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Internet Protocol version 6 Page 1
CE00382-2 Hardware, Software, Systems and Networks II
Internet Protocol version 6
Hand-in Date 14th
February 2012
Hand-out date 10th April 2012
Submitted By Submitted To
Binit Kumar Mrs.Shakti Arora
PT0981122 (Module Lecturer)
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Assessment Criteria
Research and Investigation 20 %
Documentation 10 %
Presentation 20 %
Critical Analysis 20 %
Citation and Referencing 10 %
Product 20 %
TOTAL 100 %
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Contents
Gantt Chart ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
Description of IPv6 ......................................................................................................................... 7
IPv6 Address Representation ...................................................................................................... 8
Core Component of IPv6 and its Working ................................................................................... 10
IPv6 Header ............................................................................................................................... 10
Extension Headers ..................................................................................................................... 11
Routing .................................................................................................................................. 11
Fragment ................................................................................................................................ 11
Authentication ....................................................................................................................... 12
Encapsulating......................................................................................................................... 12
Destination options ................................................................................................................ 12
Hop by hop ............................................................................................................................ 12
ICMPv6 ..................................................................................................................................... 13
IPv6 Address Management ....................................................................................................... 15
IPv6 Transition Strategies ......................................................................................................... 16
Strength of IP v6 ........................................................................................................................... 18
Weakness of IPv6 ......................................................................................................................... 20
Network Management ................................................................................................................... 21
Security ......................................................................................................................................... 24
IPv6 and multimedia Devices ....................................................................................................... 25
Conclusion .................................................................................................................................... 29
References ..................................................................................................................................... 30
Appendices .................................................................................................................................... 32
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Gantt Chart
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Introduction
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the addressing scheme as IPv4 required but the packets to
specify the source and destination address. Each host on the internet requires an IP address in
order to communicate. IPv4 was developed by IETF to deal with the problems associated with
IPv4.It is basically an internet-layer protocol for packet-switched internetworking provides end
to end datagram transmission. It uses 128 bit address i.e.2128
, (approximately 3.41038
)
addresses. The general Format of IPv6 is 8 blocks of 16 bits which is written in hexadecimal.
3ffe:2a00:100:7020:0:0:dead:beef
2001:700:700:1:0:0:0:2
It eliminates the need of NAT which is an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. In
additional features it has stateless address auto configuration, network renumbering and router
announcement The Ipv6 subnet size has been standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier
portion of an address to 64 bits to facilitate an automatic mechanism for forming the host
identifier from MAC address. Network security is integrated into the design of IPv6, including
the option of IPsec.
For networking traffic, the quality refers to data loss, latency (jitter) or bandwidth. In order to
implement QOS marking, IPv6 provides a traffic-class field (8 bits) in the IPv6 header. It also
has a 20-bit flow label.
But the deployment of this protocol is difficult migrating from IPv4.The Internet Society is
taking the lead in organizing world IPv6 Launch on June 6, 2012 i.e. world IPv6 day Google,
Yahoo, Bing, Facebook and Cisco will enable IPv6 for real.
The elimination of NAT, the enabling of peer-to-peer communication, the emergence of
numerous new applications and the connection of billions of new devices are all advantages
associated with IPv6.
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Description of IPv6
IPv6 is within the protocol suite TCP/IP which is connectionless network layer protocol.
Previously it was also known as IPng or IP next Generation. The design of IPv6 is greatly
influenced by IPv4. Properties of IPv6:
Simple Header Format Flow labelling The support for extensions and options has been improved Authentication and Security Extensions The size of the IP address is increased to 128 bits. Simpler auto configuration of IP address Multicast routing has been improved by adding a scope field to the multicast addresses Any cast addressing has been added
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
There are so many IPv6 addresses available that many trillions of addresses could be assigned to
every human being on the planet .There are approximately 665,570,793,348,866,943,898,599
addresses per square meter of the surface of the planet Earth.
Enhanced IP addressing and features: Global Reachability and flexibility
Aggregation
Multihoming
Auto configurationPlug and Play
End-to-end without NAT
Renumbering
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Mobile and Security Mobile IP RFC-compliant
IPsec mandatory (or native ) for IPv6
Simple Header Routing efficiency
Performance and forwarding rate
scalability
No broadcasts
No Checksums
Extension headers
Flow labels
Transition Richness: Dual-Stack
6to4 and manual tunnels
Translation
IPv6 Address Representation
IPv6 Format
16-bit hexadecimal field Caseinsensitive for hexadecimal A,B,C,D,E and F Leading Zeros in a field are optional Successive Fields of zeros can be represented as :: only once per address
Example
2043:0000:140F:0000:0000:09C0:876A:128Bo Can be represented as 2043:0:140f::09c0:876a:128b
FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 is FF01::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 is ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 is ::
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IPv6 is further divided into different categories:
Reserved Address - The IETF reserves 1/256th of the total IPv6 address block for various use
both present and future.
Private AddressAddress related to local access to a particular link and never routed outside a
particular enterprise network .The first octet value of FE in hexadecimal notation, with the
next hexadecimal digit being a value from 8 to F. e.g. FEC, FED .FEE. These addresses
are further classified as site- local addresses (C to F) and link-local address (8 to B).
Loopback Address In IPv6 there is just one address , not a whole block like in IPv4 , the
address is 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 also expressed as ::1.
Unspecified Address- the all zero address (::) . Its is typically used in the source field of a
datagram that is sent by a device that seeks to have its IP address configured.
Subnets and IP classification[1]
Reserved Address
Private Address
Loopback Address
Unspecified address
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Core Component of IPv6 and its Working
IPv6 Header
IPv6 packet consists of two main parts header and the payload .IPv6 header occupies fixed size
of40 bytes. From these 40 bytes, 32 bytes are given to source and destination IP addresses, so
compared to IPv4 the header is very clean and small, another advantage with IPv6 header is its
fixed size. With Fixed offset , router speed substantially increase.
IPv6 Header format[2]
- Version : Version 6 (4bits)- Traffic class : (8bits) Differentiate between traffic class and prioritization- Flow Label: (20 bits) Distinguishes packets that require same treatment- Payload length: (2byte) length of data after IP header- Next header : (1 byte) like protocol in IPv4- Hop Limit : (1byte) like TTL- Source Address (16 bytes)- Destination Address(16 bytes)
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Extension Headers
Extension header[3]
In IPv6, optional internet-layer information is encoded in separate headers that may be placed
between the IPv6 header and the upper- layer header in a packet. Distinct value is assigned to
each header may carry one or more
Extension headers are not examined or processed by any node along a packet's delivery path,
until the packet reaches the node (or each of the set of nodes, in the case of multicast) identified
in the Destination Address field of the IPv6 header. Extension headers must be processed strictly
in the order they appear in the packet.
The main extension headers we will discuss are:
Routing
The Routing header is used by an IPv6 source to list one or more intermediate
nodes to be "visited" on the way to a packet's destination. A Routing header is
not examined or processed until it reaches the node identified in the Destination
Address field of the IPv6 header.
Fragment
The Fragment header is used by an IPv6 source to send a packet larger than
would fit in the path MTU to its destination. For every packet that is to be
fragmented, the source node generates an Identification value. If a Routing
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header is present, the Destination Address of concern is that of the final destination. At the
destination, fragment packets are reassembled into their original, un fragmented sizes.
Authentication
"IPng Authentication Header", is an extension header, which provides
authentication and integrity (without confidentiality) to IPng datagrams.
The receiver of a packet can be sure who sent it, unlike in IPv4 in which
no guarantee is present. The payload of the authenticated packet is sent
unencrypted. The extension is algorithm- independent and will support many different
authentication techniques.
Encapsulating
"IPng Encapsulating Security Header" - This mechanism provides integrity
and confidentiality to IPv6 datagrams using encrypted security payload
extension headers. It is simpler than some similar security protocols (e.g.,
SP3D, ISO NLSP) but remains flexible and algorithm-independent.
Destination options
The Destination Options header is used to carry optional information thatneed be examined only by a packet's destination nodes. Optional destination
information could also be encoded as a separate extension header.
Hop by hop
Information must be examined and processed by every node along a packet's delivery path,
including the source and destination nodes. The Hop-by-Hop Options header, when present,
must immediately follow the IPv6 header and its presence is indicated by the value zero in the
Next Header field of the IPv6 header.
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ICMPv6
The internet control message protocol version 6 (ICMPv6) is a new version of the ICM protocol
that forms an integral part of IPv6 architecture. It is transported within packets and extended
header It is subdivided into ICMP, ARP(address resolution protocol) and IGMP ( internet group
member ship protocol version 3). This multitasking protocol used for error reporting in packet
processing, diagnostic activities ,neighbour discovery process and IPv6 multicast membership
reporting
The 8-bit type field indicates the type of the message .If the high order has value zero (range 1
to 127),it indicates an error message; if the high-order bit has value 1 ( range from 128 to 255),it
indicate an information message
ICMPv6 Message types
Type Meaning
1 Destination Unreachable
2 Packet Too Big
3 Time Exceeded
4 Parameter problem
128 Echo Request
129 Echo Reply
130 Group Membership Query
131 Group Membership Report
132 Group Membership Reduction
133 Router Solictation
134 Router Advertisement
135 Neighbour Solicitation
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136 Neighbour Advertisement
137 Redirect
138 Router Renumbering
ICMPv6 Advantages :
If wrong IP address is used for configuring client to DNS server and ICMP message issent by the destination device indication the error
Error reported if the router undertaking the fragmentation of the packet if programdoesnot allow fragmentation for communication
Router responds in the form of an ICMP message to other router if best route is with therouter and provides a better route .
Router cannot decrement the TTL(time to live) value from 1 ,here ICMP message toindicate the expiry of the packet .
The ICMPv6 provide testing and diagnostics services like ICMP echo is used by InternetProtocol Packet Internet Gopher(PING) utility.
Trace router utility gets to know the IP address of the first router through ICMP messageas echo reply is sent by the router when TTL value decremented to 1 and this manner
router manages its table.
Utility Commands :
ping ::1/128 ( checking the localhost n functioning of NIC) tracert www.apiit.edu.in ( in windows machine )
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IPv6 Address Management
IPv6 use interface identifiers to identify interfaces on a link. Think if them as the host portion of
an IPv6 address. Interface identifiers are required to be unique on a specific link. Interface
identifiers are always 64 bits and ca n be dynamically derived from a layer 2 address (MAC).
We can assign an IPv6 address ID statically or dynamically:
Static assignment using a manual interface ID
Command : RouterX(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DB8:2222:7272::72/64
Static assignment using EUI-64 interface IDCommand : RouterX(config-if)#ipv6 address 2001:DB8:2222:7272::/64 eui-64
Stateless auto configurationThe auto configuration mechanism was introduced to enable plug and play networking of
the devices to help reduce administration overhead.
DHCP for IPv6 (DHCPv6)DHCPv6 enables DHCP servers to pass configuration parameters, such as IPv6 network
addresses to IPv6 nodes. It offers the capability of automatic allocation of reusable
network address and additional configuration flexibility.
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IPv6 Transition Strategies
The transition from IPv4 doesnt required upgrades of all nodes at the same time but these
mechanisms provide smooth integration between IPv4 and IPv6 and allow communication
between different versions. The two most commons techniques we use are
Dual Stacking: This is an integration method in which node has implementation andconnectivity to both versions at the same time Routers and Switches are configures to
support both protocols, with IPv6 preferred protocol. A dual-stack node chooses which
stack to use based on the destination address of the packet.
Dual Stacking IPv4 and IPv6[4]
Tunnelling:- Manual IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnelling : Ipv6 packet is encapsulated within the IPv4
protocol
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- Dynamic 6 to 4 tunnelling are two methods: dynamically applies a valid, uniqueIPv6 prefix to each IPv6 island.
Three types of transition [5]
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Strength of IP v6
1. More Efficient Routing
IPv6 reduces the size of routing tables and makes routing more efficient and hierarchical. IPv6
allows ISPs to aggregate the prefixes of their customers' networks into a single prefix and
announce this one prefix to the IPv6 Internet. In addition, in IPv6 networks, fragmentation is
handled by the source device, rather than the router, using a protocol for discovery of the path's
maximum transmission unit (MTU).
2. More Efficient Packet Processing
IPv6's simplified packet header makes packet processing more efficient. Compared with IPv4,
IPv6 contains no IP-level checksum, so the checksum does not need to be recalculated at every
router hop. Getting rid of the IP-level checksum was possible because most link-layer
technologies already contain checksum and error-control capabilities. In addition, most transport
layers, which handle end-to-end connectivity, have a checksum that enables error detection.
Larger address space
Better header format
New Options
Allowance for extension
Support for resource allocation
Support for more security
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3. Directed Data Flow
IPv6 supports multicast rather than broadcast. Multicast allows bandwidth-intensive packet flows
(like multimedia streams) to be sent to multiple destinations simultaneously, saving network
bandwidth. Disinterested hosts no longer must process broadcast packets. In addition, the IPv6
header has a new field, named Flow Label, that can identify packets belonging to the same flow.
4. Simplified Network Configuration
Address auto-configuration (address assignment) is built in to IPv6. A router will send the prefix
of the local link in its router advertisements. A host can generate its own IP address by
appending its link-layer (MAC) address, converted into Extended Universal Identifier (EUI) 64-
bit format, to the 64 bits of the local link prefix.
5. Support For New Services
By eliminating Network Address Translation (NAT), true end-to-end connectivity at the IP layer
is restored, enabling new and valuable services. Peer-to-peer networks are easier to create and
maintain, and services such as VoIP and Quality of Service (QoS) become more robust.
6. SecurityIPSec, which provides confidentiality, authentication and data integrity, is baked into in IPv6.
Because of their potential to carry malware, IPv4 ICMP packets are often blocked by corporate
firewalls, but ICMPv6, the implementation of the Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6,
may be permitted because IPSec can be applied to the ICMPv6 packets.
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Weakness of IPv6
Security Flaws listed
IPv4 domain and IPv6 domain[6]
The disadvantages:
Currently there is no support to LVS in the Linux Kernel. You need to port applications to IPv6 You need tunnels when working against IPv4 machines Transition is a complex task result in more computation and bandwidth misuse
Less network management support can be lead to default settings Its deployment time is too huge, One year is extended from last of 8 th July for global
testing.
New to the developers and network administrators, so need a lots of supports and trainingall over the world.
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Network Management
Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures, and tools that pertain to
the operation, administration, maintenance, and provisioning of networked systems.IPv6 relates
with network management as its used with the routing and IP datagram, routing protocols (RIPng
, EIGRPv6, OSPFv3), network configuration and addressing of the internetworking devices.
Network Management have 5 subparts -
Configuration
Routing Configuration: Enabling IPv6 on a router starts it control plane. IPv6 address size,
multiple IPv6 node address, IPv6 routing protocols and routing table size are basic process in
control plane. Another is data plane forward the relevant IP packets and does lookup to match
the policies with control plane.
Control Plane Data Plane
IPv6 address Size Parsing IPv6 Extension Headers
Multiple Ipv6 node Addresses IPv6 Address Lookup
Ipv6 Routing Protocols
Routing table size
Configuration
Accounting
Performance
Fault
Security
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RIPng (routing information protocol next generation) is a distance vector routing protocol
provides a simple way to bring up IPv6. It uses split horizon and poison reverse update and limit
of 15 hops to prevent routing loops. The updates are send to the neighbouring router exchange
local message does not require global knowledge of network.
RIPng features:
Distance vector, radius of 15 hops ,split horizon and poison reverse Based on RIPv2 (IPv4) IPv6 prefix, next-hop IPv6 address Uses the multicast group FF02::9, the all rip router multicast group Sends update on UDP port 521 Support by Cisco IOS release 12.2 and late
EIGRPv6 works as a advanced distance vector protocol that has some link-state features. The
neighbour discovery process using hellos still happens, and its still provides reliable
communication with reliable transport that gives us loop-free convergence using the diffusing
update algorithm (DUAL).
OSPFv6 a link state routing protocol that divides an entire internetworks or autonomous system
into area , making a hierarchy, In version 3 ,RID, area ID and link-state ID which are all still 32-
bit values are not found because IPv6 address is 128 bits . Removal of IP address information
from OSPF packet header makes the new version of OSPF capable of being routed over almost
any Network Layer protocol.
IPv6 Autoconfiguration An important feature of IPv6 that it does not require and human
intervention and allows plug and play option allow mobile devices.
Stateful-Autoconfiguration :requires some human intervention as it makes use (DHCPv6) forinstallation and administration of nodes over a network
Stateless-Autoconfiguration: It makes use of the IEEE EUI-64 standard to define the network IDportion of the address suitable. It allows each host to determine its address from the contents of
received user advertisements.
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DHCPv6
The dynamic host configuration is made possible with the automatic assignment of IP
addresses, default gateway, subnet masks and other IP parameters. A DHCP configured node
sends a broadcast query to the DHCP server requesting for necessary information. Upon receipt
of a valid request, the DHCP server assigns an IP address from its pool of IP addresses and other
TCP/IP configuration parameters such as the default gateway and subnet mask. DHCP allocates
IP addresses to the network devices in three different modes: dynamic mode, automatic mode
and manual mode.
Accounting
There are extensions that instrument RADIUS accounting client functions. These extensions
represent a portion of the Management Information Base (MIB) for use with network
management protocols .Using these extensions, IP-based management stations can manage
RADIUS accounting clients.
Performance
IPv6 will be installed on 400 giants company on 8th July ,2012 of IT field for measuring
performance , but on experimenting its give performance similar to IPv4 with the additional
overhead of NAT and network administration and excellent plug and play facility.
Fault
In the proposed approach, if a failure is detected in the home agent (HA) of a mobile node, a
preferable survival HA is selected to continuously serve the mobile node. The preferable survival
HA is the HA that does not incur failure and is neighbouring the current location of the mobile
node. The proposed approach is based on the preference of each mobile node to achieve the fault
tolerance of the HA
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Security
Security in IPv6 is from IPsec, Authentication header, Encrypted security payload, key
management, private virtual network, application level security and routing security
IPsec
IPSec is to provide interoperable, high quality, cryptographically-based security for IPv4 and
IPv6. It offers various security services at the IP layer and therefore, offers protection at this (i.e.
IP) and higher layers.IPsec is a mandatory component for IPv6, and therefore, the IPsec securitymodel is required to be supported for all IPv6 implementations in near future. In IPv6, IPsec is
implemented using the AH authentication header and the ESP extension header The security
services are access control, connectionless integrity, data origin authentication, protection against
replays (a form of partial sequence integrity), confidentiality (encryption), and limited traffic
flow confidentiality.
Security at every layer[7]
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IPv6 and multimedia Devices
Each device has its own global IP address and NAT is no longer required, peer-to-peer
communication will become much easier. Two way applications such as IP telephony ,video
conferencing and gaming will much simpler to develop .routing table will become far lesscomplex ,which enable higher performance for internet traffic and allows various multimedia
and other device to connect.
VoIP (voice over internet protocol) is a telephony that sends conversations in packets over
internet. IPv6 proved QoS to telephony with carrier-grade service level and ensure reliable VoIP
infrastructure. Skype and IP PBX will revolutionize the telecommunication industry in personal
and enterprise level.
Sensor networks are also applied with ad-hoc deployment, auto-configuration, mobility and
security. Various applications such as inventory disaster management can work on full potential
by establishing connectivity with internet
Biosensors and RFID can be easily integrated with IPv6. RFID can also be easily integrated
with IPv6 and work remotely with real time tracking .Its a device that helps monitoring of
biological change can revolutionize the medical Industry. IMS ( IP Multimedia Subsystem)
specifies the QoS within IP network allows implementation of various applications e.g. Push to
talk over Cellular (PoC), Multiple
and simultaneous Ringing/find-me,
follow-me, Multimedia Push, Push
Ringtone, real Time video sharing ,
interactive gaming ,shared folders ,
voice messaging ,instant
messaging service ,video
conferencing ,media streaming
,enhanced policy controller etc.
Different components in future[8]
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IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 IPv6
Addresses are 32 bits (4 bytes) in length.
Addresses are 128 bits (16 bytes) in
length
Address (A) resource records in DNS to
map host names to IPv4 addresses.
Address (AAAA) resource records in
DNS to map host names to IPv6
addresses.
IPSec is optional and should be supported
externally
IPSec support is not optional
Header does not identify packet flow for
QoS handling by routers
Header contains Flow Label field, which
Identifies packet flow for QoS handling
by router.
Both routers and the sending host
fragment packets.
Routers do not support packet
fragmentation. Sending host fragments
packets
Header includes a checksum. Header does not include a checksum.
Header includes options. Optional data is supported as extension
headers.
ARP uses broadcast ARP request to resolve
IP to MAC/Hardware address.
Multicast Neighbour Solicitation
messages resolve IP addresses to MAC
addresses.
Internet Group Management Protocol
(IGMP) manages membership in local
subnet groups.
Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD)
messages manage membership in local
subnet groups.
Broadcast addresses are used to send
traffic to all nodes on a subnet.
IPv6 uses a link-local scope all-nodes
multicast address.
Configured either manually or through
DHCP.
Does not require manual configuration
or DHCP.
Must support a 576-byte packet size
(possibly fragmented).
Must support a 1280-byte packet size
(without fragmentation).
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Demonstration of IPv6 in Packet Tracer 5.3
IPv6 auto configuration
Enabling the IPv6 global unicast-routing on both interfaces fa0/0 n fa0/1 of the router IPv6 .
Providing address 2001:470:1:1::1/64 in fa0/0 and link-local address FE80::1 for both of the
computers. The auto configuration mechanism was introduced to enable plug and play
networking of the devices to help reduce administration overhead.
Interface /Device IPv6 address Address
Fa0/0 (Router) 2001:470:1:1::1/64 Assigned in router
Fa0/1 (Router) 2001:471:1:1::1/64 Assigned in router
PC0 2001:470:1:1:201:97FF:FE98:6CED/64 Auto-configured random address
PC1 2001:471:1:1:2D0:BAFF:FE22:8A68/64 Auto-configured random address
Result : New IPv6 address are auto-assigned to the device and new connecting device enable
plug n play and less network overhead
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RIPng configuration between different network
By Enabling IPv6 unicastrouting at the interface on Fa0/1 and Fa0/0 interface of routerA and
routerB respectively. To determine the different network and there network address , here both
router is using common RIPng technique names as ciscorip. To enable RIPng at the interface we
used command. All the gateway are assigned in the LAN for default
path and interfaces are activates for unicast-routing . /48 to /64 is common subnet prefix and
upper and lower limit used .
Interface/Device IPv6 Address Address
Server-PT FFe:001::10/48 LAN assigned address
PC-PT FF:002::10/48 LAN assigned address
Fa0/1 routerA FF:001::1/48 Default Gateway
Fa0/0 routerB FF:002::1/48 Default Gateway
Fa0/0 routerA 2001:410:1:10::2/64 Assigned
Fa0/1 routerB 2001:410:1:10:1/65 Assigned
Result : Successful transmission between different network with different subnet mask using
RIPng in router
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Conclusion
IPv6 is excellent addressing scheme with unending address with following the path of IPv4 in
terms of reliability and scalability. With the Fixed size of packet and extension header
techniques, its allow better handling of configuration in different path and just perfect in the
scenario based on the exact requirement. The new feature of autoconfig make it portable with
plug n play support can be used anywhere from mobile to multimedia device , medical industry
to RFIDs. Also , its reduces the overhead of network administration along with fulfilling
requirement and other administration parameters. IPv6 is finally going to implement with 400
major companies of IT ,like Google ,Microsoft ,Cisco etc on 8th
July 2012 . This will be a major
day in the field of networking as all the working and methodology will change gradually butsurely. All the hardware as well as software device needs it support , installation and
compatibility . All the user can a unique IP identification in the modern world as even a Fridge
now require IP to connect to the internet .
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References
Books
Behrouz A Forouzan. (2009). Network Layer. In: Sophia Chung Fegan Data Communication and
Networking. 4th Ed. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited. p579 - 607.
Pat Warner. (2001). Router Table. In: The Router Book: A Complete Guide to the Machine and
its Accessories . Newtown: The Taunton Press. p84 - 100.
Websites
1 . Joe Davies. (2011).Introduction to IPv6. Available: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-
us/library/bb726944.aspx. [ Last accessed 18th Feb 2012].
Iljitsch van Beijnum. (2012). World IPv6 Launch: this time it's for real.Available:
http://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/world-ipv6-launch-this-time-its-for-real.ars .
[Last accessed 24th Feb 2012.]
Anonymous. (2011). Private IPv6 address range. Available:
http://www.simpledns.com/private-ipv6.aspx . [ Last accessed 28th Feb ]
Jenn-Wei Lin. (2012). Fault Tolerance. Available:
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1596026 . [Last accessed 01th March ]
Martin Levy . ( 2011). Six Benefits of IPv6. Available:
http://www.networkcomputing.com/ipv6/230500009 . [Last accessed 08th March ]
D. Nelson. (2012).RADIUS Accounting Client MIB for IPv6 . Available:
http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4670 . Last accessed 15th March 2012.
http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726944.aspxhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726944.aspxhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726944.aspxhttp://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/world-ipv6-launch-this-time-its-for-real.arshttp://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/world-ipv6-launch-this-time-its-for-real.arshttp://www.simpledns.com/private-ipv6.aspxhttp://www.simpledns.com/private-ipv6.aspxhttp://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1596026http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1596026http://www.networkcomputing.com/ipv6/230500009http://www.networkcomputing.com/ipv6/230500009http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4670http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4670http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc4670http://www.networkcomputing.com/ipv6/230500009http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1596026http://www.simpledns.com/private-ipv6.aspxhttp://arstechnica.com/business/news/2012/01/world-ipv6-launch-this-time-its-for-real.arshttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726944.aspxhttp://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb726944.aspx8/2/2019 Hssn-2012 Ipv6 Binit Pt0981122
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Citation
http://netacad.netCCNA exploration[1]
http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6DatagramMainHeaderFormat.htm[2]
http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.html [3]
http://netacad.netCCNA exploration 4 -7.3.4.1[4]
http://www.us.ntt.net/products/internet-access/ipv6.cfm [5]
http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-
more.ars .[6]
http://ipv6.com/articles/general/IPv6-The-Future-of-the-Internet.htm [7]
http://ipv6.com/articles/general/Next-Generation-Networking.htm [8]
http://netacad.net/http://netacad.net/http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6DatagramMainHeaderFormat.htm%20%5b2http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6DatagramMainHeaderFormat.htm%20%5b2http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6DatagramMainHeaderFormat.htm%20%5b2http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.htmlhttp://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.htmlhttp://netacad.net/http://netacad.net/http://www.us.ntt.net/products/internet-access/ipv6.cfm%5b5http://www.us.ntt.net/products/internet-access/ipv6.cfm%5b5http://www.us.ntt.net/products/internet-access/ipv6.cfm%5b5http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-more.ars%20.%20%5b6http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-more.ars%20.%20%5b6http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-more.ars%20.%20%5b6http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-more.ars%20.%20%5b6http://ipv6.com/articles/general/IPv6-The-Future-of-the-Internet.htm%20%5b7http://ipv6.com/articles/general/IPv6-The-Future-of-the-Internet.htm%20%5b7http://ipv6.com/articles/general/IPv6-The-Future-of-the-Internet.htm%20%5b7http://ipv6.com/articles/general/Next-Generation-Networking.htmhttp://ipv6.com/articles/general/Next-Generation-Networking.htmhttp://ipv6.com/articles/general/Next-Generation-Networking.htmhttp://ipv6.com/articles/general/IPv6-The-Future-of-the-Internet.htm%20%5b7http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-more.ars%20.%20%5b6http://arstechnica.com/apple/news/2010/11/apple-fixes-broken-ipv6-by-breaking-it-some-more.ars%20.%20%5b6http://www.us.ntt.net/products/internet-access/ipv6.cfm%5b5http://netacad.net/http://www.zytrax.com/tech/protocols/ipv6.htmlhttp://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_IPv6DatagramMainHeaderFormat.htm%20%5b2http://netacad.net/8/2/2019 Hssn-2012 Ipv6 Binit Pt0981122
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Appendices
AH : Authentication header
ARP :Address Resolution Protcol
CIDR:Classless Inter-domain routing
DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
DoS : Denial of Service
DNS :Domain Name System
EUI: Extended Unique Identifier
IPsec : Internet Protocol Security
IETF : Internet Enginnering Task force
ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol
IGRP: Interior gateway routing protocol
MAC: Media Access Control
MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit
NAT: Network Address Translation
OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
PING: Packet InterNet Groper
QoS: Quality of Service
RFC: Request for Comments
RIPng: Routing information Protcol next generation
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RFID : Radio Frequency Identification Device
TTL : Time to Live
UDP: User Datagram Protocol
VoIP: Voice Over Internet Protocol
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