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Research, Progress and Regulatory Programs for Odor and Air Quality from Intensive Livestock and
Feeding Operations in America
Building EnvironmentResearch & Education
AgAirQuality.com
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Purdue University
Albert J. Heber, [email protected]
Air Emissions from LivestockOdorAmmoniaHydrogen sulfideParticulate matter (dust)
Seminar TopicsEnvironmental pressures on livestock producersAir emission researchProposed compliance agreement Cases in Iowa (3/03)
DamagesSuffering/Property
OperationDefendent
$962K/$103K(appealed, confidential)
31,500 finishers2-cell lagoon, deep pit
Iowa Select Farms 2002
-/$76K4,170 finishersDeep pit
Pork Innovation 2002
$46K/$50K4000 finishersDeep pit
Pork Xtra 2002
$45K/$11.5K800 finishersEarthen basin
Wolff 1994
$20K/-200-sow farrow to finishSlurry tank
ISU 1990
Neighbors seek for:Actual damagesPunitive damagesInjunction to close the operationCourt order for abatement of odor
Iowa Supreme Court ruling in 1998
Nuisance Suits
Sources: Miner, 1997; van Sickle, 2003; Lee, 2004
Nuisance SuitsNeighbors seek for:
Actual damagesPunitive damagesInjunction to close the operationCourt order for abatement of odor
IowaSupreme Court ruling in 199814 lawsuits on the books
Missouri52 neighbors v. Continental Grain: $5.2M award60 nuisance suits against PSF since August, 2002
Nebraska11 families v. Progressive Swine Technologies, 2004
Sources: Miner, 1997; van Sickle, 2003; Lee, 2004
State Odor RegulationsIndirect Regulations
Permits (odor management plans)Setbacks (minimum buffer distances)Operator training (certification)Land application restrictions (inject)
Direct Regulations10 states (Redwine and Lacey, 2000)Property line limits
Field olfactometry readings (2-8 D/T)Gas concentrations (H2S and NH3 )
Lawsuits and consent decrees
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State Odor RegulationsHydrogen sulfide limits
30 to 120 ppbMinnesota: 50 ppb not more than twice a year.Texas: 80 and 120 ppb depending on land use.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pb
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 Wind Direction, degrees
April 6 - September 24
NW SE
State Odor RegulationsColorado: Farms > 364K kg live mass must:
obtain a permitinstall covers on effluent pondsadhere to setbacksadhere to land application bansimplement odor control technologies and work practices
North Carolina7-year moratorium on new hog facilitiesNew odor rules in 2000Odor management plansOdor control if plan doesn’t work
State LawsuitsMissouri v. Premium Standard Farms, 1999
$650,000 fine$25M for “Next Generation” technologies
State LawsuitsOhio v. Buckeye Egg Farms
Must convert deep pit barns to belt-batteriesRevoked operating permits, July, 2003Closed down one facility, November, 2003
California legislation SB-700DustAmmoniaVOCs
Federal LawsuitsAuthority: U.S. Clean Air Act of 19901. U.S. v. Premium Standard Farms, 2001
Air and water issues$350,000 penaltyEffluent pond emission monitoringBarn emissions monitoringTest soybean oil sprinkling
2. U.S. v. Buckeye Egg Farms, 2004Air issues$880,000 penaltyBarn emissions monitoring and controlsTest dust and ammonia abatementShort term tests indicated 700 tons PM/yr > 250 limit!
Influence of ScienceRegulations
Shaped by untimely political and societal pressuresMarked by simplicity, unfairness, arbitrariness, inaccuracyScientific knowledge will influence the regulations
USDA Agricultural Air Quality Task ForceFour university scientists are membersTask force reports to Secretary with white papersWhite paper on livestock odor, 2000
National Academy of ScienceAddressed accuracy of EPA emission factorsPublished report in 2003Referenced numerous times since publication
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Gas Sampling in Barns Building Air Emissions Research1992 1998 2001
N. European survey
Gas, odorNH3, H2S Gas, odorPurdue
New mobile lab, IPPA Monsanto, 8 finishers
NPB, 2 roomsGas, PM, odor
EPA Methods
Univ. of MN
Odor surveys, tests
Gas, PM
Univ. of MN
Gas, PM, odorPurdue and UMC
EPA/PSF C.D.
2004 2007NH3, PM Purdue and OSU
Ohio C.D.
NH3, PM, H2S, VOC Purdue and othersAFOCAFO
1995 2004
Gas, PM, odorUM, Purdue, TAMU, ISU, UIUC, NCSUUSDA APECAB
Heber, Sweeten, Jacobson2001
Sweeten, Heber, Jacobson2003
NH3, PM, odor Purdue and OSUUSDA-NRI
SamplingManifolds
PC
Gas analyzers
Full-time field engineer
1996-97 Air Quality Study
Meteorological tower
Building 7 Building 8 Building 9Building 6 trailer
Instrument(Control) (Control)(Treatment) (Treatment) trailer
Instrument
Heated gas sampling lineBuried conduit
3,500 data subsets March - September
An Industry-Funded Project
Instrumentshelter
0
10
20
30
9/13 10/11 11/8 12/6 1/3 1/31 2/28 3/28 4/25 5/23 6/20 7/18 8/15Day of 1996 and 1997
NH
3 Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pm
Treated chimney
Control chimney
NH3 concentration 2-30 ppm
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
3/1 3/22 4/12 5/3 5/24 6/14 7/5 7/26 8/16 9/6 9/27Day of 1997
H2S
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pb
Treated pit
Control pit
H2S concentration 20-1450 ppb
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
9/13 10/11 11/8 12/6 1/3 1/31 2/28 3/28 4/25 5/23 6/20 7/18 8/15
Treated chimney
Control chimney
Pegged!Concentration,ppm
SummerWinterCO2 level
600-5000 ppmv
Emission Rates (swine finishing)
Hydrogen sulfide
Winter: 0.87 g/d-AU
Summer 6.3 g/d-AU
Ammonia: 34-102 g/d-AU
Odor: 75 OU/s-AU (n= 112)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Mar Apr May June July Aug Sep
Ammoniaemission,
g/d-AU
Manure Additive Study, 19997 of 35 products reduced NH3 by 3-15%
7 of 35 products reduced H2S by 23-47%
No products reduced odor emissions
Gas sampling system (GSS)
Calibrationnotebooks
BackupAnalyzers
Hood failure
PC DAQ Reactorroom
Real-Time Particulate Matter Monitoring
Faninlet
External screen
PM10inlet
Cabinet
FRM PM10
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance
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Purdue Methods Project2001-2002
QAQC-based contract with EPALarge vane anemometersSmall vane anemometers FANS tests on fan outletBESS tests of removed fansEffect of fan degradation on flowSpatial, temporal variationsBypass pumping of sample linesGSS flow and pressure metersSampling period 5-10 minCal gas inputs into gas probesAnalyzer comparisons
Nt vs. auto modes on 17COP-FTIR, CL, EC, PIR
TEOM pilots (TSP, PM10, PM2.5)Collocation of four TEOMsTest 30 vs 50 CEffect of cleaning, filter changes
Odor sampling in barn vs labWireless ISP, web publishing“Pilot test for APECAB”
Heated raceway
TEOM
Air sampling
probe
Heated raceway
TEOM
Air sampling
probe
Odor Concentration
1 of 8 panelists
Olfactometer
Tedlar bag
Panel leader’s hand
PC
Progress Towards Accuracy and Repeatabilityat the Purdue University Odor Laboratory
Source: A.J. Heber and K.L. Fakhoury, 2000
10
100
1000
10000
Mar-99 Jun-99 Sep-99 Dec-99 Mar-00 Jun-00 Sep-00 Nov-00Date
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pb
20-80 ppb limits (CEN, 1999)
Physical Factors of OdorOdor: Property or quality of a thing that affects, stimulates, or
is perceived by the sense of smell.
1. Odor concentration, OU/m3
2. Odor intensity
3. Persistence
4. Hedonic tone
5. Hedonic tone behavior
6. Character descriptionsBiofilter
Odor Concentrations (OUE/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5Day of test, mm/dd
Odo
r con
c., O
UE
m-3
Inlet(mean = 51 OUE/m3)
Exhaust(mean = 316 OUE/m3)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
2/27 3/13 3/27 4/10 4/24 5/8 5/22 6/5
Day of Test
Inlet T
Exhaust T
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50Mean = 50,400 OUE/s
= 65.6 OUE/s-AU= 7.53 OUE/s-m2
Ventilation rate
Odor emission rate
Vent
ilatio
n R
ate,
m3 /s
Emis
sion
, OU
E/s-
AU
; Tem
pera
ture
, °C
Odor Emission Rates(250,000-hen layer barn)
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Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration(High-Rise Layer Barn)
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
010 100 1000
Odor Concentration, OUE m-3
Hed
onic
Ton
e HT = 0.252 OC0.513
R2 = 0.70Inlet air mean = -1.9
Exhaust air mean = -5.0
Mechanically ventilated livestock buildingsContinuous emission monitoring (source)
Multiple gas sampling pointsGases (NMHC, CH4, NH3, H2S, traces)PM10, TSP, PM2.5
Grab samples (bags, traps, canisters)Reliable emission measurements
APECAB Project(USDA-IFAFS) CAPESH Project
(EPA and PSF)
APECAB (IN site)
Control of Air Pollutant Emissions from Swine HousingCAPESH (funded by EPA and Premium Standard Farms)
Twoemissionprojects‘01-’04
Barn Emission Measurement
Ammonia emission = k x 186 m3/s x (25.3 – 1.6) = 11,267 g/d
On-Farm Instrument ShelterSpace for instruments usually unavailableInstrument protection and securityKey to quality assuranceAnalyst comfortMobile
Top Quality DAQ Systems
with Remote Access
Gas Sampling 2001
Gas Sampling 2002
Multiple locations (24)Prevent condensationMonitor pressure (0-1 psi) Monitor flow (0-10 L/min)Bypass pumpingProper surfaces (Teflon)Low residence time (<60 s)Regular leak testsGrab sampling provisionCalibration gas provisionCan add analyzers
P2
M: manifold
P: pumpS: solenoid
H2SF
CH4/NMHC
CO2
P3FNH3
Analyzers
6.4 mm OD3.2 mm ID vinyl
Cal gases
CO2Zero air
NH3H2SNO
SO2
S12
S1
M2
9.5 mm OD,6.4 mm ID Teflon
6-port manifold
F: filter
C6H14/CH4
Cal gas circuit
Exhaust
Vinyl
M3
Flow restrictors
P1
M1
Bypass pumping system
Vinyl
9.5 mm OD, 6.4 mm ID Teflon
1
JarP4
RotameterLeak test
circuit1
P Pressure gage
Air valve
C
S13Calibration line
11-14-03
pFlowdP (+/-)
Sampling probes,
10-115 mlong
6-port diluter
(5 L/min)
Odor sampleport
p
Pressuresensor
M4Exhaust
A
Mass flow meter
f Bf
Mass flow meter
f
PCDAQ
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Sampling Location Groups (SLG)Pit fans operated together as groupPit fans too far apart for one to represent others.
Wall fan group
Pit fan
Instrument shelter
Analyzers
Pit fangroup, stage 1
Pit fan
Samplingmanifold
Mixingmanifold
PREFstage 2
Primary representativeexhaust fan (PREF) for wall fan group
Ceiling inlets
E67E47
N
Attic
PitCages
W20W1
Floor plan (186 m x 30 m)
Hall
Exhaust air locations
Fan number
Instrument shelter
1 2
5
6
43
Animal exposure group
Side view
Cages
Mettower
Cross-sectional view
Exhaust air locations
Thermocouple Air samplingAnemometer (SVA)RH/Temp probeStatic pressure port
To instrumentshelter
Instrument shelter
PitBarn A
(not shown)Barn B
Two 250,000-Hen High-Rise Layer Barns
Building Layout and Sampling Locations
∗
31
S
Attic
Shallow pit with recycle flush
Pens
Side view
5
Exhaust air sampling
Fan # Lab
Instrument trailerBackground air sampling
Met tower
4
2
Barn 7
1-5
Relative humidity/temperature probe
Diffusers
Summer air inlets
Floor plan (61 m x 13 m)
Air sampling Static pressure portTemperature sensor
Anemometer (SPA)
End viewEnd view
Barn 7 Barn 8
NTEOM sampler for PM10
Two 1,100-hd Tunnel-Ventilated Swine Finishing BarnsBarn Ventilation Rates
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
11/25 12/30 2/3 3/10 4/14 5/19 6/23Date
Ven
tilat
ion
flow
, m3/s
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Inle
t Tem
pera
ture
, oC
Ventilation
Inlet temperature
Daily Means
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
8/25 9/15 10/6 10/27 11/17 12/8 12/29 1/19 2/9 3/2 3/23 4/13
Date, mm/dd
Airf
low
Rat
e, m
3 /s
-20
30
80
130
180
230
Tem
pera
ture
, C; P
ig M
ass,
AUPig mass
Ambient Temp
Control barnTreated barn
Layer Barn
Two Swine Barns
Airflow from 12/3 to 6/15
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Fraction of Time
Frac
tion
of C
apac
ity
Cumulative Frequency
Single-Speed Fan Airflow
Fan operationFan static pressureFan performance curve, degradationFan removal and test at BESS labFANS tests (AMCA transfer standard)Small vane anemometers
Small propellor anemometerAMCA transfer standard
(continuous measurement)
FANS, an AMCA transfer standard
(spot measurement)(ARS/Kentucky method)
BESS Lab(AMCA-Standard)
Airflow of Variable Speed FansFan removal and test at BESS labFan operation (vibration sensor)FANS tests to calibrate flow devicesFull impeller anemometers (direct) in chimneySmall vane anemometers (direct)Indirect method for belt drive fans
Static pressureImpeller rpm
Ancillary informationFan performance curveSpeed control signalMotor voltage
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
Time of day, h
Vent
ilatio
n ra
te, m
3 /s
-75-50-250255075100125150
dP, p
a
Fan 3
dP
Airflow
PressureSPA
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Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations (250,000-hen layer barn)
0
10
20
30
40
50
11/25 12/30 2/3 3/10 4/14 5/19 6/23
Date
Con
cent
ratio
in, p
pb
H2S-1stH2S-2nd
Mean concentration = 24±4 ppb
Mean emission rate = 375±70 g/day
Ammonia Concentrations (250,000-hen layer barn)
0
20
40
60
80
100
26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun
Date
Conc
entra
tion,
mg/
m3
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Tem
pera
ture
, °C
Exhaust (mean = 61 ppm)
Inlet Cages
0
20
40
60
80
100
26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun
Date
Conc
entra
tion,
mg/
m3
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Tem
pera
ture
, °C
Exhaust (mean = 61 ppm)
Inlet Cages
Ammonia Emission (250,000-hen layer barn)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun
Date
Em
issi
on, g
/d-A
U
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ven
tilat
ion,
m3 /s
Emission (mean=509)
Ventilation rate
Manure dried out!
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
26-Nov 31-Dec 4-Feb 11-Mar 15-Apr 20-May 24-Jun
Date
Em
issi
on, g
/d-A
U
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Ven
tilat
ion,
m3 /s
Emission (mean=509)
Ventilation rate
Manure dried out!
Collocated TEOM PM10 in layer barn
(baseline test)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of day, h
Con
cent
ratio
n,
g/m
3 TEOM ATEOM B
`
Lights on
Lights offAnticipatory
Feeding
Three Collocated TEOMs with PM10, PM2.5, and TSP in layer barn exhaust
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
2800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of day, h
Con
cent
ratio
n,
g/m
3
TSP
PM10
PM2.5
PM10 Concentrations & Emission Rates (250K-hen layer barn)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
26-Nov 24-Dec 21-Jan 18-Feb 18-Mar 15-Apr 13-May 10-Jun
Date
PM10
Con
cent
ratio
n, u
g/m
3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
PM10
Em
issi
on, g
/d-A
U
Mean emission = 9.2±5.3 g/d-AU = 7±4 kg/d
(n=114)
PM10 Emissions
Mean PM10: 565 µg/m3
(n=128) Tunnel-ventilated finishing houses
with flushingin Missouri
Obtain baseline emissionsTested soybean oil sprinklingTested essential oils Tested “biocurtain”
Control of Air Pollutant Emissions from Swine Housing
Barn 7
Barn 8
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Data Acquisition SystemState of the art PC-based hardware, softwareSample line controlInstant data display, no downloadingOn-line data inspection for remote surveillanceAutomatic/remote calibrationAutomatic data distribution and backupAlarm emails
0
4
8
12
16
0 10 20 30 40Time, minute
Con
cent
ratio
n, m
g/m
3
Ammonia
Hydrogen Sulfide
Peak of H2S when flushingwith lagoon effluent!!
25-pig room, Purdue swine farm
Process MonitoringAnimal activity
Heaters
Evaporative cooling
Curtains
Feeders
Flushing
Oil sprinkling
Traffic
Weather
-4000
-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of day, h
Con
cent
ratio
n, µ
g/m
3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Activ
ity, V
TSP
Activity
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0Time of Day, h (Nov. 8, 2002)
H2 S
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pb
Barn A Barn BFlushingevents
Oil pressure
Daily Means of PM10 EmissionMean emission = 0.231 kg/d = 1.6 g/d-AU = 0.21 g/day-pig
= 0.093 tons/year=0.17 lb/yr-pig
0
100
200
300
400
500
8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7
Date, mm/dd
Em
issi
on R
ate,
g/d
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pig
Mas
s, A
U
Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass
Oil Sprinkling
Essential Oils
Treatment Effects on PM10
Misting of essential oils &
water
Misting of essential oils
Soybean oil sprinkling +
Soybean oil sprinkling
Test
N/S230 ± 27.2196 ± 34.520
N/S346 ± 178326 ± 1014
70%75.4 ± 34.9226 ± 58.98
67%106 ± 27.1313 ± 33.414
ReductionTreatedControln
All emission values in kg/day
Biocurtain~$3.5/pp
PM10inlet
Gasprobe
Baffle
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Daily Means of H2S ConcentrationMean exhaust H2S = 98 ± 13 ppb
Mean ambient H2S = 5 ppb
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pb
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pig
Mas
s, A
U
Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass
Mean emission = 0.12 kg/d = 0.72 g/d-AU = 0.11 g/day-pigMax emission = 0.46 kg/d
109,000 pigs will emit 100 lb/day from flushing barns
Daily Means of H2S Emission
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd
Emis
sion
Rat
e, k
g/d
0
50
100
150
200
250
Pig
Mas
s, A
U
Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass
Mean NH3 = 17.9 ppmMean ambient NH3 = 0.4 ppm
Daily Means of NH3 Concentration
0
10
20
30
40
8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd
Con
cent
ratio
n, p
pm
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Pig
Mas
s, A
U
Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass
Mean emission = 8.2 kg/d = 55.2 g/d-AU = 7.4 g/day-pigMax emission = 14.1 kg/d
3,600 pigs will emit 100 lb/day
Daily Means of NH3 Emission
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
8/22 9/26 10/31 12/5 1/9 2/13 3/20 4/24 5/29 7/3 8/7Date, mm/dd
Emis
sion
Rat
e, k
g/d
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Pig
Mas
s, A
U
Barn 7Barn 8B7 Pig MassB8 Pig Mass
6-State USDA Air Emission Study, ‘01-’04Aerial
PollutantEmissions
from
ConfinedAnimals
Buildings
Broilers
Layers
CAPESHSite
10
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USDA National Research Initiative in Air Quality (March 11, 2004)
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. $400,365 Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Fla. $100,000 Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa $1,399,971
(3 awards) Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kan. $477,775 Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont. $421,184 NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. $223,052 North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C. $479,818 Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. $460,000 University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. $466,130 USDA’s ARS, Lubbock, Texas $196,646 USDA’s FS, Seattle, Wash. $475,059
Total: $5,100,000
National Livestock Compliance Agreement
What will livestock industry do?Pay for nationwide monitoring projectComply with laws based on results
What will U.S. EPA do?Grant temporary safe harborForgive all past violationsConvert data into policyEnforce rules following project
Source: John Thorne: C&M Capitolink
Description of Emissions StudySelected farms will represent pork, egg, broiler, turkey and dairy production
Two years of continuous barn emission dataExtractive sampling of gases
Real-time dust measurements
Effluent ponds monitored every seasonOpen path FTIR and UV sensors
Tomography
Backward Lagrangian stochastic modeling
Standardized design and operating procedures
Source: John Thorne: C&M Capitolink
Real-Time Emission Data to be Collected by NAEMS
Ammonia – chemiluminescence, FTIR, UVHydrogen sulfide – Pulsed-fluorescence, UVCarbon dioxide – Photoacoustic Infrared, FTIRPM (PM2.5, PM10 ) – (TEOM)VOC: GC-MSTSP: integrated samples with Illinois method.Building airflow (fan status~vibration, pressure, vane anemometer, FANS)Include ambient measurements of PM, gases
Operational Data to be CollectedHeating, flushing, feeder, and fan operationTemperature and humidityBuilding static pressureAnimal activityLightingWind speed and directionSolar radiationAnimal inventory and massManure productionManure removalsManure, feed and water analysisMilk productionEgg production
Lagoon Measurement Paths
UV-DOAS
UV-DOAS path
FT-IR reflector
FT-IR/scanner
FT-IR path
Trailer
Corner tower
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2
2m
2m
2,6,12m
2,6,12m
2m
2m
2m
2m
150 m
150 m
Up to 300 m
Up to 300 m
Approaches: • FT-IR meas / RPM model
• UV-DOAS, FT-IR meas / bLS model
Source: Rich Grant, Purdue University
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FT-IR Ccanning Paths (one of two systems per lagoon)
retro-reflectors transmitter / receiver / scannerOpen paths
Source: Rich Grant, Purdue University
8 122
6 10 4 10 63
11 8 12 5 11 73
9
68127101
94111251
51112492
1071186
PM monitor (TEOM)
Monitoring Plan for Lab 1
Fan stages
Fan vibration sensor
Manure belts (42)
v vvv vv v vvv v vvvv vv vvv
v vv vvv vvvv vvv vvv vvv
Manure belt (1)
Eggs
To barn 4
V
Activity sensor
8
Cages (7 tiers)
TSP samplerT
T
Thermocouple Air sampling (1-7)Propeller anemometer (SPA)
RH/Temp probeStatic pressure port
Barn 2 (161.6 m x 15.9 m)
F46 F24
*
Wind sensor
Solar sensorS
F1F23
***
**
*
***
**
*
4 2
57
F29F41
6
F9 F2F22
F35
1
F15
3
N
OFIS S
*
*
Cross-section
On-farm instrument shelter (OFIS)
* * * ** *S
* *
*
93
7 12 5 11 8 122
6 10 4 10 63
11 8 12 5 11 73
9
68127101
94111251
51112492
1071186
PM monitor (TEOM)
Fan stages
Fan vibration sensor
Manure belts (42)
v vvv vv v vvv v vvvv vv vvv
v vv vvv vvvv vvv vvv vvv
Manure belt (1)
Eggs
To barn 4
Activity sensor
88
Cages (7 tiers)
TSP samplerT
T
Thermocouple Air sampling (1 -13)Anemometer (SPA)
RH/Temp probeStatic pressure portTEOM PM monitor
Barn 2 (201 m x 21 m)
Fan number
On-farm instrument shelter (OFIS)
11 12
109 7
8
F26F50 F38 F29F47
F25 F1F4F22
Barn 1 (201 m x 21 m)
2
5 6
43
1
F26F50
F13
F38 F29F47
F13F25 F1F4F22
Cages (4 tiers)
Barn 1Pit
Barn 2Pit
OFIS
13
* Activity sensorWind sensorSolar sensorS
S
S
**
*
***
*
*
**
*
***
*
*
* * * * * ** * * * * * * ** *
**
**
*
**
1234 567
2334 4455 5666 67 77 77
9 1088
8888
89 9 9 9 9 9 91010101010101010 9
Fan stages
Monitoring Plan
Particulate impaction curtain (PIC)
PIC
Fan vibration sensorB Beta gauge PM monitor
B
v vvv vvvvvvv v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
V
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
10 7103
8931
99 10 4 7 9 8 10751047587 9
3264 889
26410 9768 5586 69 109 1010
B *
PIC T
T TSP sampler
T
T
N
T
Thermocouple Air sampling (1 -13)Anemometer (SPA)
RH/Temp probeStatic pressure portTEOM PM monitor
Barn 2 (201 m x 21 m)
Fan number
On-farm instrument shelter (OFIS)
11 12
109 77
88
F26F50 F38 F29F47
F25 F1F4F22
Barn 1 (201 m x 21 m)
2
5 6
43
11
F26F50
F13
F38 F29F47
F13F25 F1F4F22
Cages (4 tiers)
Barn 1Pit
Barn 2Pit
OFIS
13
* Activity sensorWind sensorSolar sensorS
S
S
**
*
***
*
*
**
*
***
*
*
**
*
***
*
*
**
*
***
*
*
* * * * * ** ** * * * * ** * * * * * * ** ** * * * * ** *
**
**
*
**
1234 567
2334 4455 5666 67 77 77
9 1088
8888
89 9 9 9 9 9 91010101010101010 9
Fan stages
Monitoring Plan
Particulate impaction curtain (PIC)
PIC
Fan vibration sensorB Beta gauge PM monitor
B
v vvv vvvvvvv v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
V
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
v vvv vvvvvvv
10 7103
8931
99 10 4 7 9 8 10751047587 9
3264 889
26410 9768 5586 69 109 1010
B *
PIC T
T TSP sampler
T
T
N
T
Schematic of Air Sampling, Measurement, Calibration and GSS Test
S8
P1
M3
P3
Analyzers
Calibration gases
S1
Sampling probes, 10- 115 m long
M2
M1
Mass flow meter
NH3
CO2 (2K)
Exhausts
F
Pressuresensor
F
Bag fillport
Pressure gage(optional)
Jar
P4
Rotameter (0- 250 mL/min)
Leak test circuit
P
Balance air control valve
NH3
f
p
Analyzer calibration circuit
S9
Bypass pumping circuit
Sampling circuit
Solenoids are all at un- energized positions
P: pump F: filterM: manifoldS: solenoid Teflon tubing (in mm):
9.5 OD 6.4 ID6.4 OD 3.2 ID
Vinyl tubing (in mm):6.4 OD 3.2 ID22.2 OD 15.9 ID
Fittings:Teflon Nylon or otherFlow restrictor
Fan 2
Fan 9
Fan 15
Fan 22
Fan 29
Fan 35
Fan 41
Ambient
P2 Disconnect for leakage test
Diluter
Sampling control Data acquisition
NH3
NH3
CO2
Pressuresensor
p
Schematic of Air Sampling, Measurement, Calibration and GSS Test
S8
P1
M3
P3
Analyzers
Calibration gases
S1
Sampling probes, 10- 115 m long
M2
M1
Mass flow meter
NH3
CO2 (2K)CO2 (2K)
Exhausts
F
Pressuresensor
F
Bag fillport
Pressure gage(optional)
Jar
P4
Rotameter (0- 250 mL/min)
Leak test circuit
P
Balance air control valve
NH3NH3
f
pp
Analyzer calibration circuit
S9
Bypass pumping circuit
Sampling circuit
P: pump F: filterM: manifoldS: solenoid Teflon tubing (in mm):
9.5 OD 6.4 ID6.4 OD 3.2 ID
Vinyl tubing (in mm):6.4 OD 3.2 ID22.2 OD 15.9 ID
Fittings:Teflon Nylon or otherFlow restrictor
P: pump F: filterM: manifoldS: solenoid Teflon tubing (in mm):
9.5 OD 6.4 ID6.4 OD 3.2 ID
Vinyl tubing (in mm):6.4 OD 3.2 ID22.2 OD 15.9 ID
Fittings:Teflon Nylon or otherFlow restrictor
Fan 2
Fan 9
Fan 15
Fan 22
Fan 29
Fan 35
Fan 41
Ambient
P2 Disconnect for leakage test
Diluter
Sampling control Data acquisition
NH3
NH3
CO2
Pressuresensor
pPressuresensor
p
Appendix A: Real-Time Data
The next few pages show screen shots of the data acquisition system at Lab 1 in Ohio in case we do not get connected on-line in the seminar.
Front Panel at Lab 1
12
Purdue University
11/5/2004 12
Gas Page at Lab 1
N to S
Ambient Ammonia, TEI 17C
Ammonia, MSA Chillgard
N to S-- Ambient
This graph shows an almost perfect increase of ammonia from the north end of the barn to the south end of the barn due to the accumulation of manure on the belt. At the same time, the CO2 concentration is about the same indicating similar ventilation and number of birds along the length of the barn.
AJH. 10/2/04
Temperature Page at Lab 1 Activity Page at Lab 1
Manure belt
Workers
Ambient PM
Barn PM
Bird Activity
Weather Page at Lab 1 Control Page at Lab 1
This is the window for researchers to sign off that they have inspected the data.
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