Solar Facilities for the European Research Area
Heat Transfer Fluid for Concentrated Solar Systems
Gilles Flamant, CNRS-PROMES Hadrien Benoit, CNRS-PROMES
SFERA II 2014-2017, Summer School, June 25-27 2014
CONTENT
Motivation
Introduction
Calculation of heat transfer coefficient
Results (liquid, gas, 2-phase)
New HTF
Conclusion
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
MOTIVATION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Heat transfer fluid (HTF) is a key component of concentrated solar systems that governs the working temperature of the thermodynamical cycles.
HTF may also be used as storage medium but it is used at least to extract heat from the storage tanks.
Heat transfer coefficient (h) determines the wall temperature of the solar receiver for a given incident solar flux density (or power transfers to the HTF). The smaller h the larger absorbing surface area and cost. P = Sh(Twi – Tfb)
MOTIVATION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Concentrating System
Solar Receiver
Storage / Backup
Power Block
Radiation Heat Transfer Fluid Working Fluid
Power production
INTRODUCTION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Some selection criteria for HTF
Extended working temperature range and high thermal stability.
Good heat transfer properties. For instance a large thermal conductivity (k) is desired for efficient heat transfer, and a low viscosity (μ) is beneficial to pressure drop and pumping power. In addition, a large heat capacity (cp) would allow for direct thermal storage, although indirect solutions with a secondary medium are also possible.
Low pumping energy losses and low vapor pressure
low hazard properties and large material compatibility
Reduced cost
INTRODUCTION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Temperature limit of current HTF
Heat transfer fluid
Temperature limit
Thermal oil
400°C
Molten salt (solar salt)
560°C
Air (gas)
More than 1000°C
Other HTF than air are needed at high temperature for advanced thermodynamic cycles
INTRODUCTION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Temperature limit of current liquid
HTF
Li C-J et al. AIMS Energy (2014), 2/2, 133
INTRODUCTION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Temperature limit of liquid HTF
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Thermal Oil
Solar Salt
HITEC
HITEC XL
Na
LBE
T (K)T (°C)
(PbBi)
INTRODUCTION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
HTF for Future High Temperature cycles
Thermodynamic
Cycle
Cycle
Efficiency
Overall
Nominal
Plant
Efficiency
Improvement
Steam Cycles
(Rankine)
390°C-565°C
37% - 42%
20% - 23%
0 (Today technology)
Supercritical Steam
≥ 600°C
48%
27%
17% - 35%
Supercritical CO2
(Brayton)
600°C – 800°C
50% - 55%
28% - 31%
22% - 55%
Combined Cycle
(Brayton/Rankine)
1300°C
60%
33.5%
45% - 67%
Overall efficiency: ηopt . ηrec. ηcyc = 0.7x0.8xηcyc
INTRODUCTION
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Heat transfer
Tubes, Channels … Monoliths, Foams …
Φ = h (TW – TF), the highest h the lowest Tw
Calculation of the
heat transfer
coefficient, h
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
h calculation
To fluid Losses I (kW/m2)
Tube of receiver
Wall
HTF
Outlet
Intlet
Two
Twi
Tf
W/m2
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
h calculation
Data base for temperature dependent thermophysical properties: density (ρ), viscosity (μ), thermal conductivity (k) and heat capacity (Cp).
Data for heat transfer calculation based generally on Nu versus Re and Pr correlations that depend of the flow conditions.
Nu = hd/k
Re = ρvd/μ
Pr = μCp/k
Turbulent flow: Re > 3000-10 000
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
h calculation
Example for thermal oil
382 °C 390 °C
Cp 2560 2592
λ 0,0796 0,07755
ρ 720 707
µ 0,0001562 0,0001516
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
h calculation
Four correlations available:
Example for thermal oil
Y. T. Wu et al. Int Com in Heat and Mass Transfer 2012; 39: 1550-1555
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Heat transfer
coefficient for liquids
and gases
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Thermal oil
V = 2 m/s
T = 320°C
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Molten Salts
Thermophysical properties of solar salt
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Liquid Metal
Thermophysical properties of liquid sodium
Temperature range 97.8°C-873 °C (BP)°C
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Liquid Metal
V = 3.7 m/s, Tmax = 880°C
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized Air
T = 900°C, 6 atm.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized He
700 750 800 850 900 950 1000600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
T (K)
h (
W/m
2.K
)
h4
h3
h2
h1
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized CO2
V = 12 m/s, 20 atm.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized CO2
Influence of radiation on heat transfer
Simulation conditions:
- R=2 cm and L=2 m - Inlet: for pure CO2 at 400 K - Inlet velocity: parabolic with a mean value of 1 m/s that leads to 0.0017 kg/s at 0.1 Mpa - Tube wall: 1100K - Pressure: from 0.1 MPa to 20 Mpa - Reynolds number from 2 660 to 478 500 as a function of pressure - Spectroscopic database: HITEMP-2010 - Line-by-line model used to derive a Absorption Distribution Function (ADF) global spectral model for computation
CALIOT C. and FLAMANT G. AIMS’ Journals, Energy (2014), vol.2 N.2, pp. 172-182
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized CO2
Influence of radiation on heat transfer
Evolution with pressure
Evolution with temperature
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized CO2
0.1 MPa
With radiation
Without radiation 1 MPa
Influence of radiation on heat transfer
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Pressurized CO2
5 MPa 10 MPa
The influence of radiation decreases with pressure
Influence of radiation on heat transfer
Two-phase liquid-gas flow
water
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Physics of flow
Kandlikar, 1997
Only steam
Drawbacks: Instabilties in the phase change domain
Only water
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
DSG receivers
In most of the water/steam receivers, the liquid water heating and evaporation part is separated from the steam superheating part because they have different characteristics in terms of heat transfer which would results in high thermal stresses on the piping. In the evaporation part of the process, another challenge is to control the boiling well enough so that most of the liquid is evaporated, avoiding energy losses due to the water recirculation, without reaching the point of complete dryness. At this point the sudden drop of the heat transfer coefficient would provoke a violent increase of the tube temperature and therefore threaten the integrity of the piping..
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
DSG receivers
Two cases: Case 1: 150 bar and 500 kW/m²: Point concentration Case 2: 80 bar and 50 kW/m² : Linear concentration
Vertical versus horizontal pipes? The flows are similar if Froude number is larger than 0.04 Fr = G2/ρl
2.g.D > 0.04 With G: mass flux (kg/m2.s), ρl: liquid density, g: gravity, diameter of the pipe.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Liquid water
0.5 ≤ Pr ≤ 2000 and 104 ≤ Rel ≤ 5x106
Petukhov and Popov (1963)
where Relo is the Reynolds number for liquid only, Prl is the liquid Prandtl number and f is the friction factor.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Liquid water
Heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb for the liquid region, at a constant mass flux of 1444.4 kg/(m².s)
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Liquid water
heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb for the liquid region, at a constant velocity of 2 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Fully Boiling
Heat transfer dominated by nucleated boiling in the fully developed boiling regime (FDB)
Bo the boiling number, is the mass flux
ΔTsat is the wall superheat defined by ΔTsat = Tsat – Tw, Tsat is the saturation temperature, Llg is the latent heat of vaporization ΔTsub is the fluid subcooling defined by ΔTsub = Tsat – Tb
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Transition
Pure steam
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Heat transfer coefficient as a function of the apparent thermodynamic quality xa, from the liquid to the saturated boiling region, with a constant mass flux of 1444 kg/(m².s)
Ll the specific enthalpy of the liquid, Ll,sat the specific enthalpy of the liquid at the saturation temperature and Llg the latent heat of vaporization
Transition
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Steam
Heat transfer coefficient h as a function of the bulk temperature Tb for the steam region, at a constant velocity of 15 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
New heat transfer fluid: solid particles
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
New HTF is needed with:
Wide operating temperature range (as air),
Acceptable wall-heat transfer coefficient,
Small energy need for pumping,
High value of heat capacity,
No freezing limitation,
No environmental impact and safety issues,
Double use as HTF and storage medium.
Specifications
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Particle suspension
Particle Dense
Suspension (PDS)
Circulating
Fluidized Bed
(CFB)
Particle volume
ratio
30-40% 3-5%
Gas velocity
< 0.1 m/s 10 m/s
Mechanical
energy
consumption
Low High
Tube erosion,
particle attrition
Low High
hwall-to-bed Good Low
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Principle
Pressurized vessel with fluidized particles at Pchamber
htube
Upward flow of particles
PDS
hchamber
The hydrostatic pressure of the suspension (ΔPstatic), which is the sum of the gas pressure drop across the bed and the gas hydrostatic pressure, maintains the balance with the flow driving force (ΔPmotor) thus raising the bed level in the tube (htube). At equilibrium it comes,
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Experimental
1/ Opaque metallic tube (dia 42.4 mm, height 1 m) 2/ Dispenser fluid bed 3/ Receiver fluid bed 4/ Storage 5/ Solar receiver cavity 6/ Water-cooled screen
Concentrated solar energy
Flamant G et al. Chemical Engineering Science (2013), 102, 567.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Results
Heat transfer coefficient versus mean particle velocity (particle volume fraction 0.29 < αp< 0.32)
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Results
The problem of heat transfer coefficient calculation in the DSP tube
How to calculate h?
Secondary downward flow
Main upward flow
Irradiated tube
Particle buffer tank
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
Results
Last results, June 23 2014: a 750°C HTF
SFERA II Summer School 2014 – Gilles Flamant
CONCLUSION
Solar Facilities for the European Research Area
We are developing new stable HTF for low and high temperature
applications
SFERA II 2014-2017, Summer School, June 25-27 2014
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