
Average
02468
1012141618
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
ControlFert + grazeFert + stockpile
Treatment effect on tall fescue crudeTreatment effect on tall fescue crudeprotein level in northeast Oklahoma,protein level in northeast Oklahoma,
1994-951994-95
Cru
de P
rote
in le
vel (
%)
Cru
de P
rote
in le
vel (
%)
Lactating cow
GrowingSteer
DryCow
Treatment effect on tall fescue TDN levelTreatment effect on tall fescue TDN levelin northeast Oklahoma, 1994-95in northeast Oklahoma, 1994-95
TDN
leve
l (%
)TD
N le
vel (
%)
Lactating cow
Dry cow
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul
ControlFert + grazeFert + stockpile
Growing Steer
How will my cattle do?Using OSU Cowculator – Early Lact. BCS 6Continuous graze: Period of Jan –MarchOld Bermuda and 4 lb of 20’s per day +
20# good bermuda hayLoss .62 units of BCSCost = $3474 for 89 daysStockpiled Fescue:Let cows graze + 4 lb of 20’s per dayLoss .41 units of BCSCost = $2568
160 acres – 35 cows and 2 bulls.Three pasture rotation: Increased nitrogen application by 50 units on 53 acres. (370 T of potential production) Could add 4 more cows.Cattle would be eating high quality green forage except Nov., Dec., Jan., and ½ of Feb. They would have High quality stockpiled bermuda in Dec. and Jan.Bermuda summer and fall graze : 50 units N applied in May + 50 units in Aug.Grazed any time in rotation when forage is available.
Bermuda grass + Annual Rye grass: 60 units N applied in Feb.Grazed: Any time in rotation when forage is available.
Bermuda Fall Stockpile:50 units of N applied in late Aug.Grazed hard in Aug., Dec., Jan. In rotation the rest of the year except deferred for Sept., Oct., and Nov.
• Sixty days of stored hay would be kept on hand and a grain based protein and energy supplement would be fed during Jan., Feb. and periods of cold wet weather.
• The reduction of hay production cost and increased carrying capacity should more than make up for the additional cost of the increased nitrogen use.
Three-yr mean monthly yield for Marshall annual ryegrass
0500
1000150020002500300035004000
Fora
ge y
ield
(lbs
/acr
e)
0 N 186 lbs N
Eichhorn, 1991
160 acres – 35 cows and 2 bulls.Less N inputs than Cont. Graze, Same prod. potential.High quality forage grow in Sept.- Oct. grazed Nov. – Dec. = High quality ryegrass would be grazed hard during Mid. Feb. to mid May.Both examples of a high quality standing hay crop, no baling.
Bermuda summer graze:50 units N in May.Grazed: Any time in rotation that forage is available.
Bermuda + Clover:No nitrogen.Grazed: Any time in rotation that forage is available.
Bermuda Fall Stockpile:50 units N in August.Grazed: Hard in August., Dec., and Jan.Rotated the rest of year when forage available.
Bermuda + ryegrass:60 units N in Feb.Grazed: Hard in March, April and May.Rotated the rest of year when forage available.
• Sixty days of stored hay would be kept on hand and a grain based protein and energy supplemented would be fed during Jan., Feb. and periods of cold wet weather.
• The clover pasture would have to be managed specifically for clover production if the stand was expected to survive.
Summary! Any way you can reduce the amount of hay
and feed you provide your cattle is going to save you time and money.
By fall fertilizing and stockpiling bermuda grass you can increase its nutritious value and reduce the feeding period in the winter.
Growing Fescue and ryegrass is a good way of reducing winter feeding costs.
Do a forage budget (FS-2584), fit your cow herd to your forage production potential.
Each soil will react differently to fertility application. It may take some time to get your system running smoothly.
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