How to make a literature search
Introduction about basic search methods and how to use catalogues, databasses and other internet sources
1. Developing a Search Strategy
• Make brainstorming before you start and try to structure your ideas• Identify main and side aspects to your search and try to find major and minor keywords• Think of synonyms and variations (e.g. grammar, plural) of your keywords• Use a dictionary or a handbook to get an overview.
a) Defining the Topic
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b) Choose Keywords and Search Strategy
• Strategy 1: “Blockbuilding-approach (BBL)“ Means to split your search topic in single terms
• Strategy 2: “Citation pearl growing approach“ Means you start with a known citation, may be a key-article and reuse this keywordsm, subject- headings, reference list to find more articles. Like a snowball system.
• Choose the appropriate source for searching Dependent on questions like „Do I need the latest infor- mation?“, “Is my topic very specific or more general?“, “What kind of publication do I need?“
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c) Combining Keywords
In Databases, Catalogues and Search engines single terms are combined with so called “Boolean Operators“
• AND
A AND B
• Depending on your result you have to vary your search with different search terms
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d) Vary your Search
• A search means always a brinkmanship of finding too much or too less
• Rule: The more complete your search should be, the more irrelevant hits will be included. On the other hand, in case all hits are relevant, then it is likely that there are more hits which are excluded by your search strategy.
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2. Databases
a) What is a database?
• An organized collection of information to a special field or subject• Organized means all documents are indexed with special descriptors or subject headings
Bibliographic databases contain descriptive information about publications Fulltext databases are including them
Keyword Means in general a search term that is somewhere included in the document (title, abstract, author, adress field …)A search done only with keywords can be unspecific and may have many irrelevant hits.
Subject Heading orDescriptor
A subject heading or descriptor corresponds to the content of the document.People (normally called documentalists) have read and indexed the documents
Thesaurus A Thesaurus is a structured systems of subject headings. Subject headings are connected with broader and narrower terms (Tree structure).
Controlled vocabulary, no synonyms.The Thesaurus in MEDLINE is called “Medical Subject Headings = MeSH
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Some important terms that are related to databases (and catalogues)
Producer NLM = National Library of Medicine, USA
Type Bibliographic Databases with Abstracts (67%)
Indexed Sources Journal articles of more than 4000 Journals. Yearly increase of 400 000 new articles.90% articles are in english language. 50% sources are from the USA
Regional Focus Anglo-american Region
Subject coverage Clinical Medicine, Biological Sciences, Pharmaceutics,
Veterinary Medicine, Genereal Health Sciences
Access Free acces by Internet
Actuality About 3 month for complete indexing. Incomplete, without descriptors partly after 2 weeks (e.g. BMJ, Lancet …)
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b) Database profilesMEDLINE (Version PUBMED)
Producer Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md., USA
Type Bibliographic database with abstracts (67%)
Extent 300 000 documents, annual increase of 10 000.Since 1980
Indexed Sources Journal articles, Books, Book Chapters, Unplished Reports, Articles in Newspapers, Dissertations, Confernce Papers
Regional Focus World with Anglo-american focus
Main subjects Family Planning, Reproductive Health, AIDS
Access Free access by Internet
Other features Own document delivery service (for Developing Countries free of charge)
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POPLINE
Producer BIREME, Brasil
Type Bibliographic database with abstracts
Extent 150 000 documents, annual increase of 7000.Since 1982
Indexed Sources Journal articles, Books, Book Chapters, Unpublished Reports, Conference Papers
Regional Focus Latin America and Caribean ; Language: span. + engl.
Main subjects Heath Sciences
Access Free access by Internet
Other features Own document delivery service. Uses same Thesaurus as Medline. Free access to some articles.
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LILACS
Producer WHO + Association for Health Information Libraries in Africa
Type Bibliographic database
Extent 5 000, annual increase of less than 100.Since 1980
Indexed Sources Journal articles, Unpublished Reports
Regional Focus Africa
Main subjects Medicine in Africa
Access Free access by Internet
Sonstiges Database is under construction. Some articles are free available online
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Index Medicus Africa
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3. Catalogues
A catalogue is more incomplete than a database.In opposite to bibliographic databases it includes only documents that are locally available and gives information about their location.
Online resources can also be part of a catalogue, even ifthey are located somewhere else.
Catalogues
HEIDI Catalogue of the University Library of Heidelberg. Includes branch libaries and departmental libraries of Heidelberg.
WHOLIS Catalogue of WHO. Includes free online access to WHO documents
ZDB Periodical and serial catalogue for Germany. Important for interlibary-loan.
KVK Makes a multiple search in several national and international catalogues
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Links see Chapter “LINKS“
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4. Internet Sources
a) Search engines
Search engines are programmes that are searching the World Wide Web and finding and indexing sites.In spite of the enormous number of hits, it is estimated that search engines are only finding 5% of the complete WWW (the rest ist so called Deep or Invisible Web).
Not searchable are:
In Databases and Catalogues stored informationProtected Websites Dynamic Websites
General Search EnginesGoogle Most used Search engine
Altavista Similiar to google. But different hits and also different ranking
Vivismo Feature: is structuring the search result
Meta Search Engines
Webcrawler Is searching simultaniously in Google, Altavista and other common search engines
Excite Similar to Webcrawler
Special Search EnginesGoogle Scholar Provides search for scholarly literature. Search articles are
ranked where they have been appeared and how often they have been cited.
Scirus Search engine for sciences. Sites are ranked dependend how many links are leading to the sites back. Has more links to (not free available) journal articles of publishers.
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Citebase Search Search engines for for free available documents in the Internet
PubMed Central Part of Medline/IndexMedicus. Search is limited here to free available documents
Biomedcentral Open-Access-Journals. Peer-reviewed journals as commer-cial publishers. Philsophy: Free access. Financed by author-fees and their scientifc institutions
PLOS Open-Access-Journals. Similar to “Biomedcentral“
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b) Open Source
Databases
Medline (PUBMED) http://www.pubmed.com
POPLINE http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.html
LILACS http://bases.bireme.org
Index Medicus Africa http://indexmedicus.afro.who.int
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5. LINKS
Catalogues
HEIDIhttp://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/helios/kataloge/heidi.html
WHOLIS http://dosei.who.int
ZDB http://dispatch.opac.d-nb.de/
KVK http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib/en/kvk.html
Document-Delivery-Services
SUBITO (only D) http://www.subito-doc.de
BL Doc. Suppl. Cent (Int.)
http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/atyourdesk/docsupply/index.html
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Search Engine (general)
Google http://www.google.com
Altavista http://www.altavista.com/
Vivisomo http://vivisimo.com/
Metagears
Webcrawler http://www.webcrawler.com
Excite http://www.excite.com/
Special Search Engines
Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com
Scirus http://www.scirus.com
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Open Source
Citebase Search http://www.citebase.org/cgi-bin/search
PUBMedCentral http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
BiomedCentral http://www.biomedcentral.com/
PLOS http://www.plos.org/
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6. Excercisesa) Bibliographic Search
Find the follow articles / books. Use the appropriate catalogue!1.Reinke, William A.: Health planning for effective managementNew York, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 1988. - ISBN 0-19-505337-0
2.Cook, J.A.: Tropical medicine and health in the developing worldAm J Trop Med Hyg. 38. 1998 : 459-65
3.Bennett, Sara ; Creese, Andrew ; Monasch, Roeland:Health insurance scheme for people outside formal sector employment. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998WHO/ARA/CC/98.1
4. AbouZahr, Carla : Maternal mortality overviewIn: Health dimensions of sex and reproduction. Ed. by Christopher L. Murray ... Geneva: World Health Organization, 1998. pp. 111 – 164. – (Global burden of disease and injury series)
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b) Subject Search
Use Medline/PubMed to find articles to the following topics:
1. Chloroquine-resistant Malaria in Tanzania
2. Studies on the introduction of charges for health care in developing countries
3. Assessment of nutritional status in infants and preschool children
Try to mark and download or print relevant articles
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1. Find statistics on the prevalence of AIDS in Africa (Try UNAIDS site via WHO website)
2. Find at least one article from Mr. Rainer Sauerborn about childhood mort- ality in Burkina Faso. How often is this article cited from other persons in their articles?
Use search engines to find …
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Search example
Cost-effectiveness of immunization programmes in Africa
Ideas what can be part of this this topic:
Search terms:
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Steinbrock, R. Serching for the right search – reaching the medical literature. New Engl J Med. 2006; 354(1): 4-5
Guistini, D. ; Barsky, E. A look at Google Scholar, PubMed and Scirus: comparisons and recommendations. JCHLA / JABSC. 2005: 26: 85-89
Eyers, J.E. Sources of information in tropical medicine. In: Cook, G.C.(ed.) Manson‘s tropical diseases, 21st. ed. London: Saunders, 2002 : 1807- 1815
Eyers, J.E. How to do (or not to do)… Searching bibliographic databases effectively. Health Pol Plann 1988; 13(3): 339-342
References
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