! !"#$%&'()*!+,,-!.'('*/0!12*3&$&'43!5343/&6)!724*'*8*39!:00!&'()*4!&343&;3<9
!"#"$%&'()$*+,+"-*'.*-*%+/0'1)-$"$2$* 33345*+"4"*
=#>!*#!?8'0<!@'2A3<!./*/!B'*34!
>'*)!.&8$/0!C!/2<!5.D/
B*E$)/23!"#&0#4F83*G!@'2!"0/&AG!:03H/2<&3!I/44/2*G!:H30!I#003&34
B3JK36)!+,L,
B/2!D&/26'46#
M823!+N*)G!+,L,
�������������� �� ������ ����� ���������
�� ��
"%�����������&�� �������!
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!"#"$%&'()$*+,+"-*'.*-*%+/0'1)-$"$2$* 33345*+"4"*
72$8+"%&'82$&")*
! 72*&#<86*'#2!*#!B3J/2*'6!/2<!843O80!;#6/P80/&'34!QLGN!)R
! S3**'2(!4*/&*3<!>'*)!.&8$/0!CT!'24*/00/*'#2!/2<!
6#2O'(8&/*'#2!QLGN!)R
" U43!6/43
" =/2<4V#2!.3J#
! 5.D!'2!.&8$/0!C!QW)R
" :&6)'*36*8&3
" .3O/80*!5.D!J/$$'2(4
! !"#$%&'()*!+,,-!.'('*/0!12*3&$&'43!5343/&6)!724*'*8*39!:00!&'()*4!&343&;3<9
!"#"$%&'()$*+,+"-*'.*-*%+/0'1)-$"$2$* 33345*+"4"*
")/$*3&
72*&#<86*'#2!*#!*)3!=3>/2*'6!?3@
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Semantic Web benefits
! Programs and sites can exchange information
1
my-site.net your-site.orgcompany.com
+
! Search engines can display more relevant information in results
! Data mashers can combine data from different datasets to find new and astounding things
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Key (confusing) terms
RDF
2
Machine UnderstandableLinked Data
SPARQL
Federated DatasetGiantGlobalGraph
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Machine Understandable
3
The Semantic Web helps machines understand what the information on a Web page is...
linclark.jpg
is a picture
of a person
named
Lin Clark
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RDF
R
4
DF
esource
escription
ramework
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RDF
Everything is a resource
5
A resource is a named thing
A resource is a uniquely named thing
thishttp://lin-clark.com/page.html#this
lin:this
URICURIENamespace
xmlns:lin=”http://lin-clark.com/page.html#
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RDF
6
A resource can be a document
dblp:this
foaf:Document
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RDF
7
A resource can be a company
deri:this
foaf:Organization
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RDF
8
A resource can even be a person
lin:me
foaf:Person
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RDF
9
You can describe properties of that person...
lin:me
foaf:name Lin Clark
foaf:mbox [email protected]
foaf:birthday 07-01
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RDF
10
and describe how that person is related to other resources
lin:me
deri:thisdblp:this
swrc:employsfoaf:made
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Federated Dataset
11
Because we are using http URIs,
these resources don’t need to be in the same database
lin:me
deri:thisdblp:this
swrc:employsfoaf:made
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Federated Dataset
12
the resources can be distributed across the Web
in a federated datagraph
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Giant Global Graph
13
And when all resources are described this way,
the Web becomes one giant database...
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SPARQL
14
Find and retrieve information from the graph
using SPARQL
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The Semantic Web
RDF
15
Machine UnderstandableLinked Data
SPARQL
Federated DatasetGiantGlobalGraph
! Copyright 2009 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
The Semantic Web
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The Web - Initial Proposal (1989)
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http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html
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The Web - Circa 2010
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??
??
??
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The Web – 1994 Vision
To a computer, the Web is a flat, boring world, devoid of meaning. This is a pity, as in fact documents on the Web describe real objects and imaginary concepts, and give particular relationships between them. For example, a document might describe a person. The title document to a house describes a house and also the ownership relation with a person. Adding semantics to the Web involves two things: allowing documents which have information in machine-readable forms, and allowing links to be created with relationship values. Only when we have this extra level of semantics will we be able to use computer power to help us exploit the information to a greater extent than our own reading.
Tim Berners-Lee, 1st World Wide Web Conference, Geneva, May 1994
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The Web – 1994 Vision
5 of XYZ
http://www.slideshare.net/danbri/when-presentation-849447
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The Semantic Web
! Bridging the gap from a Web of Documents to a Web of Data " With typed objects and typed relationships: The Web as a
giant decentralized database
! Adding machine-readable meta-data to existing content " So that information can be parsed, queried, reused
! Defining shared semantics for this meta-data " For interoperability between applications and for advanced
purposes, such as reasoning
! Enabling machine-readable knowledge at Web scale, making information more easy to find and process
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A Bit of History
! Memex " 1945 ! - Vannevar Bush
" A memex is “a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications.”
! Augmenting Human Intellect " 1960 - Douglas Engelbart
" “By ‘augmenting human intellect’ we mean increasing the capability of a man to approach a complex problem situation, to gain comprehension to suit his particular needs, and to derive solutions to problems.”
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More recently
! SHOE " http://www.cs.umd.edu/projects/plus/SHOE/
" “SHOE is a small extension to HTML which allows web page authors to annotate their web documents with machine-readable knowledge. SHOE makes real intelligent agent software on the web possible.“
9 of XYZ
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The Semantic Web, right now
! Standardisation work in W3C " http://w3.org
! Semantic Web activity " http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/
! Incubator Groups, Working Groups, Interest Groups " SPARQL - http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page
" RDB2RDF – http://www.w3.org/2005/Incubator/rdb2rdf
" RIF - http://www.w3.org/2005/rules/
" HCLS - http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/hcls/
" …
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The Semantic Web stack
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http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png
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The Semantic Web stack
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http://www.w3.org/2007/03/layerCake.png
! Copyright 2009 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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URIs, RDF(S) and OWL
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URIs
14
! A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource as of RFC3986
! URIs are used to identify everything in a unique and non-ambiguous way " Not only pages (as on the current Web), but any resource
(people, documents, books, interests …)
" A URI for a person is different from a URI for a document about the person, because a person is not a document !
! Example " http://apassant.net/alex - myself
" http://apassant.net - my homepage
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Resource Description Framework
15
! URI represent resources " But how define things about these resources ?
" E.g. “Drupal is a CMS”, “DERI is in Galway”
! RDF – Resource Description Framework " RDF abstract syntax, a data model: a directed, labeled
graph based on URIs
" RDF is not XML ! RDF/XML is only one of the multiple way to serialize RDF data (N3, RDFa …)
! RDF is based on triples " <subject> <predicate> <object> .
" Subjects and predicates are URIs
" Objects can be either URIs or litterals
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RDF by example
@prefix dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> . !
<http://semtech2010.semanticuniverse.com/talk/2889#id>! dct:title “How to build Linked Data sites with Drupal7 and
RDFa” ; ! dct:author <http://apassant.net/alex> ;! dct:subject <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Drupal> .!
16
How to build Linked Data sites with
Drupal7 and RDFadct:title http://semtech2010.semanticuniverse.com/talk/2889#id
http://apassant.net/alex http://dbpedia.org/resource/Drupal
dct:author dct:subject
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RDFa
! A way of embedding RDF in (X)HTML documents: " One page for both humans and machines
" Don’t need to repeat yourself
" Introducing new XHTML attributes
" http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml-rdfa-primer/
! Current work is ongoing on RDFa 1.1: " For profiles, etc.
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RDFa by example
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RDFa by example
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RDFa and prefixes
! http://sdow2009.semanticweb.org " Header contains prefixes and links to the GRDDL
transformation
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Extracting other serialisations
! http://sdow2009.semanticweb.org " Webpage can be translated to native RDF/XML using an
RDFa distiller - http://www.w3.org/2007/08/pyRdfa/
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Ontologies
! RDF provides a way to write assertions " But what about their semantics
" E.g. how can one know thathttp://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/knows identifies an acquaintance relationship ?
! Ontologies provide common semantics for resources on the Semantic Web " “An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization.”
! Developing ontologies for the Semantic Web " Main languages are RDFS (RDF Schema) and OWL (Web
Ontology Language)
" Growing expressivity levels
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Ontologies
! Classes and properties " :Person a rdfs:Class .
" :father a rdfs:Property .
" :father rdfs:domain :Person .
" :father rdfs:range :Person .
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Metadata and ontologies
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RDFS
! RDFS defines classes, properties and subsumption relations between classes and properties " ex:Person rdfs:subClassOf ex:humanLiving .
" ex:worksWith rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:knows .
! Such relationships are used to infer new statements " :alex rdf:type ex:Person .
" :Alex ex:worksWith :Axel .
" Is enough to say that Alex is a humanLiving and knows Axel
25 of XYZ
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RDFS by example
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OWL
! OWL goes further than RDFS by introducing new axioms " Disjunction (e.g. person / document)
" Transitivity (e.g. ancestor)
" Symmetry (e.g. sibling)
" Cardinality constraints (e.g. ancestor > 1)
! OWL2 introduces a lot of useful features, especially for reasoning " Property Chains (parent + brother -> uncle)
27 of XYZ
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OWL by example
28 of XYZ
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OWL2 Property chain example
ex:uncle rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .
ex:parent rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .
ex:brother rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty .
[] rdfs:subPropertyOf ex:uncle;!!
owl:propertyChain (!
ex:parent!!
ex:brother!!
).
:alice ex:parent :bob .
:bob ex:brother :joe .
=>
:alice ex:uncle :joe .
29 of XYZ
! Copyright 2009 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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Linked Data
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Linked Data
! Building a “Web of Data” to enhance the current Web
! Exposing, sharing and connecting data about things via dereferenceable URIs
! The Linking Open Data (LOD) project: " http://linkeddata.org/
" Translating existing datasets into RDF and linking them together, for example DBpedia (Wikipedia) and GeoNames, Freebase, BBC programmes, etc.
" Governement data also available as Linked Data
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The Linked Data principles
! http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html
! Use URIs as names for things
! Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names
! When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL)
! Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things
! E.g. http://dbpedia.org/resource/SPARQL
32
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The LOD cloud
2008
2007
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The LOD cloud
2009
2008
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image from richard.cyganiak.de/2007/10/lod/lod-datasets_2009-07-14.png
! Copyright 2009 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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Some Ontologies used in Drupal7
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Which ontologies to use ?
! SearchMonkey Vocabularies " http://developer.yahoo.com/searchmonkey/smguide/
profile_vocab.html
37
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Which ontologies to use ?
! How to Publish Linked Data on the Web " http://www4.wiwiss.fu-berlin.de/bizer/pub/
LinkedDataTutorial/
38
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Extending ontologies ?
! What if existing ontologies are not enough for your needs ? " Create a new ontology
" … or extend an existing one !
! Ontologies can be extended in a decentralized way " E.g. Anyone can create a subproperty of foaf:knows,
“metInSemtech”, in his own ontology and publish it online
! Open.vocab.org " A collaborative platform to manage ontologies
" http://open.vocab.org
39
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Drupal7
! The following models are used in Drupal7
! RSS Content module " http://web.resource.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/
! DublinCore " http://dublincore.org/
! FOAF " http://foaf-project.org
! SIOC and its Types module " http://sioc-project.org
! SKOS " http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/
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RSS Content
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DublinCore
! DublinCore " DCMI Metadata Terms
" http://purl.org/dc/terms/
! Some properties " dc:title
" dc:subject
" dc:created
" dc:date
" dc:modified
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DublinCore by example
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FOAF – Friend Of A Friend
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FOAF – Friend Of A Friend
! An ontology for describing people and the relationships that exist between them: " http://foaf-project.org/
" Identity, personal profiles and social networks " Can be integrated with other SW vocabularies
! FOAF on the Web: " LiveJournal, MyOpera, identi.ca, MyBlogLog, hi5, Fotothing,
Videntity, FriendFeed, Ecademy, Typepad
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FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend)
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FOAF (Friend-of-a-Friend)
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FOAF at a glance
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FOAF from Flickr
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FOAF from Twitter
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Distributed identity with FOAF
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Interlinking identities and networks
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FOAF+SSL: Secured authentication
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SIOC
! Semantically-Interlinked Online Communities " http://sioc-project.org/
! Addressing interoperability issues on the (Social) Web " To fully describe content / structure of social websites and
to create new connections between online discussion posts and items, forums and containers
" Various domains: Web 2.0, enterprise information integration, HCLS, e-government
" Widely deployed (SearchMonkey, Talis, etc.)
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The SIOC core ontology
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SIOC by example
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SIOC Types
! Additional information is required for finer-grained representation of Web 2.0 content " Differentiating a blog post from a wiki page or from a
microblogging status update
! SIOC Types " http://rdfs.org/sioc/types
! Use-case in HCLS " http://www.w3.org/TR/hcls-sioc/
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SIOC Types
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SIOC Types
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SIOC Types by example
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SKOS
! SKOS - Simple Knowledge Organization System " http://www.w3.org/TR/2009/REC-skos-
reference-20090818/
! Thesaurus, subject headings and classifications " skos:Concept
" skos:semanticRelation – skos:related, skos:narrower, skos:broader
– A different semantics than in RDFS/OWL hierarchies
! Used by: " NY Times, Library of Congress, DBpedia, etc.
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
SKOS by example
ex:Semantic_Webex:SPARQL ex:Web
skos:Concept
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
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SKOS by example
ex:Semantic_Webex:SPARQL
skos:broader
ex:Web
skos:broader
skos:Concept
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
SKOS by example
ex:Semantic_Webex:SPARQL
skos:broader
ex:Web
skos:broader
skos:narrowerskos:narrower
skos:Concept
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
SKOS by example
ex:Semantic_Webex:SPARQL
skos:broader
ex:Web
skos:broader
skos:narrowerskos:narrower
skos:Concept
rdf:type
rdf:type
rdf:type
skos:semanticRelation
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SKOS by example
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SKOS by example
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SKOS by example
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SKOS by example
! Copyright 2009 Digital Enterprise Research Institute. All rights reserved.
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Querying RDF data with SPARQL
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SPARQL
! RDF(S)/OWL useful to produce data " A need to query it
! SPARQL " SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language
" The “SQL” of the Semantic Web
! FAQ " http://www.thefigtrees.net/lee/sw/sparql-faq
! SPARQL Query Recommendation / tutorial " http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/
! Currently under standardization for SPARQL1.1 " http://www.w3.org/2009/sparql/wiki/Main_Page
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
How it works ?
! Graph Pattern Matching " Identifying if a requested graph matches the underlying
RDF data
! Four different operators " SELECT, DESCRIBE, CONSTRUCT, ASK
" Combined with query patterns and optional features (union, filters …)
! A Protocol " To query RDF data using SPARQL endpoints via HTTP
! Most of endpoints are associated with an RDF store " A place that stores RDF data and provides open access to
it – e.g. http://dbpedia.org/sparql
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
74
Example of SELECT queries
“select persons older than 30”
SELECT ?X WHERE { ?X a foaf:Person. ?X ex:age ?Y. FILTER (?Y > 30) }
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Querying DBpedia
! People Born in Galway " Simple triple pattern
" http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthplace
! Answer SELECT ?who!WHERE {! ?who !<http://dbpedia.org/ontology/birthplace> :Galway .!}!
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Querying DBpedia
! Japanese name of Galway
! Using the FILTER by LANG clause " FILTER(lang(?x) = "ja")
! Answer SELECT ?name!WHERE {! :Galway rdfs:label ?name .! FILTER (lang(?name) = "ja") .!}!
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Querying DBpedia
! Irish cities at the east of Galway!
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Querying DBpedia
! FILTER by type and comparison of coordinates
! Answer PREFIX yago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>!SELECT DISTINCT ?place ?long WHERE {! :Galway dbpedia2:westCoord ?glong .! ?place rdf:type! yago:CitiesInTheRepublicOfIreland ;! dbpedia2:westCoord ?long .! FILTER (?long < ?glong) !}!
! !"#$%&'()*!+,,-!.'('*/0!12*3&$&'43!5343/&6)!724*'*8*39!:00!&'()*4!&343&;3<9
!"#"$%&'()$*+,+"-*'.*-*%+/0'1)-$"$2$* 33345*+"4"*
")/$*3&
=)%!.&8$/0
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
What is Drupal?
2
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What IS Drupal?
Content Management System
CMS
Content Management Framework
CMF
3
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What IS Drupal?
CMS A package that a non-developer (or non-Web developer) can download and install quickly and easily to create a complex website
Runs on many servers, particularly Apache and MySQL which are used by many hosting providers
With Drupal 7, setup should take less than 10 minutes
A collection of modules that can be plugged into the
main package to bring advanced functionality to the site
At last count in Spring of 2009, there were 4400 modules on Drupal.org
Common quote: “There’s a module for that”
4
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What IS Drupal?
CMF Gets Web developers up and running with functionality quickly, but allows for a very high level of customization
A number of APIs for things such as form creation and processing
Hook system allows external modules to act when something happens in the main body of code
All templates can be overridden at a granular level
Allows Web developers to package up any custom functionality or configuration and distribute it widely to developers and non-developers alike
Modules
Themes
Installation Profiles and Features
5
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What does RDF in Drupal mean?
CMS Out of the box, content structures are mapped to RDF
Contributed modules offer advanced functionality without having to code anything
CMF RDF Mapping API in Drupal core package
A collection of RDF functions in a contributed API
15
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Why Drupal?
1
Similarities
•Both have structured data
•Data is structured in a similar way—instances of types with properties and relationships
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Why Drupal?
2
Differences
•Drupal’s structure stays hidden in the database, RDF structure is exposed on the page
•Drupal’s field names are unique to the site and not explicitly defined,RDF terms are universally dereferencable and explicitly defined
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Default RDF mappings in core
5
•Node titles
•Submission information
•Comment count and comment relationships
•Users, names and homepages
•Taxonomy terms
•Featured images
... And you can define your own mappings for your content types or alter mappings for existing ones
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7
sioc:Item,
foaf:DocumentProduce and Consume
Linked Data with Drupal dc:title
dc:modified
sioc:num_replies
dc:created, dc:dateposted on October 22
content:encodedProduce and Consume Linked Data with Drupal! is the
title of the paper I will be presenting next week at
the 8th International Semantic Web Conference
(ISWC 2009) in Washington, DC. sioc:Post,
sioct:Comment
dc:modified
by Stéphane
foaf:name
foaf:homepage
sioc:User
sioc:
has_creator
sioc:reply_of
dc:title
Wow, that’s rad! dc:created, dc:date
posted on October 23 by Lincontent:encoded
Nice work!
Drupal ISWC RDFa
skos:Concept
skos:prefLabel,
rdfs:label
skos:description
sioc:topic
posted on
<span property="dc:date dc:created"
content="2009-10-22T08:03:26-05:00"
datatype="xsd:dateTime">
October 22
</span>
by
<span rel="sioc:has_creator">
<span about="/user/6"
typeof="sioc:User"
property="foaf:name">
stephane
</span>
</span>
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
8
Produce and Consume
Linked Data with Drupal
posted on October 22
Produce and Consume Linked Data with Drupal! is the
title of the paper I will be presenting next week at
the 8th International Semantic Web Conference
(ISWC 2009) in Washington, DC.
Drupal ISWC RDFa
by Stéphane
Wow, that’s rad!
posted on October 23 by Lin
Nice work!
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
RDF Mapping User Interface
User interface for site administrators to define new
mappings or alter existing mappings.
10
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RDF SPARQL Endpoint
A RDF store that makes your site information available for SPARQL queries.
11
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
RDF Proxy
A way of connecting nodes to RDF sources across the Web and automatically syncing your site’s information with the external source.
12
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
14
Item for salegr:Offering
gr:hasPriceSpecification
gr:hasWarrantyScope
gr:hasWarrantyPromise
E-Commerce Module
! !"#$%&'()*!+,,-!.'('*/0!12*3&$&'43!5343/&6)!724*'*8*39!:00!&'()*4!&343&;3<9
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Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Site Configuration
1
•Edit your site informationadmin/config/system/site-information
•Create a front pagenode/add & admin/config/system/site-information
•Change your site design and logoadmin/appearance
•Install modulesadmin/modules
•Configure Wysiwyg editoradmin/config/content/wysiwyg
Digital Enterprise Research Institute www.deri.ie
Site Configuration
2
•Create Content Types & Add Fieldsadmin/structure/types
•Manage menusadmin/structure/menu/manage/main-menu
Review and find out more at:youtube.com/linwclark
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