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Chapter #24
History of Physical Education and Sport
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Why is the History of Sport Important?
How sport was developed
How sport was affected by the historical, cultural and social traditions of the time period
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HISTORY OF SPORT
History of sport is probably as old as the
existence of people.
Sport has been a useful way for people to
increase their mastery of nature and the
environment.
The history of sport can teach us a great deal
about social changes and about the nature of
sport itself.
Sport seems to involve basic human skills
being developed and exercised for their own
sake, in parallel with being exercised for their
usefulness.
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Evolution of Sport Humans’ main focus was survival-
obtaining their basic needs (food, shelter, clothing, etc..)
As time went on, concerns about basic survival became less pressing and some people came together for athletic competition.
Soon humans became to see the psychological and physiological benefits of physical activity.
Physical education and sport soon evolved from ancient times to the present day.
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Survival
Many ancient sports lend their origin to fitness and to be able to survive in dangerous surroundings.
The ability to obtain food and military efficiency with a weapon.
Often here, you get an interesting transition from functional to recreational activities.
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What are some examples of skills that have become sports?
Gladiators in Rome fought and killed for the amusement
of the audience, rather than to protect the Empire.
Yachting is the travel across water for enjoyment or
competition rather than for transport or commerce.
Running is done on a course for a fixed length of time or
distance, rather than simply to catch a bus.
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Early Olympic Trivia
What did competitors of the
Games wear?
Nothing
What was the only Olympics event
until 724 BC?
200 m footrace (stade)
What did winners receive?
a wreath of olive branches.
How long did athletes train?
10 months
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The Greeks and Romans Greeks first to derive an idea of how
pursuit of physical activity could
promote mental health.
Greeks formed early Olympic
Games.
Originally one event, the 200 yard stade,
or foot race.
More event added like wrestling, boxing,
long jump and javelin.
First recorded games in 776 B.C.
Measurement of 4 years called
Olympiad.
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The Stade
The stadion was the oldest event of the Games. Runners sprinted
for 1 stade (192 m.), or the length of the stadium. The other races
were a 2-stade race (384 m.), and a long-distance run which
ranged from 7 to 24 stades (1,344 m. to 4,608 m.).
And if these races weren't enough, the Greeks had one particularly
grueling event which we lack. There was also a 2 to 4-stade (384
m. to 768 m.) race by athletes in armor. This race was especially
useful in building the speed and stamina that Greek men needed
during their military service. If we remember that the standard
hoplite armor (helmet, shield, and greaves)weighed about 50-60
lbs, it is easy to imagine what such an event must have been like.
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The Greeks and Romans Olympics held at beginning of
each new Olympiad in homage
to Zeus.
One month before games
started a truce called for
athletes to travel to Olympia
without fear of traveling through
warring states.
“Olympic Peace” concept still
embraced by modern Olympics.
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Romans
The Bloody Colosseum
• Fights between gladiators
• Fights between gladiators and animals
• Used for entertainment purposes
• Funerals (honour the dead)
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Roman Colisseum
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The Colisseum
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Colisseum
Over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the inaugural games of the amphitheatre.
Animal entertainments in the morning session, followed by the executions of criminals around midday, with the afternoon session reserved for gladiatorial combats and recreations of famous battles.
Mock sea battles and animal hunts.
Capable of seating 50,000-80, 000spectators
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Top Ten Largest Stadiums in the
World
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10. Melbourne Cricket Ground
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9. National Stadium Bukit Jalil Malaysia (87,411)
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8. Neyland Stadium Knoxville, Tennessee
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7. Ohio Stadium
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6. Jornalista Mario Filho Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5. Beaver Stadium University Park, Pennsylvania
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4. Michigan Stadium
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3. Estadio Azteca is a stadium in Mexico City, Mexico
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2. Salt Lake Stadium (120,000)
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#1 Rungnado May Day Stadium Pyongyang, North Korea
(150,000)
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What are the similarities and differences amongst today’s
modern stadiums and the Roman Colosseum?
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Modern Stadiums vs. The Roman Colosseum
Similarities
Basic shape (round/oval)-
allowing for non-obstructed
views
Purpose-public entertainment
Capacity-both large venues for
spectators
Premium seating-class seating
Retractable roof
Concessions
Paid athletes/fighters
Differences
Romans-Fight to the
death
Romans-use of animals
Romans-use of slaves
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The Americas Aztecs played game considered to be forerunner to modern
basketball, called Tlachtli
Object to get ball through hoop without using hands
Winners claimed losers clothes, jewelry, heads
Sports important to Native Canadian culture also
Many athletic games, like Greeks, part of religious ceremonies
Greatest contribution of Native Canadians was lacrosse
Originally called baggataway
More violent than current game
French called it la crosse due to the fact that sticks looked like
crosses
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Tlachtli
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The World
Egypt Warriors trained
Dancing was valued in religion
China Only the military class valued
physical development
India Yoga, a system of meditation
and regulated breathing
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The Europeans Decline of Roman Empire
caused athletic decline
Events left to elite; those who
had leisure time
Idea that physical activity was
important part of life and
education made resurgence
during Renaissance (1400-1650)
Renaissance time of expanding
knowledge
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Renaissance Man Person who is equally good at and
interested in multiple things
Not unusual for intellectuals of the
day to be scientists, poets,
painters, historians and sculptors
all at once
List began to include athletics as
people began to acknowledge
benefits of physical activity on
body and mind
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The Europeans In response to changing view, Italian physician
began first childhood physical education classes in
1420
New sports developed at this time in Europe
Scotland advanced 2 major sports still popular today
First written references to golf made in 1457
Curling in 1541
Versions of ice and field hockey popped up in France
and England about this same time
Rough and tumble “folk football” predecessor to such
games as soccer, rugby, and American football
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Athletics and the Victorian Era
Middle class developed in 1800’s,
blurring the line between rich and poor
Population grew, especially in urban
centres
Middle class eager to join upper class
in activities
Since middle class worked long hours,
little time available for recreation
Because of this, many clearly set
rules for games and strict time limits
placed on games we still enjoy
today
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Athletics and the Victorian Era
Sports a reflection of life; same
values hold true in life as in
sports
Developed manly character
and camaraderie in men
However, opposite effect on
women; harmful to their
delicate constittuions
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Athletics and the Victorian Era
Physical education and sport
large part of young man’s
education
Qualities necessary for sport
deemed desirable
“Sport builds character”
Physical education and organized
sports implemented into growing
British school system
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Calisthenics Prominent method of keeping fit during
Queen Victoria’s reign
Means beauty and strength in Greek
Strong connection between calisthenics and early gymnastics
Series of vigorous exercises and stretches often done as a group, sometimes set to music
Enabled average citizen to keep fit and healthy
Series of movements basis for many exercises done today
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Restricted and Segregated Sport
Sport often mirrors restrictive or
segregationist practices in society
South Africa banned by
international sporting
community until 1996 because
of apartheid
North American “Negro
Leagues” when much of
American society prevented
African-Americans from equal
access to public facilities
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Baron Pierre de Coubertin re-created ancient Olympics with modern sport
Founded International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894
First modern Olympics in Greece in 1896
43 events including cycling, track and field, fencing, lawn tennis, gymnastics, swimming and wrestling; 245 athletes competed
No women or non-European countries competed
Only gentleman competed
The Winter and Summer Olympic Games were held in the same years until 1992, when the governing body for the Olympic Games, the IOC, decided to place the Summer and Winter Games on separate four-year cycles in alternating even-numbered years.
The Olympic Movement
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Goal of Olympic Movement
Has evolved over the years.
Help create a better world by educating
through sport without discrimination and
fostering understanding, friendship and
fair play.
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International Olympic Committee
Non-profit, non-governmental body of international members who represent Olympic movement in their countries but DO NOT act as delegates for their country
Elected via nominations committee
Serve 8-year renewable terms
Meet once a year
Main responsibility is to govern the Winter and Summer Olympics
President-Jacques Rogge from Belgium
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Olympics and Politics
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1XclGwJY8s
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The Nazi Olympics Berlin was awarded 1936 Olympics in ’33 (2 years before Hitler came
to power).
By ’36, power had moved from German Olympic Committee to Hitler
and Nazi party.
Adolf Hitler regarded it as his Olympics and he took them as a
chance to show off the post-First World War Germany
Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority"
These games marked 1st time host country moved control of games
from organizing committee to government
Jesse Owens won four medals
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXIe5GbLSUs&feature=related&s
kipcontrinter=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qix2oiw9px4
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“German sport has only one
task: to strengthen the
character of the German
people”. Joseph Goebbels
German façade-modern, civilized, and benevolent
Propaganda campaign!
The city of Berlin had been cleaned, as well as all
of the signs of the evils against the Jews.
The city looked perfect, in Nazi eyes
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Aryans only policy-non-Aryans were excluded for
sports facilities and associations
eg. Gretel Bergmann, a world-class high jumper was
expelled from association
Encouraging Jewish athletes to boycott games- did
not fully understand the problem at the time (they
chose to compete)
http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/olympics/videos/?content=ja
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Camouflage! In August 1936, the Nazi regime tried to camouflage its
violent racist policies while it hosted the Summer
Olympics.
Most anti-Jewish signs were temporarily removed and
newspapers toned down their harsh rhetoric.
Thus, the regime exploited the Olympic Games to
present foreign spectators and journalists with a false
image of a peaceful, tolerant Germany.
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Camouflage! Germany skillfully promoted the Olympics with colorful
posters and magazine spreads.
Athletic imagery drew a link between Nazi Germany and
ancient Greece, symbolizing the Nazi racial myth that a
superior German civilization was the rightful heir of an
"Aryan" culture of classical antiquity.
This vision of classical antiquity emphasized ideal
"Aryan" racial types: heroic, blue-eyed blonds with finely
chiseled features.
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Participation Forty-nine athletic teams from around the world
competed in the Berlin Olympics, more than in
any previous Olympics.
Germany fielded the largest team with 348
athletes.
The US team was the second largest, with 312
members, including 18 African Americans.
The Soviet Union did not participate in the Berlin
Games.
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German Success! Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
Germany 33 26 30 89
United States 24 20 12 56
Hungary 10 1 5 16
Germany emerged victorious from the XIth Olympiad. German athletes captured the most medals, and German hospitality and organization won the praises of visitors. Most newspaper accounts echoed the New York Times report that the Games put Germans "back in the fold of nations," and even made them "more human again." Some even found reason to hope that this peaceable interlude would endure
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Post-Games As post-Games reports were filed, Hitler pressed on with grandiose
plans for German expansion. Persecution of Jews resumed. Two
days after the Olympics, Captain Wolfgang Fuerstner, head of the
Olympic village, killed himself when he was dismissed from military
service because of his Jewish ancestry.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Within just three
years of the Olympiad, the "hospitable" and "peaceable" sponsor of
the Games unleashed World War II, a conflict that resulted in untold
destruction.
With the conclusion of the Games, Germany's expansionist policies
and the persecution of Jews and other "enemies of the state"
accelerated, culminating in the Holocaust.
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Olympics and Politics Con’t
1956 Summer Olympics-7
countries boycotted the games
1964-South Africa expelled from
games due to Apartheid until
1992
1968 Summer Olympics- Black
Power Salute
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=S49Tw679AKc
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HIGH JUMP: Dick Fosbury
http://www.yo(strutube.com/watch?v=3pXm
cm_ZUBA
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WCCuEI
EdSRg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB0Fq3
UXEqA
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Munich
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-scWZngSQjc&feature=related
“The Happy Games”
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Munich – 1972 – The Olympics are changed forever. (Munich massacre)
US-Soviet B-ball controversy
Members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage by the Palestinian terrorist group Black September which had ties to Yasser Arafat’s Fatah organization. Eleven athletes were murdered by the terrorists.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEy5OOS1eAI&feature=related
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Olympics and Politics Con’t
1976 Summer Olympics (Montreal)-Quebec, the host
province, incurred $1.5 billion in debt, which was not
paid off until December 2006
1980 Winter Olympics (Lake Placid)-The Republic of
China (Taiwan) refused to compete under the name of
Chinese Taipei. It is the only case of boycotting the
Winter Olympic Games
1980 Summer Olympics (Moscow)- protest the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan, Polish gold medalist pole
vaulter Władysław Kozakiewicz showed an obscene
bras d'honneur gesture.
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Gesture was in revenge to cheating Russian officials who were opening stadium door during his attempts to allow disturbing flow of wind. His gesture caused an international scandal and almost losing his medal as a result. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mn0in1fzqoI
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
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1980 Boycott The 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan spurred Jimmy
Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20, 1980 that
the United States would boycott the Moscow Olympics if
Soviet troops did not withdraw from Afghanistan within
one month
Sixty-five countries did not participate in the Olympics
despite being invited. While some of these may not
have participated because of the boycott, some did not
participate for economic reasons.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Should the World Boycott the Beijing Olympics?
Because she practiced Falun Gong, Ms. Wei Fengju was tortured to near death in the Heizuizi Forced labor Camp. Unable to recover, she passed away on July 11, 2007.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Olympic boycotts 1976 1980 1984
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Olympics and Politics Con’t
1988 Summer Olympics (Soeul)-7 countries boycotted the games;
Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson was stripped of his gold medal for the 100
metres when he tested positive for stanozolol after the event
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-il82AfPGY&feature=related
2002 Winter Olympics (Salt Lake)-A number of I.O.C. members were forced
to resign after it was uncovered that they had accepted inappropriately
valuable "gifts" in return for voting for Salt Lake City to hold the Games.
2014 Winter Olympics (Sochi, Russia)-In August 2008, the government of
Georgia called for a boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics, set to be held in
Sochi, Russia, in response to Russia's participation in the 2008 South
Ossetia war.
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Winter Games No country in the Southern Hemisphere has
ever hosted a Winter Games
Only four athletes have ever won medals at
both the Winter and Summer Olympic Games
The most medals won by any athletes at the
Winter Olympic Games is 12 by cross-country
skier Bjorn Dählie of Norway
The youngest athlete to win a gold medal at
the Winter Games was 15-year-old American
figure skater Tara Lipinski in Nagano 1998
Norway has won the most number of medals
at the Winter Games
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Canada at the Winter Olympics
Barbara Ann Scott Olympic gold in women’s figure skating at 1948 games
Nancy Greene Olympic gold in giant slalom in 1968 games
Gaetan Boucher Gold in 1500 and 1000 metres at 1984 games
Elizabeth Manley Silver in women’s figure skating at 1988 games
Myriam Bedard Gold in 15.5 km and 7.5 km biathlon at 1994 games
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Summer Games When London hosts the Olympic Games
in 2012, the city will become the first to host the Games three times: 1908, 1948 and 2012
The oldest woman to compete in the Olympics was British rider Lorna Johnstone, who participated in Equestrian at the 1972 Olympic Games at 70 years old and 5 days.
Pigeon shooting was one of the sports on the program in Paris in 1900
Great Britain is the only nation to have won at least one gold medal at every Summer Games
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Canada at the Summer Olympics
Ethel Catherwood
Won gold in high jump at 1928 games
Donovan Bailey
Gold in 100 m dash and 4x100 m relay at 1996 games
Marnie McBean and Kathleen Heddle
Combined for 3 gold medals
Gold in coxless pairs in 1992 and 1996 games
Gold in women’s eight in 1996
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Will Usain Bolt break his own world record?
19.19 WR Men's 200m 9.58 WR Men's 100m
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QEiD-
PzsfEE
Usain Bolt wants to "amaze" the world at London
2012 by running 9.4 seconds for the 100m and 19
seconds for the 200m.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/17730104
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_M638Kwy8II
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I'm now a legend. I'm also the greatest athlete to live. —Usain Bolt, after winning his seventh straight title in the 100 and 200 m, 9 August 2012
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Early Canadian Sports Pioneers
George Beers “Father of Lacrosse”
Founded Montreal Lacrosse Club in 1856; made
standardized rules in 1860; organized National Lacrosse
League in 1867
Edward “Ned” Hanlan
Remembered as best sculler in history of the sport
Tom Longboat
Won Boston Marathon in 1907
Dr. James Naismith “Father of Basketball”
Founded basketball; first game played in 1891
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Who’s the man?
Longboat
Beers
Naismith
Hanlan
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The Rise of Professional Sports
Around early 20th
century professional
leagues and teams
began to develop
Teams started to pay
the best players to play
for them and
professionalism was
born
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Professional Sports and Leagues
National Hockey League
Began in 1917
Early stars included Maurice Richard, Gordie
Howe, Bobby Orr
Hockey Night in Canada introduced in 1952
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO-
bVMevT4I&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e1Xo95WFDew
&feature=related
Best player ever is Wayne Gretzky
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Professional Sports & Leagues
Canadian Football League
Evolved in late 1800’s and early 1900’s from rugby
1909 Governor Early Grey donated trophy; first Grey
Cup in December of same year
CFL formed in 1958
Only professional league to operate solely in Canada
National Lacrosse League
Formed in 1986
12 teams; 4 in Canada
Toronto won championship in 2003
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9WSMxQ7uJw&fe
ature=relmfu
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.
Professional Canadian Athletes-Mike Weir
Won Masters Championships in April, 2003
Became first left-handed golfer to win Masters
Became first Canadian golfer to win Masters
Rookie of Year in 1993 on Canadian Tour
Won 1998 PGA Qualifying School to get on tour
Won Air Canada Championship in 1999
Named male Canadian Athlete of the Year in 2000 and 2001
Always quick to identify himself as a Canadian
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20th Century Canadian Achievements in Sports
The Summit Series was the first competition between the full-strength Soviet and Canadian national ice hockey teams, an eight-game series held in September 1972. Canada won the series four games to three, with one tie.
1972 Canada-USSR “Summit Series”
Only amateurs allowed to play in Olympics
Some soviets were playing for the red army to maintain amateur status
Canadian team consisted of some NHL’ers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-pvP4CFCboU
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The Canada Games
First held in Quebec in winter of 1967
Alternate between winter and summer every 2 years
All provinces have hosted games
Springboard for international-level athletes to start competing in respective sports in a friendly and encouraging environment
Summer in Regina, Saskatchewan in 2005
Winter in Whitehorse, Yukon in 2007
Halifax, Nova Scotia-2011 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TH8TEnOOE8Y&feature=re
lated
Sherbrooke-Quebec 2013
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20th Century Canadian Achievements in Sports
The Crazy Canucks In 1970’s kamikaze, fearless, high-
speed skiing
http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/skiing/topics/417/
Major League Baseball Arrived in Canada in 1969 with National
League Montreal Expos (2004-Washington Nationals)
American League Toronto Blue Jays began in 1977
Blue Jays won World Series in 1992 and 1993
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The Commonwealth Games Contested every 4 years, only by
countries with direct political and cultural ties to the former British Empire
Began in Hamilton, Ontario in 1930
British Empire Games
Missed in 1942 and 1946 due to WW II
Several non-Olympic sports played
Lawn bowling, 7’s rugby, netball, table tennis
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pG1PhJFirII&feature=related
2014-256 events in 17 sports; 72 countries
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Modern Development of Physical Education and Sport in Canada
ParticipAction
Created in 1971 by Trudeau administration to encourage
public to become more physically active on a regular basis
Urged Canadians to incorporate some form of activity into
their lives every day
Encouraged competition within schools and awarded
badges and pins for participation
Body Break television segments introduced
Shut down in 2000 due to lack of funding
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Marathon of Hope
Terry Fox began marathon in 1980
Leg amputated in 1977 due to cancer
Raise money to fund cancer research
Ran 42 km every day through Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario
Had to stop after 143 days due to cancer spread
Died in 1981 at age 22
Terry Fox Run founded and has raised over 300 million for cancer research
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xjgTlCTluPA
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Man in Motion World Tour Rick Hansen completed 40 000 kilometres
worldwide to raise 24 million dollars for
spinal cord injury (2 years, 2 days)
Competed in 1984 Olympics
First physically disabled Physical
Education graduate of the University of
British Columbia
Tour spanned four continents and 34
countries
Last leg through Canada where thousands
lined the route to support him
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEJGOz
n9CqU
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Influence of Sport Role Models
Persons who occupy certain positions
(“roles”) in a society and upon whom others
try to base (or “model”) certain aspects of
their behaviour
Sports heroes come to be regarded as some
of the most influential role models in modern
world
Many feel sports role models are good
E.g., Tiger Woods, Wayne Gretzky
Others disagree
E.g., Dennis Rodman, Kobe Bryant
Must be selective and recognize other
choices
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Exploitation and Sport Equity
Exploitation refers to any relationship in which one
party engages in the majority of the effort without
receiving a fair share of the results
Sport Equity occurs whenever the same athletic
opportunities are afforded to on group of people as
they are to another
Includes participation, equipment, access to membership,
funding, etc.
Groups that have had to struggle for equal access include
women, disabled persons, etc.
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