History of Political Economy Style Guide
The History of Political Economy Style Guide comprises three parts: (1) a style sheet listing elements
of style and format particular to the journal; (2) the “Duke University Press Journals Style Guide,”
which offers general rules for DUP journals based on The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (CMS);
and (3) an explanation with examples of the journal’s format for citations and reference list or
bibliography.
Part 1: History of Political Economy Style Sheet
Elements ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments are made in a first, unnumbered footnote, in the first person. This note begins with
“Correspondence may be addressed to” followed by the author’s mailing and email addresses (if desired),
acknowledgments, and notice of publication or presentation elsewhere, if appropriate.
BOOK REVIEWS
Book information appears as follows:
Political Economy and Colonial Ireland: The Propagation and Ideological Function of Economic Discourse in
Colonial Ireland. By Thomas A. Boylan and Timothy P. Foley. London: Routledge, 1992. xxi; 160 pp. $68.50.
EPIGRAPHS
The attribution includes the author’s name and the title and date of the work and is placed on a
separate line, flush right, and preceded by an em-dash. Full bibliographic information is not
required, because the epigraph is not part of the text. A note callout should never follow the
epigraph or the epigraph’s source.
The long retreat from Böhm-Bawerk’s classical objectivism in the theory of capital, which started with Professor
Hayek’s reply to Knight in 1936, was continued in his Pure Theory of Capital of 1941 and to which I endeavored to
give provisional expression in my book Capital and Its Structure in 1956, [here] reaches a new stage.
—Ludwig Lachmann, The Market as Economic Process (1981)
DOCUMENTATION
HOPE uses author-date citation style following the Duke University Press author-date house
style guide and The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., chap. 15.
ABBREVIATIONS
Use regular (not postal) abbreviations for states in publication information in the references.
ARCHIVAL OR MANUSCRIPT SOURCES
Flexibility is the order of the day. If there are only a handful of citations, try citing the source in the
running text, with an in-text and reference citation to the collection. Suppose, for instance, that the author
is quoting an unpublished letter. The text may read as follows: “As Paul Samuelson wrote to Milton
Friedman in a letter dated April 7, 1958, ‘Economics is only a science if we make it so.’” At the end of
the statement the in-text citation may read “(Samuelson Papers, box 8, folder 12).” In the reference list
there would be a citation to the Samuelson papers in this format (note the absence of a date): Samuelson, Paul. Papers. David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Duke University.
If there are many citations, forgo the author-date, in-text style and cite the sources in footnotes.
For instance, the text may read, “Paul Samuelson wrote to Milton Friedman that ‘economics is
only a science if we make it so.’” Then there would be a footnote citing the source; it may read
something like the following: “Letter from Samuelson to Friedman, April 7, 1958, Paul
Samuelson Papers, box 8, folder 12, David M. Rubenstein Rare Book and Manuscript Library,
Duke University.”
ARTICLES IN THE SAME ISSUE
Do not include in reference lists other papers that will appear in the same issue. If they are cited, use “this
issue” (or “this volume,” in the case of the History of Political Economy supplement) as the “date”:
“Smith (this issue) raises an excellent point about the future of undergraduate classes in economic
thought.”
REFERENCE LIST ENTRY FOR HOPE SUPPLEMENT
Weintraub, E. Roy, ed. 2002. The Future of the History of Economics. Supplemental issue to vol. 34 of History of Political
Economy. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
REFERENCE LIST ENTRY FOR ARTICLE IN HOPE SUPPLEMENT
Wennerlind, Carl. 2003. “Credit-Money as the Philosopher’s Stone: Alchemy and the Coinage Problem in Seventeenth-Century
England.” In Oeconomies in the Age of Newton, edited by Margaret Schabas and Neil De Marchi. History of Political Economy
35 (supplement): 235–62.
TERMS
Please note the following preferred spellings and forms:
the Adam Smith problem [in English]; das Adam Smith Problem [in German] African Americans; African American culture
Anglo-American
Asian Americans; Asian American community
Bank of England; the Bank
black
Cold War; post–Cold War era
communism; Communist Party; Communists; the party; a communist agenda (but see CMS 8.65)
the Continent (i.e., France, Germany, et al., as opposed to the British Isles); Continental
democracy; Democratic Party; Democrats; the party
ex ante, ex post
fascism; Fascist Party; Fascists; the party; a fascist worldview (but see CMS 8.65)
German historical school
half-century
homo economicus
Keynesian revolution
Labour Party (the British political party)
laissez-faire
lectures; the Clarendon Lecture (a named lecture; not a lecture on Clarendon); but Nobel lecture
the Left; the ideological and popular Lefts; on the left; leftist; left-wing press
Marxism; Marxism-Leninism; Marxist or Marxian; non-Marxist or non-Marxian
Methodenstreit
Mont Pèlerin; but Mont Pelerin Society
nation-state
Native Americans; Native American art
numéraire
policymaker, policymaking
physiocracy; the physiocrats
republicanism; Republican Party; Republicans; the party
Part 2: Duke University Press Journals Style Guide
7/18
Duke University Press journals adhere to the rules in this style guide and to The Chicago Manual of Style,
17th ed. (CMS). Documentation style and elements of style specific to individual journals are addressed
in separate documents.
ABBREVIATIONS
Corporate, municipal, national, and supranational abbreviations and acronyms appear in full caps. Most
initialisms (abbreviations pronounced as strings of letters) are preceded by the.
further expansion of NATO’s membership
dissent within the AFL-CIO
sexism is rampant at IBM
certain US constituencies
Latin abbreviations, such as e.g. and i.e., are usually restricted to parenthetical text and notes and are set
in roman type, not italics. The word sic, however, is italicized.
Personal initials have periods and are spaced.
W. E. B. Du Bois; C. D. Wright
ABSTRACT
Substantial articles should include an abstract of approximately 200 words. Book reviews and short issue
introductions do not require abstracts.
Abstracts should be written in the third person (“This article proposes . . .”) not the first person (“I
propose . . .”).
CAPITALIZATION. See also SPELLING AND TERMS
After a Colon
If the material introduced by a colon consists of more than one sentence, or if it is a quotation or a speech
in dialogue, it should begin with a capital letter. Otherwise, it begins with a lowercase letter. See CMS
6.63.
Quotations
Silently correct initial capitalization in quotations depending on the relationship of the quotation to the
rest of the sentence (see CMS 13.19). For instance:
Smith stated that “we must carefully consider all aspects of the problem.”
but
Smith stated, “We must carefully consider all aspects of the problem.”
A lowercase letter following a period plus three dots should be capitalized if it begins a grammatically
complete sentence (CMS 13.53).
The spirit of our American radicalism is destructive. . . . The conservative movement . . . is timid, and
merely defensive of property.
Terms
A down (lowercase) style is generally preferred for terms. See CMS, chap. 8, for detailed guidelines on
capitalization of terms.
Titles of Works
For titles in English, capitalize the first and last words and all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs,
and subordinating conjunctions (if, because, that, etc.). Lowercase articles (a, an, the), coordinating
conjunctions, and prepositions (regardless of length). The to in infinitives and the word as in any function
are lowercased.
For hyphenated and open compounds in titles in English, capitalize first elements; subsequent elements
are capitalized unless they are articles, prepositions, or coordinating conjunctions. Subsequent elements
attached to prefixes are lowercased unless they are proper nouns. The second element of hyphenated
spelled-out numbers or simple fractions should be capitalized. If a compound (other than one with a
hyphenated prefix) comes at the end of the title, its final element is always capitalized.
Nineteenth-Century Literature
Avoiding a Run-In
Policies on Re-creation
Reading the Twenty-Third Psalm
When titles contain direct quotations, the headline-capitalization style described above and in CMS
should be imposed.
“We All Live More like Brutes than Humans”: Labor and Capital in the Gold Rush
In capitalizing titles in any non-English language, including French, capitalize the first letter of the title
and subtitle and all proper nouns. See CMS 11.70 and 11.39 for the treatment of Dutch and German titles,
respectively. Diacritical marks on capital letters are retained in all languages.
CONTRIBUTOR’S NOTE
Each contributor’s note includes the author’s name, rank, affiliation, areas of activity or research, and
most recent works. Dates of publication, but not publishers’ names, are given for books.
Rebecca Newman is professor of history at the University of Chicago. She is author of In the Country of
the Last Emperor (1991).
Yingjin Zhang teaches Chinese literature at Indiana University. His book Configurations of the City in
Modern Chinese Literature is forthcoming.
DATES AND TIMES. See also NUMBERS
For more information, see CMS 9.29–38.
May 1968
May 1, 1968
May 1–3, 1968
on February 8, 1996, at 8:15 a.m. and again at 6:15 p.m.
September–October 1992
from 1967 to 1970
1960s counterculture; sixties [not 60s or ’60s] counterculture
the 1980s and 1990s
mid-1970s American culture
the mid-nineteenth century [note hyphen, not en dash]
the late twentieth century; late twentieth-century Kenya
the years 1896–1900, 1900–1905, 1906–9, 1910–18
AD 873; the year 640 BC; Herod Antipas (21 BCE–39 CE) [use full caps without periods for era designations]
ca. 1820
ELLIPSES. See also CAPITALIZATION
Three dots indicate an ellipsis within a sentence or fragment; a period plus three dots indicates an ellipsis
between grammatically complete sentences, even when the end of the first sentence in the original source
has been omitted. In general, ellipses are not used before a quotation (whether it begins with a
grammatically complete sentence or not) or after a quotation (if it ends with a grammatically complete
sentence), unless the ellipses serve a definite purpose. See CMS 13.50–58 for more detailed guidelines on
the use of ellipses.
EXTRACTS. See also CAPITALIZATION and ELLIPSES
Set off quotations that are more than 400 characters (including spaces) in length.
FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES
Captions take sentence-style capitalization and have terminal punctuation. If credit or source information
is provided, it should be the last element of the caption. Table titles take sentence-style capitalization but
do not have terminal punctuation.
Figure 1. The author with unidentified friend, 1977.
Figure 2. The author posed for this picture with an unidentified friend in 1977.
Figure 3. Noam Chomsky at a political rally, 1971. Courtesy John Allan Cameron Archives, University of
Florida, Gainesville.
Figure 4. Coal miners in Matewan, West Virginia, April 1920. The miners’ strike was depicted in John
Sayles’s film Matewan. Photograph courtesy Matewan Historical Society.
Figure 5. Winston Roberts, When Last I Saw (1893). Oil on canvas, 56 × 48 in. Courtesy of the Campbell
Collection, Central State Community College Library, Pleasance, Nebraska.
Figure 6. Harvey Nit, These. These? Those! (2011). Mascara on cocktail napkin, 16 × 16 cm. © Harvey Nit.
Table 3. Comparative frequency of bicycles, mopeds, and Segways in Amsterdam, Dublin, and Toronto,
2005–2015
INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE
Avoid sexist language and terms that are gender specific (chairman, mankind, etc.). Never allow the form
s/he. State both pronouns—he or she, him or her, his or her—or recast the sentence in the plural. Avoid
alternating the use of masculine and feminine pronouns in an article. See CMS 5.251–60, especially
5.255–56.
INITIALS. See ABBREVIATIONS
KEYWORDS. See also ABSTRACT
Articles that include an abstract should also include three to five keywords. Keywords should be
lowercase (except for names or titles that would otherwise be capitalized) and separated by commas.
Keywords negative affect, self-portrait, Del LaGrace Volcano, intersex, Polaroid photography
NUMBERS. See also DATES AND TIMES
Cardinal and ordinal whole numbers from one to ninety-nine (and such numbers followed by hundred and
thousand), any number at the beginning of a sentence, and common fractions are spelled out. Common
fractions are hyphenated as well. Numerals are used to express very large numbers (in the millions or
more).
no fewer than six of the eight victims
no more than fifty-two hundred gallons
One hundred eighty-seven people were put to death there during the twenty-
third century BC
attendance was about ninety thousand
at least two-thirds of the electorate
there were 2 million ballots cast
the population will top 25 billion
Numbers applicable to the same category, however, are treated alike in the same context.
no fewer than 6 of the 113 victims
Almost twice as many people voted Republican in the 115th precinct as in the
23rd.
Numbers that express decimal quantities, dollar amounts, and percentages are written as figures.
an average of 2.6 years
now estimated at 1.1 billion inhabitants
more than $56, or 8 percent of the petty cash
a decline of $0.30 per share
Inclusive page numbers are given as follows (per CMS 9.61):
1–2, 3–11, 74–75, 100–103, 104–9, 112–15, 414–532, 505–16, 600–612, 1499–1501
Roman numerals are used in the pagination of preliminary matter in books, in family names and the
names of monarchs and other leaders in a succession, in the names of world wars, in legal instruments,
and in the titles of certain sequels.
On page iii Bentsen sets out his agenda.
Neither John D. Rockefeller IV, Elizabeth II, nor John Paul II was born before
World War I.
Yet Title XII was meant to rectify not only inequities but iniquities.
Most critics consider The Godfather, Part II a better movie than Jaws 2. [Follow the usage in the original work,
per CMS 9.43.]
Arabic numerals are used for the parts of books.
In part 2, chapter 2, of volume 11 of the Collected Works, our assumptions are overturned.
POSSESSIVES
The possessive of nouns ending with the letter s are formed by adding an apostrophe and an s (CMS
7.17).
Burns’s poetry
Camus’s novels
Descartes’s philosophy
Euripides’s plays
Jesus’s name
QUOTATIONS. See EXTRACTS
SPELLING AND TERMS
Follow the online Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (www.merriam-webster.com) and Webster’s
Third New International Dictionary for spelling. If more than one spelling is provided in the dictionary,
follow the first form given (e.g., judgment, not judgement; focused, not focussed). Common foreign terms
are set in roman type. (Common foreign terms are defined as those with main entries and not classified as
“foreign term” in Webster’s.)
Prefixes are hyphenated before numerals and proper nouns. Otherwise, prefixes are generally not
hyphenated before words; refer to Webster’s for guidance. Temporary compound adjectives are
hyphenated before the noun to avoid ambiguity but are left open after the noun. Non-English phrases used
as modifiers are open in any position, unless hyphenated in the original.
Put neologisms within quotation marks at first use.
A term referred to as the term itself is italicized.
In the twentieth century socialism acquired many meanings.
The word hermeneutics is the most overused term in recent monographs.
The term lyricism was misused in Smith’s book review.
TABLES. See FIGURE CAPTIONS AND TABLE TITLES
TRANSLATIONS
When an original non-English title and its translation appear together in the text, the first version (whether
original or translation) takes the form of an original title, and the second version is always enclosed in
parentheses and treated like a published title (whether or not the work represents a published translation)
with title capitalization appropriate to the language.
I read Mi nombre es Roberto (My Name Is Roberto) in 1989.
I read My Name Is Roberto (Mi nombre es Roberto) in 1989.
Rubén Darío’s poem “Azul” (“Blue”) is one of my favorites.
Rubén Darío’s poem “Blue” (“Azul”) is one of my favorites.
Part 3: Documentation: Author-Date Citations
This journal uses author-date citations in the text with a corresponding reference list of works cited at
the end of the article.
Notes may also include material that cannot be conveniently presented in the text, such as discursive
adjuncts and additional sources of information. Any material necessary for understanding the argument
set forth in the article should appear in the text.
The notations f. (ff.), ibid., op. cit., and loc. cit. are not used, nor are eadem, idem, infra, passim, and
supra. Commonly used abbreviations include cf., ed. (eds.), e.g., esp., et al., etc., fig. (figs.), fol. (fols.),
i.e., n. (nn.), p. (pp.), pt. (pts.), ser., trans., vol. (vols.). Latin abbreviations are not italicized. Note that in
et al., et is a whole word (meaning “and”) and therefore is not followed by a period. In references to
poetry, where the abbreviation “l.” or “ll.” might be mistaken for a numeral, the word “line” or “lines” is
spelled out.
The reference list at the end of the article contains only works cited. References are arranged
alphabetically by author, then chronologically in ascending order. For multiple references by the same
author, the author’s name is repeated; 3-em dashes are not used. In titles of works, serial commas are
added, ampersands are spelled out, and numbers are spelled out. For additional guidelines concerning the
treatment of titles, see CAPITALIZATION in the Duke University Press Journals Style Guide.
SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST ITEMS
BOOK
Langford, Gerald. 1971. Faulkner’s Revision of “Absalom, Absalom!”: A Collation of the Manuscript and
the Published Book. Austin: University of Texas Press. [A book title within a book title is quoted and
italicized (CMS 14.94). A main title ending in an exclamation point or a question mark is followed by a colon only
if the question mark or exclamation point appears within quotation marks (CMS 14.96).]
Midge, Anderson. 2002. What Were They Thinking? The Real Lives of the Dichter. New York: Petard. [Reverse italics (roman type) are used in book titles for terms that would themselves normally be italicized (CMS
8.173, 14.95).]
Smith, John. 2011. All Tongue-Tied and Nowhere to Go; or, How to Save Face When They Put You on the
Spot. Vail, CO: Slippery Slopes. [Treatment of double titles, contra the preferred form in CMS 8.167]
E-BOOK
Begley, Adam. 2014. Updike. New York: Harper. Kindle. [CMS 14.159]
Doubtfire, Brenda. 2016. Yeah, Right: Skepticism in the Fake News Era. Whynot, NC: Says Who. iBooks.
CHAPTER
Dollimore, Jonathan. 1985. “Transgression and Surveillance in Measure for Measure.” In Political
Shakespeare: New Essays in Cultural Materialism, edited by Jonathan Dollimore and Alan Sinfield,
72–87. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Weinstein, Donald. 1989. “The Art of Dying Well and Popular Piety in the Preaching and Thought of
Girolamo Savonarola.” In Tetel, Witt, and Goffen 1989: 88–104.[A shortened form is used for chapters
from collections that are also included in the reference list.]
PREFATORY MATTER
Brown, Marshall. 1995. Preface to The Uses of Literary History, edited by Marshall Brown, vii–x. Durham,
NC: Duke University Press.
EDITED WORK
Navarre, Marguerite de. 1967. L’heptaméron, edited by Michel François. Paris: Garnier.
Tetel, Marcel, Ronald G. Witt, and Rona Goffen, eds. 1989. Life and Death in Fifteenth-Century Florence.
Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
REPRINT
Williams, Theodore. (1905) 1974. The Art of Porcelain during the Late Ming Dynasty. New York: Grove. [For reprint editions, the date of first publication may be supplied parenthetically, followed by the date of the
reprint (CMS 15.40). Both dates appear in the corresponding citation.]
TRANSLATION
Valéry, Paul. 1958. The Art of Poetry, translated by Denise Folliot. New York: Pantheon.
FOREIGN-LANGUAGE WORK CITED IN ENGLISH
Ayzland, Reuven. 1954. From Our Springtime (in Yiddish). New York: Inzl.
Dachuan, Sun. 1991. Jiujiu jiu yici (One Last Cup of Wine). Taipei: Zhang Laoshi Chubanshe. [This form is
recommended for works in languages relatively unfamiliar to Western readers. The translated title uses italics and
headline capitalization (contra CMS 11.9)—in other words, it is treated as if it named a published translation even
if it does not.]
MULTIVOLUME WORK
Foucault, Michel. 1990. An Introduction. Vol. 1 of The History of Sexuality, translated by Robert Hurley. 3
vols. London: Penguin.
Hooker, Joseph. 1977–82. Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, edited by Georges Edelen, W. Speed Hill,
P. G. Stanwood, and John E. Booty. 4 vols. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University
Press. [If there are ten editors or fewer, all are listed by name; if more than ten, the first is listed by name,
followed by “et al.” (CMS 14.76).]
MULTIAUTHOR WORK
Dewey, Alfred, John Cheatham, and Elias Howe. 2003. Principles of Commerce during the Early
Industrial Revolution. Birmingham, UK: Steamer.
Gustafson, Albert K., Jonas Edwards, Ezra Best, and Nathan Wise. 1985. If I Were a Rich Man:
Comparative Studies of Urban and Rural Poverty. Murphy, WI: Fore and Aft. [If there are ten authors or
fewer, all are listed by name; if more than ten, the first is listed by name, followed by “et al.” (CMS 14.76).]
ANONYMOUS WORK. See also UNSIGNED ARTICLE
A True and Sincere Declaration of the Purpose and Ends of the Plantation Begun in Virginia, of the
Degrees Which It Hath Received, and Means by Which It Hath Been Advanced. 1610. London. [The
title appears in place of the author; “Anonymous” or “Anon.” is not used. For purposes of alphabetization an
initial article is ignored (CMS 14.79).]
UNDATED WORK
Kloman, Harry. n.d. “Introduction.” The Gore Vidal Index. www.pitt.edu/~kloman/vidalframe.html
(accessed July 27, 2003).
Sales, Robert. n.d. Victory at Sea: Being a True Account of the Recent Destruction of an Infamous Foreign
Fleet. Dublin. [Note that the “n” in “n.d.” is not capitalized (CMS 14.145).]
REFERENCE WORK
13. Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed., s.v. “self,” A.1.a; Encyclopaedia Britannica Online, Academic
ed., s.v. “Arturo Toscanini,” academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/600338/Arturo-Toscanini (accessed April
6, 2016). [Reference works do not appear in the reference list (CMS 14.233).]
JOURNAL ARTICLE, PRINT
Meban, David. 2008. “Temple Building, Primus Language, and the Proem to Virgil’s Third Georgic.”
Classical Philology 103, no. 2: 150–74. [Journal published in volumes; the month or season is not required.
As a courtesy to readers who consult articles online, issue numbers should be given if available.]
Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 1988. “Capitalism and Human Emancipation.” New Left Review, no. 167: 1–20. [Journal published only in issues.]
JOURNAL ARTICLE, ONLINE
Esposito, Joseph J. 2010. “Stage Five Book Publishing.” Journal of Electronic Publishing 13, no. 2.
quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jep;view=text;rgn=main;idno=3336451.0013.204.
Jovanovic, Boyan, and Peter L. Rousseau. 2008. “Specific Capital and Technological Variety.” Journal of
Human Capital 2, no. 2: 129–52. doi.org/10.1086/590066. [If the author has provided a DOI rather than a
URL, use the DOI in URL form, as indicated here. See CMS 14.8.]
REVIEW
Jameson, Fredric. 1991. “The Historian as Body-Snatcher.” Review of Learning to Curse: Essays in Early
Modern Culture, by Stephen J. Greenblatt. Times Literary Supplement, January 18, 7. [Page numbers are
not needed in citations of or references to newspapers (CMS 14.191) but may be included in citations of or
references to supplements and other special sections (CMS 14.197).]
SPECIAL ISSUE, and ARTICLE IN SPECIAL ISSUE
Ferguson, Margaret, and Marshall Brown, eds. 2004. “Feminism in Time.” Special issue, MLQ 65, no. 1.
Mandell, Laura. 2004. “The First Women (Psycho)analysts; or, The Friends of Feminist History.” In
“Feminism in Time,” edited by Margaret Ferguson and Marshall Brown. Special issue, MLQ 65, no. 1:
69–92. [CMS 14.178]
MAGAZINE ARTICLE
Franzen, Jonathan. 2003. “The Listener.” New Yorker, October 6, 84–99.
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, PRINT
DeParle, Jason. 1993. “Whither on Welfare: Even Though They Please Moynihan, Clinton’s Actions Are
Far from Bold.” New York Times, February 3. [No page number is required (CMS 14.191).]
NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, ONLINE
Associated Press. 2003. “Jackson Arrested at Yale after Protest Backing Strike.” Washington Post,
September 2. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A12012-2003Sep1.html.
UNSIGNED ARTICLE
Cinéma. 1968. “Loin du Vietnam.” January.
DISSERTATION
Jones, Jennifer M. 1991. “‘The Taste for Fashion and Frivolity’: Gender, Clothing, and the Commercial
Culture of the Old Regime.” PhD diss., Princeton University.
PAPER OR PRESENTATION
Poovey, Mary. 1996. “Between Political Arithmetic and Political Economy.” Paper presented at the
conference “Regimes of Description,” Stanford University, Stanford, CA, January 12.
PERSONAL COMMUNICATION OR INTERVIEW
Noah Fence (pers. comm., April 1, 2014) speculated on the pitfalls of having a play on words for a
name. [References to such communications as emails or private messages shared on social media often can be run in to
the text, without need of note or reference (CMS 14.214).]
24. Jacques Petits Fours (provost, Upper Midwestern University), interview by author, Ames, IA,
February 20, 1995. [Interviews or other personal communications in which more information than the date is
pertinent may appear in a note (CMS 14.214).]
SOCIAL MEDIA CONTENT
[Citations of social media content may contain such elements as the author of the post; the title, or the text, of the post;
the type of post (e.g., the service and/or a brief description); the date; and a URL. Contra CMS 14.209, such citations
have corresponding references.]
The Chicago Manual of Style. 2015. “Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993.”
Facebook, April 17. www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
O’Brien, Conan (@ConanOBrien). 2015. “In honor of Earth Day, I’m recycling my tweets.” Twitter, April
22, 11:10 a.m. twitter.com/ConanOBrien/status/590940792967016448.
Souza, Pete (@petesouza). 2016. “President Obama bids farewell to President Xi of China at the conclusion
of the Nuclear Security Summit.” Instagram photo, April 1. www.instagram.com/p/BDrmfXTtNCt.
WEBSITES (OTHER THAN ONLINE PUBLICATIONS)
[Include as much of the following information as possible: author of the content, title of the page (if there is one), title
or owner of the site, URL, and access date (if no publication date is provided). The titles of websites and blogs
generally use headline-style capitalization. See CMS 8.191 and 14.206 for guidance as to whether such titles should be
set in roman type or italicized. Websites and social media postings are cited in notes but are not included in the
reference list. Items resembling articles in form, such as blog postings, are cited in notes and also included in the
reference list.]
Lasar, Matthew. 2008. “FCC Chair Willing to Consecrate XM-Sirius Union.” Ars Technica (blog), June 16.
arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080616-fcc-chair-willing-to-consecrate-xm-sirius-union.html.
AUTHOR-DATE CITATIONS
This system uses in-text citations—usually enclosed in parentheses and comprising the author’s surname
(with first initial if ambiguous), the date, and the pages cited—and a reference list at the end of the article
contains the complete bibliographic information of the works cited. See the sample references
immediately above. For multiple references by the same author, the author’s name is repeated; 3-em
dashes are not used. Note that in the author-date system, works published in the same year by the same
author must be labeled “a,” “b,” and so on for clarity.
The witnesses had been, one observer surmised, tampered with (Northrup 1957: 3). [The date and page
number are separated by a colon, not a comma (contra CMS 15.9).]
As Sylvia Molloy (1991: 43) observes, “The previous letter, marked by subservience, waived
Manzano’s rights to the text by ‘giving’ it to del Monte; the second letter, marked instead by resistance, has
Manzano keep the text for himself.” [The date and page number appear immediately after the author, not at the end
of the sentence, if he or she is named in the sentence (CMS 15.25).]
25. Wert (1984: 115–17) insists that his predecessors’ conclusions were the merest speculation (see M.
McLain 1981; P. McLain 1981). [No note should consist solely of an author-date citation, but discursive notes may
contain author-date citations.]
If more than one work by the same author is cited, the author’s name is not repeated.
(Wilson 1963, 1974)
(Miller 1978: 267; 1994)
For works by more than three authors, only the surname of the first author is used, followed by et al.
not (Cobb, Hornsby, Ott, and Smith 1982) but (Cobb et al. 1982)
If there is no author, use the shortened title or publication title in the author position in the reference.
(New Yorker 1974)
If there is no date, n.d. is used.
(McGarry n.d.)
If the work is meant, rather than the author, the parentheses are omitted.
Medwick 1924 remains the standard reference.
If the citation is to a reprint edition, the original date of publication should be cited first, in brackets
within a parenthetical citation and in parentheses not within a parenthetical citation (e.g., in a note). See
CMS 15.40.
(Williams [1905] 1974: 41)
1. For a more in-depth discussion of this point, see Williams (1905) 1974.
To refer again to the most recently cited source, a page number is used.
The sperm whale, Beale (1839: 46) concluded in The Natural History of the Sperm Whale, is “remarkably
timid, and is readily alarmed by the approach of a whale boat.” Beale noted that “it is difficult to conceive
any object in nature calculated to cause alarm to this leviathan” (46).
When one volume of a multivolume work is cited, the volume number is indicated after the date.
(Koufax 1973, 1:223)
To cite an unnumbered note, the abbreviation n or nn follows the page number without an intervening
space. With numbered notes, the note number or numbers follow the abbreviation without intervening
period or space (CMS 14.157).
(Javitch 2010: 385n; Adams 2009: 5n10, 8nn20–21)
Personal communications, such as telephone conversations, email messages, and nonarchived letters, are
identified as “pers. comm.” and dated in the text but are not included in the reference list.
Wilson (pers. comm., March 13, 2007) proved the hypothesis false.
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