Government College for Women (Autonomous) Kumbakonam
Department of Zoology
M.Sc Zoology – Revised Course Structure under CBCS
(For the candidates admitted from the Academic year 2012-13 onwards)
Se
m
Course Course Title Inst,
Hrs /
Week
Credit Exam
Hrs
Marks Total
Int. Ext
I Core Course –I (CC) Functional Morphology &
Paleontology of
Invertebrates & Chordates
6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –II (CC) Cell & Molecular Biology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –III (CC) Genetics 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –IV (CC) Practical I 6 4 3 40 60 100
Elective I (EC) Nanotechnology 6 4 3 25 75 100
30 23
II Core Course –V (CC) Biochemistry 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –VI (CC) Animal Physiology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course–VII(CC) Biotechnology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –VIII (CC) Practical II 6 5 3 40 60 100
Elective II (EC) Bioinformatics 6 4 3 25 75 100
30 24
III Core Course –IX (CC) Developmental Biology&
Evolution
6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –X (CC) Immunology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –XI (CC) Microbiology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course–XII(CC) Practical III 6 4 3 40 60 100
Elective III (EC) Biostatistics & Research
Methodology
6 4 3 25 75 100
30 23
IV Core Course–XIII (CC) Applied Ecology &Toxicology 6 5 3 25 75 100
Core Course –XIV (CC) Practical IV 6 5 3 40 60 100
Core Course –XV
(CC)
Dissertation 80 Marks
(2Reviews-20+20=40marks
ReportValuation 40Marks)
Viva
20Marks
12 6 - - - 100
Elective IV (EC) Tools & Techniques in
Biology
6 4 3 25 75 100
30 20
Grand Total 120 90 1900
Core Course Papers : 14
Elective Papers : 4
Project Paper : 1
Total : 19
CORE COURSE I - FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY OF
INVERTEBRATES AND CHORDATES
A. INVERTEBRATES
Unit-I Organization
Symmetry in animal organization – Asymmetry, radial, biradial and bilateral symmetry –
Significance.
Coelom – Evolution of coelom. Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate groups
(Schizocoel,Enterocoeel, mesenchyme) – Significance.
Metamerism – Evolution of metemerism – Pseudometemerism, cyclo metamerism, corm
theory, embryological theory – Significance.
Locomotion: Movement in Annelids, Molluscs and Echinoderms.
Nutrition: Filter feeding in Polychaetes, Molluscs and Prochordates.
Respiration: Gills and trachea in Arthropods – Respiration in Molluscs.
Circulation: Circulation in Arthropods and Molluscs.
Unit-II
Excretion: Different types of excretory organs in invertebrates – their structure and function.
Nervous System : Primitive types – Coelenterates and nerve net; Advanced types – Nervous
system in Annelids, Molluscs and Arthropods.
Chemical Co-ordination: Endocrine glands in Crustaceans and Insects – Pheromones and
allelochemicals.
Unit-III
Reproduction: Pattern of sexual and asexual reproduction – Invertebrate larval forms and
their phylogenic significance.
Invertebrate Fossils: Evolutionary trends and phylogenetic importance of Trilobites,
Ammonoids, Belemnoids, Nautiloids, Echinoderm fossils.
Minor Phyla: Organisation and affinites of 1. Chaetognatha, 2. Rotifera, 3. Sipunculida,
4. Phoronida.
B. CHORDATES - Comparative study functional Morphology of vertebrates.
Unit-IV
Integumentary System: Exoskeletal structures and their modifications.
Digestive System: Alimentary canal and associated glands
Respiratory System: Gill respiration in cyclostomes and fishes – Pulmonary respiration in
tetrapods.
Circulatory System: Types & evolution of heart and aortic arches.
Excretory System: Types & evolution of kidneys.
Unit-V
Nervous System: Brain and spinal cord – cranial nerves, spinal nerves and visceral nerves –
Autonomic nervoussystems – Sympahtetic – Parasympathetic.
Reproductive System: Reproductive systems – Accessory reproductive glands.
Vertebrate Fossils: Evolutionary significance of Ostracoderms, Placoderms,
Crossopterygians, Labyrinthodonts,Dinosaurs, Archaeopteryx and Mesozoic mammals.
Recommended Text Books
INVERTEBRATES
1. BARNES, R.D. (1982), Invertebrate Zoology, IV Ed., Holt Saunders International
Edition.
2. BARRINGTON, E.J.W. (1979), Invertebrate Structure and Functions, II Ed., ELBS
and Nelson.
3. MOORE, R.C., LOLICKER and FISCHER, A.G. (1952), Invertebrate
Paleontology,McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., N.Y.
CHORDATES
1. WATERMAN, A.J. (1971), Chordate Structure and Function, The Macmillan
Company.
References
INVERTEBRATES
1. HIGHNAM, K.C. and HILL, L. (1979), The Comparitive Endocrinology of
Invertebrates, ELBS & Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., London.
2. HYMAN, G.H., The Invertebrates, Vol. I to VII, McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., N.Y.
3. VASANTIKA KASHYAP (1997), Life of Invertebrates, Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
4. KOTPAL, R.L., Minor Phyla, Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
5. NIGAM, Comparative anatomy of Invertebrates.
CHORDATES
1. COLBERT, H. EDWIN (1989), Evolution of the Vertebrates, II Ed., Wiley Eastern
Limited, New Delhi.
2. HARREY POUGH, JOHN B. HEISHER, WILLIAM N. McFARLAND (1990),
Vertebrate Life, Macmillan Publishing Co., N.Y.
3. JOLLIE, M. (1962), Chordate Morphology, Reinholt Publishing Corporation, N.Y.
4. KENT, G.C. (1976), Comparitive anatomy of the Vertebrates, McGraw Hill Book
Co., Inc., New York.
5. ROMER, A.S. (1974), The Vertebrate Body, W.B. Saunders, London.
6. ROMER, A.S. (1979), HYMAN’s Comparitive Vertebrate Anatomy, III Ed., The
University of Chicogo Press, London.
7. WEICHERT, C.K. (1965), Anatomy of the Chordates, McGraw Hill Book Co., N.Y.
8. NEWMAN, N.H. (1961), Phylum Chordate, The University of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
CORE COURSE II – GENETICS
Unit I:
Classical Genetics: Mendelian inheritance – Monohybrid, Dihybrid, Trihybrid cross. Genetic
interaction : Modifiers, Suppressors, Pleotropic genes, Selfish genes, Penetrance and
Expressivity. Linkage and Crossing over, Genetic and physical mapping.
Unit II :
Mutliple allele : Inheritance of Eyecolour, Wing structure of Drosophila. Chromosomal
mutations : Numerical and structural changes in chromosome. Molecular basis of mutations .
Unit III:
Microbial genetics: Genetic recombination in bacteria – Types of recombination – breakage
and joining of heteroplexues – homologous recombinations – pairing of DNA molecule –
site of recombination – DNA rearrangement – regulation of gene expression through site
specific recombination.
Unit IV:
Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes: Operon concept : lactose
operon, tryptophan operon and galactose operon, regulation and synthesis of Ribosomes
Gene regulation in Eukaryotes. Sigma factors , promoter, operator, terminator and attenuator.
DNA methylation, Hetero chromatization, Environmental regulation of genes.
Unit V:
Human Genetics : Genetic disorders of Human beings – Albinism, Thallesemia, Diabetes
melitus, Brachydactyly, Huntingtons Chorea - Human syndrome – Edward’s syndrome,
Klinefeltor’s syndrome, Cri du chat syndrome – Molecular genetics in relation to human
diseases. Genetics of Cancer – Population Genetics : Hardy Weinberg law, Eugenics,
Euthenics, Euphenics.
Recommended Text Books
1.Genetics – VERMA AND AGARWAL V edition
2.Molecular Biology - DAVID FRIEFELDER
3. Principles of Genetics – GARDNER
4. Essential Genetics – RUSSEL R.J
Reference Books:
1. TOM STRACHAN and ANDREW. P. READ – Human Molecular Genetics – ‘Bios’
Scientific Pub UK. (1996).
2. WATSON, J.D., HOPKINS, N.H., ROBERTS, J.W., STEITZ, J. AND WEINTER, A.M. –
Molecular Biology of Genes (4th edition) 1987. The Benjamin/Cummings publishing
Company inc., Joky.
3. LEWIN, B. GENES VI (1997). Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York, Tokyo.
4. DARVELL, J. et. al., Molecular Cell Biology (7th edition) 2002. Garland Publishing iwc.,
New York.
5. JENKINS, J.B. (1983), Human Genetics, The Benjamin Cummings Publishing Co.
6. URSULA GOODENOUGH (1984), Genetics, Saunders College Publishing Co., London.
References
7. BENJAMIN LEWIN (2000), Genes VII, Oxford University Press, New York.
8. DANIEL L. HARTL (1994), Genetics, III Ed., Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston.
9. JOHN D. HAWKINS (1996), Gene Structure and Expression, III Ed.,
CambridgeUniversity Press.
10. ROBERT H. TAMARIN (1996), Principles of Genetics, WCB Publishers.
Munro.W.
11. MALOY, S.R., J.EGRONAN AND D.FRIEFELDER.1994. Microbial Genetics. . Jones
andBartlett Publishers, Sudbury, MA, USA.
12. DALE, J.W. 1994. Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken,NJ,
USA.
13. KLUG, W.S. AND M.R. CUMMINGS. 1997. Concepts of Genetics. Prentice Hall, NJ,
USA.
14. CORIFFITHS.1996 Introductions to Genetic Analysis. Freeman and Co.,U.K.
15. ECKSTEIN F, LILLEY DM.(EDS.). 1996. Catalytic RNA. Springer – Verla, Berlin..
CORE COURSE III - CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Unit-I
Cell Membrane : Molecular organization : molecular models – cell permeability – cell
surface Differentiations, cell communication – membrane receptors and signal transduction
pathways. Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility : Microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate
filaments , role in cell organization, division and motility. Methods of Cell Study :
Micrometry – cell culture methods – cell fractionation technique – cytochemical staining
methods – cytophotometry.
Unit-II
Mitochondria and Energy Transduction: Molecular organization of mitochondria and their
role in oxidative phosphorylation.. Ribosomes: Morphology, ultrastructure, biochemistry and
functions. Nucleus : Nuclear envelope – Nuclear pore – Nuclear proteins – Nucleosome.
Chromosomes : Morphology – Structure – Heterochromatin and Euchromatin – Chromosome
banding.
Unit III
Nucleic Acids and Their Functions : DNA and RNA : Structure, types and functions –
Replication of DNA – DNA repair mechanism.– extrachromosomal DNA - Transposable
elements - Gene amplification.
Unit-IV
Protein Synthesis : Mechanism of transcription – role of transcription factors – transcription
regulators – Genetic code - Processing of mRNA – translation – post translational
modifications and control mechanism. Protein Transport : Intracellular compartments and
protein sorting - Vesicular traffic in secretary and endocytic pathways, transport from ER
through Golgi to lysosome, endosome
Unit V
Cell Cycle : Phases of cell cycle – role of cyclin and other molecules – molecular
organization and functional significance of mitotic apparatus. Biology of Cancer Cells :
Characteristics of Cancer Cells, types of tumours. Apoptosis and its relevance in cancer
biology.
Recommended Text Books
1. De ROBERTIS, E.D.P. and De ROBERTIS, E.M.F. (1987), Cell and Molecular Biology,
VIII Ed., Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia.
2. DAVID FREIFELDER (1998), Molecular Biology, II Ed., Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
References
1. LEWIS, KELEINSMITH and VALERIS M. KISH (1988), Principles of Cell
Biology, Harper and Row Publications, New York.
2. POWAR, C.B. (1983), Cell Biology, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
3. WATSON et al., (1987), Molecular Biology of the Gene, The Benjamin Cummings
Publishing Co., Inc., California.
CORE COURSE IV - PRACTICAL – I
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY & PALEONTOLOGY OF INVERTEBRATES AND
CHORDATES, GENETICS, CELL & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND
NANOTECHNOLOGY
A. INVERTEBRATES and CHORDATES
1. Taxonomy
A list of atleast 2 representative animals belonging to major classes of each invertebrate
phyla and major orders of 5 classes of Chordata can be prepared by the college and the
animals shown to the students. A student has to identify and describe the salient features and
assign them to the order, class and phylum to which they belong.
2. Mounting
Mounting of different insect mouthparts ( mosquitoe, Housefly, cockroach, Honeybee)
3. Dissections
Invertebrata – Pila , Vaginulus , Ariophanta , Gryllotalpha – Nervous and Reproductive
system.
Vertebrata – Aortic Arches and Portal system – Calotes & Rat.
3. Power point presentation of different systems of chordates.
3. Spotters
Invertebrate larval forms.
Invertebrate fossils – Ammonoids, Belemnoids, Nautiloids and Echinoderm.
fossils.
Minor Phyla – Chaetognatha, Rotifera, Phoronida and Sipunculida.
B. GENETICS
1. Drosophila culture
2. Identifications of sexes.
3.Identifications of mutants.
4. Blood groups ABO & Rh their genetic significance.
5. Pedigree analysis.
6. Human karyotyping
7. Chromosomal abnormalities.
8. Hardy Weinberg law & Calculation of gene frequencies for dominant, recessive &
codominant traits and Multiple alleles.
C.CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
1. Micrometry
2. Camera Lucida
3. Human Buccal Smear
4. Blood Smear – Cockroach, Man.
5. Cytochemical detection of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, DNA and RNA.
D. NANOTECHNOLOGY
1. Preparation of Iron oxide Nanoparticles
2. Preparation of Silver nanoparticles
3. Characterization of Nanoparticles – SEM, TEM
Record of Laboratory work shall be submitted at the time of practical examination.
References
Biology course www.cleverrodgehog.com.-
ELECTIVE COURSE I - NANOTECHNOLOGY
Unit I
Nanomaterials
Introduction – Definition – preparation of Nanomaterials, Top down approach - Ball milling
method : Synthesis of Nanomaterials –Bottom up approach, Gas phase evaporation – sol gel
processing – reverse micellar techniques.
Unit II
Properties and characterization of Nano materials
Physico chemical properties, optical properties electrical & electronic properties, mechanical,
magnetic properties, catalytic activities,
Characterisation of nanomaterials: Microscopy – SEM,TEM, AFM – Spectroscopy – UV
visible spectroscopy, Powder X-Ray diffraction, NMR, X-Ray absorption spectroscopy.
Unit III
Applications of Nanotechnology in health
Applications of Nanotechnology in Food, Diagnosis – biosensors and Biolabelling, Quantum
dots, Magnetic nano particles, Devices based on Nano technology for Diagnosis.
Unit IV
Nano medicines: Developing of Nanomedicines, Nanosystems in use, protocols for
Nanodrug administration – Nanomaterials as therapeutic agents – Drug reducing nanofluids.
Unit V
Application of Nanotechnology in Environment – Nano materials in pollution abatement –
Nano materials in sensors – Nano materials in Green nanotechnology.
Recommended Text Books
1. AMIT CHAKRAVARTHY, Nanotechnology - An Introduction, Rajat Publications.
2. G.B.SERGEEV, Nanochemistry, Elsevier India Pvt Ltd. New Delhi
3. Y.S RAGHAVAN, Nanostructures & Nanaomaterials, Arise Publishers, New Delhi
4. B.VISWANATHAN, Nanomaterials, Narosha Publishing Home, New Delhi
5. MICHAEL WILSON, KAMALI KAANANGARA, Nanotechnology.
SEMESTER II
CORE COURSE V - BIOCHEMISTRY
UNIT I :
Scope of Biochemistry – Atoms, Molecules, Polymerization of organic Molecules
Nature of living matter, major organic components – Chemistry of water – dissolved gases –
pH, buffers – Membrane permeability. Structure, Classification and functions of proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic – acids – Derivatives of carbohydrates and lipids.
UNIT II :
ENZYMES : 3-D Structure, classification and functions – Co-enzymes, Iso-enzymes,
Allosteric enzymes, Anti-enzymes .Mechanism of Enzyme action – Regulation of enzyme
activity – Activators and Inhibitors – Enzyme Kinetics. ENERGY TRANSFER : Flow of
energy in biological world – Concept of free energy – Redox potential – coupling of
chemical reactions in transfer of energy – Energy rich compounds and their significance.
UNIT III :
METABOLISM : Protein and aminoacid metabolism – Oxidative deamination,
transamination, decarboxylation, transmethylation reactions. Carbohydrate metabolism –
Glycogenesis, glycogenolysis – Energetics of Kreb’s cycle – Gluconeogenesis, Cori’s Cycle,
Glycosuria – Diabetes. Lipid metabolism – Metabolism of fatty – acids, glycerol and
Cholesterol – Theories of oxidation of fatty – acids. BMR – Inborn errors of metabolism.
UNIT IV:
Vitamins : Structure, sources, requirements, functions and deficiency manifestations of fat
soluble and water soluble vitamins. Minerals : Sources, requirements, functions, absorption
and metabolism with reference to Iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium
and other trace elements as Iodine, copper, zinc and fluorine.
UNIT V :
HORMONES : Chemical nature, properties and functions of hormones Hormonal control of
carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism. cyclic – AMP Occurrence, Structure, Synthesis,
Degradation and Biological Functions.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. LEHNINGER, ALBERT.DAVID.L.NELSON & MICHAEL M.Cox, (1993), Principles of
Biochemistry, CBS Publishers & Distributors, Delhi.
2. STRYER,L. (1988), Biochemistry W.H.Freeman & Co.
3. COOPER.T.G.(1977), The tools of Biochemistry, Wiley Inter science Publication, John
Wiley & Sons; NY.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1. ROBERT K.MURAY, DARYL K.GRANNER, PETER A.WAYES and VICTOR
W.RODWELL (1993), Harper’s Biochemistry (24th Edition) Prentice Hall International Inc.,
London.
2. VOET.D. AND VOET.J (1995), Biochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
CORE COURSE VI - ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Unit I
Nutrition: Nutrients – digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids. Role of
gastrointestinal hormones in digestion.
Unit II
Respiration : Types of respiratory mechanisms (Integumentary, bronchial, tracheal and
pulmonary) – Respiratory pigments and their functions – Exchange of gases – Physiology of
respiration in man – Regulatory mechanisms.
Circulation: Chemistry of blood – inorganic and organic components their regulations and
functions – blood pigments and functions – Types of transport mechanisms – cardiac cycle -
Blood pressure – ECG – Cardiovascular diseases..
Unit III
Excretion: Excretion in relation to different habitats – Detoxification pathways of ammonia –
Regulation of nitrogen excretion
Homeostatic mechanisms – Ionic and osmoregulation in invertebrates (Crustaceans) , Fishes,
birds and terrestrial animals – hormonal control, Temperature and pH regulation in animals.
Unit IV
Muscles: Mechanism of muscle contraction – Regulation and energetics of contraction –
Electric organs.
Nervous co-ordination: Propagation and transmission of nerve impulse – synaptic
transmission – Autonomous nervous system – Reflex action. Bioluminescence – Biological
clocks.
Receptors – Types of receptors – Photoreceptors – Retinal pigments – Photo chemistry of
vision – phonoreceptor – mechanism of hearing.
Unit V
Chemical coordination: Hormones of vertebrates and their specific role in chemical
coordination – molecular mechanism of hormonal action.
Reproduction : Mammalian reproductive physiology, Reproductive cycles – Hormonal
control
Recommended Text Books :
HOAR W.S. (1987) General and Comparative Physiology, Prentice Hall.
TURNER, C.D. and BAGNARA, J.T. (1976) General Endocrinology, 6th Edn., WB
Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Reference Books :
BALDWIN, E. (1964) An Introduction to Comparative Biochemistry, CUP, London.
BECK, W.S. (1971). Human Design, Harcourt Brace Joranorich Inc.,
DAWSON, H. (1964) General Physiology, Little Brown Co., Boston.
ECHERT, R. and RANDALL, D. (1987) Animal Physiology, CBS Publishers and
Distributors
GIESE, A.C. (1979) Cell physiology and Biochemistry, Prentice Hall
GORDON, M.S., BARTHOLOMEW, G.A., GRILNELL, A.D., JORGENSEN, C.B., and
WHITE. F.N. (1971) Animal Function, Principles and Adaptation, Macmillan Co., London.
McFARLAND, D. (1986) Animal Behaviour – Psychobiology, Ethology and Evolution,
English Language Boosk Society, Longman.
ROBERT M. BERINE and M.N. LEVY (1988) Physiology, - III Edn., St;Louis, Baltimore,
Boston, Lodon.
SCHMIDT NEILSSEN, K. (1985) Animal Physiology – Adaptation and Environment, CUP,
London.
TEDESCHI, H. (1993) Cell Physiology, Molecular Dynamics, II Edn., Won C. Brown
publishers, Oxford, England.
WILSON, J.A. (1979) Principles of Animal Physiology
WOOD, W.S. (1968) Principles of Animal Physiology, Edward Arnold, London.
CORE COURSE VII - BIOTECHNOLOGY
UNIT-I:
Gene cloning - the basic steps - various types of restriction enzymes - ligase linkers and
adaptors - Selection of recombinants. Hybridization techniques chemical systhesis of
oligonucleotides. c DNA and Genomic library.
Gene probe - Molecular finger printing (DNA finger printing ) - RFLP - the PCR techniques
- Blotting techniques - Southern blotting - Northern blotting - Western blotting
UNIT-II:
Plasmid biology - cloning vector based on E. coli, PBR 322, bacteriophage yeast Artificial
Chromosome, Agro bacterium tumefaciens, Simian virus 40 - Gene transfer technology -
Particle bombardment - Micro injection techniques.
UNIT-III:
Cell culture - Organ culture - whole embryo culture - Embryo transfer - In vitro fertilization
(IVF) technology - Dolly - in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in human. Transgenic
animals. Human gene therapy. Cryobiology
UNTI-IV:
Fermentation - bioreactor - Microbial products - Primary and Secondary Metabolites -
enzyme technology - single cell protein (SCP)., Biopolymers,
Biopesticides and Biofertilizers.
UNTI-V:
Bioremediation - bioremediation of hydrocarbons - Industrial wastes - Heavy metals -
Xenobiotics - bioleaching - biomining - biofuels. Applications of biotechnology in
agriculture, medicine and food science. Genetically modified organism (GMO’S) - GM
foods. Biotechnology & biosafety – Ethics and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).
Recommended Text Books :
1. DUBEY R.C. (2008) A text Book of Biotechnology. S.Chand and Company, New Delhi
2. SATHYANARAYANA.U.(2005) Biotechnology. Books and Allied P.Ltd. Kolkata.
References
1. BROWN, C.M., CAMPBEL, I. and PRIEST, F.G. (1988), Introduction to
Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific Publications, UK.
2. PRIMROSE, S.B. (2000), Modern Biotechnology, Blackwell Scientific
Publications,Oxford, London.
3. KESHAV TREHAN (1996), Biotechnology, New Age International Pvt. Ltd.
Publishers, New Delhi.
4. Watson et.al. (1999) Recombinant DNA. Freeman and Company, New York
5. IGNACIMUTHU, S. (1998), Basic Biotechnology, Tata McGraw Hill PublishingCo., New
Delhi.
6.KUMAR, H.D. (1998), Modern Concepts of Biotechnology, Vikas Publishing HousePvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
CORE COURSE IX – PRACTICAL II – BIOCHEMISTRY, ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOINFERMATICS
A.BIOCHEMISTRY
Quantitative estimation of amino acids, protein, carbohydrate and lipids in tissue samples.
Preparation of solutions – Molarity, Normality, Percentage.
Calculation of moles, millimoles, micromoles and nano moles.
Buffer preparation – determination of pH using pH meter.
Beer lambers law verification
Separation of aminoacids by paper chromatography - Unidirectional
B. ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Quantitative estimation of amylase activity.
Quantitative estimation of ammonia and urea
Rate of salt loss and salt gain in fish using different experimental media.
Estimation of blood chloride.
Estimation of haemoglobin.
C. APPLIED BIOTECHNOLOGY
Isolation of genomic DNA
Plasmid isolation
Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA
DNA fragmentation using restriction enzymes (Demonstration only)
Ligation (Demonstration only)
Blotting technique (southern and western) Demonstration only
PCR (Demonstration only)
D. BIOINFORMATICS
Sequence analysis – Human insulin – Fasta – Blast
Molecular Docking.
ELECTIVE COURSE II – BIOINFORMATICS
UNIT-I
Bioinformatics-definition, history; computer - system, topology and peripherals for
communication; Internet - basics, connection, web browsing and URL
UNIT-II
Data bases - Nucleic acid sequence data bases (NCBI, EMBL, DDJB), Protein sequence data
base-SWISS-PORT, data base searching - BLAST.
UNIT-III
Allignments local, global, pairwise & multiple sequences; anlaysis phylogenetics -
CLUSTAL, PHYLIP & UPGAMAS. Gene finding and gene scan.
UNIT-IV
Protein prediction - physical properties, secondary structure, alpha & beta structure, motifs,
tertiary structures, specialized structure and function. Ramachandran Plot
Molecular visualization - protein conformation and visualization tool (RASMOL).
UNIT-V
Drug discovery - role of bioinformatics in drug discovery, target discovery, lead discovery,
microarray, docking and prediction of drug quality. Bioinformatics companies.
Recommended Texts
1. V. R.SRINIVAS, 2005, Bioinformatics – A modern approach, Prentice Hall of India, New
Delhi.
2. C.S.V.MURTHY – Bioinformatics – Himalaya Publishing Company
3. Dr.K.MANI - Bioinformatics
Reference Books
1. ARTHUR M.M LESK 2002, Introduction to Bioinformatics, Oxford University.
2. DAN E.KRANE, MICHAEL L RAYMER, ELAINE NICPON, MARIEB 2002,
Introduction to Bioinformatics.
3. JAMES TISDAL, 2001, Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics, O'Reilly Publications
Sebastopol, USA.
4. BRYON BERGUSSON – Bioinformatics Computing, Prentice hall of India Pvt Ltd, New
Delhi.
5. Programming in ANSIC, E. BALAGURUSAMY, 1991. Tata Mcgraw Hill.
6. Introduction to bioinformatics, 2001. AH WOOD, T.K. PARRY SMITH DJ, Pearson
education Asia.
7. Developing bioinformatics in computer skill, GIBAS C, JAMBEEK P.S, OREILLY, 2001.
associates inc. Shrott publishes.
8. WERNER KALOWURS A.MEYER RACHAEL TYNDALE 2001, Pharmacogenomics.
9. LENGAUER, THOMAS, 2003, Bioinformatics: From Genes to Drugs: John Wiley &
Sons Publications.
10. MOUNT DAVID W, 2004, Bioinformatics: Sequence & Genome Analysis, 2nd Edition,
Coldspring Harbor Laboratory Press.
11. S.B PRIMROSE & R.M TWYMAN,2002, Principles of Genome Analysis and
Genomics, 3rd Edition, Blackwell Publications
12. DAVID W MOUNT, Bioinformatics: Sequence And Genome Analysis, 2nd Edition, cold
Spring Harbor Press
13. DURBIN et al (2007) Biological Sequence Analysis: Probabilistic models of protein and
Nucleic acids Cambridge University Press.
14. THOMAS E. CREIGHTON, Proteins: structures and molecular properties
15. Chemoinformatics Edited by JOHANN GASTEIGER AND THOMAS ENGEL
16. Structural Bioinformatics, Edited PHILIP E. BOURNE AND HELGE WEISSIG
SEMESTER III
CORE COURSE IX - DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION
Unit I
Gametogenesis – Spermatogenesis – Oogenesis, Fertilization, Activation of egg cytoplasm,
Infertility, Super ovulation, ICSI, GIFT, Embryo cloning, IVF and Test tube baby.
Unit II
Experimental activation and parthenogenesis – significance; Cleavage – peculiarities –
chemical changes – patterns of cleavage – distribution of cytoplasmic substance; Role of the
egg cortex in some invertebrates – ascidians and amphibians; Induction and mechanism of
action of inducing substances; Differentiation – Types and levels; Homeotic genes.
Unit III
Gene activity and general metabolism during gatrulation – involvement of parental genes and
sequence of expression in development – hormones and development; Morphogenetic cell
movement – integration of gastrulation; Metamorphosis – moulting and metamorphosis in
insect – mechanism of action of insect hormones; Regeneration – regenerative ability in
various animals; Stimulation and suppression of regeneration – polarity and gradients in
regeneration.
B.EVOLUTION
Unit IV
Present status of the concept of natural selection – genetical theory of natural selection –
evidences for the role of natural selection. Neo-Lamarckism – present concept of
recapitulation – genetic and non – genetic variations – origin and evolutionary significance.
Polymorphism and selection – definitions, transient polymorphism, balanced polymorphism,
genetic polymorphism, enzyme polymorphism and selection advantages.
Unit V
Polyploidy and evolution – genetic assimilation – genetic speciation – species concept –
evolutionary trends – canalization of selection – orthoselection. Evolution of population –
from races to species, adaptation pattern, behavioral adaptation and strategies, sexual
competition and selection, isolating mechanisms, mode of speciation and evolutionary rate,
Evolution of Man.
Recommended Text Books
Developmental Biology
BALINSKY, B.L., (1981) An Introduction to Embryology, V Ed., Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia.
BERRILL, N.J., (1986) Developmental Biology, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Evolution
STRICKBERGER, M.W. (1996). Evolution. Jones and Barlett publishers Inc., London.
DOBZHANSKY, T., AYALA, F.J., STEBBINS, G.L. and VALENTINE, J.W. (1975).
Evolution. Surjeet Publications.
Reference Books :
Developmental Biology
BERRILL, N.J., and KARP, G. (1976) Developmental Biology, McGraw Hill Inc. New
York.
BROWDER, L.N. (1980) Developmental Biology, Saunders College, Philadelphia.
DEUCHAR, E.M., (1976) Cellular interaction in Animal Development, Chapman and Hall,
London.
GILBERT, S.F. (1995) Developmental Biology, II Edn., Sinamer Associates Inc., Publishers,
Saunderland, Massachusetts, USA.
SAUNDERS, A.W., (1982) Developmental Biology : Patterns / Principles / Problems.
Macmillan Publishing Co., NewYork.
STEVAN, B. and OPPENHEIMER (1980) Introduction to Embryonic Development, Alley
and Bern.
TIMIRAS, P.S. (1972) Developmental Physiology and Aging. The Macmillan Company,
New York.
WILLER, B.H. and OPPENHEIMER, J.M., (1964) Fundamentals of Experimental
Embryology, Prentice Hall.
Evolution
DODSON, E.O. and DODSON, P. (1976). Evolution : Process and Product (II Edn), Van
Nostrand Company, New York.
DOWDESWELL, W.H. (1963). The Mechanism of Evolution, Arnold-Heinmann India,
Delhi.
JOHA, A.P. (1992). Gene and evolution, The Macmillan Co., New Delhi.
MERREL, D.P. (1962). Evolution and Genetics : The Modern theory of Evolution. Holt,
Rinehart and Winston Inc., New York.
CORE COURSE X – IMMUNOLOGY
Unit - I
Outlines of Immunology: Types of Immunity – Cells and organs of immune system.
Unit – II
Types and structure of Antigens, Haptens – Structure, function and biological properties of
Immunoglobulin classes - Antigens – Antibody interactions – Complement pathways.
Unit - III
Hypersensitivity - Types of hypersensitivity - Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC);
HLA and biological significance - Transplantation immunology - Types of graft -
Mechanism of allograft rejection.
Unit - IV
Tolerance and autoimmunity: Immunodeficiency diseases and AIDS – Cancer and Immune
responses.
Unit - V: Immunotechnology
Active immunization - Passive immunization – Principles and Methods of Aggulutiination
and antibody titre, vaccine preparation, hybridoma technology – monoclonal antibodies,
antibody engineering – Immunological techniques – Immunodiffution, RIA, ELISA,
Immunocytochemistry and Immunoblotting.
Recommended Text Books
1. Immunology, S.K. GUPTA (1999). Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
2. Essential Immunology (8th Edition), IVAN ROITT, 1994. Blackwell Scientific
Publication. Immunology W.H. Freemen and Company.
3. ABDUL .K. ABBAS. ANDREW .K. LITCHMEN AND JORDAN, 1997, Cellular and
Molecular Immunology, 3rd Edn. W.B. Saunder Company.
4. WEIR, D.M. AND STEWART, J., 1997, Immunology, 8th Edn., Churchill Livingston,
New York.
5. ERYL LIDDELL AND IAN WEEKS., 1995, Antibody Technology, BIOS Scientific
Publishers.
6. BRUCE ALBERTS, DENNIS BRAY, JULIAN LEWIS, MARTIN RAFF, KEITH
ROBERTS AND JAMES D. WATSON.(Eds.), 1994, Molecular Biology of the cell, 3rd
Edn., Garland Publishing Inc., New York.
7. Immunology, GEORGE PINCHUK (2004). Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited, New Delhi.
8. Immunology & Immunotechnology, ASHIM.K.CHAKRAVARTHY – Oxford
Publications.
References
ABBAS A.K., LICHMAN A.K., JORDAN S. POBER J.S. (1997). Cellular and Molecular
Immunology, Harcourt Brace and Co., Asia Pvt. Ltd., Singapore.
CHAMPION, M.D., and COOKE, A. (1987) Advanced Immunology, J.B. Lippincott
Philadelphia.
CLARK, W.R. (1983). The Experimental Foundations of Modern Immunology, John Wiley
& Sons, New York.
COLEMAN, LOMBARD and SICARD (1992). Fundamentals Immunology, W.M.C. Brown
Publishers.
STITES D.P. and ABBA I.TERR A.I. (1991). Basic and Clinical Immunology, Prentice Hall
International Inc.,
KUBY, J. (1994). Immunology. W.H.Freeman and Co., New York.
NANDHINI SHETTY (1996). Immunology : Introductory Text Book. New age International
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi
PAUL, W.E.M. (1989). Fundamentals Immunology, Raven Press, New York.
RAMAKRISHNAN, S and RAJI SWAMY (1995). Text Book of Clinical Biochemistry and
Immunology, T.R. Publications, Madras.
ROITT, M.I. (1994). Essential Immunology, Blackwell Science Ltd., U.K.
SRIVASTAVA, R., RAM, B.P. and TYLE, P. (1991). Molecular Mechanisms of Immune
Regulation, VCH Publishers Inc., New York.
Sells, S. (1987). Basic Immunology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., New York.
TIZARD, I.R., (1995). Immunology – An Introduction, IV Ed., Saunders College
Publications, Philadelphia.
CORE COURSE XI - MICROBIOLOGY
Unit I
Scope and history of microbiology – Classification of microorganisms – Microbial diversity,
general methods of classifying bacteria, fungi, algae and virus. Morphology and fine
structure of bacterial cells – cell wall and peptidoglycan in Gram positive and Gram negative
bacteria – Reproduction of bacteria, fungi, algae, viruses (lytic and lysogeneic cycles),
Mycoplasmas and yeast.
Unit II
Bacterial growth and nutritional requirements, nutritional media and growth conditions;
methods for culturing microbes – culture media – microbial growth; Isolation of pure culture
– SPC and MPN techniques. Equipments and methods used in microbiology.
Unit III
Industrial microbiology – Biochemistry of fermentation, fermentation products, basic design
and types of fermentors, production of ethanol, lactic acid, vinegar, citric acid,
Pharmacheuticals – antibiotic, vitamins, microbial enzymes and vaccines – biofertilizers –
biopesticides – biopolymers.
Unit IV
Environmental microbiology – nitrogen fixation(symbiotic and non-symbiotic) mechanism of
nitrogen fixation, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous cycle. Water microbiology –
bacteriological examination of domestic water, purification of water, sewage and its disposal,
marine microbiology. Air microbiology – Microorganisms, significance and control.
Unit V
Medical microbiology – Microorganisms and infectious diseases Epidemiology, clinical
types and therapy of Fungal ( Mycoses and Mycotoxicoses), Bacterial (Tuberculosis,
Meningities, Cholera, Boutilism, typhoid) and viral (polio, Hepatatitis, HIV) diseases.
Recommended Text Books
1. PELCZER, M.J., REID, R.D. and CHAN, E.C.S. (1996), Microbiology, V Ed., Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd., New Delhi.
2. ANANTHANARAYANAN, T and JAYARAM PANIKER, C.K. (2000), Text Book of
Microbiology, VI Ed., Orient Longman Ltd., Madras.
References
1. DAVID FREIFELDER (1998), Microbial Genetics, Narosa Publishing House, New
Delhi.
2. POWAR, C.B. and DIGINAWALA, H.F. (1982), General Microbiology Volume I &
II, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay.
3. MICHAEL T. MADIGAN, JOHN M. MARTINKL, JACK PARKER (1997),
Biology of Microorganisms, VIII Ed., Prentice Hall International Inc., USA.
CORE COURSE XII - PRACTICAL – III
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY AND MICROBIOLOGY
A.DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
1. Whole mount of chick embryo – 4hrs, 16 hrs, 72hrs, 96 hrs
2. Observation of prepared slides and spotters
B. EVOLUTION
1. Observation of forelimbs or hindlimbs of vertebrates (Frog, Calotes, Bird and Mammal) to
demonstrate the common pattern of pentadactyl limb and common ancestry of vertebrates.
2. Observation of fossils for paleontological evidences of evolution.
3. Observation of leaf insects and stick insects in the museum to demonstrate adaptation by
cryptic colouration and natural selection.
4. Observation of Monarch and Viceroy butterflies to demonstrate Batesian mimicry.
C. IMMUNOLOGY
1. Identification of lymphoid organs in rat / mouse.
2. Preparation of antigen and raising of antibody – RBC and sperm proteins.
3. Blood collection and serum separation
4. Immunodiffusion.
5. ELISA
D. BIOSTATISTICS
1. Collection of data (Height, Weight, Blood group, Hb, BMI) from class,
2. Analysis of data using Microsoft exel
D. MICROBIOLOGY
1. Culture techniques – culture of bacteria
2. Bacterial growth curve
3. Counting and Antibiotic susceptibility test.
ELECTIVE COURSE III - BIOSTATISTICS AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. BIOSTATISTICS
Unit I
Introduction, scope and definition, Statistical methods, functions and limitations of statistics.
Collection, organization and representation of data. Measures of central tendaency – mean,
median and mode. Measures of dispersion – range, inter quartile range, mean deviation,
standard deviation and Lorenz curve. Standard error.
Unit II
Skewness and kurtosis, measures of skewness, karl-pearson’s coeffeciant of skewness,
Bowley’s measures of skewness, types of coefficient of skewness, types of kurtosis,
correlation analysis – types and methods Regression analysis – regression line and regression
equation.
Unit III
Chi-square test, Analysis of variance, students T test, F test. Probability theory (Normal,
Binomial and Poisson distributions).
B. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Unit-IV
Reference work: Source, Index card, Details of Popular Magazines and periodicals (monthly,
quarterly and half-yearly journals and reviews). Online browsing of research articles: infonet
and inflibnet
Preparation of research dissertation – proof reading – preparation of bibliography.
UNIT-V:
Preparation of Scientific paper for publication in a Journal. Internet and e-journals. Computer
aided techniques for data analysis, data presentation and slide preparation.
Recommended Text Books
BIOSTATISTICS
Milton, J.S. 1992. Statistical methods in Biological and Health Sciences. McGraw Hill Inc.,
New York.
Gupta, S.P. 1988. An easy approach to statistics. Chand & Co., New Delhi.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
N. Gurumani 2006. Research Methodology for Biological
Sciences MJP Publishers.
REFERENCE BOOKS
Anderson, Durston and Polle.1970. Thesis and Assignment writing. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New
Delhi.
Comir and Peter Wood Ford.1979. Writing scientific papers in English. Pitman Medical
Publishing Co., London.
Day, R.A. 1994. How to write and publish a scientific paper. Cambridge University Press,
London.
Palanichamy, S. and M. Shanmugavelu.1997. Research methods in biological sciences.
Palani Paramount Publications, Tamil Nadu, India.
Wilson and Walker. 2000. Practical biochemistry - principles and techniques. Cambridge
University Press.
CORE COURSE XIII : APPLIED ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
Unit – I
Ecosystem: Concept of ecosystem – pond and Forest as examples of natural ecosystem.
Abiotic and biotic factors of ecosystems. - Communities of the environment, their structure
& significance
Energetics in an ecosystem – Energy flow,. Bio-geo Chemical cycles.
Unit – II
Population and Community Ecology: Natality, Mortality, Growth rate as factors
determining the population density- Population interactions.
Remote sensing –basic concepts and applications of remote sensing techniques in
environmental conservation. - Environmental indicators and their role in environmental
balance.
Unit – III
Habitat Ecology: Freshwater habitat , Marine habitat, Estuarine habitat, Terrestrial habitat.
Types of environmental pollution and their biological effects – Air, Water, Soil, Noise and
Radiation pollution.
Unit – IV
General Principles of Toxicology: Definition – Types of toxicological agents - Scope of
toxicology – Recent developments - Toxicity testing principles, hazards, risks and their
control methods. - Food toxicants and their control methods. - Public Health Hazards due to
environmental disasters.
Unit – V
Routes of Entry and Testing Procedures: Pesticides, types, nature and their effects on
environment - Absorption – distribution – Excretion – Bio-transformation-Test models
(microcosms)– Acute toxicity - Chronic toxicity. Assessment of safety /risk – Techniques for
residue analysis: sampling, Extraction, cleanup, analysis, chemical assay and Bioassay.
\\Checommon1\zoology_231110\M.Sc. III-IV Sem.Zoology.doc
Recommended Readings:
1.Fundamentals of Ecology by Eugene P. ODUM (1972), W.B. Saunders Company, London.
2. Environmental Biology by MICHAEL REISS AND JENNY CHAPMAN, 2000.
Cambridge Press, UK.
3. An Introduction to Ecology and Population by Emmel THOMAS, C. (1973), Notron, NY.
4. Fundamentals of Ecology by DASH, M.C., 1993. Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
5. Principles of Ecotoxicology by BUTLER, O.C., 1978. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
CORE COURSE XIV - PRACTICAL – IV
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY AND TOOLS & TECHNIQUES IN
BIOLOGY
APPLIED ECOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY
1. Maintanance of microcosms
2. Determination of pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and free CO2 in water
3. Determination of carbonates and bicarbonates in water
4. Estimation of chlorides in water
5. Estimation of dissolved solids in water, plankton & Insects
6. Visit to drinking water treatment plants
7. Visit to nearest Forest ecosystem
8. Visit to a Pond ecosystem – mahamaham tank
9. Effect of pollutants on primary productivity
10. Determination of LC50 & LD50
TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
1. Microtome sectioning and submission of histological slides.
2. Primary cell culture – Demonstration only
ELECTIVE COURSE IV- TOOLS & TECHNIQUES IN BIOLOGY
Unit I
Biochemical calculations – osmolarity, normality, molarity, molecular weight, preparation of
buffers, acid base titrations, spectrophotometer, colorimeter, flame photometer Beer and
Lamberts law.
Unit II
Separation techniques: Centrifuge, chromatography, electrophoresis.
Cryotechniques : Cryopresservation, Cryosurgery, Cryotomy.
Unit III
Histological techniques: tissue fixation, microtomy, staining, mounting, Histochemisry.
Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes preparation from insects and vertebrates.
Cytological techniques: Chromosome banding, flow cytometry. In site hybridization (radio
labelled and non-radio labelled methods), FISH, Restriction banding
Unit IV
Microbiological techniques: Media Preparation and sterilization, Inoculation and growth
monitoring. Anti Microbial assays, Microbial identification.
Immunological techniques: Agglutination assay, Enumeration of antibody forming cells.
Immunodiffution (Single and Double), RIA, ELISA. Immuno electrophoresis, Complement
fixation test.
Unit V
Cell culture techniques: Design and functioning of tissue culture laboratory, Preparation.of
Culture media and essential components, Cell viability testing.
Molecular biology techniques: Isolation and estimation of Genomic DNA gel documentation,
Southern hybridization, Northern hybridization, DNA Sequencing, Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
CORE COURSE XV
PROJECT/DISSERTATION WITH VIVA VOCE
Objectives
To promote original thinking, insemination of knowledge, modulation and innovation of
thought, as an exercise, in order to transport the young minds to the expanding horizon of
their chosen area of knowledge and transform them into knowledge generators.
Project / Dissertation 80 Marks
2 Reviews 20+20 = 40marks
Report Valuation 40Marks
Viva voce 20 Marks
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