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How does Social Softwaresupport Global Software Development?
August 2014
29 August 2014 2
Agenda
1- Explain the main research question
2- Illustrate the main contributions of the thesis
3- Wrap-up, limitations and future directions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 3
Agenda
1- Explain the main research question
2- Illustrate the main contributions of the thesis
3- Wrap-up, limitations and future directions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
How does Social Software support Global Software Development?
How does Social Softwaresupport Global Software Development?
Social Software (SoSo)
Group of Internet-based applications
built on the ideological and technological foundations
of Web 2.0that allow the creation and
exchange of User Generated Content
A. Kaplan and M. Haenlein. Users of the world, unite! the challenges and opportunities of social media.
Business Horizons, 53(1):59–68, 2010.
How does Social Softwaresupport Global Software Development?
Global Software Development
(GSD)means splitting the development
of the same product or service among globally distributed sites.
Lanubile, 2009
29 August 2014 6
Why Global Software Development?
ChallengesGeographical distanceTemporal distanceSocio-cultural distance
Cataldo et al. 2007
How does Social Software Support GSD?
AdvantagesAccess to most talented developersLower development costsProximity to market…
29 August 2014 7
Why Global Software Development?
How does Social Software Support GSD?
The fundamental problem of GSD is that
many of the mechanisms that
function to coordinate the work in a
co-located setting are absent or disrupted in a distributed project.
J.D. Herbsleb.
Lack of physical presence
ChallengesGeographical distanceTemporal distanceSocio-cultural distance
Cataldo et el. 2007
29 August 2014 8
How does SoSo support GSD?
Methodological Contributions
Theoretical Contributions
Empirical Contributions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 9
Agenda
1- Explain the main research question
2- Illustrate the main contributions of the thesis
3- Wrap-up, limitations and future directions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 10
How does SoSo support GSD?
Agile Dispersed Team H. Sharp, R. Giuffrida, G. Melnik. “Information flow within a dispersed agile team: a distributed cognition perspective” In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming, 2012
Collaboration with DHI Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida. “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Importance of Observational StudiesR. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich, H. Sharp. “You Can Not Ask What You Do Not Suspect – an Argument for Observational Studies in GSD” Under review in Empirical Software Engineering Journal
Student projectsGiuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
A theoretical frameworkGiuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Under review in Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Empirical Contributi ons
Empirical Contributi ons
Empirical Contributi ons
Empirical Contributi ons
Theoreti cal Contributi ons
Methodologica l Contr ibuti ons
Systematic Mapping Study R. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich. “Empirical Studies on the Use of Social Software in Global Software Development - a Systematic Mapping Study” in Information and Software Technology, 2013
29 August 2014 11
Industrial case at DHI – Case 1 Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida, “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
5 domain experts/software developers in Denmark6 software developers + 1 tester in India1 team member in PortlandCustomers in Ethiopia
Copenhagen (3 months) New Delhi (2 weeks)
29 August 2014 12
Ethnographically-inspired studyCopenhagen – 3 months New Delhi – 2 weeks
Data Collection Observations, IM logs, interviews, document analysis, workshop with practitionersData AnalysisInteraction analysis and triangulation
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 13
Tools used
Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida, “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 14
The Role of Instant Messaging
Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida, “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Coordination
Collaboration
Awareness
Socialization
29 August 2014 15
An Example – Case 1
Some chats are not related to the work tasks, addressing working conditions, commuting problems or personal topics.
Naveen: Hi GianGian: hi NaveenNaveen: hows monday treating you? Gian: better than usual. Working from home Naveen: oh we r on the same boat Gian: good to hear :)
Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida, “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 16
Another Example – Case 1
Many coordination chats start from the Indian side to inform the task/incident changed status, and is assigned to the counterpart.
Naveen: 974 is yours now for verificationGian: thanks Naveen: 1008Gian: all yours Naveen: your now. Gian: 847 is yours
Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida, “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 17
Empirical contributions – Case 1
Ecology of channelsIM as a glue articulating other channelsSocialization dimension
Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida, “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 18
Dispersed Agile Team – Case 2 Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
H. Sharp, R. Giuffrida, G. Melnik. “Information flow within a dispersed agile team: a distributed cognition perspective” In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming, 2012
Data collection: observations, log analysis, documentation, interviewsData Analysis: Distributed cognition analysis (DiCoT)Tools used: OneNote (Wiki), Lync (IM), TFS, Skydrive
3 teams, 4 countries: UK, Netherland, Argentina and Canada
29 August 2014 19
DiCoT Analysis – Contributions Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
H. Sharp, R. Giuffrida, G. Melnik. “Information flow within a dispersed agile team: a distributed cognition perspective” In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming, 2012
29 August 2014 20
Systematic Mapping Study 2010 - 2013
How does Social Software Support GSD?
R. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich. “Empirical Studies on the Use of Social Software in Global Software Development - a Systematic Mapping Study” in Information and Software Technology, 2013
29 August 2014 21How does Social Software Support GSD?
Systematic Mapping Study 2010 - 2013
R. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich. “Empirical Studies on the Use of Social Software in Global Software Development - a Systematic Mapping Study” in Information and Software Technology, 2013
29 August 2014 22
SMS – usage of IM
R. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich. “Empirical Studies on the Use of Social Software in Global Software Development - a Systematic Mapping Study” in Information and Software Technology, 2013
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Instant Messaging is used in GSD: - to get quick answers and immediate
feedback- to communicate with numerous people - as a secondary channel in meetings - to maintain awareness of the entire
team
29 August 2014 23
SMS – Research Directions
R. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich. “Empirical Studies on the Use of Social Software in Global Software Development - a Systematic Mapping Study” in Information and Software Technology, 2013
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
In the SMS most of the papers:1. Investigate the usage of one SoSo at a time
– Ecology of communication channels.
2. Very few observational studies.– Observations of practices of practitioners would
provide a better understanding
3. Socialization usage is seldom reported.– In our cases, socialization is not the main purpose of
chats but it appears as a sub-text
4. Appropriation and development of usage structures– SoSo is unstructured, thus there is a need to find
rules and agreements on how to use SoSo
29 August 2014 24
SMS – Research Directions Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
In the SMS most of the papers:1. Investigate the usage of one SoSo at a time
– Ecology of communication channels.
2. Very few observational studies.– Observations of practices of practitioners would
provide a better understanding
3. Socialization usage is seldom reported.– In our cases, socialization is not the main purpose of
chats but it appears as a sub-text
4. Appropriation and development of usage structures– SoSo is unstructured, thus there is a need to find
rules and agreements on how to use SoSo
How can we conceptualize practices in GSD?
29 August 2014 25
Practice-based approach
How does Social Software Support GSD?
The term ‘practice’ is […] used to frame contingent activities as
committed to criteria for correct conduct in the form for norms,
rules, procedures, plans, etc.
The noun ‘practice’ [..] means normatively regulated contingent activity.
Software Engineering is a Cooperative Work
Cooperative work practices are as observable
Theoretical Underpinnings
K. Schmidt The concept of 'practice': What's the point? COOP 2014: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on the Design of Cooperative Systems, 27-30 May 2014, Nice, France
Y. Dittrich, D. W. Randall, and J. Singer. Software engineering as cooperative work. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 18(5):393–399, 2009.
26
Theoretical Underpinnings – Coordination Mechanisms
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Theoretical Underpinnings
“A coordination mechanism [...] stipulates
and mediates the articulation of
cooperative work so as to reduce the
complexity of articulation work [...]”
K. Schmidt and C. Simone. Coordination mechanisms: Towards a conceptual foundation of cscw systems design. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 5(2-3):155–200, 1996.
reduces
Articulation Work
Social Protocols are a set of rules,
conventions, policies shared by people
involved in the cooperative activity.
A Coordination Mechanism consists
of a coordinative (social) protocol imprinted upon a distinct artifact.
29 August 2014
27
Theoretical Underpinnings – Articulation Work
How does Social Software Support GSD?
K. Schmidt and C. Simone. Coordination mechanisms: Towards a conceptual foundation of cscw systems design. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 5(2-3):155–200, 1996.
A. Strauss. The articulation of project work: An organizational process. The Sociological Quarterly, 29(2):163–178, 1988.
Theoretical Underpinnings
Metawork: articulation work for the development of a protocol
Situated articulation: articulation of the state of the current task in order to coordinate this task.
Naveen: 974 is yours now for verification Gian: thanks Naveen: 1008Gian: all yours Naveen: your now. Gian: 847 is yours
Articulation Work is a recursive phenomenon: articulating a cooperative effort may itself be conducted as a cooperative effort which, may also need to be articulated.
29 August 2014
29 August 2014 28
RQ2- How can we conceptualize the development of communicative and coordinative practices in GSD?
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Submitted to Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
Theoretical Contributions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
reduces
Articulation Work
A communicative genre is characterized “by a
socially recognized communicative
purpose and a common form”
“social norms are visible in recurrent communicative situation”
29 August 2014 29
Form and Purpose
Social protocol
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Theoretical Underpinnings
Communicative Genre
J. Yates and W. J. Orlikowski. Genres of organizational communication: A structurational approach to studying communication and media. Academy of management review, 17(2):299–326, 1992.
Naveen: Hi GianGian: hi NaveenNaveen: hows monday treating you? Gian: better than usual. Working from home Naveen: oh we r on the same boat Gian: good to hear :)
Naveen: 974 is yours now for verificationGian: thanks Naveen: 1008Gian: all yours Naveen: your now. Gian: 847 is yours
29 August 2014 30
RQ2- How can we conceptualize the development of communicative and coordinative practices in GSD?
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Submitted to Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
Theoretical Contributions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
reduces
Articulation Work
Form and Purpose
Social protocol
29 August 2014 31
An example – Case 3
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Submitted to Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
Theoretical Contributions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 32
RQ2- How can we conceptualize the development of communicative and coordinative practices in GSD?
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Submitted to Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
Theoretical Contributions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 33
Theoretical contributions
A tool for looking at communicative and coordinative practices in GSD projects.
Integrates the analytical tools of coordination mechanisms and communicative genres.
Allows to explain the role of SoSo within the ecology of channels
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Submitted to Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
Theoretical Contributions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
What is the role of SoSo in GSD practices ?
29 August 2014 34
Three student projects – Case 3 Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 35
Three student projects – Case 3Copenhagen (4 months) Beijing (10 days)Data Collection: im, forum, wiki logs,interviews, observations and documentsData Analysis: coordination mechanismsand communicative genres
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 36
Temporal Analysis – Team C
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
Usage of Group Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of 1 to 1 Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of Forum and Wiki
CM1 File SharingCM2 Minutes SharingCM 3Issue Managing SystemCM 4 Subversion (SVN) RepositoryCM 5 Standup MeetingCM 6 Agenda
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 37
Temporal Analysis – Team C
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
Usage of Group Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of 1 to 1 Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of Forum and Wiki
CM1 File SharingCM2 Minutes SharingCM 3Issue Managing SystemCM 4 Subversion (SVN) RepositoryCM 5 Standup MeetingCM 6 Agenda
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
socialization
29 August 2014 38
Temporal Analysis – Team C
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
Usage of Group Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of 1 to 1 Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of Forum and Wiki
CM1 File SharingCM2 Minutes SharingCM 3Issue Managing SystemCM 4 Subversion (SVN) RepositoryCM 5 Standup MeetingCM 6 Agenda
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
metawork
29 August 2014 39
Temporal Analysis – Team C
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
Usage of Group Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of 1 to 1 Instant Messaging Chats
Usage of Forum and Wiki
CM1 File SharingCM2 Minutes SharingCM 3Issue Managing SystemCM 4 Subversion (SVN) RepositoryCM 5 Standup MeetingCM 6 Agenda
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Situated articulation
29 August 2014 40
Empirical contributions – Case 3
Social Talk Seem to enable Good CooperationMetawork for Establishing Effective Coordination MechanismsThe Role of Wiki, Forum and IM
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
Empirical Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 41
RQ3- What is the role of SoSo for constituting, establishing and maintaining communicative and coordinative practices in GSD?
SoSo is part of an ecology of channels that has to be explored as a whole;Every team develops its own arrangement of communication channels and
tools (ecology of channels or repertoire);
SoSo allows the co-construction of social protocols guiding the usage of the tools.
Supportive role of SoSo for enacting and maintaining coordination mechanisms
Empirical Contributi ons
Giuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Submitted to Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 42
How does SoSo support GSD?RQ1- How is SoSo used in GSD?
RQ2- How can we conceptualize the development of communicative and coordinative practices in GSD?
RQ3- What is the role of SoSo for constituting, establishing and maintaining communicative and coordinative practices in GSD?
Methodological Reflections
Empirical Contributi ons
Theoreti cal Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Empirical Contributi ons
Methodological Contributi ons
29 August 2014 43
Reflecting on Observations in GSD
Few observational studies in GSD researchRecommendations on how to perform observational studies dealing with geographical distance. You Can Not Ask What You Can Not Suspect
Giuffrida, R., and Dittrich, Y. “You can not ask what you do not suspect - an argument for observational studies in global software development research” Submitted to Empirical Software Engineering Journal.
Methodological Contributi ons
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 44
Agenda
1- Explain the main research question
2- Illustrate the main contributions of the thesis
3- Wrap-up, limitations and future directions
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 45
Why Global Software Development?
ChallengesGeographical distanceTemporal distanceSocio-cultural distance
How does Social Software Support GSD?
The fundamental problem of GSD is that
many of the mechanisms that
function to coordinate the work in a
co-located setting are absent or disrupted in a distributed project.
J.D. Herbsleb.
Lack of physical presence
29 August 2014 46
Limitations and Future Work
• Not focus on socio-cultural distance• The theoretical framework is developed in
connection with SoSo in GSD• Description of practice is not providing
suggestions for improvement• Focus on communicative and coordinative
practices
How does Social Software Support GSD?
29 August 2014 47
How does SoSo support GSD?
Agile Dispersed Team H. Sharp, R. Giuffrida, G. Melnik. “Information flow within a dispersed agile team: a distributed cognition perspective” In Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming, 2012
Collaboration with DHI Y. Dittrich and R. Giuffrida. “Exploring the Role of Instant Messaging in a Global Software Development Project,” in Global Software Engineering (ICGSE), 2011
Importance of Observational StudiesR. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich, H. Sharp. “You Can Not Ask What You Do Not Suspect – an Argument for Observational Studies in GSD” Under review in Empirical Software Engineering Journal
Student projectsGiuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “How Social Software Supports Cooperative Practices in a Globally Distributed Software Project”. Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering (CHASE) Workshop at ICSE, 2014.
A theoretical frameworkGiuffrida, R. and Dittrich, Y. “A conceptual framework to study the role of communication through social software for coordination in globally-distributed software teams” Under review in Information and Software Technology Journal, 2014.
How does Social Software Support GSD?
Empirical Contributi ons
Empirical Contributi ons
Empirical Contributi ons
Empirical Contributi ons
Theoreti cal Contributi ons
Methodologica l Contr ibuti ons
Systematic Mapping Study R. Giuffrida, Y. Dittrich. “Empirical Studies on the Use of Social Software in Global Software Development - a Systematic Mapping Study” in Information and Software Technology, 2013
Thank you!!
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