Hindi Verbs
Verb list
A to advance
- age barhna
to answer
- jawab dena
to arrive - ana, pahunchana
to attack - hamla karna
to attempt
- koshish karna
B to bathe - nahana
to be - hona
to bear - sahna
to beat - marna
to beg - mangna
to behave
- bartav karna
to believe
- vishwas karna
to be sleepy
- nind ana
to be tired
- thakna
to bind - bandhna
to bite - katna
to break - torna
to breakfast
- nasta karna
to bring - lana
to bring - palna
up
to burn - jalna, jalana
to burst - phutana
to bury - dafnana
C to call - bulana
to care - parwah karna
to cast - dhalna
to catch - pakarna
to change
- badalna
to clean - saf karna
to climb - charhna
to comb - kanghi karna
to come - ana
to converse
- bat karna
to cook - pakana
to copy - nakal karna
to cover - dhakna
to creep - rengna
to cry - chillana, rona
to cruch - kuchalna
to cut - katna
D to depart
- juda hona, alag hona, jana
to decend
- utarna
to dig - khodna
to die - marna
to dine - khana khana
to do - karna
to dream
- sapna dekhna
to drink - pina
to dry - sukhna, sukhana
to dye - rangna
E to eat - khana
to excuse
- maf karna
to expect
- asha karna
to explain
- samjhana
to express
- vichar prakat karna
F to fall - girna
to fear - darna
to fight - larna
to fill - bharna
to fly (in air) - urna
to fly (run away)
- bhag jana
to forget - bhulna
to forgive - maf karna
G to get - pana
to get up
- uthana
to give - dena
to go - jana
H to have
- hona, rakhna
to hate
- nafarat karna
to hear
- sunna
to help
- sahayata dena, madad dena
to hide
- chhipana
I to improve
- thik karna
to irrigate
- pani dena
to irritate
- chirhana, naraz karna
J to jump
- kudna
to join - jorna
to judge
- vichar karna
K to keep
- rakhna
to kick - thokar marna
to kill - marna
to kiss - chumna, chumma lena
to know
- janna
L to laugh - hansna
to lead - karne dena
to learn - sikhna
to let - makan kiraye dena
to lie (on bed) - letna
to lie (speak) - jhuth bolna
to lift - uthana
to like - chahna
to live (reside) - rahna
to live (not to die)
- jina
to look - dekhna
to lose - khona
to love - pyar karna
M
to make - banana
to measure
- napna
to mould - dhalna
to move - sarkana
N to nibble
- kutarna
O to open
- kholna
to order
- hukum dena
P
to pat - thapthapana
to pay - dena
to play - khelna
to play (music)
- baja bajana
to pour - dalna
to promise - vada karna
to pronounce
- bolna
to pull - khinchna
to push - dhakka dena
to put - rakhna
Q to quarral
- jhagra karna
R to read - parhna
to receive - pana
to recollect - yad karna
to recommend
- sifarish karna
to reject - napasnd karna
to reply - jawab dena
to ride - charhna
to rise - uthana
S to say - kahna
to scold
- dantna
to see - dekhna, talash karna
to seek
- dhundhana
to sell - bechna
to send
- bhejna
to sew - sina
to shake
- hilna
to shout
- chillana
to show
- dikhana
to shut
- band karna
to sing - gana
to sit - baithna
to sleep
- sona
to smell
- sunghana
to solve
- hal karna
to sow - bona
to speak
- bolna
to spin - katna
to spit - thukna
to - thaharna
stay
to steal
- churana
to stop
- thaharna, tharana
to swim
- tairna
T to take
- lena
to talk - batchit karna
to taste
- chakhna
to tear
- pharna
to tease
- tang karna
to tell - kahna, batana
to think
- sochna
U to understand
- samajhna
V to vomit
- ulti karna
W
to walk - chalna, ghumna
to wander
- idhar-udhar phirna
to wash - dhona
to waste
- barbad karna
to weep - rona
to weave
- bunna
Hindi verbs are inflected with respect to
• gender of the subject (masculine, feminine)
• number of the subject (singular, plural)
• tense (present, past, future)
• action (perfect, imperfect, continuous)
• degree of respect (intimate, familiar, respect)
Verbs are referred to in their infinitive noun form which ends in na.
Examples:
bolna
to speak
likhna
to write
lena to take
ana to come
The stem of a verb is the infinitive form minus the na ending.
Examples:
bol
likh
le
a
Present TensePresent tense of hona (to be):
main hun
I am
tu hai you are (intimate)
yah hai this, he, she, it is
vah hai that, he, she, it is
ham hain
we are
tum ho you are (familiar)
ap hain you are (respect)
ye hain these, they are
ve hain those, they are
Present Imperfect
The present imperfect is used for habitual actions. It is formed by adding ta, te, or ti to the stem of the verb followed by the present tense of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti.
main bolta hun
I speak
tu bolta hai you speak (intimate)
yah bolta hai
this, he, it speaks
vah bolta hai
that, he, it speaks
ham bolte hain
we speak
tum bolte ho
you speak (familiar)
ap bolte hain
you speak (respect)
ye bolte these, they
hain speak
ve bolte hain
those, they speak
Present Continuous
The present continuous is used for ongoing actions -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is formed like this: stem + raha/rahe/rahi + present tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing raha and rahe with rahi.
main bol raha hun
I am speaking
tu bol raha hai you are speaking (intimate)
yah bol raha hai
this, he, it is speaking
vah bol raha hai
that, he, it is speaking
ham bol rahe hain
we are speaking
tum bol rahe ho
you are speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe hain
you are speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe hain
these, they are speaking
ve bol rahe hain
those, they are speaking
Past TensePast tense of hona (to be):
main tha / thi
I was
tu tha / thi you were (intimate)
yah tha / thi
this, he, she, it was
vah tha / thi
that, he, she, it was
ham the / thin
we were
tum the / thin
you were (familiar)
ap the / thin
you were (respect)
ye the / thin
these, they were
ve the / thin
those, they were
(The slash seperates masculine and feminine forms)
Past Imperfect
The past imprefect is used for habitual actions in the past. It is formed like the present imperfect but with the past tense of hona instead of the present tense.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing bolta and bolte with bolti, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bolta tha
I used to speak
tu bolta tha you used to speak (intimate)
yah bolta tha
this, he, it used to speak
vah bolta tha
that, he, it used to speak
ham bolte the
we used to speak
tum bolte the
you used to speak (familiar)
ap bolte the
you used to speak (respect)
ye bolte the
these, they used to speak
ve bolte the
those, they used to speak
Past Continuous
The past continuous is used for ongoing actions in the past -- like the "-ing" form in English. It is formed like this: stem + raha/rahe/rahi + past tense of hona
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing raha and rahe with rahi, replacing tha with thi, and the with thin.
main bol raha tha
I was speaking
tu bol raha tha
you were speaking (intimate)
yah bol raha tha
this, he, it was speaking
vah bol raha tha
that, he, it was speaking
ham bol rahe the
we were speaking
tum bol rahe the
you were speaking (familiar)
ap bol rahe the
you were speaking (respect)
ye bol rahe the
these, they were speaking
ve bol rahe the
those, they were speaking
Future Tense
Future Imperfect
The future imprefect is used to refer to the future as well as to make assumptions about the presents (just like in English). It is formed by adding unga/i, ega/i, enge/i, or oge/i to the stem.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing the ending a or e with i.
main bolunga
I will speak
tu bolega you will speak (intimate)
yah bolega this, he, it will speak
vah bolega that, he, it will speak
ham bolenge
we will speak
tum bologe
you will speak (familiar)
ap bolenge
you will speak (respect)
ye bolenge
these, they will speak
ve bolenge
those, they will speak
Future Continuous
The future continuous is used to refer to ongoing actions in the future. It is formed as the present imperfect but with the future of raha instead of hona.
Below are shown the forms in the masculine. The feminine forms can be constructed by replacing the ending a or e with i in both verbs.
main bolta rahunga
I will be speaking
tu bolta rahega you will be speaking (intimate)
yah bolta rahega
this, he, it will be speaking
vah bolta rahega
that, he, it will be speaking
ham bolte rahenge
we will be speaking
tum bolte rahoge
you will be speaking (familiar)
ap bolte rahenge
you will be speaking (respect)
ye bolte these, they will be
rahenge speaking
ve bolte rahenge
those, they will be speaking
ImperativeThere are three different imperatives in Hindi: tu, tum, and ap imperative. The tu imperative is the stem itself The tum imperative is the stem + o The ap imperative is the stem + ie or iye
Examples:
pani la bring water (intimate)
pani lao
bring water (familiar)
pani laie
bring water (respect)
The imperatives are made negative by adding mat, na, or nahin. Use mat with the tu imperative. Use mat or na with the tum imperative. Use na or nahin with the ap imperative.
Examples:
vahan mat ja don't go there (intimate)
vahan na jao don't go there (familiar)
vahan nahin jaie
don't go there (respect)
To HaveThere is no Hindi verb for "to have". Possession is expressed in other ways.
Movable Objects
Possession of movable objects is expressed using ke pas after the (English) subject.
Examples:
Ram ke pas gari hai
Ram has a car ("near Ram a car it is")
`mera pas kitab hai
I have a book ("near me a book it is")
Immovable Objects
Possession of immovable objects and of relatives is expressed using the possessive particles ka, ki, ke.
Examples:
uska makan hai he has a house ("of him a house it is")
Ram ke do bete hain
Ram has two sons ("of Ram two sons there are")
Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...
about (place) - as-pasabout (pertaining to) - bare menabove - uparacross - usparafter - bad menagain - phiragain & again - bar-baragainst (opposite) - khilafagainst (touching) - bhira karalas - afsosaloof - duralmost - karib-karibalso - ohialthough - halankialtogether - ekdamalways - hameshaamong - unke bich menand - auraround - asas if - manoas far as - jahantakas soon as - jyonhiat - tarafbackward - pichhebackwards & forwards - age-pichhe
because - kyonkibecause (him) - vajah se (uski)before - pahlebehind - pichhebelow - nichebeneath - nichebetween - bich menbeyond - us par
bravo - shabashbut - lekinby - secertainly - zarurcertainly not - hargiz nahindown - nichedownward - niche ki tarafduring - us bich menearly - jaldieither - ya toenough - kafiespecially - khas kareven - bhieven then - tab toever - hameshaevery moment - hardamfar - durfor - (uske) liyefor ever - hamesha ke liyeforward - agefrom - segenerally - am taur pargradually - dhire-dhirehence (place) - yahan sehence (time) - ab sehere - yahanhere and there - yahan vahanhither - yahanhow - kaisehow much - kitnaif - agarif not - agar nahin toif possible - ho sake toif so - agar aisa hai toimmediate - zaruri, turamt andarin - andarin brief - thore menindeed - vastav menin front of - samneinparticular - khas taur sein general - am taur sein short - thore meninside - andarjust now - abhi-abhilate - der selittle by little - thora-thora karkenear - pasnever - kabhi nahinneither - na vahno - nahinnor - na vahnot - nahin
nothing - kuchh nahinnot yet - abhi tak naninnow - abnow or never - abhi ya phir kabhi nahinof - kaof course - albattaoff - duroft / often - aksaron - uparonce - ek baronly - kewalor - yaout - baharout and out - bilkulover (higher) - uparover (finished) - khatamperhaps - shayadplease - krpayaquite - bilkulquietly - chupchapreally - sachmuchscarcely - mushkil seseldom - kabhi-kabhisince (time) - tab sesince (conditional) - chunkiso - isliyasome - kuchhsomehow - jyon tyon karkeso much - itnaso and so - falanaso late - itni der seso soon - itni jaldisoon - jaldistill - phir bhisorry - afsossuddenly - achanaksurely - zarurthat (conjunction) - kithan - sethen - to, tabthere - vahantherefore - isliyethither - yahan sethough - yadyapithrough - us mensethrice - tin barthus - aisetill - tab taktoday - ajtogether - ek sathtomorrow - kaltonight - rat ko
towards - taraftruly - sach taur partruly - sahitwice - do barunder - nicheuntil - tab takup - uparunless - jab takvery - bahutwell - achchhawhen - kabwhenever - jab kabhiwhenever it de - jab kabhi ho sakewhere - cahanwherever - kahin bhiwhereas - chunkiwhile - jab takwhy - kyonyes - hanyesterday - kal
Syntax
Hindi uses a different word order than English. The main differences are that verbs are placed at the end of the sentence (like in German) and that Hindi (like other Indian languages) uses postpositions instead of prepositions. Postpositions are like prepositions except that they are written after the noun.
Normal sentences
English: Subject Verb Object => I learn HindiHindi: Subject Object Verb => I Hindi learn
English: Subject Verb Preposition Object => I go to the shopHindi: Subject Object Postposition Verb => I shop to go
Imperative sentences
English: Verb Place Adverb => Come here nowHindi: Place Adverb Verb => Here now come
English: Verb Negative Verb Adverb => Do not eat quicklyHindi: Adverb Negative Verb => Quickly not eat
Interrogate sentences
English: Adverb Aux.Verb Subject Verb => What are you drawing?Hindi: Subject Adverb Verb => You what draw?
Pronouns
First PersonI - main
To me
- mujhko
My - mera (m) , meri (f) , mere (pl)
We - ham
To us
- hamko
Our - hamara (m) , hamari (f) , hamare (pl)
Second PersonYou - tum , ap (r)
To you
- tumko , apko (r)
Your - tumhara (m) , tumhari (f) , tumhare (pl)
Your (r)
- apka (m) , apki (f) , apke (pl)
Third PersonHe, she, it (there)
- vah , ve (r)
He, she, it (here) - yah, ye (r)
To him, her, it (there)
- usko, unko (r)
To him, her, it (here)
- isko, inko (r)
His, her, its - uska (m) , uski (f) , uske (pl)
They - ve
To them - unko
Their - unka (m) , unki (f) , unke (pl)
Demonstrative & relativeThis - yah
This very, this same
- yahin
That - vah
That very, that same
- vahin
These - ye
Those - ve
Who - kaun
Whom (s) - kis ko
Whom (pl or r) - kin ko
Whose - kis ka (m) , kis ki (f)
Which (s) - kaun si
Which (pl) - kis ko
Of which (s) - kis ki
Of which (pl) - kin ki
Pronouns in the direct and indirect casesSingular
Plural
Direct
- Indirect
| Direct - Indirect
yah - is | ye - in
yahin - isin | ye hin - inhin
vah - us | ve - un
vahin - usin | ve hin - unhin
kaun - kis | kaun - kin
koin - kisin | koin-koin
- kinhin
jo - jis | jo - jin
Postpositions
Postpositions in Hindi are like prepositions in English but they are placed after the noun.
The noun in front of the postposition is always in the indirect case.
The use of postpositions makes it possible to express the "missing" cases in Hindi.
nominative
larki the girl(direct case)
genitive
s, mlarki ka kam
the work of the girl
s, f larki ki bat the word of the girl
pl, mlarki ke kam
the works of the girl
pl, flarki ki baten
the words of the girl
dative larki ko to the girl
accusative
larki a girl(direct case)
larki ko the girl
vocative larki girl!(direct case)
ablative larki se from / with / of the girl
agentive larki ne the girl
locative
larki men in the girl
larki par on / upon / after the girl
larki takas far as / as long as / up to the girl
Adjectives
An adjective ending with -a changes form according to the gender and number of the noun it qualifies.
chota = small
Singular
Masculine Feminine
chota kamra
choti narangi
chota ghar
choti mez
Plural
Masculine Feminine
chote kamre
choti narangiyan
chote ghar
choti mezen
Other adjectives do not change form.
saf = clean
Masculine
Feminine
Singular
saf kamra
saf mez
Plural saf kamre
saf mezen
The comparative and superlative forms are made by adding the words usase (or se) and sabse in front of the positive form.
Positive sundar
Comparative
usase sundar / se sundar
Superlative
sabse sundar
When an adjective is repeated twice it emphasises different kinds of the noun or the intensity or selectivity.
Adjective list
easy - asan
difficult - mushkil
sweet - mitha
bitte - karwa
sour - khatta
good - achchha
bad - kharab
blunt - bhaunta
sharp - paina
dark - light
open - khula
closed - band
full - bhara
empty - khali
tired - thaka
fresh - taza
stale - basi
fat - mota
lean - dubla
dirty - ganda
clean - saf
thick - mota
thin - patla
true - sachcha
false - jhutha
distant - dur
near - pas
hot - garam
cold - thanda
honest - imandar
dishonest - beiman
hollow - pola
solid - thos
liquid - taral
glad - khusk
sad - ranjida
wealthy - maldar
rich - dhani
poor - garib
healthy - tandurust
sick - bimar
long - lamba
short - chhota
new - naya
old - purana
young - jawan
old - buddha
light (color)
- halka
dark (color)
- gahra
light - halka
heavy - bhari
polite - namra
rude - badtamiz
mannerless
- badtamiz
narrow - sankra, tang
wide - chaura
broad - chaura
active - phurtila
lazy - sust
smart - hoshiyar
dull - mattha, manda
angry - naraz
kind - meharban
pleased - khush
displeased - naraz
proud - ghamandi
humble - namra
cheap - sasta
dear - mahnga
dry - sukha
wet - gila
clever - hoshiyar
stupid - bewakuf
deep - gahra
shallow - uthla
urban - shahri
rural - dehati
brave - vir
coward - kayar
handsome - sundar
pretty - sundar
beautiful - sundar
ugly - kurup
raw - kachcha
cooked - paka
smelling good
- khushbudar
smelling bad
- badbudar
noisy - shorgul ka
quiet - shant
all - sab
little - kuchh
interesting - dilchaspa
dull - ubane wala
durable - mazbut
not durable
- kamzor
strong - takatwar
weak - kamzor
elder - (usase) bara
younger - (usase) chhota
big - bara
small - chhota
high (person)
- bare
low (person)
- chhote
high (things)
- uncha
low (things)
- nicha
some - thora
much - zyada
few - kuchh
many - bahut
right - sahi
wrong - galat
excellent - barhiya
worthless - raddi
wise - buddhiman
foolish - bewakuf
sweet - mitha
harsh - kara
national - deshi ya rashtriya
foreign - videshi
this much - itna, itni
as many - jitne, jitna
several - kai
that much - utna, utni
such - aisa, aisi
whatever - jo kuchh
hard - sakhta
soft - mulayam
other - dusra
same - vahi
Different words
Questionswho - kaun
what - kya
why - kyon
when - kab
where - kaha
n
how - kaise
which - kaunsa
how many
- kitne
how much
- kitna
Cardinal numbers0 - sunya, sifar
1 - ek
2 - do
3 - tin
4 - char
5 - panch
6 - chhah
7 - sat
8 - ath
9 - nau
10 - das
20 - bis
30 - tis
40 - chalis
50 - pachas
60 - sath
70 - sattar
80 - assi
90 - nabbe
100 - ek sau
101 - ek sau ek
200 - do sau
1.00 - ek hazar
0
lac - ek lakh (100.000)
crore
- ek karor (10.000.000)
Other words having to do with numbers1st - pahla
2nd
- dusra
3rd - tisra
4th - cautha
5th - pancvan
6th - chatha
7th - satvan
8th - athvan
9th - nauvan
10th
- dasvan
1/2 - adha
1/3 - tihai
1/4 - cauthai
3/4 - pauna
Colorsblack - kala
blue - nila
bright
- chamkila
brown
- bhura
color - rang
golden
- sunahra
gray - bhura
green
- hara
indigo
- baingni
orange
- naranji
red - lal
rosy - gulabi
white - safed
yellow
- pila
Adverbs, prepositions, conjuctions...
about (place) - as-pas
about (pertaining to)
- bare men
above - upar
across - uspar
after - bad men
again - phir
again & again - bar-bar
against (opposite) - khilaf
against (touching)
- bhira kar
alas - afsos
aloof - dur
almost - karib-karib
also - ohi
although - halanki
altogether - ekdam
always - hamesha
among - unke bich men
and - aur
around - as
as if - mano
as far as - jahantak
as soon as - jyonhi
at - taraf
backward - pichhe
backwards & forwards
- age-pichhe
because - kyonki
because (him) - vajah se (uski)
before - pahle
behind - pichhe
below - niche
beneath - niche
between - bich men
beyond - us par
bravo - shabash
but - lekin
by - se
certainly - zarur
certainly not - hargiz nahin
down - niche
downward - niche ki taraf
during - us bich men
early - jaldi
either - ya to
enough - kafi
especially - khas kar
even - bhi
even then - tab to
ever - hamesha
every moment - hardam
far - dur
for - (uske) liye
for ever - hamesha ke liye
forward - age
from - se
generally - am taur par
gradually - dhire-dhire
hence (place) -yahan se
hence (time) - ab se
here - yahan
here and there - yahan vahan
hither - yahan
how - kaise
how much - kitna
if - agar
if not - agar nahin to
if possible - ho sake to
if so - agar aisa hai to
immediate - zaruri, turamt
andar
in - andar
in brief - thore men
indeed - vastav men
in front of - samne
inparticular - khas taur se
in general - am taur se
in short - thore men
inside - andar
just now - abhi-abhi
late - der se
little by little - thora-thora karke
near - pas
never - kabhi nahin
neither - na vah
no - nahin
nor - na vah
not - nahin
nothing - kuchh nahin
not yet - abhi tak nanin
now - ab
now or never - abhi ya phir kabhi nahin
of - ka
of course - albatta
off - dur
oft / often - aksar
on - upar
once - ek bar
only - kewal
or - ya
out - bahar
out and out - bilkul
over (higher) - upar
over (finished) - khatam
perhaps - shayad
please - krpaya
quite - bilkul
quietly - chupchap
really - sachmuch
scarcely - mushkil se
seldom - kabhi-kabhi
since (time) - tab se
since (conditional)
- chunki
so - isliya
some - kuchh
somehow - jyon tyon karke
so much - itna
so and so - falana
so late - itni der se
so soon - itni jaldi
soon - jaldi
still - phir bhi
sorry - afsos
suddenly - achanak
surely - zarur
that (conjunction) - ki
than - se
then - to, tab
there - vahan
therefore - isliye
thither - yahan se
though - yadyapi
through - us mense
thrice - tin bar
thus - aise
till - tab tak
today - aj
together - ek sath
tomorrow - kal
tonight - rat ko
towards - taraf
truly - sach taur par
truly - sahi
twice - do bar
under - niche
until - tab tak
up - upar
unless - jab tak
very - bahut
well - achchha
when - kab
whenever - jab kabhi
whenever it de - jab kabhi ho sake
where - cahan
wherever - kahin bhi
whereas - chunki
while - jab tak
why - kyon
yes - han
yesterday - kal
Examples of sentences in Hindi
GreetingsGood morning - subh prabhat
Good day - subh din
Good afternoon - subh sandhya
Good night - subh ratri
Hello - namaskar / namaste / subh din
Good bye (hindus)
- namaste
Good bye (muslims)
- khuda hafiz
How are you (r,m)
- ap kaise hain?
How are you (r,f)
- ap kaisi hain?
I am fine, thanks
- bahut accha, sukriya
I am fine, thanks
- main thik hun, dhanyavad
Hindus greet each other with namaste. The answer is also namaste.
Muslims greet each other with salam alekum. The answer is valekum as salam.
QuestionsWho is that? - yah kaun hai?
What is this? - yah kya hai?
What is that? - vah kya hai?
Where is it? - vah kahan hai?
Where is ...? - ... kahan hai?
How much is it? - yah kitne ki hai?
Who are you? - ap kaun hai?
What is your name? - apka subh nam kya hai?
Where are you from? - ap kahan ke rahne vale hain?
Which country are you from?
- ap kis des ke hain?
How old are you? - ap ki umar kya hai?
What is your job? - ap kya kam karte hain?
What are you studying?
- ap kya padethe hain?
What is wrong? - Kya bat hai?
Do you speak Hindi? - kya ap hindi bol sakte hain?
What time is it? - kya samay hua?
What time is it? - kya baja hai?
Misc. sentences(Masculine forms used)
My name is Poul - mera nam poul hai
I live in Denmark - main denmark men rahta hun
I am a student - main vidyarthi hun
I go to school in Lyngby
- lyngby men main skul jata hun
I speak a little Hindi - main hindi kuch-kuch bol sakta hun
I would like some tea - mujhe cay cahiye
I am tired - main thak gaya hai
I am thirsty - mujhe pyas lagi hai
I am hungry - mujhe bhukh lagi hai
I am not hungry - mujhe bhukh nahin hai
I have to go - mujhe jana hai
I don't understand it - mujhe samajh men yah nahin a raha
I understand (now) - (ab) main samajha
It is important - yah zaruri hai
I would like to buy a ... - main ... karidhna chahtha hun
I would like a ... - mujhe ... chahiya
I would like some ... - mujhe kuch ... chahein
Poul speaking (on the phone)
- yah poul bol raha hai
Who is it? (on the phone)
- kaun bol raha hai?
Hindi Verbs
Hindi is one of the main languages of India and is spoken by a large number of people worldwide. If you are learning this language, knowledge of Hindi grammar can come in handy. Let's take a look at Hindi verbs.
Verbs, for those who don't know, most frequently denote action. Hindi verbs usually have the following characteristics:
•They have two elements, one is the verb stem and the other is the infinitive suffix.
•It is essential for Hindi verbs to agree with their subjects in both number of the subject and gender of the subject.
•When Hindi verbs describe the action of a pronoun, the verbs take on the gender of the noun that the pronoun indicates.
•Hindi verbs distinguish past tense, present tense, and future tense. They also distinguish different kinds of actions. For example, actions that have been completed, actions that regularly occur, and actions that are going on.
•Hindi verbs are also influenced by the degree of respect accorded to the subject. For example, intimate, familiar, or formal.
Some common Hindi verbs are irregular, like the following:
•Hona - to be
•Karna - to do
•Jana - to go
•Lena - to take
•Dena - to give
•Khana - to eat
•Pina - to drink
•Sona - to sleep
Different Forms of Hindi Verbs
By adding the infinitive suffix to the verb stem, you get the infinitive form of the verb. The infinitive suffix is 'na'. For example, 'likh' means 'write' and if you add 'na' to 'likh', we have 'likhna', which is 'to write'.
•Mujha likhna hai - I have to write
•Tujhe likhna hai - You have to write
•Use likhna hai - He/she has to write
•Unhe likhna hai - They have to write
The present participle suffix is 'ta' or 'ti'. If you add that to 'likh', you have 'likhta' (m.) or 'likhti' (f.), which is 'is writing'.
•Main likhta hoon - I am writing
•Wo likhta hai - He is writing
•Wo likhti hai - She is writing
The past participle suffix is 'a'. If you add that to 'likh', you have 'likha', which is 'had written' or 'was written'.
•Maine likha - I have written
•Usne likha - He/she has written
•Wahan likha tha - It was written there
The present continuous (progressive) tense is formed by adding 'raha', 'rahi', or 'rahe' to the verb stem along with the present tense of 'hona', that is 'to be'.
•Main likh raha hoon - I am writing (m.)
•Main likh rahi hoon - I am writing (f.)
•Tum likh rahe ho - You are writing
•Hum likh rahe hain - We are writing
Although, raha, rahi, and rahe are written separate, they are pronounced as one with the verb stem.
For past tense, you add 'a' (for masculine singular), 'e' (for masculine plural) or 'i' (for feminine singular and plural) to the verb stem. along with 'tha', 'thi', or 'the'.
•Maine likha tha - I had written
•Maine likhe the - I had written
•Usne likha tha - He had written
•Usne likhi thi - She had written
•Unhone likhe the - They had written
Past imperfect tense is achieved by adding 'ta', 'te', or 'ti' along with 'tha', 'thi', or 'the' to the verb stem.
•Main deta tha - I used to give (m.)
•Main deti thi - I used to give (f.)
•Tum dete the - You used to give
•Hum dete the - We used to give
•Wo deta tha - He used to give
•Wo deti thi - She used to give
•Woh dete the - They used to give
For future tense, verb stems are appended with 'unga' (for I), 'ega' and 'oge' for 'tu', and 'tum' (you), 'ega' and 'egi' for 'wo' (he and she), and 'enge' for 'woh', 'hum' or 'aap' (us, you formal/plural, or they).
•Main khaunga - I will eat
•Tu khayega - You will eat
•Tum khaoge - You will eat
•Wo khayega - He will eat
•Wo khayegi - She will eat
•Woh khayenge - They will eat
•Hum khayenge - We will eat
•Aap khayenge - You will eat (formal, singular/plural)
For future continuous (progressive) tense, verb stems are appended with 'ta', 'te', or 'ti' and 'rahunga', 'rahega', 'rahegi', 'rahenge', or 'rahoge'.
•Main jata rahunga - I will keep going
•Tu jata rahega - You will keep going (m.)
•Tu jati rahegi - You will keep going (f.)
•Woh jate rahenge - They will keep going
•Tum jate rahoge - You will keep going
Hindi, a language belonging to the Indo-Iranian sub-group of the Indo-European family of languages, is one of the official languages of India. It is mainly spoken in Northern India, but is also spoken and understood in other parts of the country. Hindi grammar is called “Vyakaran”.
Pronouns in Hindi:
Pronouns in Hindi are called “Sarvanam”. Like pronouns in English and other languages, Hindi pronouns perform the task of making the language easier to use.
Here are some characteristics of Hindi Pronouns:
•In Hindi, the first person, second person and third person pronouns all have a single gender. There is no “he” and “she” difference as in the English language. It is the verb that, upon conjugation, usually indicates the difference in gender.
•The first person pronouns and second person pronouns are indicated by personal pronouns.
•The third person pronouns are indicated by demonstrative pronouns.
•Hindi pronouns have accusative and genitive cases.
•Hindi pronouns do not have vocative cases.
There are five main types of pronouns in Hindi:
1. Personal Pronouns, known as Purush Vachak Sarvanam
2. Demonstrative Pronoun, known as Nischay Vachak Sarvanam
3. Indefinite Pronoun, known as Anischay Vachak Sarvanam
4. Relative Pronoun, known as Sambandh Vachak Sarvanam
5. Interrogative Pronoun, known as Prashna Vachak Sarvanam
Personal Pronouns:
There are three types of personal pronouns – First Person, Second Person and Third Person.
First Person Pronouns, also known as Uttam Purush, are -
•Mai (I)
•Mai Ne (I)
•Mera (My/Mine)
•Hum (Us/We)
•Humara (Ours)
“Hum” and “Humara” are sometimes used as “I” and “Mine”. It was common in the days of the royalty – a royal person always referred to himself/herself as “Hum”. It is still common in some areas nowadays, particularly in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh. For example - “Hum nahi karange” (I won't do it/We won't do it).
Examples -
•"Mai ga raha hoon" (I am singing)
•"Mai ne kavita likhi" (I wrote a poem)
•"Mera kutta kala hai" (My dog is black)
•"Hum banaras jane wale hain" (We are going to Banaras)
•"Humara ghar Lucknow main hain" (Our house is in Lucknow)
Second Person Pronouns, also known as Madhyam Purush, are -
•Tum (You)
•Tu Ne (You)
•Tumhara (Yours)
•Tera (Yours)
•Aap (You, formal, singular and plural)
•Aap Ne (You, formal, singular and plural)
“Tum”, “Tu ne”, “Tumhara” and “Tera” are informal second person pronouns and may be used for friends, family, children and pets. “Aap” and “Aap ke” are formal second person pronouns and are used on formal occasions, to address strangers, seniors and authority figures. They are also quite often used between family members. This is mostly seen in Northern India, where parents may use “Aap” when addressing their children. For example - “Beta, aap khaoge?” (Son/daughter, will you eat?)
Examples -
•"Tum mere sath aaoge?" (Will you come with me?)
•"Tu ne khana khaya?" (Have you eaten?)
•"Tumhara nam kya hai?" (What is your name?)
•"Tera ghar kahan hai?" (Where is your house?)
•"Aap ka nam kya hai?" (What is your name?)
•"Aap ke kyun taklif ki?" (Why did you trouble yourself? Actually, a polite form of 'Oh, it really wasn't necessary, you shouldn't have bothered'. Taklif is an urdu word for trouble or bother)
Third Person Pronouns, also known as Anya Purush, are -
•Woh (He/She/They)
•Uska/Uski (His/Her)
Examples -
•"Woh bazaar gaye hain" (They have gone to the market)
•"Woh pathshala ko gaya/gayi hain" (He/She has gone to school)
•"Uski aaj exam hai" (Today is his/her exam)
Demonstrative Pronouns:
Demonstrative pronouns indicate a particular person or persons or a particular thing or things.
•Yeh (This/He/She/It)
•Woh (That/He/She/It)
•Ye (These) Ve (Those)
Examples -
•"Yeh mera ghar hai" (This is my house)
•"Woh uska ghar hai" (That is his/her house)
•"Ye log wahan rahate hai" (These people stay there)
•"Ve log kal jayenge" (Those people will leave tomorrow)
Indefinite Pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns indicate general rather than particular people and things.
•Koi (Someone)
•Kuch (Something)
•Kuch bhi (Anything)
•Sab kuch (Everything)
•Sab log (Everyone)
Examples -
•"Koi ja raha hai" (Someone is passing/going)
•"Kuch karna hoga" (Something must be done)
•"Kuch bhi chalega" (Anything will do)
•"Sab kuch karke dekho" (Try everything)
•“Sab log aayenge” (Everyone will come)
Relative Pronouns:
Relative pronouns give the relation between words, people and things.
•Jo (Who)
•Jiski (Whose)
•Jaisa (Like)
Examples -
•“Jo kal aayega, usko dena" (the one who comes tomorrow, give it to him)
•"Jiski chal hathi jaisi" (Whose walk is like that of an elephant)
•"Uske jaisa koi nahin" (There is no one like him)
Interrogative Pronouns:
Interrogative pronouns ask questions about people and things.
•Kaun (Who)
•Kya (What)
•Kisko (Whom)
Examples -
•"Kaun banega crorepati?" (Who will be a millionaire?)
•"Kya baat hai?" (What is the matter?)
•"Kisko phal diye?" (Whom did you give the fruit to?)
C'mon, dinner's ready - Chalo, khana tayar hain.
Sit down - Baith jao.
I'm hungry - Mujhe bhook lagi hai.
What will you eat? - Tum kya khaoge? (informal) / Aap kya khaoge? (formal)
What's for dinner? - Khane may kya hai?
Today we have made Hyderabadi biryani - Aaj humne Hyderabadi biryani banayi hain.
And there is also rice, roti, sambhar, paratha, vegetables, salad, pakoda, papad, pickle, curd, buttermilk and lassi - Aur chawal, roti, sambhar, paratha, sabzi, raita, pakoda, papad, aachar, chutney, dahi, tak, lassi bhi hain.
Do you like sweet dishes? - Tumko mithai pasand hai? (informal) / Aapko mithai pasand hai? (formal)
There is also mango juice, jalebi, rasgulla, gulab jamun, shrikhand, barfi and laddoos - Aam-ras, jalebi, rasgulla, gulab jamun, shrikhand, barfi aur laddoo bhi hain.
I was also going to make Momos, but I didn't have the time - Main Momos bhi banana wali thi, lekin mujhe wakt nahi mila.
Tomorrow I'm going to make South Indian food - dosa-sambhar and wada-sambhar - I particularly like Iddiyappam - Kal main Dakshin Bharatiya khana banana wali hoon -dosa-sambhar aur wada-sambhar - mujhe Idiyappam khas pasand hai.
What will you have? - Tum kya logay? (informal) / Aap kya logay? (formal)
What else will you have? - Tum aur kya logay? (informal) / Aap aur kya logay? (formal)
Would you like some more? - Tumko aur chahiye? / Tumhe aur chahiye? (informal) / Aapko aur chahiye? (formal)
Do you want water? - Tumko pani chahiye? (informal) / Aapko pani chahiye? (formal)
Move your glass here - Glass yahan karo
Do you want a spoon, knife and fork? - Tumko chamach, suri aur kata chahiye?
No, I'll eat by hand - Nahi, main haat say khaoongi. (feminine) / Nahi, main haat say khaoonga. (masculine)
I would like some more rice - Mujhe aur chawal chahiye.
I will have sambhar with it - Uske saath main sambhar loongi. (feminine) / Uske saath main sambhar loonga. (masculine)
Does it need more salt? - Usme aur namak chahiye kya?
Does it need more sugar? - Usme aur shakkar chahiye kya?
Do you find it hot (as in chillie hot)? - Tumko tikha lag raha hai kya? (informal) / Aapko tikha lag raha hai kya? (formal)
You don't find it hot (chillie hot), do you? - Tumko tikha to nahi lag raha hai na? (informal) /Aapko tikha to nahi lag raha hai na? (formal)
Is it hot (as in scalding hot)? - Garam hai kya?
The food hasn't become cold, has it? - Khana thanda toh nahi huwa hai na?
There's more in the pot - Katore may aur hain.
Do you like the dinner? - Khana aachha lag raha hai na?
Yes, it's good, thank you - Ha, acchha hai, shukriya.
Eat some fruit - Kuch phal kha lo.
Will you have some more? - Tum aur logay? (informal) / Aap aur logay? (formal)
Your plate looks/is looking empty - Tumhari thali khali deekh rahi hai (informal) / Aapki thali khali deekh rahi hai (formal)
No, enough, I'm done, my stomach is full - Nahi, bas, mera ho gaya, mera pet bhar gaya.
Thank you, the food was very tasty/good, your cooking is amazing - Shukriya/Dhanyawad, khana bahut swadishta/acchha tha, tum kamal ka khana pakati ho (informal)/ aap kamal ka khana pakatay ho (formal).
Come again - Phir aao/aajao
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