How Does the Court Decide Which Parent Should Have Custody?
Will the Court ask what I want? The court will allow each parent to tell who the child should live with and why.
Will the Court ask my child what they want? You can ask the court to talk to your child. This is called an in-camera interview. The judge/magistrate will meet with your child in private and will ask your child who they want to live with.
Does it matter if there are other children in the home? The court will look at how the child gets along with brothers, sister, step-siblings or anyone else living in the home.
What if my child does not get along with the other parent? The court will consider how the child interacts with each parent and how each parent interacts with the child.
Does it matter how my child is doing in school? The court will look at how your child is doing in school, at home, and in other activities.
What if my child has special needs? The court will consider the mental and physical health of the child and which parent can best meet those needs.
What if I have health problems? The court will consider any physical or mental health problems that might affect a parent’s ability to take care of your child.
What if the other parent did not let me visit my child? The court will consider which parent has and will do a
better job of making sure visitation occurs.
What if the other parent is not making child support payments? The court will consider whether a parent is helping to support their child.
Does it matter if I want to move out of state with my child? The court will consider if a parent has moved to another state, is going to move to another state, and why, in deciding the best interest of the child.
What if one of the parents has been charged with child abuse or neglect? The court will consider if someone was charged, whether they were found guilty, and the facts of the case in placing the child.
Which factor is the most important? The court will look at all of these factors. No one factor is the most important. After considering all factors, the court will decide which parent it would be in the best interest of the child to live with in the future.
Will the Court talk to my child? Any child who is mature may state an opinion as to who should be the legal custodian. You can file a “Motion for In Camera Interview” to ask the court to listen to the child’s wishes. You also may ask the court to appoint a guardian ad litem (GAL). A GAL will investigate and report to the court. The GAL will talk with parents, teachers, counselors and others and review records. The GAL also will talk with the child. You should cooperate with the guardian ad litem who has been appointed on the case.
A CHILD CANNOT CHOOSE WHERE TO LIVE
In 1990, the Ohio legislature abolished a 12-year-old child’s ability to decidewhich parent should be his or her custodian. This was called “election.” Thechild’s preference is but one factor for a court to consider in an initial custodydetermination or when changing custody.
If custody has never been determined, the parents are on equal footing. Thecourt must decide what is in the child’s best interests by reviewing certain factors. Some of these factors are:
• the desires of the parents;
• the desire of the child;
• whether a parent is moving out-of-state; or
• which parent will allow and facilitate parenting time.
The court balances all of the factors to determine what is in the child’s bestinterests.
The law specifically prohibits any person from obtaining or attempting toobtain a child’s preference either in affidavit form or in a statement form. It is bestNOT to ask your child where she or he wants to live. If there is a hearing, thecourt may interview a child to determine his or her wishes.
This information prepared by and distributed by Southeastern Ohio Legal Services
This information is not intended to be a substitute for legal analysis.Please consult with an attorney.
To contact your local legal services office, call 1-866-LAW-OHIO
P:\Forms-Macros\Forms\Publications\Pamphlets\family\Zanes child choose.wpd
Representing
Yourself in Court?
How to Use Photographs,
Letters, Business Records,
and Other Evidence to Help
Prove Your Case
What is Evidence?
Evidence is anything you use to prove your claim. Evidence can be a photograph, a letter,
documents or records from a business, and a variety of other things. All evidence that is
properly admitted will be considered by the judge.
Your case probably will be decided by a judge. If there is a jury, it will look at admitted
exhibits during its deliberations.
For example:
• In a request for change of custody, the child’s school records could be introduced as
evidence that the child’s grades have dropped or he/she has missed a significant amount of
school while living with the other parent.
• In a domestic violence or stalking civil protection order case, a photograph of any
injury you suffered or a threatening letter written by your abuser may help your case.
• In a divorce case, a copy of tax return documents or documents showing who has title to
a car may be introduced as evidence.
Exhibit 1
Why Use Evidence?
Ø Evidence is more believable and trustworthy than what a person says. For example, in a
domestic violence case, if you say that your ex-boyfriend has left you threatening messages
but he testifies that this is an absolute lie, the judge may not know whom to believe.
However, if you submit a tape recording of one of these messages the judge will be more
likely to believe you.
Ù Evidence may make something easier to understand. “A picture is worth a thousand
words.” Some things are hard to explain in words, while a drawing or photograph is
descriptive and clear.
How Do I Present Evidence to the Court?
Each court is different, but in most courts, you can’t just walk into court with a photograph or
document and show it to the judge or jury. There are many things you must do before the court
will even look at the evidence you have. Further, there are many different types of evidence, and
the rules for using each type of evidence are different. Once you follow these rules, your
evidence will be “admitted”.
Steps to Follow to Admit Evidence
º Before you ever go to court, think about the evidence you want to use to
prove your case. Mark each piece of evidence with an exhibit number
(attach a sticker labeled “Exhibit 1,” “Exhibit 2,” etc.)
º Bring these marked Exhibits with you to court. When you want to show
the court one of the exhibits, do the following things:
ì Show the exhibit to the other party or the other party’s attorney.
í Then “lay the foundation” for the evidence. To do this, you must show that the
evidence is relevant to your case and authentic (not a forgery). Depending upon
what you want the court to consider, follow the rules listed in this pamphlet for
“laying the foundation” - explaining why and how the exhibit is connected to your
case.
Ú Either you or your witness must testify about the exhibit.
Û Ask the court to admit the exhibit into evidence. The other party or attorney may
object to the exhibit for some reason. Try to answer these objections as best you
can. If you can’t, let the judge decide.
Ü If there are no objections from the other party, or the judge has ruled in your favor,
ask the court to “admit the Exhibit into evidence.”
Laying the Foundation for Photographs
1. Explain why a photo is connected to your case. For example:
“This photo shows the injury I suffered after my ex-boyfriend punched andkicked me.”
2. Explain how you know about what is in the photo. For example:
“I had my sister take this photograph within 2 hours after theincident occurred and went to get the film developed myselfthe following day.”
3. Explain that the photo is timely. For example:
“At the bottom right-hand corner of the photo is the date on which it was taken. As you can see, the photo was taken on the sameday that the incident occurred, which is also thesame day the police arrested my ex-boyfriend.”
4. Explain that the photo “fairly and accurately” shows what
is depicted in the photo as it appeared on the date relevant
to your case. For example:
“This photo is a fair and accurate depiction ofhow my face and side looked two hours afterthe incident and for the next two weeks.”
Foundation for Letters
1. Explain why the letter is connected to your case. For example:
“This is the letter that I received from my ex-boyfriend shortlybefore he beat me up."
2. Explain when and how you got the letter. For example:
“This letter was shoved under the door to my apartmentsome time before 6 p.m. on Wednesday, January 2, 2001. I found it on the floor when I came home from work thatday.”
3. Prove that the signature is that of a party to the case. Ways to prove this:
• Explain to the court: that you are familiar with the other party’s signature, how
you came to know that person’s signature, and that it is your opinion that the
signature on the letter is the other party’s signature.
TIPWhen using photographs, it is
best to use color photos and
enlarge them, if possible.
• Call a witness who is familiar with the party’s signature, and ask the witness:
“Do you know the other party in this case? Are you familiar with the party’ssignature? How?”
Then show them the letter and ask “Is thisthe other party’s signature?”
• Call the person who signed the letter.
Show the witness the document, and ask
the witness if that is his or her signature.
(Only do this if you think they will admit to
it).
4. Explain that the letter is in the same condition
now as when you received it. (“The letter waskept in a safe place and nothing has been changed since I received it.”)
Laying the Foundation for Documents and Records
From Businesses
1. Explain how the document or record is related to your case.
2. Call a witness from the business/agency that produced the record, ask
the witness what his or her responsibilities are at the business/agency
and how he or she is involved in record keeping.
3. Show the witness the record and ask him/her if it is a record from the business/agency.
4. Ask the witness:
• Was the record made by a person with
knowledge of the acts or events appearing on
it.
• Was the record made at or near the time of the
acts or events appearing on it.
• Is it the regular practice of the business/agency
to make such a record, and
• Was the record kept in the course of a
regularly conducted business activity.
Created by: NAPIL Equal Justice Fellow, Ohio State Legal Services Association®
© 1/2001 OSLSA
TIPSDo not read anything from the letter
until the court has admitted it into
evidence.
If the other party objects to the letter
saying that it is hearsay, respond by
saying: “The letter shows the letter
writer’s state of mind.”
TIPIf the record is certified (a statement is
attached to the record stating that it is
in fact a record from a public agency
or it has an agency seal on it) you do
not need to do anything before you
show it to the judge. Just let the judge
know it is certified.
NOTE: IT IS NOT REQUIRED THAT YOU FILE AN ANSWER BUT IF YOU WANT TO LET THE COURT KNOW THAT YOU DISAGREE – YOU CAN USE THIS
IN THE Fill in the name of the Court-Common Pleas or Juvenile COURT
Fill in the name of the County where the Court is COUNTY, OHIO
Fill in the name as it appears on your papers
Plaintiff,/Petitioner Case No. Fill in # from papers
Vs. Judge Write name of Judge if you know it
Fill in the name as it appears on your papers
Defendant/Petitioner. ANSWER OF Write your name
Now comes Write your name and for an Answer states as follows:
1. I am the fill in what your relationship is to the child of the minor child in this action.
2. I do not believe the write the name of the person who filed against you should be granted
custody of the minor child(ren).
3. The child(ren)’s best interest would be served if I were granted/maintained
custody.
_Sign your name ONLY in front of a notary____ Print your name underneath your signature Fill in your street address____________________
Fill in your city, state and zipcode__________
Sworn to and subscribed before me this ____ day of ____________, 20___.
__Leave blank for notary to fill out and sign_________ NOTARY
PROOF OF SERVICE
I certify that I mailed a copy of this answer to __Write name and address of opposing party or attorney
by ordinary US Mail this ________ day of _Fill in date of mailing a copy_, 20____.
___Sign your name here_____________________ BE SURE AND MAKE SEVERAL COPIES AND FILE THE ORIGINAL WITH THE COURT AFTER YOU SEND A COPY TO THE OTHER SIDE
IN THE __________________________ COURT
_______________________ COUNTY, OHIO
___________________________________
Plaintiff,/Petitioner Case No. ____________
Vs. Judge _______________
___________________________________
Defendant/Petitioner. ANSWER OF _________________
Now comes _____________________________ and for an Answer states as follows:
1. I am the ______________________ of the minor child in this action.
2. I do not believe the __________________________ should be granted custody
of the minor child(ren).
3. The child(ren)’s best interest would be served if I were granted/maintained
custody.
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________
Sworn to and subscribed before me this ____ day of ____________, 20___.
________________________________________ NOTARY
PROOF OF SERVICE
I certify that I mailed a copy of this answer to __________________________________
by ordinary US Mail this ________ day of ________________, 20____. __________________________________________
IN THE (fill in the name of the county) COUNTY COMMON PLEAS COURT (type of court – GENERAL, DOMESTIC RELATIONS, OR JUVENILE) DIVISION
(fill in the name of the county) COUNTY, OHIO In the Matter of: (write in the name of the child(ren))_______
Minor Child (Write in the name as it appears on your paperwork)
Plaintiff/Petitioner, Case No. _(put in case number from your papers)__ vs. MOTION FOR THE COURT TO INTERVIEW THE MINOR (Write in the name as it appears on your paperwork) CHILDREN Defendant/Petitioner. Now comes _(write in your name)_ and moves this Court and requests that the minor
children be interviewed by the Judge in chambers pursuant to statute and rules.
______(Sign your name)_______ MEMORANDUM ORC §3109.04 requires that the minor children shall be interviewed upon the
request of a party. The undersigned is a party and with this motion is requesting that the minor
children be interviewed.
For these reasons, the undersigned requests that the Court interview the minor
children. _______________(Sign your name)__________
PROOF OF SERVICE I hereby certify that I mailed a copy of the foregoing Motion to Interview by ordinary US Mail to _(write in the name of the other party or, if they have an attorney, the attorney’s name_ at _(write in the other person or attorney’s address) _, this (date you mail this) day of (month you mail it), 20(year). ________________(Sign your name)__________
IN THE _____________ COUNTY COMMON PLEAS COURT ____________________________ DIVISION
_________________ COUNTY, OHIO In the Matter of: ____________________________ Minor Child __________________________
Plaintiff/Petitioner, Case No. _______________ vs. MOTION FOR THE COURT TO INTERVIEW THE MINOR __________________________ CHILDREN Defendant/Petitioner. Now comes _______________________ and moves this Court and requests that
the minor children be interviewed by the Judge in chambers pursuant to statute and rules.
__________________________________
MEMORANDUM ORC §3109.04 requires that the minor children shall be interviewed upon the
request of a party. The undersigned is a party and with this motion is requesting that the minor
children be interviewed.
For these reasons, the undersigned requests that the Court interview the minor
children.
__________________________________
PROOF OF SERVICE I hereby certify that I mailed a copy of the foregoing Motion to Interview by ordinary US Mail to ______________________________________ at ________________ _________________________________________, this _____ day of _______________, 20___. ______________________________________
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS ___________________________________COUNTY, OHIO
DOMESTIC RELATIONS DIVISION
____________________________ Case No. _________________________
Plaintiff
JUDGE ____________________________ vs. MAGISTRATE _____________________
____________ MOTION FOR APPOINTMENT OF GUARDIAN AD LITEM
Defendant
1. I am the of the minor child(ren),______________________
__________________, born .
2. I am a party to this action.
3. I request the appointment of a Guardian ad Litem pursuant to Ohio Rule of Civil
Procedure 75(B)(2), because it is essential to protect the interest of the child(ren).
Respectfully submitted,
____________________________________ (Your Signature)
____________________________________ Print Name
____________________________________ Street Address
____________________________________ City, State, Zip
____________________________________ Telephone
PROOF OF SERVICE
I certify that a copy of the foregoing was served upon ____________________, (Name of other party’s Attorney of other party if not represented)
at _______________________________________________________________, by regular U.S. Mail (Address of other party’s Attorney or other party if not represented)
this _______ day of ______________________, 20___.
(Date) (Month)
________________________________________ (Your Signature)
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
-Fill in Juvenile or General or Domestic- DIVISION
__-Fill in Name of County-___ COUNTY, OHIO In the Matter of: (if Juvenile, fill in name of children_______ Minor child(ren)
(Fill in name of Plaintiff/Petitioner as on your papers), Case No. (Fill in Case #)
Plaintiff/Petitioner, Judge ______________ vs. (Fill in name of Defendant/Respondent as on your papers, ENTRY ON MOTION
Defendant/Petitioner.
This matter came on to be heard on ___(Fill in your name)___’s Motion for __(You
can fill in the name of your motion if you want to or you can leave this blank)___.
Upon consideration of the record and the motion, the Court HEREBY ORDERS:
_______(LEAVE THIS BLANK!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)_____________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________ JUDGE
SUBMITTED BY: (SIGN YOUR NAME HERE)___
IN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS
____________________ DIVISION
__________________________ COUNTY, OHIO In the Matter of: ______________________________ Minor child(ren)
______________________________, Case No. ___________
Plaintiff/Petitioner, Judge ______________ vs. _______________________________, ENTRY ON MOTION
Defendant/Petitioner.
This matter came on to be heard on __________________’s Motion for
___________________________________________.
Upon consideration of the record and the motion, the Court HEREBY ORDERS:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________ JUDGE
SUBMITTED BY: _____________________________
Subpoenaing a Witness to Court
Civil Case – domestic or juvenile
Sometimes you will need to force a witness to appear in Court because the witness has information that you believe the Court should hear but the witness will not come to court without a subpoena. If you want to make sure the person comes to Court, you should file your subpoena request as early as possible, at least 5 days before the hearing, so there is enough time for the subpoena to be served. To issue a subpoena in a civil matter, you will need to use a form called a Subpoena. Attached to this sheet is a sample subpoena which shows you how to fill it out and a blank form you can use to fill in the names and dates and all of the required information you need to have the witness subpoenaed to Court. Once you have completed the subpoena, you should first make 3 copies of the subpoena form and the back side form. Take these Subpoena forms to the Clerk of Courts office where the court case is. You should have a money order or cash to give the Clerk for the witness fee - $6.00 if your case is scheduled for a half day, $12 if the case is scheduled for more than a half day. The clerk will keep the original and one copy and you should be given a copy back. Save your copy in case the person does not come to Court so you have proof that you requested the person to appear. The clerk will send the subpoena to the sheriff’s office who will serve the original and return the copy to the clerk for filing.
Domestic Relations/Juvenile Division
In addition to the forms in this packet, you may find additional forms and informational pamphlets to help you on the internet at the
following website:
www.ohiolegalhelp.org
Click on “Statewide Forms & Information”
Locate and click on the legal area that you would like to review – use the search box if
you are not sure which area to review
You can also search this website to learn how to access the local legal services
program for your area
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