Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Reading research How to and why its important
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
After Skim readinghellip
bull Read Criticallybull Never assume that the authors are always
correctbull Do the authors solve the right problembull What hasnrsquot been consideredbull What are the limitations of the solution
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
After Skim readinghellip
bull Do the authors make reasonable assumptions
bull Are there any flaws in their reasoningbull Did they gather data and analyse it in a
reasonable mannerbull What other data would be compelling
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
1 Read Creatively2 Identify the good ideas in the paper3 See if the ideas can be generalised further4 Identify improvements
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
5 Make notes (Use tools like Refworks)
6 Try and summarise the paper in one or two sentences
7 Compare to other works (If possible)
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Research short exercise
bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of
the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn
bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper
bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
After Skim readinghellip
bull Read Criticallybull Never assume that the authors are always
correctbull Do the authors solve the right problembull What hasnrsquot been consideredbull What are the limitations of the solution
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
After Skim readinghellip
bull Do the authors make reasonable assumptions
bull Are there any flaws in their reasoningbull Did they gather data and analyse it in a
reasonable mannerbull What other data would be compelling
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
1 Read Creatively2 Identify the good ideas in the paper3 See if the ideas can be generalised further4 Identify improvements
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
5 Make notes (Use tools like Refworks)
6 Try and summarise the paper in one or two sentences
7 Compare to other works (If possible)
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Research short exercise
bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of
the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn
bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper
bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
After Skim readinghellip
bull Do the authors make reasonable assumptions
bull Are there any flaws in their reasoningbull Did they gather data and analyse it in a
reasonable mannerbull What other data would be compelling
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
1 Read Creatively2 Identify the good ideas in the paper3 See if the ideas can be generalised further4 Identify improvements
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
5 Make notes (Use tools like Refworks)
6 Try and summarise the paper in one or two sentences
7 Compare to other works (If possible)
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Research short exercise
bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of
the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn
bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper
bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
1 Read Creatively2 Identify the good ideas in the paper3 See if the ideas can be generalised further4 Identify improvements
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
5 Make notes (Use tools like Refworks)
6 Try and summarise the paper in one or two sentences
7 Compare to other works (If possible)
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Research short exercise
bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of
the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn
bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper
bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Essential Steps
5 Make notes (Use tools like Refworks)
6 Try and summarise the paper in one or two sentences
7 Compare to other works (If possible)
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Research short exercise
bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of
the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn
bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper
bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Essential Tools for Masters level Marketers
Research short exercise
bull 1113088A one or two sentence summary of the paper bull 1113088A deeper more extensive outline of the main points of
the paper including (for example) assumptions made arguments presented data analyzed and conclusions drawn
bull 1113088Any limitations or extensions you see for the ideas in the paper
bull 1113088 Your assesment of the paper primarily the quality of the ideas and its potential impact
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify reports of researchbull Research is
ndash A process of steps used to collect and analyze information in order to increase our knowledge about a topic or issue
bull Most research involves at least these steps
1Posing a question2Collecting data about the question3Analyzing the data to answer the question
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What kind of research is there
bull Formal research involves collection and analysis of data ndash Data are pieces of information researchers
systematically gather to answer a question of interest
bull numbers words facts attitudes actions etcndash Analysis involves making sense of the data
bull Informal research is more like day-to-day problem solving
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are clues to identify research studies
bull Only in research studies will the authors report the systematic collection and analysis of data to answer the questionndash Examine the title
bull Look for words such as research study empirical investigation or inquiry
ndash Examine the abstract bull Look for evidence that the author collected and analyzed
datandash Examine the full text (if necessary)
bull Look to see whether the author reports the collection and analysis of data
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Why do you need to read research reports
ndash To add to your professional knowledgendash To inform your position when developing
arguments in assignmentsndash To improve your academic practice
ndash Research may offer new programs or strategies to try
ndash Research may present new ideas to considerndash Research can help you learn about and evaluate
alternative approaches
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Where do you find reports of research
bull Books (including e-books)ndash Reference summaries and handbooksndash Reports of single studies
bull Scholarly journals
bull Sources for early stage materialndash Websitesndash Conference reportsndash Professional association newslettersndash Authors themselves
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What steps do researchers take when conducting their studies
Multiple steps may be implemented at the same time or steps may be repeated as the study unfolds
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
bull Use the article structure to guide the way you read the report
bull Major sections ndash Front matterndash Introductionndash Methodndash Resultsndash Conclusionndash Back matter
How do you identify the steps of the research process in a research article
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the front matterndash Title
bull May contain information about topic participants setting or approach
ndash Authorsndash Abstract of the study
bull Short summary of the research process
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the introduction section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research problemndash Reports the review of the literaturendash Specifies the studyrsquos purpose research
questions and hypotheses
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the method section
ndash Identifies the studyrsquos research design (quantitative qualitative or mixed)
ndash Describes the procedures used to select participants and collect data
ndash May briefly describe the procedures used to analyze the data
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the results (or findings) section
ndash Reports the details of and findings from the data analysis
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the conclusion (or discussion) section
bull May do some or all of the following
ndash Report interpretations of the studyndash Summarize major results of the studyndash Answer research questions ndash Present researchersrsquo determination whether the results
confirm or disconfirm expected predictions ndash Examine meaning of the findings for study participants ndash Compare studyrsquos results with those found in other published
studies ndash Discuss implications and limitations of the study
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the back matter
ndash Includes a list of references cited within the study report
ndash Includes extra supporting materials bull End notesbull Appendicesbull Biographical information about the authors
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
The General Process of Research
Research Report Major Sections
The Steps of the Research Process
Front Matter
The researcher poses a question Introduction
1 Identifying a research problem2 Reviewing the literature3 Specifying a purpose
The researcher collects data to answer the question Method
4 Choosing a research design5 Selecting participants and collecting data 6 Analyzing data (and reporting results)
The researcher presents an answer to the question
Results
Conclusion
6 (Analyzing data and) reporting results 7 Drawing conclusions
Back Matter
Summary Mapping the research process to the research report
The Major Sections of a Research Article and the Steps in the Process of ResearchNote final step of ldquodisseminating and evaluating researchrdquo is represented by the entire published research article
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Types of research Studies
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are the different kinds of research studies
bull Remember Research is a process of steps that researchers use to collect and analyse information to increase our knowledge about a topic or issuendash Quantitative research studies emphasise numeric
data and statistical analyses to explain variablesndash Qualitative research studies emphasise text data and
thematic analyses to explore a phenomenonndash Combined research studies includes both quantitative
and qualitative research to understand a topic
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are quantitative research studies
ndash Ask specific narrow questionsndash Explain different variables or factors
(specific concepts)ndash Collect quantifiable data from participantsndash Analyse these numbers using statistics and
graphs (mathematical procedures)ndash Conduct the inquiry in an unbiased
objective manner
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify quantitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a quantitative studyndash Experimentndash Correlationndash Survey
bull Words that indicate numeric datandash Variablesndash Factorsndash Measuresndash Questionnaire ndash Survey instruments
bull Words that indicate mathematical analysisndash Statisticsndash Differencesndash Comparisonsndash Associationsndash Statistically significant
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are qualitative research studies
ndash Ask broad general questionsndash Explore individualsrsquo perspectives of a single
concept (often called a phenomenon) ndash Collect data consisting largely of words (or text)
from participantsndash Describe and analyze these words for themesndash Conduct the inquiry in a subjective and reflexive
mannerbull
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify qualitative research studies
bull Words that indicate a qualitative studyndash Narrativendash Case studyndash Ethnographyndash Grounded theory
bull Words that indicate narrative (or text-based) datandash One-on-one interviewndash Focus group interviewndash Transcriptionndash Observation field notes
bull Words that indicate textual analysisndash Themesndash Content analysisndash Descriptionndash Perspectives
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are combined research studies
ndash Ask narrow specific questions and broad general questions
ndash Explain variables and explores a phenomenonndash Collect data consisting of numbers and wordsndash Analyze these data for statistical trends and
themesndash Combines the two sets of results into an
overall understanding of the topic
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify combined research studies
bull Words that indicate a combined studybull Quantitative and qualitative bull Mixed methods researchbull Action researchbull Integrationbull Combinationbull Multiple methods
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Why should you read both quantitative and qualitative research studies
Quantitative researchndash Large groups of individuals or
organizationsndash The prevalence
representativeness and relationship among specific concepts (or variables)
ndash Whether an intervention causes desired outcomes
Qualitative researchndash Multiple perspectives
experiences and contexts among few individuals
ndash Complexity and meaning of phenomena
ndash In-depth detailed descriptions of phenomena
ndash Uncover the unexpected or unique
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are the key differences inhellipidentifying a research problem
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash An exploration because
little is known about the problem
ndash A detailed description and understanding of a phenomenon
ndash An explanation of the relationships that exist among variables
ndash A measurement of trends in a population
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
in hellipreviewing the literatureQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Dynamic reviewed as new ideas emerge throughout the study
ndash Informs the researcherrsquos perspective but does not prescribe the direction of the study
ndash Static reviewed mostly at the start of the study
ndash Prescribes the direction of the study (ie the purpose statement research questions and hypotheses)
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
inhellipspecifying a purpose
Quantitative research Qualitative Researchndash General and broadndash Focus on participantsrsquo
perspectives about a phenomenon
ndash Specific and narrowndash Focus on measurable
observable variables
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
inhellip choosing a research design
Quantitative Research Qualitative Researchndash Choosing a general
qualitative approach or a formal qualitative research design
ndash Choosing an experimental or non-experimental quantitative research design
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
inhellipselecting participants amp collecting data
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Small number of individuals
or sitesndash General emerging
questions to permit the participant to generate responses
ndash Gathering word (text) or image (picture) data
ndash Large number of individuals sites or time points
ndash Instruments with preset questions and responses
ndash Gathering quantifiable (numeric) data
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
inhellipanalyzing data and reporting resultsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Text and image analysis procedures
ndash Develop description and themes
ndash Statistical and graphical analysis procedures
ndash Compare groups relate variables and describe trends
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
inhellipdrawing conclusionsQuantitative research Qualitative research
ndash Statements about the larger meaning of the findings and personal reflections about the findings
ndash Comparisons of results with prior predictions and past studies
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are the key differences inhellipdisseminating and evaluating research
Quantitative research Qualitative researchndash Flexible emerging
structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with a subjective and reflexive approach
ndash Standard fixed structures and evaluative criteria
ndash Be written with an objective and impersonal approach
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Summary Key Differences in the Research ProcessTypical Characteristics in
Quantitative Research Steps in theResearch Process Typical Characteristics in
Qualitative Research
The research problem calls for an explanation and measuring trends Identifying a
Research Problem The research problem calls for an exploration and developing understanding
The literature plays mostly a static and prescriptive role in the study
Reviewing theLiterature The literature plays mostly a dynamic and
informative role in the study The purpose is specific and narrow the researcher asks research questions and states hypotheses about variables
Specifying a Purpose
The purpose is general and broad the researcher asks open-ended research questions about a phenomenon
A quantitative approach is selected and a quantitative experimental or non-experimental research design is planned
Choosing a Research Design
A qualitative approach is selected and a general qualitative approach or formal qualitative research design is planned
The data include numeric scores for variables gathered from a large number of individuals sites or time points
Selecting Participants And Collecting Data The data include text and images gathered
from a small number of individuals or sites Statistical and graphical analysis of the data is used to compare groups relate variables and describe trends
Analyzing Data and Reporting Results
Text and image analysis of the data is used to develop and report description and themes
The results are compared with predictions and past studies Drawing
Conclusions The results are interpreted in terms of their overall meaning
The report and evaluation uses a standard and fixed format the researcher is objective and impersonal
Disseminating and Evaluating the Research
The report uses a flexible and emerging format the researcher is subjective and reflexive
Figure 22 Characteristics That Are Typical of Quantitative and Qualitative Research for Each Step in the Research Process
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you evaluate quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative QualitativeFront Matter + Study was evaluated using
rigorous standards+ Study was evaluated using
rigorous standardsIntroduction
+ Explains variables and trends
+ Literature justifies variables
+ Purpose is narrow
+ Explores of a phenomenon+ Literature supports
approach + Purpose is broad
Method
+ Experimental or non-experimental
+ Numeric data + Large number of
participants + Used statistical
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
+ General or formal qualitative approach
+ Text or image data + Small number of
participants + Used text analysis
procedures+ Procedures are ethical
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Quantitative QualitativeResultsFindings
+ Provides objective statistical information
+ Describes impact relationships differences and trends for variables
+ Interprets information + Describes themes and
conveys multiple perspectives of phenomenon
Conclusion
+ Compares results with predictions and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from results
+ Interprets meaning in terms of personal experience and past studies
+ Interprets limitations in procedures
+ Suggests implications from findings
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Quantitative QualitativeBack Matter
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context
+ Detailed references + Information about the
studyrsquos context Whole Report + Logical coherent rigorous
approach+ Logical coherent rigorous
approach
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Identifying why a study is important
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What is the purpose of the statement of the problem
ndash Generate interest in the studyndash Articulate the importance of the studyndash Argue for the need of the studyndash Suggest why the study has significance ndash Help readers decide if the study is of interest
to them
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify the statement of the problem in a research study
ndash Found in the introduction sectionndash May appear under the headings
bull Introductionbull Statement of the Problembull The Research Problem bull Or have no heading
ndash Look for a sentence likebull A major problem is
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you distinguish the research problem from the topic and purpose
ndash Topic bull Very general bull What the study is about
ndash Problembull Falls under the general topicbull The issue concern or controversy being addressedbull A real-world problem that needs to be solved
ndash Purpose bull Follows from the problembull More specificbull What the author intends to do
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Why do researchers study research problems
ndash To fill a gap in the existing literature ndash To replicate past results by examining different
participantssitesndash To extend past results ndash To examine the problem more thoroughlyndash To learn from people whose voices have not been
heard ndash To improve current practices
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Differences in quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitative Research Problems Explain
ndash The effect of a treatmentndash The extent that groups
differndash The trends in a large group
Qualitative Research Problems Explore
ndash How a process unfoldsndash The meaning of a
phenomenonndash The complexity of a casendash The stories of individualsrsquo
lives
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are the elements of a statement of the problem
bull 1 Topicbull 2 Research problembull 3 Evidence for the importance of the problembull 4 Knowledge about the problem that is
missingbull 5 Audiences that may benefit from the new
knowledge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you find the topic
ndash Located in first few sentences of the introduction ndash The broad subject matter of a studyndash Answers the question ldquoWhat is this study aboutrdquo ndash May generate interest by including
bull Statistical databull Provocative questionbull Clear need for researchbull Powerful quotebull Key definition
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify the research problem
ndash Appears within the first paragraph or two of an articlendash Conveys a strong sense of importancendash An issue concern or controversy that needs to be solved
bull A major concernbull Affects the lives of many individualsbull Has serious consequencesbull A current issue for practitionersbull A problem about what is known about a topicbull Conflicting evidence in the literature
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you recognize the justification for the importance of the problem
ndash Scholarly evidence previously reported in the literature
ndash Justification based on the impact on professional settings
ndash Personal experiences which support the importance
bull Often combined with evidence from the literature to increase the scholarly value of the argument
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you recognize the knowledge about the problem that is missing
ndash A gapdeficiency in knowledge that needs to be filledndash Past results which need to be replicatedndash Previous results which need to be extendedndash The voices of marginalized people need to be heardndash Practice needs to be improved
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify the audiences who will benefit from the study
ndash Usually near the end of the Introduction section
ndash Mentions individuals andor groups who will potentially benefit
ndash May mention how the specific audiences will be able to use the new knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Topic Intriguing and pertinent Boring and irrelevantProblem At least one clear
problem Problem is stated
succinctly
Unclear why there is a problem
Problem is merely implied
Justification Evidence from several recent references as well as personal experiences
Little evidence is offered to justify its importance
Deficiencies (Gap)
Two or more clear deficiencies are stated
Only a nonspecific statement about a general lack of knowledge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you evaluate the statement of the problem in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
Audiences Two or more audiences are identified
Specific examples of how the knowledge could be used
Only a general audience is implied
No examples of how the knowledge could be used
Study is warranted
A logical coherent and convincing argument
Argument is confusing unclear and not convincing
Passage is well written
Engaging concise and easy to follow
Uninteresting overly verbose and hard to follow
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
The Literature Review Examining the background for a Study
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify the literature review in a research study
ndash Look for the literature review in a stand-alone section
ndash Note where researchers refer to othersrsquo work from the literature
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do researchers use literature in their studies
ndash To provide justification for the research problemndash To document what is and is not known about the topicndash To identify the theory or conceptual framework behind
a studybull Theories can identify key variables and expected
relationships among them bull Conceptual frameworks can inform assumptions and beliefs
about the topic ndash To provide models for the methods and procedures ndash To interpret results
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Use of quantitative and qualitative studies
Quantitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Substantiate the research problemndash Point to specific variables of interest ndash Suggest theories which explain
expected relationships ndash Provide a rationale for the studyrsquos
purposendash Form the basis for the hypotheses to
be tested
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to the predictions
Qualitativebull At beginning of the study
ndash Document the importance of the research problem
ndash Describe a conceptual framework which informs their stance for the study
ndash Document models for their methods
bull During the study ndash As new ideas or perspectives emerge
from the data
bull At the end of the studyndash May compare results to other past
studies to support or modify existing ideas and practices
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
What are the steps that you can use to review the literature
ndash Step 1 Identify key termsndash Step 2 Use search strategies to locate
literaturendash Step 3 Select relevant good quality
documentsndash Step 4 Take notes on the key aspects of each
selected document
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you identify key terms related to the topic of the literature review
ndash Pose a short general question you would like answered
ndash Write a preliminary working title for your project and select two to three keywords
ndash Use words that you find in the literaturendash List synonyms for your topic
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you search databases using the key terms to locate literature
ndash Use multiple key terms but not too manyndash Use ldquologicrdquo terms to combine multiple key
terms ndash Limit your search to recent literaturendash Begin your search by looking for journal articlesndash Keep trying new combinations of key terms to
find the best literature
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you select literature that is relevant
ndash It covers the same topic ndash It concerns the same individuals or sites ndash It addresses the same research problem
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you select literature that is of good quality
ndash Select original sources over secondaryndash Select peer-reviewed sources over those not
reviewedndash Select reputable sources over unknown
sources
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you take notes on the key aspects of each selected document
bull Summarizendash The complete reference to the sourcendash The research problemndash The purpose research questions and hypothesesndash The data collection proceduresndash The major results and findingsndash Your comments about the study
bull strengths and weaknesses bull implications for practice
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you synthesize literature and write a literature review
1 Organize the literature into themes2 Summarize the major themes3 Document the sources with citations to the
literature4 Provide conclusions about the review
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you organize the literature into themes
bull Make a literature mapndash Label overall map with a key term that
summarizes your topicndash Sort sources into groups of related topicsndash Label each group to summarize the themendash Indicate your own work on the map
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you write a summary of the major themes
Study-by-study review bull Group studies into broad
themesbull Write a one paragraph
summary for each study within each theme
Thematic reviewbull Identify the themes from
the literaturebull Briefly summarize only the
relevant ideas from each study that relates to the theme (not the article as a whole)
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you document the sources by including citations to the literature
bull Plagiarism means to represent someone elsersquos ideas and writings as if they were your ownndash Using someone elsersquos ideasndash Copying someone elsersquos words directly or changing just a few
words
bull Plagiarism has serious consequencesndash Failing a modulendash Being dismissed from the degree programmendash Losing a job
bull bull You must learn to always give proper credit to your sources
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you provide your conclusions about the literature
bull Answer the question ldquoWhat are the major ideas from all of the studies I reviewedrdquo ndash Include three to five themes that summarize the
literaturendash Emphasize the big ideas under each themendash Highlight what the reader should remember ndash Identify strengths and weaknesses
bull Discuss how the literature informs your work
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The review includes the relevant literature
Comprehensive Aligned with studys
topic Important subtopics are
included
Superficial May not relate to the
studyrsquos topic Important subtopics are
missingThe review examines sources that are recent and of high quality
Original research Published in peer-
reviewed journals Recent
Books and secondary sources
Not undergone peer review
No longer current
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
How do you evaluate the literature review in a research study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature review is appropriately documented
Citations are provided for all ideas drawn from the literature
The citations are correct complete and in a consistent style
Not all ideas drawn from the literature are supported with citations
Some citations are incorrect incomplete or in an inconsistent style
The literature is thoughtfully synthesized
Organized into major themes that make sense
Clearly identified by headings andor a visual map
Organization does not make sense
Unclear headings
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The literature is critically examined
Critiques includes deficiencies strengths and weaknesses and implications for the studyrsquos design
Only summarizes No critical commentary
The study has a strong foundation in the literature
Clearly connected to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
Explicitly explains how the literature is being used in the study
Lack of connection to the problem purpose approach methods and interpretations
The study report does not indicate how the literature is being used in the study
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
Quality criteria Indicators of higher quality
Indicators of lower quality
The use of the literature fits the studys overall research approach
In a quantitative study Justifies the problem Identifies major
variables and hypotheses compares results to predictions
In a quantitative study Minimal for the topic Does not support the
choice of variables and stated hypotheses
In a qualitative study Justifies the problem Informs researchers
approach Is examined further as
new findings emerge
In a qualitative study Makes predictions that
limit the researchers openness
Remains static even when new findings emerge
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