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CIIAPTER-4
METHODOLOGY
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 The Kev Question:
What topic should a Researcher select for research') This is a qucstion which baffles
many research aspirants. At times, it even lulls somc of them into action. Identification of
a project for the purpose of converting researching urge into a recognizable fonn. Search
for an identifiable topic is a beginning. an ice-breaker. the first step in the actual
researching journey'. Once the topic was linalized. another difficult point was that where
to start the work. So it was decided to go step by step. In that context, the undcrstandings
of main concepts have been made with the help of various books and literature available.
That made my base of systematic dealing with the topic as Research Methodology is a
systematic and structured procedure to arrive at the conclusion of a deflncd problem 2.
The objective of this chapter is to familiarize the rcadcr with the Methodology which has
becn used to cany out this research work.
4.1.2 Ohjectives:
The main concern is to understand the socio-cultural & economic aspect of
entrepreneurs in terms of Tourism industry of Goa which is one of the largest
sources of income for the state of Goa and to study their suggestions for
improvement.
Thc brief objectives of the study arc:
a. To allalyse presellt situatioll of elltreprelleur.\- ill Goa Tourism.
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- -- ---- ----
Tourism in recent past has been the hot cake for discussion as an impressive means of
economic development. Goa particularly is known fi)r its tourism activities and no doubt
tourism and Goa has become synonymous to one another. The movement of people to
Goa has given rise to numerous demands as place of interest. Those demands move
around infrastmctural development, entertainment facilities and services available. This
has provided ample opportunities for the entrepreneurs to stal1up something interesting &
relevant in Goa Tourism. Many entrepreneurs are well established. many a new are eying
for and many more will get inspired in future to take up tourism as a means of their
personal growth. The elTort would be made to understand these existing entrepreneurs.
whether they feel that they are moving up with the Goa tourism or the)' feel something
else.
h. To allalyse Socio-Ecollomic backgrouud of elltreprelleurs who started their
busilless ill Goa.
Entrepreneurship is a process which comprises three main components i.e. entrepreneurs.
entrepreneurship and enterprise. Entrepreneur is the soul of entrepreneurship
development. As the journey goes the some developments happens in the life of
entrepreneurs because of their own entrepreneurial spirit which ultimately impacts the
growth of the place. Tourism for Goa has been a phenomenal concept which has shaped
Goa in such a beautiful place ancl the spirit of Goa is recognized by Tourism. At present
thcre are number of hotels with unique concepts ready to cater tourist in every seasons
ancl it is growing many fold. And entrepreneurs are taping this opportunity very fast.
Government also feels the same that state's employment problem can only be dealt with
entrepreneurship specifically in tourism, special support has been provided and
government seems to be committed. We would like to analyse in this context to analyse
the role of Socio-Economic background in the pursuance of entrepreneurship.
c. To filld out reasolls (Pull & Push Factors) behilld the startillg of the vellture ill
tourism field.
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Starting a new business is a vital decision of one's life which has impact upon various
aspects of life on different stages. That makes it interesting to study those factors which
motivates someone to take such important steps as it deals with lot of courage (as many
people think) and timely emergence of oppOitunity (as some believes). Gilad and Levine
(1986) proposed two closely related explanations of entreprencurial motivation. 'Push'
theory and 'Pull' theory. The Push theory argues that individuals are pushed into
entrepreneurship by negative external factors like job dissatisfaction. fire from job etc.
While the Pull theory suggests that individuals are attracted to entrepreneurial activities
in order to seek independence, to use their skills and experience in optimal way etc.
The present study makes an attempt to find out main push and pull reasons behind the
starting of the venture by entrepreneurs in tourism trade.
d. To analyse perceptioll of entreprelleurs regardillg stage of to 111';5111 ill Goa.
Tourism definitely has a great impact on economIc development of any place. The
income generation through tourism may be either direct or indirect. Tourism brings
foreign currency to our country which adds into our foreign money surplus: in return that
is spent on inter nation traele. It can be a large activity like cruise or hotel business or it
can be as small activity as a handicraft shop or a tourist guide etc. All such activities are
happening in Goa tourism and we would like to analyse the phase through which Goa
tourism moving and the stage it currently at.
e, To make a SWOT allalysis 011 Tourism of Goa ill relatioll to elltreprelleurs.
Tourism in Goa is at a stage where both society & Government have high hopes for the
development of the state as we have live examples, where Tourism has changed the
outlook of the society. But it's not an easy task. How do people behaves, what are their
perceptions how do they accept advancement of tourism in their state etc., are the
question of great concerns that needs to be answered. That's why we need to address the
Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat of Goa Tourism. This study will definitely
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help to fom1 a full proof strategy for effective Tourism & thus entrepreneurship
development of the state.
f. To identify tlte major reasons wlty tourism is a growing sector in Goa.
There are some of the trades that we have considered in our study rdated to tourism, but
it is much more. Any new idea leads to entrepreneurial activity e.g. time share activity.
condominiums. back water rafting. Dolphin ride, or any such thing gives scope in tourism
trade. Now Goa is eyeing for Farm Tourism, some spice Farm arc prepared to tap tourism
business. And tourists also demand for such nature based tourism activity. One
interesting facility is tree accommodation, big trees are converted into accommodation
without harming tree, gives a pleasant feeling of being in nature. Similarly some villages
have been converted into tourist villages where entire village takes a shape of tourist
place in natural village environment and it's a big hit. So opportunities arc immense. One
only needs to sense it. Now all such activities contribute for tourism. Here the researcher
would like to spot major reasons for the emergence of Tourism in Goa.
g. To identify tlte problems tltllt GOIl tourism is facing as per entrepreneurs point
of view.
The State of Goa has attracted 1.2 million tourists traffic in the year 1997. As per the
projection made by the Consultants, around 1.6 million tourists are expected by the tum
of the century and with and expected average annual growth rate of 6.36%, the total
traffic in the horizon year I.e. 2021 would increase to 3.2 million. The resultant growth in
tourist traffic is certain to infuse a heavy and steady demand on land and tourist
infrastructures. Therefore urgent efforts are required from the state to upgrade and
augment the present infrastructure stock to meet future requirement. Substantial
investment is required It x which potential sources of fund need to be explored. Besides,
thcre is an equally important need to safeguard Goa's environment. All the above
necessitate certain policy interventions to provide for incentives, tax & duty concession
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for encouraging potential promoters, institutional arrangement & refonns to undertake
implementation of projects and various regulatory and control measures.
h. To assess suggestion of entrepreneurs for the growth of Goa tourism
Tourism is a major social phenomenon of the modem society with definite economic.
social and environmental consequences. Tourism in Goa has assumed the role of major
economic activity having direct and indirect correlation with all other sectors. The World
Tourism Organisation in its Tourism 2020 vision has estimated that there would be about
1.0 billion total international tourists in all countries in the world in the year 20 I 0 and 1.6
billion in 2020 compared to 0.57 billion in 1995. According to WTO estimates Europe
will continue to remain the most popular tourist destination with about 0.7 billion tourists
estimated for the year 2020. East Asia & Pacific region will surpass America by 2010 to
become the second most visited destination. International tourists in South Asia is
expected at 0.2 billion in 2020 which is almost five times that of 1995 but still quite low
compared to other destination .
. t2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY:
The present Shldy was possible only because of the generous SUpp0l1 and unconditional
help provided by State Government ofllces along with Travel & Tourism Association,
Goa Chamber of Commerce & Industry and other prominent local bodies engaged
directly or indirectly in tourism. to produce a meaningful report to comprehensively
undertake all facets of tourism development in the state. And no doubt the entrepreneurs
of Goa have supported whole-heartedly in preparation of this report.
The study includes Tourism Master Plan for Goa-2011AD. In 1987, the Town and
Country Planning Department of the Goa Government prepared a Draft Master Plan
which focused only on development of the coastal belt tourism or beach tourism. The
report failed to garner public support on the ground that, impact of tourism activities on
Goan socio-economy had not been investigated in depth]
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Subsequently, in 1989 the State Government undertook a study on Carrying Capacity in
terms of growth and development of tourism in the state in order to ascertain the
threshold of development A team of two consultants comprising Mr. Apostolides from
Greece and Mr. Ramcsh Chandra, the then Additional Director General of Tourism had
been appointed to conduct the study under Sectoral Support Programme.
Meanwhile, a drafi National tourism Policy and Eco-Tourism Policy was also prepared
by the Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India. The Ministry of Tourism and Planning
Commission also suggested to all the states to prepare their tourism policy and tourism
mastcr plan.
The project moves around one of the most important phenomenon i.e. Tourism
contributed most in the development of state Goa. In recent trends tourism has proved its
worth for the development of any location/area! zone/country. The aspirant is
passionately attracted to the natural wealth of Goa state and life style of Goans. Goa is a
paradise for tourist which is known for its 3 S i.e. Sun, Sand, and Surf. Abundant
beaches coupled with natural wealth in every part of Goa make it the most attracted
destination for all class of tourists. The safe. secure and Iree movement for Tourists
makes it easily accessible heaven for tourist community. The local community has
realized its potential and they have jelled well with tourists.
4.3 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY:
In congruence with the objectives, an attempt has been made to test following
hypotheses:
HoI.
There is no statistically significant difference between enterprise development stage &
tourism growth.
98
-----------------_.
HI 1.
There IS statistically significant difference between enterprise development stage &
tourism growth.
H02.
There is no statistically significant difference between Business background and Push &
Pull factors.
H12.
There is statistically significant difference between Business Background and Push &
Pull factors.
A. 110: There is no statistically significant difference between Respondent's
Business Background and Business Background as Push Factor.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Respondcnt's Business
Background and Business Background as Push factor.
13. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Father's Ambition and
Busincss Background.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Father's Ambition and
Business Background.
C. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Many in Community
and Business Background.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Many in Community and
Business Background.
D. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Fed up with Work and
Business Background.
III: There is statistically significant difference between Fed up with Work and
Business Background.
99
E. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Fire or Layoff and
Business Background.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Fire or Layoff and
Business Background.
F. Ho: There is no statistically significant dilTerence between Own Ambition and
Business Background.
HI: There is statistically significant dilTerence between Own ambition and
Business Background.
G. 110: There is no statistically significant difference between To Eam High Profit
and Business Background.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between To Eam High Profit and
Business Background.
II. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Desire For
Independence and Business Background.
III: There is statistically significant diffcrcnce between Desire for Independence
and Business Background.
I. Ho: There is no statistically signilicant difference between Social Prestige and
Business Background.
HI: There is statistically significant dil1erence between Social Prestige and
Business Background.
1. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Skill and Experience
and Business Background.
H( There is statistically significant difference between Skill and Experience and
Business Background.
100
1103.
There is no statistically signillcant difference between Previous Job Experience and Push
& Pull factors.
H 1 3.
There is statistically significant difference between Previous Job Experience and Push &
Pull factors.
A. Ho: There is no statistically significant ditTerence between Business Background
and Previous Job Experience.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Business Background and
Previous Job Experience.
B. Ho: There is no statistically signiJicant difference between Father's Ambition and
Previous Job Experience.
H( There is statistically significant difference between Father's Ambition and
Business Background.
C. 110: There is no statistically significant difference between Many in Community
and Previous Job Experience.
III: There is statistically significant difference between Many in Community and
Business Background.
D. Ho: There is no statistically signiticant dif1erence between Fed up with Work and
Previous Job Experience.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Fed up with Work and
Previous Job Experience.
E. 110: There is no statistically signiJicant difference between Fire or Layoff and
Previous Job Experience.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between Fire or Layoff and
Previous Job Experience.
101
F. Ho: There is no statistically signiJicant difference between Own Ambition and
Previous Job Experience.
HI: There is statistically signiJicant difference between Own ambition and
Previous Job Experience.
G. 110: There is no statistically signiticant difference between To Earn High Protit
and Previous Job Experience.
HI: There is statistically significant difference between To Earn High ProJit and
Previous Job Experience.
H. Ho: There is no statistically significant difference between Desire For
Independence and Previous Job Experience.
H( There is statistically significant difference between Desire for Independence
and Previous Job Experience.
I. Ho: There is no statistically signiJicant difference between Social Prestige and
Previous Job Experience.
HI: There is statistically significant diJTerence between Social Prestige and
Previous Job Experience.
J. Ho: There is no statistically signiJicant difTerenee between Skill and Experience
and Previous Job Experience.
Ho 4.
HI: There is statistically signiticant difference between Skill and Experience and
Previous Job Experience.
There is no statistically signiJicant difference between pull and push factors as reason for
choosing entrepreneurshi p.
H14.
There is signiJicant difference between pull and push factors as reason for choosing
entrepreneurship
102
H05.
There is no statistically significant difference between entrepreneurs' background and
problems that Goa tourism is facing.
H1 5.
There IS statistically signiticant difference between entrepreneurs' background and
problems that Goa tourism is facing.
4.4 SCOPE OF WORK:
The scope of work "Entrepreneurship Development in Tourism: Study of Goa" is as
follows: The study focus only on the state of Goa.
4.4.1 Stage 1:
I. Inventory of existing tourism infrastructure in Goa, including places of tourist
interest
II. Collection of Primary data from Goa.
4.4.2 Stage 2:
I. Visiting Tourism oftices for the collection of secondary source of data.
II. Review of entrepreneurship development in tourism
Ill. Assess future entrepreneurship development in tourism
IV. Review eunent trends in Tourism activities
v. Review the problems Goa Tourism is facing
VI. Review age group, initial investment in tourism
VII. Identify Push and Pull factors in Tourism
4.4.3 Stage 3:
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I. Review of existing basic infrastructure. such as road network. water and
power supply. telecommunication and transport facilities and sanitation
system
II. To make SWOT analysis of Tourism in Goa & to suggest Strategy for
developing entrepreneurship in Goa.
4.5 APPROACH TO THE STUDY:
Tourism contributes as a major social phenomenon which contributes definite economic.
social and environmental consequences of the modern society. Tourism has bccn playing
a vcry important role in the up-lil1ment of economic condition of society in many
countries. Similarly Tourism in Goa has assumed the major economic activity having
direct and/or indirect correlation with all other sectors. To study entrepreneurial
development through Tourism in Goa. it is pertinent to appreciate the physical. social and
environmental issues in the region in order to achieve an overall understanding of
dynamics of tourism in the state.
BHAVNI~.G.'R UNjVERSITY l.J(~ ~ " ',,~ y
BHAVli,...~, C'~?
104
Figure 4.5
The interdependence of Tourism & Economic Development
INCRl,\Sl[) TOLERANCE
INFRASTRUCTU Rl
[)EVEUWMi:N-I
ECONOMIC 1)I:V[:LOI'MFNT
TOURISM
OPPORTUNITIES
EN'fREI'RENEURSIIIP
DEVELOPMENT
SLL~
RELIANCE
105
4.6 CHAPTER PLAN: Chapter is ref1ected from the figure 1.1.2.
Figure 4.6
Systematic Chapter-wise study
Chapter 2- Entrt'prencllrship IJI'\'l'IUpmI'1I1 .. \ Tourism
- Introduction - Concept Development (,hapter 1- InlrOtlurlionlfJ Enlrt'pn'nl'urs - Concept of Entrepreneurship - Introduction to the stud~ - Entrepreneurship & Dc\e1opmCtll - Concept of Entrepreneurs - Concept ofTnurism - Chara.:teflstlcs of Entn:pn:lJI.:urs - Development & Tourism - ContributIOns of Entrepreneurs - Entrepreneurship & Tourism - Entrepreneurs In T OliriSIll - Summary - Sllmmar~ - References - References
Chapter 3- Goa: .-\ Tourist l'anHlisc Introduction
· Cidade de Goa ('bapter -I-Hl'seareh ,\Irthodology
· Existing Areas ofT ourist Interes! - Introduction · Leg<ll Frame\\nrk - Ru<.:kgrnunr..l of the study
· Bask Infrastructure Facilities for Deve[opmellt - H)pothcs.:s o[thl.: ~tudy
· Trends and Forecast of Tourist Traffic (I llurism ~\'lilster Plan: . Scop.: of Work Goa-lOll) - Aprwach to the Study
· Assessment of"rourist Accommodation - Approaches to Inl{lrmation CollectIOn · Conclusion - Research Methodology
References - Summary - References
Chapter 5- Data An:II~"sis l.~ Intnprrlation . Introduction
. Background Factor-wise Profile of Entrepreneurs in Tourism . Present Stage of Enterprise-\\ ise Prol"ik of Entn:pn:n.:urs
. Response to rea'ions for chooslIlg l.:ntrepreneurshlp By elltrepn:ncllfs III TourIsm Stage ofTollrism aecordmg to entrepreneurs
. Response to Reasons lor Emergence of Tourism in Goa . Rcsponse to problems that Goa Tourism is facing
. Rclationsiup Bet\\ecn \"anous Groups . Summary
f'haptu 6- Suggestiuns. Findings aUlI Directions ror "'uture Research - illtroduction
- Summary of the study - Rational for the study - ReSCW"ell Objccti\"c
- Research II~ pnthescs - Scope & Limitations of the SImI)
- Suggestions - Major Findings from the study - Din:ctinns for Future Rcse~lf(h
- Cnnelusinll - Rdi.:n:JH::es
~ :\I)I)E:'\DI("ES
- Research Questionnaire • Scheme for Coding
- Bihllography
106
4.7 APPROACHES TO INFORMATION COLLECTION:
The next step was collcction of related information. The major information gathering
instruments involved were:
4.7.1 Exploratory:
Also referred as secondary research is meant to gather as much as infi.mnation as quickly
as possible through semi structured interview with knowledgeable persons and reference
to published / unpublished materials. Surfing the Internet is also a pan of EDS. The desk
research means reading of relevant material and making appropriate notes. The material
was made available from literature secured from connected sources. These sources also
bring out industry census repon. industry-status reports and potential repons. In addition
to these sources there are other sources trom which the infiJrmation was gathered:
o Business Dailies/journals
o Technical Journals
o Special reports from data bank
4.7.2 Primary Data Collection:
A market survey is a systematic and extensive exercise meant to gather information on
issues outlined in chapters of research. It is generally focllsed on selected issues. Market
survey is more structured than exploratory-nun-desk study, aims at a wider coverage and
leaves out effon to collect factual information already under exploratory-cum-desk study.
4.7.3 Primary Research: Major Steps:
The following are the major/ primary research steps:
o Determination of market survey objects
o Determination of inti.mnation needs
107
o Identifying all those individuals / institutions / firms / establishments form
whom information is to be collected (called 'Population")
o Sampling: Only some elements from the population are taken. The sample must
be chosen that the responses possess statistical validity.
o Developing a questionnaire: This involves converting information needs into
neat, logical questions. A questionnaire may be structured or unstructured
4.7.4 Sampling:
Sample is a subset of the population drawn to collect data, whereas sampling is the
process of drawing a sample from population. Fisher has slimmed up the advantage of
sampling techniques in four words: Speed, Economy, Adaptability and Scientific
Approach5
Sampling can be broadly divided into: Probability, Non-Probability and Mixed Sampling.
Some of the commonly used non-probability sampling methods are: Purposive sampling,
judgmental sampling and convenience sampling.
In this research, a purposive sample of 150 entrepreneurs doing business in the field of
Tourism & Hospitality industry was taken for primary data collection. The sample chosen
are convenient and selective. To ensure proper coverage of the sample, it was decided to
draw sample from all major cities of Goa In selecting the sample, the judgment of the
researcher, convenience and willingness of the respondent to co-operate were major
criteria. Majority of the respondents are from three major cities where large numbers of
tourism companies are located, i.e. Panaji, Margao & Ponda. The details of the actual
number of entrepreneur from different city are given in table 4.7.4.
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Table 4.7.4 N umber of Respondents from various cities
Place Frequency Percent
Panaji 105 70.00
Margao 15 10.00
Ponda 7 4.67
Salccte 4 2.67
Bardez 10 6.67
Vasco Oa Gama 7 4.67
Old Goa :2 1.33
4.7.S Sample Size:
Sample size for the survey is 150.
4.7.6 Instrument:
Some of the commonly used instrument that is used to collect primary data is observation
method. interview and questionnaire. In case of observation, investigator personally
remains present on the spot for enquiry and data collection. In case of interview method.
respondents are personally interview to enquire on the issue of study. In questionnaire
method, list of questions are prepared and printed which is then supplied to identified
samples to get their response. Questionnaire that are administered personally are known
as schedules. Since questionnaire is an easy method of collecting information, it gives
flcxibility to the respondent to take sufficient time to fill the questions. Moreover, the
responses can also be recorded more systematically as compare to other method when the
sample size is large. Looking at various benefits of questionnaire method and the nature
of data to be collected, it was decided to usc questionnaire as an instrument for collecting
primary data. Looking at the nature of the study, the questionnaire designed was
structured, non-disguised and mainly consisted of close-ended questions except few.
109
The questionnaire was pre-tested among 15 selected sample respondents to check its
workability for the purpose of the study, time required to complete and convenience of
the respondents. It was modified appropriately before final use. Majority of the
respondent are contacted personally to gct the questionnaire filled-up.
Another set of data, secondary data was eollected from two main agency i.e. GTDC &
DOT for Tourism related data and Census department, Goa for Census information.
Table summarizes Research Design with the help of which present study is carried out.
Table 4.7.6
Research Summary
Research Topic/Title Entrepreneurship Development and Tourism: Study of Goa
Research Approach Both Qualitative and Quantitative
Research Method Survey Method
Type of Survey Sample Survey
Population of the Study Entrepreneurs in Tourism, Goa
Method of Data Collection Primary Data- Questionnaire
Place Goa
Souree of Data Primary & Secondary
Source of Secondary Data Research Joumals, Magazines, Websites. Research &
Report etc.
Statistical Measure Average Frequency Distribution, T-test
Data Display Narrative Text, Tables, Graphs
4.7.7 Selection of Questionnaire Administration Method:
It is Personal Administration of questionnaire by researcher method IS used for data
collection.
110
4.7.8 Screening:
Once the completed questionnaires were received it was screening of questionnaire. The
contradictory responses were screened out.
4.7.9 Tabulating for Analysis:
The primary data was then tabulated for Analysis.
4.7.10 Limitation of the Study:
I. It becomes sometimes dif1icult to conduct errorless study due to personal constraints in
terms of finance and time or due to lack of awareness or willingness on part of researcher
that results into error in data collection and analysis.
2. The primary data is collected from 150 sample representative entrepreneurs in Tourism
industry. As the various factors of business environment changes. the analysis and
interpretation may vary.
3. The method adopted for data collection is convenience sampling. hence the limitations
of the convenience sampling automatically applies to the study.
4. The present study largely based on tourism. the data of which is collected through
secondary sources, the scope of use is limited.
5. The primary data is collected from entrepreneurs doing business in Goa. So application
of its findings may vary as per place and time.
However, efforts have been made to deduce right interpretation and find out meaningful
conclusions.
1 11
4.8 SUMMARY:
Alier providing a brief introduction and approach of the study. this chapter presents a
detailed description of Objectives and Hypotheses based upon which the further analysis
will be carried out. Moreover, this chapter has also reported Research Methodology
adopted for the present study. The questionnaire is framed and data has been collected
based upon the objectives and research methodology described in this chapter. In the next
chapter, the collected data has been systematically analysed by lIsing relevant parametric
and non-parametric statistical tests.
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4.9 REFERENCE:
I. "Business Opporlunily Guidance ", EDL Ahmedabad, Pg. 279, 2006.
2. Panneerselvan, R., "Research Alelhodology", New Delhi: Prentice-Ilall
India. pg.2, 2005.
3. "Tourism Mosler Plan: Goa-2011", Final Report, P. L Feb 2001
-I. "World Tourism Organizalion"
5. Elhance, D.N., and Aggarwal B.M., op.cit.19.5
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