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Utilities / GT Operation
Chaudhary Ghulam Abbas
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Types of Water
Canal Water Raw Water/Well Water
Drinking Water
Fire Water
Cooling Water
Boiler Feed Water (BFW)
Treated Water (TW)
Demineralized Water (DM)
Polished Water
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Water at offsite
Parameters
(ppm) Bad Canal Water Good Canal Water Well Water
PH
7.5-7.8 7.6-7.9 7.6-7.9Conductivity(us/cm
) 380- 500 230-370 800-1000Total Hardness
140-180 100-130 188-220Ca-Hardness
84-108 68-85 100-120Mg
56-72 32-45 88-100M-alkalinity
130-180 90-115 235-260ulp!ate
50-130 30-45 100-120C!loride
20-50 10-20 40-55silica
6-13 4-8 17-20T-iron
1-3 1-3 0.1-0.3T
500-1000 500-1000 500-1000
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Coolin+ ,at)r #uly C"-401 /
Parameter "ange& 7.1 ! 8.8
(r)) Chlorin) 0.1 ! 0.3
"& 600 ! 1000
Ammoniam/ 0 ! 40
Chlorid) 0 ! 250
Calcium &ardn)ss 400 ! 700#ulhat) 0 ! 585
Conductiity 1000-4000
".*ron 0 ! 3.0
$itrit) 0 ! 40
rthohoshat) 2 ! 6
. Alalinity 100 ! 200
Coolin+ ,at)r )turn C"-401 /
%aram)t)r an+)
& 7 ! 8
Ammoniam/ 0 ! 40
".*ron 0 ! 5
Cooling Water
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Treated Water
"r)at)d ,at)r "-401 /
Chlorid) $il
"& $il
#ilica 0 ! 0.5
#odium 0 ! 2
Conductiity 0 ! 25
& 8.5 ! 9.5
Boiler Feed Water
#odium 0 ! 2
& 8.5 ! 9.5
"& $il
Ammoniam/ 0 ! 40
#ilica 0 ! 0.8
Conductiity 1 ! 30
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#emin WaterChlorid) 0 ! 0.02
"& $il
#ilica 0 ! 0.1
#odium 0 ! 0.7
Conductiity 0 ! 10
& 6.0 ! 7.0
Polis!ed Water
"& $il
#ilica 0 ! 0.02
Conductiity 0 ! 0.2
& 6.0 ! 8.0
$acket Water
$itrit) 600 ! 900
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Gas Turbine
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Isothermal or Constant Temperature Process
In isothermal expansion heat to be continuously addedto keep temperature at initial value.
In isothermal Compression heat to be continuouslyremoved to keep temperature at initial value.
Isothermal Flow Equation
PV = CONSTANT (For Perfect Gas)
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ADIABETIC PROCESS
Adiabatic Process In Adiabatic Process NO heat transfer To or From the fluid.
Adiabatic Process may be Reversible or Ir-reversible.
Adiabatic Process flow Equation
PV γ= CONSTANT ( γ= CP
/ C V
)
For Reversible Adiabatic Process, Temperature/Pressurerelationship
(T2 / T1) = (P2 / P1)(γ- 1)/γ (For Perfect Gas)
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Working cycle: Brayton Cycle
Process 1-2:
Isentropic compression in the compressor Process 2-3:
Addition of heat at constant pressure Process 3-4:
Isentropic expansion of air Process 4-1:
Rejection of heat at constant pressure
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How does Gas Turbine works?
Gas turbine functions in the same way as theCompressed Ignition Engine. It sucks in air from theatmosphere, compresses it.
The fuel is injected and ignited. The gases expanddoing work and finally exhausts outside.
The only difference is instead of the reciprocating
motion, gas turbine uses a rotary motionthroughout.
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The three main sections of the Gas Turbine
1.Compressor
2.Combuster
3. Turbine
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BASIC COMPONENTS
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The compressor sucks the air from the atmosphere andcompresses it and guides it to the combustion chamber.
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This is an annular chamber where the fuel burns and is similarto the furnace in a boiler. The air from the compressor is theCombustion air.
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Stationary guide vanes of turbine direct the gases to the nextset of blades. The kinetic energy of the hot gases impacting onthe blades rotates the blades and the shaft.
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ADVANTAGES OF GTE’s
Weight reduction of 70%
Simplicity
Reduced manning requirements
Quicker response time
Faster Acceleration/deceleration
Cleaner and safer fuels Less vibrations
More economical
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Open Cycle Gas turbine
Fresh air is drawn into the
compressor from atmosphere.
Heat is added by combustionof fuel.
Exhaust from turbine isreleased in atmosphere.
Arrangement of continuousreplacement of workingmedium is required.
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Closed Cycle Gas turbine
In this , cycle is closed and
exhaust is not open toatmosphere.
In this there is continuouslysupply of same working gas.
Higher density gases likehydrogen or carbon dioxide isused.
So we get higher efficiencythen open cycle GT.
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Applications
Turbojet engines
Marine field
Supercharging
Railway engines
Generation of electric power
Industry
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Application in Aircraft
• Nearly all the military aircrafts are powered by gas
turbine.
• These are used for the higher generation of power inplane.
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As there is cut off the auxiliary engine gas turbinegets started.
As the speed of the plane increases the compressor
gets rotated and compresses the air and that getcombusted in combustion chamber. Then the exhaust gases are thrown out.
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Working of Gas Turbine
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GAS TURBINE COURSE
8.FUEL SYSTEM
9.COOLING & SEALING AIR SYSTEM
10.COOLING WATER SYSTEM
10.ATOMIZING AIR SYSTEM
11.FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
12.COMPRESSOR WATER WASHING
13.GAS TURBINE MAINTENANCE
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Gas turbine Components
Gas turbine assembly consists of six major section or groups
1.Air inlet
2.Compressor
3.Combustion system
4.Turbine
5.Exhaust
6.Support system
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Accessory Compartment
Several system involved in turbine operation located in thissection :
1.Starting Mean
2.Fuel System
3.Lubrication & Seal Oil System
4.Hydraulic System
5.Cooling Water System
6.Atomizing Air System
Major components - starting motor, torque converter &accessory drive gear.
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THANK -YOU
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