How to predict a Product
Synthesis
Acid anhydride + water acid Base anhydride + water baseNonmetallic oxide is acid anhydrideMetallic oxide is base anhydride
Decomposition
Electrolysis: splits the moleculeHeating: most common
Heat hydroxides
Produce the oxide and waterExceptions: group 1 hydroxides
Heat carbonates
Produce oxide and CO2
Exceptions: group 1 carbonates
Heat sulfates
Produce oxide and sulfur trioxideExceptions: groups 1 and 2
Heat nitrates
Produce oxide, oxygen, and nitrogen dioxideExceptions: group I nitrates produce nitrites
and oxygen
Heat chlorates
All produce the chloride and oxygen gas
Heat oxides
Only for silver, mercury, platinum, palladium, and gold
Produce metal and oxygen gas
Single replacement
Free metal must be higher on the reactivity series
Free nonmetal must be higher on the nonmetal reactivity series
Activity Series of the Metals
Li Rb K Ba Sr Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Cd Co Ni Sn Pb H2 Sb Bi Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
Activity Series of the Nonmetals
F2Cl2Br2I2
Double replacement
Both conditions must occur Both reactants must be soluble in water Must be evidence of a chemical reaction
Color change Precipitate Bubbles
Solubility Rules
1. All nitrates, acetates, and chlorates are soluble.2. All chlorides, bromides, and iodides are soluble except
for Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb 2+
3. All sulfates are soluble except for Ca 2+, Sr 2+, Hg22+, Pb2+,
and Ag+
4. All carbonates, chromates, sulfites, and phosphates are insoluble except those of group I and NH4
+
5. All hydroxides are insoluble except for those of group I and lower II
6. All sulfides except those of the I and II groups are insoluble
7. Salts containing a group I metal or the ammonium ion are soluble
Complete combustion
Always produces carbon dioxide and water
Decomposition problemswhat if you heat:
• Calcium oxide• Aluminum hydroxide• Sodium chlorate• Sodium sulfate• Sodium nitrate• Calcium nitrate• Magnesium carbonate• Magnesium sulfate
answers
• Calcium oxide: nothing• Aluminum hydroxide aluminum oxide and
water• Sodium chlorate sodium chloride and oxygen• Sodium sulfate nothing• Sodium nitrate sodium nitrite and oxygen• Calcium nitrate calcium oxide, O2 , NO2
• Magnesium carbonate MgO and CO2
• Magnesium sulfate nothing
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