1. THE HISTORY OF CAMERAS AND PHOTORGAPHY
Seehttp://photography.nationalgeographic.com/photography/photographers/photography-timeline.html
forinteractive slideshow on the history of photography THE HISTORY
OF CAMERAS AND PHOTORGAPHY
2. TIMELINE OF CAMERAS
5th-4th Centuries B.C.
3. Chinese and Greek philosophers describe the basic principles
of optics and the camera.
4. 1664-1666
5. Isaac Newton discovers that white light is composed of
different colors.
6. 1727
7. Johann Heinrich Schulze discovered that silver nitrate
darkened upon exposure to light.
8. 1794
9. First Panorama opens, the forerunner of the movie house
invented by Robert Barker.
10. 1814
11. Joseph Niepce achieves first photographic image with camera
obscura - however, the image required eight hours of light exposure
and later faded.
1837
12. Louis Daguerre's first daguerreotype - the first image that
was fixed and did not fade and needed under thirty minutes of light
exposure.
13. 1840
14. First American patent issued in photography to Alexander
Wolcott for his camera.
15. 1841
16. William Henry Talbot patents the Calotype process - the
first negative-positive process making possible the first multiple
copies.
17. 1843
18. First advertisement with a photograph made in
Philadelphia.
19. 1851
20. Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodion process -
images required only two or three seconds of light exposure.
21. 1859
22. Panoramic camera patented - the Sutton.
23. TIMELINE OF CAMERAS (CONTINUED)
1861
24. Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer.
25. 1865
26. Photographs and photographic negatives are added to
protected works under copyright.
27. 1871
28. Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver
bromide process - negatives no longer had to be developed
immediately.
1898
29. Reverend Hannibal Goodwin patents celluloid photographic
film .
30. 1900
31. First mass-marketed camerathe Brownie.
32. 1913/1914
33. First 35mm still camera developed.
34. 1927
35. General Electric invents the modern flash bulb .
36. 1932
37. First light meter with photoelectric cell introduced.
38. 1935
39. Eastman Kodak markets Kodachrome film.
40. 1941
41. Eastman Kodak introduces Kodacolor negative film.
1861
42. Oliver Wendell Holmes invents stereoscope viewer.
43. 1865
44. Photographs and photographic negatives are added to
protected works under copyright.
45. 1871
46. Richard Leach Maddox invented the gelatin dry plate silver
bromide process - negatives no longer had to be developed
immediately
47. 1880
48. Eastman Dry Plate Company founded.
49. 1884
50. George Eastman invents flexible, paper-based photographic
film.
51. 1888
52. Eastman patents Kodak roll-film camera.
53. TIMELINE OF CAMERAS (CONTINUED)
1977
54. George Eastman and Edwin Land inducted into the National
Inventors Hall of Fame.
55. 1978
56. Konica introduces first point-and-shoot, autofocus
camera.
57. 1980
58. Sony demonstrates first consumer camcorder.
59. 1984
60. Canon demonstrates first digital electronic still
camera.
61. 1985
62. Pixar introduces digital imaging processor.
63. 1990
64. Eastman Kodak announces Photo CD as a digital image storage
medium.
1942
65. Chester Carlson receives patent for electric photography
(xerography).
66. 1948
67. Edwin Land markets the Polaroid camera.
68. 1954
69. Eastman Kodak introduces high speed Tri-X film.
70. 1960
71. EG&G develops extreme depth underwater camera for U.S.
Navy.
72. 1963
73. Polaroid introduces instant color film.
74. 1968
75. Photograph of the Earth from the moon.
76. 1973
77. Polaroid introduces one-step instant photography with the
SX-70 camera.
78. History of Photography Pinhole Cameras to The Colour
photograph
"Photography" is derived from the Greek words photos ("light")
and graphein ("to draw") The word was first used by the scientist
Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839. It is a method of recording images
by the action of light, or related radiation, on a sensitive
material.
Pinhole Camera
Alhazen (Ibn Al-Haytham), a great authority on optics in the
Middle Ages who lived around 1000AD, invented the first pinhole
camera, (also called the Camera Obscura} and was able to explain
why the images were upside down. The first casual reference to the
optic laws that made pinhole cameras possible, was observed and
noted by Aristotle around 330 BC, who questioned why the sun could
make a circular image when it shined through a square hole.
The First Photograph
On a summer day in 1827, Joseph Nicephore Niepce made the first
photographic image with a camera obscura. Prior to Niepce people
just used the camera obscura for viewing or drawing purposes not
for making photographs. Joseph Nicephore Niepce's heliographs or
sun prints as they were called were the prototype for the modern
photograph, by letting light draw the picture.
79. Niepce placed an engraving onto a metal plate coated in
bitumen, and then exposed it to light. The shadowy areas of the
engraving blocked light, but the whiter areas permitted light to
react with the chemicals on the plate. When Niepce placed the metal
plate in a solvent, gradually an image, until then invisible,
appeared. However, Niepce's photograph required eight hours of
light exposure to create and after appearing would soon fade
away.
80. History of Photography Pinhole Cameras to The Colour
photograph
Louis Daguerre
81. Fellow Frenchman, Louis Daguerre was also experimenting to
find a way to capture an image, but it would take him another dozen
years before Daguerre was able to reduce exposure time to less than
30 minutes and keep the image from disappearing afterwards.
The Birth of Modern Photography
Louis Daguerre was the inventor of the first practical process
of photography. In 1829, he formed a partnership with Joseph
Nicephore Niepce to improve the process Niepce had developed.
82. In 1839 after several years of experimentation and Niepce's
death, Daguerre developed a more convenient and effective method of
photography, naming it after himself - the daguerreotype.
83. Daguerre's process 'fixed' the images onto a sheet of
silver-plated copper. He polished the silver and coated it in
iodine, creating a surface that was sensitive to light. Then, he
put the plate in a camera and exposed it for a few minutes. After
the image was painted by light, Daguerre bathed the plate in a
solution of silver chloride. This process created a lasting image,
one that would not change if exposed to light.
84. In 1839, Daguerre and Niepce's son sold the rights for the
daguerreotype to the French government and published a booklet
describing the process. The daguerreotype gained popularity
quickly; by 1850, there were over seventy daguerreotype studios in
New York City alone.
85. History of Photography Pinhole Cameras to The Colour
photograph
Negative to Postive Process
The inventor of the first negative from which multiple postive
prints were made was Henry Fox Talbot, an English botanist and
mathematician and a contemporary of Daguerre.
86. Talbot sensitized paper to light with a silver salt
solution. He then exposed the paper to light. The background became
black, and the subject was rendered in gradations of grey. This was
a negative image, and from the paper negative, Talbot made contact
prints, reversing the light and shadows to create a detailed
picture. In 1841, he perfected this paper-negative process and
called it a calotype, Greek for beautiful picture
Tintypes
Tintypes, patented in 1856 by Hamilton Smith, were another
medium that heralded the birth of photography. A thin sheet of iron
was used to provide a base for light-sensitive material, yielding a
positive image.
Wet Plate Negatives
In 1851, Frederick Scoff Archer, an English sculptor, invented
the wet plate negative. Using a viscous solution of collodion, he
coated glass with light-sensitive silver salts. Because it was
glass and not paper, this wet plate created a more stable and
detailed negative.
87. Photography advanced considerably when sensitized materials
could be coated on plate glass. However, wet plates had to be
developed quickly before the emulsion dried. In the field this
meant carrying along a portable darkroom.
88. History of Photography Pinhole Cameras to The Colour
Photograph
Dry Plate Negatives & Hand-held Cameras
In 1879, the dry plate was invented, a glass negative plate
with a dried gelatin emulsion. Dry plates could be stored for a
period of time. Photographers no longer needed portable darkrooms
and could now hire technicians to develop their photographs. Dry
processes absorbed light quickly so rapidly that the hand-held
camera was now possible.
Flexible Roll Film
In 1889, George Eastman invented film with a base that was
flexible, unbreakable, and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a
cellulose nitrate film base, such as Eastman's, made the
mass-produced box camera a reality.
Colour Photographs
In the early 1940s, commercially viable colour films (except
Kodachrome, introduced in 1935) were brought to the market. These
films used the modern technology of dye-coupled colours in which a
chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create
an apparent color image..
89. History of Photography Advancements in Photographic Films
& Photographic Prints
Photographic Films
90. The first flexible roll films, dating to 1889, were made of
cellulose nitrate, which is chemically similar to guncotton. A
nitrate-based film will deteriorate over time, releasing oxidants
and acidic gasses. It is also highly flammable. Special storage for
this film is required.
91. Nitrate film is historically important because it allowed
for the development of roll films. The first flexible movie films
measured 35-mm wide and came in long rolls on a spool. In the
mid-1920s, using this technology, 35-mm roll film was developed for
the camera. By the late 1920s, medium-format roll film was created.
It measured six centimeters wide and had a paper backing making it
easy to handle in daylight. This led to the development of the
twin-lens-reflex camera in 1929. Nitrate film was produced in
sheets (4 x 5-inches) ending the need for fragile glass plates
92. Triacetate film came later and was more stable, flexible,
and fireproof. Most films produced up to the 1970s were based on
this technology. Since the 1960s, polyester polymers have been used
for gelatin base films. The plastic film base is far more stable
than cellulose and is not a fire hazard.
93. Today, technology has produced film with T-grain emulsions.
These films use light-sensitive silver halides (grains) that are
T-shaped, thus rendering a much finer grain pattern. Films like
this offer greater detail and higher resolution, meaning sharper
images.
94. Film Speed (ISO) An arbitrary number placed on film that
tells how much light is needed to expose the film to the correct
density. Generally, the lower the ISO number, the finer grained and
slower a film. ISO means International Standards Organization. This
term replaces the old ASA speed indicator. The slower the film, the
more light is needed to expose it..
95. History of Photography Advancements in Photographic Films
& Photographic Prints
Photographic Prints
96. Traditionally, linen rag papers were used as the base for
making photographic prints. Prints on this fiber-base paper coated
with a gelatin emulsion are quite stable when properly processed.
Their stability is enhanced if the print is toned with either sepia
(brown tone) or selenium (light, silvery tone).
97. Paper will dry out and crack under poor archival
conditions. Loss of the image can also be due to high humidity, but
the real enemy of paper is chemical residue left by photographic
fixer. In addition, contaminants in the water used for processing
and washing can cause damage. If a print is not fully washed to
remove all traces of fixer, the result will be discoloration and
image loss.
98. Fixer (Hypo)A chemical, sodium thiosulfate, used to remove
residual silver halides (grain) from films and prints when
processing them. Fixer "fixes" the remaining silver halides in
place on either film or prints. Fixer is also called hypo.
99. The next innovation in photographic papers was
resin-coating, or water-resistant paper. The idea is to use normal
linen fiber-base paper and coat it with a plastic (polyethylene)
material, making the paper water-resistant. The emulsion is placed
on a plastic covered base paper. The problem with resin-coated
papers is that the image rides on the plastic coating, and is
susceptible to fading.
100. At first colour prints were not stable because organic
dyes were used to make the colour image. The image would literally
disappear from the film or paper base as the dyes deteriorate.
Kodachrome, dating to the first third of the 20th century, was the
first colour film to produce prints that could last half a century.
Now, new techniques are creating permanent colour prints lasting
200 years or more. New printing methods using computer-generated
digital images and highly stable pigments, offer permanency for
colour photographs.
101. History of Photography Advancement of the Camera
By definition a camera is a lightproof object, with a lens,
that captures incoming light and directs the light and resulting
image towards film (optical camera) or the imaging device (digital
camera).
102. All camera technology is based on the law of optics first
discovered by Aristotle. By the mid-1500s a sketching device for
artists, the camera obscura (dark chamber) was common. The camera
obscura was a lightproof box with a pinhole (later lens were used)
on one side and a translucent screen on the other. This screen was
used for tracing by the artists of the inverted image transmitted
through the pinhole.
103. Around 1600, Della Porta reinvented the pinhole camera.
Apparently he was the first European to publish any information on
the pinhole camera and is sometimes incorrectly credited with its
invention.
104. Johannes Kepler was the first person to coin the phrase
Camera Obscura in 1604, and in 1609, Kepler further suggested the
use of a lens to improve the image projected by a Camera
Obscura.
105. Daguerreotype Cameras
106. The earliest cameras used in the daguerreotype process
were made by opticians and instrument makers, or sometimes even by
the photographers themselves. The most popular cameras utilized a
sliding-box design. The lens was placed in the front box. A second,
slightly smaller box, slid into the back of the larger box. The
focus was controlled by sliding the rear box forward or backwards.
A laterally reversed image would be obtained unless the camera was
fitted with a mirror or prism to correct this effect. When the
sensitized plate was placed in the camera, the lens cap would be
removed to start the exposure.
107. History of Photography Advancement of the Camera
Box Camera
George Eastman. a dry plate manufacturer from Rochester, New
York, invented the Kodak camera. For $22.00, an amateur could
purchase a camera with enough film for 100 shots. After use, it was
sent back to the company, which then processed the film. The ad
slogan read, "You press the button, we do the rest." A year later,
the delicate paper film was changed to a plastic base, so that
photographers could do their own processing.
108. Eastman's first simple camera in 1888 was a wooden,
light-tight box with a simple lens and shutter that was
factory-filled with film. The photographer pushed a button to
produce a negative. Once the film was used up, the photographer
mailed the camera with the film still in it to the Kodak factory
where the film was removed from the camera, processed, and printed.
The camera was then reloaded with film and returned.
Flashlight Powder
Blitzlichtpulver or flashlight powder was invented in Germany
in 1887 by Adolf Miethe and Johannes Gaedicke. Lycopodium powder
(the waxy spores from club moss) was used in early flash
powder.
Flashbulbs
The first modern photoflash bulb or flashbulb was invented by
Austrian, Paul Vierkotter. Vierkotter used magnesium-coated wire in
an evacuated glass globe. Magnesium-coated wire was soon replaced
by aluminum foil in oxygen. On September 23, 1930, the first
commercially available photoflash bulb was patented by German,
Johannes Ostermeier. These flashbulbs were named the Vacublitz.
General Electric made a flashbulb called the Sashalite .
109. History of Photography Advancement of the Camera
Filters - Frederick Charles Luther Wratten (1840-1926)
English inventor and manufacturer, Frederick Wratten founded
one of the first photographic supply businesses, Wratten and
Wainwright in 1878. Wratten and Wainwright manufactured and sold
collodion glass plates and gelatin dry plates.
110. In 1878, Wratten invented the "noodling process" of
silver-bromide gelatin emulsions before washing. In 1906, Wratten
with the assistance of Dr. C.E. Kenneth Mees (E.C.K Mees) invented
and produced the first panchromatic plates in England. Wratten is
best known for the photographic filters that he invented and are
still named after him - Wratten Filters. Eastman Kodak purchased
his company in 1912.
35mm Cameras
As early as 1905, Oskar Barnack had the idea of reducing the
format of film negatives and then enlarging the photographs after
they had been exposed. As development manager at Leica, he was able
to put his theory into practice. He took an instrument for taking
exposure samples for cinema film and turned it into the world's
first 35 mm camera: the 'Ur-Leica'.
Polaroid or Instant Photos
Polaroid photography was invented by Edwin Herbert Land. Land
was the American inventor and physicist whose one-step process for
developing and printing photos created instant photography. The
first Polaroid camera was sold to the public in November,
1948.
Disposable Camera
Fuji introduced the disposable camera in 1986. We call them
disposables but the people who make these cameras want you to know
that they're committed to recycling the parts, a message they've
attempted to convey by calling their products "single-use
cameras."
Digital Camera
In 1984, Canon demonstrated first digital electronic still
camera.
111. EXEMPLAR PICTURES
112. EXEMPLAR PICTURES
113. History of Photography the impact of photography
Photographs were used as visual documents of personal and
public history. It changed peoples perceptions of history, time and
themselves.
114. It also changed what was considered private as photographs
were used to record most aspects of life.
115. Photography changed what was seen as suitable to veiw and
was deemed as proof of events, experience or state of mind.
116. Photographers spread out over the world and recorded all
natural and manufactured events they could.
117. This enabled households to have their own collections:
photo albums, scrapbooks and stereoscope cards
118. They were used to document travels by various artist and
this showed people things they hadn't seen before
119. Photographs were used to political and economical
advantages and they document major historical events.
120. History of Photography impact of the development of new
technology on photography
New technology developed the quality of photography, the
versatility and ease of use, the different things that
photographers were able to do and the efficiency and affordability
of cameras.
121. The development of the 35-mm or candid camera made
documentarians infinitely more mobile and less conspicuous
122. the manufacture of faster black-and-white film enabled
people to work without a flash in situations with a minimum amount
of light.
123. Colour film for transparencies (slides) was introduced in
1935 and colour negative film in 1942.
124. Portable lighting equipment was perfected, and in
1947
125. Polaroid Land cameras, were developed which could produce
a positive print in seconds.
126. Large-circulation picture magazines developed, creating an
outlet and a vast outlet for documentary work
127. Photography was used to document historical conflicts and
were used in archives, new technology made it easier
128. History of Photography modern photography
Photography has been extremely influential in the visual
arts
129. Photographers began to break free of the oppressive
strictures of the straight aesthetic and documentary modes of
expression after museums and art schools embraced photography as an
art form
130. Documentarians started probing into the social
landscape,mirroring in their images the anxiety and alienation of
urban life
131. The usage and types of personal forms of documantary
photography increased
132. Photography has been merged with other forms of
expression
133. More traditional forms of photography have been used to
photograph non- traditional subjects.
134. In the 1990s the first fully integrated photographic
system was developed, aimed at the amateur photographer, the
Advanced Photo System (APS). The new system had a magnetic coating
that enabled the camera, film, and photofinishing equipment to
communicate. The were self-loading, could be switched among three
different formats (classic, or 4 by 6 in.; hi vision, or 4 by 7
in.; and panoramic, or 4 by 11.5 in.), and are fully automatic
(auto-focus, auto-exposurepoint-and-shoot). The film had a smaller
size (24 mm) and had an improved polyester plastic base,two
magnetic strips that record the exposure and framing parameters for
each picture and allow the user to add a brief notation to each
frame. The photofinishing equipment could read the magnetic data on
the film and adjust the developing of each negative to compensate
for the conditions. After being processed, the negatives are
returned along with the photographs and an index sheet of
thumbnail-size contact prints from which reprints and enlargements
can be selected
135. History of Photography how photography has been used over
time and what for
Traditionally photographs were not used to show emotion but
merely as a means of recording likeness or events formally
136. Between 1850 and 1930 people used them to record events
such as family occasions, historical events and points of interest
for publications
137. Between 1940 and 1950 they began to be used for
advertisement and propaganda due to world war two and it was used
to make people join
138. 1960- photography became linked with the modelling
industry
139. Photography is now used more widely and for various
different reasons
140. History of Photography how photography has been used over
time in art and documentary
The fight to certify photography as a fine art has been among
the medium's dominant philosophical preoccupations since its
inception. Photography's legitimacy as an art form was challenged
by artists and critics, who seized upon the mechanical and chemical
aspects of the photographic process as proof that photography was,
at best, a craft. Perhaps because so many painters came to rely so
heavily on the photograph as a source of imagery, they insisted
that photography could only be a handmaiden to the arts.
141. To prove that photography was indeed an art, photographers
at first imitated the painting of the time. Enormous popularity was
achieved by such photographers as O. J. Rejlander and Henry Peach
Robinson, who created sentimental genre scenes by printing from
multiple negatives. Julia Margaret Cameron blurred her images to
achieve a painterly softness of line, creating a series of
remarkably powerful soft-focus portraits of her celebrated
friends.
142. In opposition to the painterly aesthetic in photography
was P. H. Emerson and other early advocates of what has since
become known as straight photography. According to this approach
the photographic image should not be tampered with or subjected to
handwork or other affectations lest it lose its integrity. Emerson
proposed this philosophy in his controversial and influential book,
Naturalistic Photography (1889). Appropriately, Emerson was the
first to recognize the importance of the work of Alfred Stieglitz,
who battled for photography's place among the arts during the first
part of the 20th cent.
143. in revolt against the entrenched imitation of genre
painting known as salon photography, Stieglitz founded a movement
which he called the Photo-Secession, related to the radical
secession movements in painting. He initiated publication of a
magazine, Camera Work (190317), which was a forum for the
Photo-Secession and for enlightened opinion and critical thought in
all the arts. It remains the most sumptuously and meticulously
produced photographic quarterly in the history of the medium. In
New York City, Stieglitz opened three galleries, the first (190817)
called 291 (from its address at 291 Fifth Ave.), then the Intimate
Gallery (192530), and An American Place (193046), where
photographic work was hung beside contemporary, often
controversial, work in other media.
144. History of Photography how photography has been used over
time in art and documentary
.
Stieglitz's own photographs and those of several other
Photo-SecessionistsEdward Steichen, one of his early protgs;
Frederick Evans, the British architectural photographer; and the
portraitist Alvin L. Coburnadhered with relative strictness to a
straight aesthetic. The quality of their works, despite a pervasive
self-consciousness, was consistently of the highest craftsmanship.
Stieglitz's overriding concern with the concept art for art's sake
kept him, and the audience he built for the medium, from an
appreciation of an equally important branch of photography: the
documentary.
145. The power of the photograph as record was demonstrated in
the 19th cent., as when William H. Jackson's photographs of the
Yellowstone area persuaded the U.S. Congress to set that territory
aside as a national park. In the early 20th cent. photographers and
journalists were beginning to use the medium to inform the public
on crucial issues in order to generate social change.
146. Taking as their precedents the work of such men as Jackson
and reporter Jacob Riis (whose photographs of New York City slums
resulted in much-needed legislation), documentarians like Lewis
Hine and James Van DerZee began to build a photographic tradition
whose central concerns had little to do with the concept of art.
The photojournalist sought to build, strengthen, or change public
opinion by means of novel, often shocking images. The finished form
of the documentary image was the inexpensive multiple, the magazine
or newspaper reproduction. For a time the two traditions, art
photography and documentary photography, appeared to be merged
within the work of one man, Paul Strand. Strand's works combined a
documentary concern with a lean, modernist vision related to the
avant-garde art of Europe.
147. History of Photography other aspects of photography
photography is an important tool in education, medicine,
commerce, criminology, and the military.
148. It has scientific applications which include aerial
mapping and surveying, geology, reconnaissance, meteorology,
archaeology, and anthropology.
149. New techniques such as holography,continue to expand the
medium's technological and creative horizons.
150. In astronomy the charge coupled device (CCD) can detect
and register even a single photon of light.
151. History of Photographydigital technology
The end of the 20 thcentury brought about digital imaging and
processing and computer-based techniques which made it possible to
manipulate images in many ways
152. this created revolutionary changes in photography.
153. Digital technology allowed for a fundamental change in the
nature of photographic technique.
154. Instead of light passing through a lens and striking
emulsion on film, digital photography uses sensors and color
filters. In one technique three filters are arranged in a mosaic
pattern on top of the photosensitive layer. Each filter allows only
one color (red, green, or blue) to pass through to the pixel
beneath it. In the other technique, three separate photosensitive
layers are embedded in silicon. Since silicon absorbs different
colors at different depths, each layer allows a different color to
pass through. When stacked together, a full color pixel results. In
both techniques the photosensitive material converts images into a
series of numbers that are then translated back into tonal values
and printed. Using computers, various numbers can easily be
changed, thus altering colors, rearranging pictorial elements, or
combining photographs with other kinds of images.
155. Some digital cameras record directly onto computer disks
or into a computer, where the images can be manipulated at
will
156. History of Photography photograms
A photogram is a photographic image that is taken without the
use of a camera. It works by you placing objects directly onto the
surface of photo-sensitive material such as photographic paper,
then exposing it to light, this results in a negative shadow image
that has a varied ton which depends on the transparency of the
objects you use. The areas of the paper that are expose to no light
remain white, those that are exposed black and grey through
transparent or semi-transparent objects.
157. Artistic cameraless photography, as the technique
producing photograms is usually known, is perhaps most prominently
associated with Man Ray and his exploration of what he called
rayographs. His style included capitalizing on the stark and
unexpected effects of negative imaging, unusual juxtapositions of
identifiable objects (such as spoons and pearl necklaces), varying
the exposure time given to different objects within a single image,
and moving objects as they were exposed.
.
158. History of Photography photograms
Timeline history of photogram's (continued)
1802- The camera lens less process was used in the earliest
days of photography. Thomas Wedgewood ans Sir Humphrey Davy of
England made silhouettes of objects placed over sensitized surfaces
and exposed to light
159. 1842- The cyanotype process was discovered in 1842.
160. 1843- Botanist Anna Atkins made use of cyanotype
photogram's to document her scientific research. Was the first
illustrated book. Anna Atkins Photogram's can be used in numerous
ways on many different surfaces
161. 1894- photogram's used in magazines
162. 1899- report on William FOX Talbot called him ' the father
of photography'
163. 1921- Man Ray claims he invented the photogram after he
emigrated from New York to Paris. In actual fact it existed from
before but he justifiably developed it in the artistic sense.
164. 1922- Tristan Tzar called the photogram 'la photography a
levers', reverses photography as itrecords the reverse side of the
subject onto the photographic paper,