Integrated Transportation System for ‘Future’ 21st Century
Washington, DC
Prof. Sonya Smith
Prof. Grant Warner
Atiba Brereton
Matthew Clarke
Prof. David Smedley
Prof. Anthony McEachern
Tyrone Clemons
Nicolas Hunter
CIC - 2012-2013
• Problem Statement
• Current Public Transportation Options
• Proposed Solution Overview
• Background: Car-Sharing
• Pod Concept Layout
• Pod Dispensation System Design
• Station Placement and Volume
• Conclusion
2 CIC - 2012-2013
• Washington, DC was ranked number 1 in the United States in 2012: (Schrank et al. 2012) – Yearly delay per auto commuter
– Excess fuel per auto commuter
– Congestion cost per auto commuter
– Pounds of CO2 produced in congestion per auto commuter
• Design a more effective public transportation system for Washington, DC and its environs that: – Reduces traffic and congestion
– Increases the use of public transportation
– Reduces carbon emissions
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Metrorail
•Currently consists of five lines:
The Red, Blue, Green, Yellow
and Orange lines
Park and Ride
Bikeshare
Parking
Private vehicle
Walking
Metrobus
•Fleet consists of 1,480 buses
•Operates over 300 bus routes
•Services 12,216 stops
•Small effective range
•Affected by weather
conditions
•Exclusive to the able-bodied
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• Expand the Capitol Bikeshare Program to include pod cars and a dispensation system for them
• Factors affecting vehicle usage (Katzev 2003):
– Availability of vehicles, especially during rush-hour and weekends
– Distance to car share stations
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• In Europe, car-sharing had largely positive effects on users (Katzev 2003; Meijkamp 1999) – Private vehicle usage decreased by
as much as 33% fewer kilometers – Use of public transportation,
walking and cycling increased – Overall CO2 emissions were reduced
• In Japan and Singapore, car-sharing follows a different model (Barth et al. 2005) – Car-sharing of recent has been aimed toward
residential neighborhoods to promote carpooling (Singapore) and business fleets (Japan)
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Wheels
Seat
Battery
Electric motor
Hook port • Inspiration came from previous
GM projects: – Personal Urban Mobility and
Accessibility (PUMA) project (Anon 2009)
– Electric Networked Vehicle (EN-V) concepts (Anon 2011)
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Steering
• Compact in size to increase parking volume city-wide – Six (6) EN-Vs can fit in a standard American parking space
• Electric-only propulsion – Plug-in rechargeable
– Fast-charging
– Capable of a suitable range • PUMA range is 35 miles
• Able to maintain city-speeds – PUMA top-speed 35 mph
• Comfortable and safe for occupant
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Hook Charging Port
External Charging Port
Pod Car Carousel
Pod Rental Kiosk Pod Car
How it works: • User approaches
kiosk – Uses prepaid card
to access terminal – Selects a pod car
• Carousel rotates to release selected pod car
• Pod car autonomously exits secure structure
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Weather Protection Structure
Charging Port
• Alternative concept for dispensation system
• Concept incorporated into existing parking spaces
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Alternative
Charging Port
• Rod tested for failure due to bending – Diameter = 44.1 mm – Static point loads applied
at points of contact between pod car hooks and rod
• Hook tested for failure due to bending – Thickness = 34.2 mm – Static distributive load
applied to surface in contact with pod car
• Weight of pod car is taken from the heaviest of the GM EN-V concepts – Mass = 415 kg (Anon,
2010)
CIC - 2012-2013 11
Rod
Hook
41
5 k
g
41
5 k
g
41
5 k
g
Part Yield Strength (Mpa) Maximum Stress (Mpa) Factor of Safety
Rod 1178 (AISI Steel 4340) 375.61 3.136 (Pass)
Hook 129.57 (Steel) 33.07 3.918 (Pass)
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Fixed
Constraint at
ends
Fixed
Constraint
at hole
Distributive load
applied to this
surface One of three
point loads
applied
• Research in Seoul supported the use of smart card data as a reliable means of assessing commuter patterns (Park et al. 2008)
– Smartrip cards are currently used on both the Metrorail and Metrobus in Washington, DC
• The current locations of Bikeshare stations was also useful in identifying high-volume areas
– Bikeshare users may switch to Podshare during colder and hotter months
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CIC - 2012-2013 14
Busiest Stations for Exiting Metrorail
AM Peak PM Peak
1 Farragut North Union Station
2 Farragut West Vienna
3 Metro Center Shady Grove
4 L’Enfant Plaza Pentagon City
5 Union Station Gallery Place
6 McPherson Square
West Falls Church
7 Gallery Place Dupont Circle
8 Foggy Bottom Pentagon
9 Pentagon Silver Spring
10 Rosslyn New Carrollton
0
9
8 7
6 5
4
3 2
1 1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
0
LEGEND
AM Peak
PM Peak
• Areas of greatest bikeshare locations density: – Downtown
Washington, DC
– Arlington, Virginia
• Each bike station holds an average of 15-20 bicycles
CIC - 2012-2013 15
• The Washington, Capitol Bikeshare Program should be expanded to include pod cars and dispensation systems for them
– Pod cars and dispensation systems were designed to meet with the specifications outlined
– Smart card usage and bikeshare location data were used to identify ideal locations for and quantity of pod cars required
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Questions?
• Anon, 2009. 2009 GM and Segway Project PUMA. Available at: http://www.seriouswheels.com/cars/2009/top-2009-GM-and-Segway-Project-PUMA.htm [Accessed May 13, 2013].
• Anon, 2011. 2011 General Motors EN-V Concepts. Available at: http://www.seriouswheels.com/cars/2011/top-2011-General-Motors-EN-V-Concepts.htm [Accessed May 13, 2013].
• Anon, 2010. EN-V Concept Specification Sheet. Available at: http://media.gm.com/content/autoshows/Shanghai/2010/public/cn/en/env/news.detail.html/content/Pages/news/cn/en/2010/March/env02.html [Accessed May 15, 2013].
• Barth, M. et al., 2005. Carsharing and Station Cars in Asia: An Overview of Japan and Singapore [eScholarship]. Available at: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qw379rx#page-17 [Accessed June 2, 2013].
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• Katzev, R., 2003. Car sharing: A new approach to urban transportation problems. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), pp.65–86.
• Meijkamp, R., Changing consumer behaviour through eco-efficient services: an empirical study of car sharing in the Netherlands - Meijkamp - 1999 - Business Strategy and the Environment - Wiley Online Library. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0836(199809)7:4%3C234::AID-BSE159%3E3.0.CO;2-A/pdf [Accessed June 2, 2013].
• Park, J.Y., Kim, D.-J. & Lim, Y., 2008. Use of Smart Card Data to Define Public Transit Use in Seoul, South Korea. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2063(-1), pp.3–9.
• Schrank, D., Eisele, B. & Lomax, T., 2012. TTI’s 2012 URBAN MOBILITY REPORT. Available at: http://media.miamiherald.com/smedia/2013/02/04/18/40/K7J8w.So.56.pdf [Accessed June 2, 2013].
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• Dispensation System Sequence
• Simulation Set-up: Rod
• Simulation Set-up: Hook
• Future Design Considerations
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1. Customer approaches kiosk
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2. Customer utilizes kiosk to select vehicle
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3. Vehicle is dispensed from the system
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4. Customer and vehicle leave system
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Point load on rod from pod car
Fixed Constraint on edge of rod
• Material used
– AISI Steel 4340
• Point load
– Approximately 4071 N
• Type of mesh
– 3D Tetrahedral
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Distributive load on hook from pod car
Fixed Constraint on hole in hook
• Material used
– Steel
• Distributive load
– Approximately 4071 N
• Type of mesh
– 3D Tetrahedral
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• Increase in population • Increase in energy consumption • Increase in number of elderly, and forms of personal mobility assistance
required • Technological advances resulting in new iterations of personal transport,
classes of vehicles. • Climate change will adversely affect the district, prompting urgent and
strategic consideration of its aging infrastructure. Underground systems, such as the Metrorail, electrical, fuel, water and sewage will have to undergo change, restructuring or repurposing.
• Sustainable, environmentally-conscious development, and health considerations affecting the layout of district
• Technological development and functionality needs, but will also include the amalgam of archetypal styles and human influences from our past and our future up to that point. Consequently, future aesthetics will be varied in design and appropriate antiquity.
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