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Haitian RevolutionHaitian Revolution17891789--18041804
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(Colony of St. Domingue)French
Spanish
France took western 1/3 of island from Spain
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Whites (20,000)
Gens de Couleur(30,000)
Slaves
(500,000)
Social Structure in Haiti
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Pre-Revolution: French colonists brought African slaves to
develop large sugar and coffee plantations
By 1788 - 500,000 slaves and 60,000colonists (outnumbered 8 : 1)
Haiti the richest colony in theWORLD
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Developments 1789Developments 1789
French Revolution begins Declaration of Rights of Man issued by
National Assembly
White planters (Grands Blancs) want
home rule because of French Revolution Gens de couleur(free blacks)
want equality (liberty, equality, fraternity)but did not get their promised citizenship
WHY is France a catalyst for theHaitian Revolution?
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17901790 Vincent Og (un gende couleur), goes to
France, wants rightsfor free blacks
Back in Haiti, demandend to discrimination.
Og is killed bywhites (chained towagon wheel andrepeatedly run over).
French
NationalAssembly allowscolonial whites todetermine politicallife in Haiti.
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17911791
French Assembly gives all men with two freeparents full rights. (This means some of thegens de couleur)
Whites consider separation from France.
Leading French writer Count Mirabeau saidthe Saint-Domingue whites "slept at the footofVesuvius alluding to the grave threat theyfaced should the majority of slaves launch asustained major uprising.
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A Rallying CryA Rallying Cry
Coute la libert il pale nan coeur nous
tous Listen to the voice of liberty which
speaks in the hearts of all of us
(Dutty Boukman delivered in patois)
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This Image, of Toussaint,was created by a French
artist after years of Frenchvilification.
Toussaint Brda
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The Revolution through theeyes of modern artists
(Napoleon or George Washingtonlike pose)
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Slave Revolt
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17921792
French Assembly and LouisXVI grant all free men ofcolor full citizenship rights
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17931793
Whites imprisoned, gens de couleurtakepower
Toussaint controls most of colony
French National Convention abolishesslavery in an attempt to pacify island.
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17961796
Toussaint is distrustful of all foreignersand wants only black leadership onisland.
Gens de couleurhave gained rights butlost property.what to do; should theysupport France in hopes of regaining
property (slaves) or support revolt inhopes of gaining power?
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17991799
War of the Castes Gens de couleursupport France
(want slaves back)
Toussaints army turns on gens decouleur
Toussaint asks president John Adamsforhelp
Adams fears Britain and France inthe Americas so:
Alliance with U.S. Adams sends arms and ships to
defeat gens de couleur
Toussaint will not allow French touse island as a base.
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17991799 Toussaint gets nickname Louverture (break
through enemy lines) from the French
Some of Toussaints officers had fought inAmerican Revolution
Jefferson reverses Adams policy callingToussaints army cannibals (Jefferson wasfrom the South, but didnt he write theDeclaration of Independence?)
French British and Spanish armies incompetent,(especially French.)
Napoleons coup dtatin France (internalweakness)
-He wants to reestablish slavery and colonialism
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What to do..
What to do!
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Le plus ca change ... le
plus ca reste la mme18001800--Extreme ActionExtreme Action
TheWar of Knivesbetween Toussaint & rivalleader, Rigaud
Toussaint becomes dictator Needs exports for revenue
Re-imposes plantationsystem, sugar means money
for Haiti. Uses freed slaves as forced
labor (sounds like slavery tome)
It doesnt work
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18021802
Toussaint kidnapped and is taken toFrance - dies of neglect and starvation injail
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18021802 Revolution is carried on by
Jean-Jacques Dessalines Both sides resort to atrocities
Torture, rape, mutilations-A war ofracial extermination
Haitians hang French prisoners U.S. and Britain fear slave revolt Newspapers cover the murder of
the French but not the blacks
British delay abolishing the slave
trade
Blacks who had sided withFrance turn against French
French re-establish slavery on
nearby island of Martinique
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18031803 Napoleon, who was going to use Haiti as a
base to invade Mexico and create an AmericanEmpire, sells the Louisiana Territory to theUnited States in April 1803
French on island surrender to the British
afraid to surrender to Toussaints army
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"The Heroes" by Smith Georges(Toussaint Louverture, Dessalines, Petion, Christophe, Boukman)
Firstpresident
Emperor ofHaiti
King of
Northern Haiti!
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L'UnionL'Union FaitLa ForceFaitLa Force ("Unity("Unity
Makes Strength.")Makes Strength.")
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Compare the French and HaitianCompare the French and HaitianRevolutionsRevolutions
StagesClass aspirationsClass participationRole of outside forces
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