Hypothesis TestingHypothesis Testing
• Are two species identical?• Are they more similar than you’d expect based on
the distribution of environmental variables in their allopatric ranges?
Hypothesis testingHypothesis testing
Actual Overlap
Distribution of overlaps under null hypothesis
OCCURRENCE RANDOMIZATIONOCCURRENCE RANDOMIZATION
Observed overlap
Overlap for pseudoreplicate
A. coelestinus A. chlorocyanus
• Incumbency• Steep environmental gradient• Ribbon of unsuitable habitat (tension zone)
Regularization and # Parameters
Model selectionModel selection
• ENMTools includes functions for calculating information criteria, so that models may be selected based on a combination of fit and complexity– AICc– BIC
Simulated DataSimulated Data
0.01002 0.01002 0.01001 0.01001 0.01001 0.01002 0.01001 0.01000 0.01001 0.01000
0.01001 0.01001 0.01001 0.01001 0.01001 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999
0.01002 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00998 0.00998 0.00998
0.01001 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00999
0.01001 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00999 0.00999 0.00998
0.01002 0.01001 0.01000 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00998 0.00999
0.01001 0.01000 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999
0.01002 0.01001 0.01001 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00999 0.00998
0.01002 0.01000 0.01001 0.01001 0.00999 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00999
0.01001 0.01000 0.01001 0.01000 0.01000 0.01000 0.01000 0.00999 0.00999 0.00999
Simulated DataSimulated DataSpecies Latitude LongitudeHella_imaginarius 33.8103 -116.675Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 34.744 -120.284Hella_imaginarius 35.6022 -120.17Hella_imaginarius 35.6022 -120.17Hella_imaginarius 35.3141 -120.658Hella_imaginarius 35.3141 -120.658Hella_imaginarius 35.6399 -120.19Hella_imaginarius 36.5056 -121.868Hella_imaginarius 36.3981 -121.647Hella_imaginarius 36.4427 -121.642Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833Hella_imaginarius 36.9218 -121.833
)...( 11)( nnxxexp
Inference
“Truth”
+
Other toolsOther tools
• Useful measurements– ENM “breadth”– Range overlap– Variable correlation
• Removal of duplicate occurrences• Jackknife, bootstrap, spatial cross-validation
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