Monroe L. Weber-Shirk
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Global ResourcesGlobal Resources
Population, Our Footprint, Energy, Transportation, Water
Population Pyramids(by country)
Prediction of future population based on current population
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbpyr.html
Urban Population
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
year
mill
ions
West Asia
North America
Latin America and theCaribbean
Europe and Central Asia
Asia and the Pacific
Africa
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995
year
mil
lion
s
Rural
Urban
Urban population is overtaking rural population
Urban and Developed World footprints
Urban population
The Footprint of the Developed World
North America, Europe and parts of East Asia consume immense (unsustainable) quantities of energy and raw materials, and produce high volumes of wastes and polluting emissions…
that cause environmental damage on a global scale (notably climate change) and widespread pollution and disruption of ecosystems, often in countries far removed from the site of consumption.
Wealthy industrialized countries control pollution locally but the wider-scale impacts (apart from ozone depletion) have yet to be tackled effectively.
Energy Consumption
0 50 100 150 200
Africa
Asia and the Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin America and theCaribbean
North America
West Asia
Total Energy Consumption (Pj)
0 100 200 300 400
Per Capita Energy Consumption (Gj)
1015 P "Peta"
1012 T "Tera"
109 G "Giga"
106 M"Mega"
103 k "kilo"
How much does a Gj of electricity cost?
Energy conversions
What are the energy costs per person?
Motor Vehicles
Transport now accounts for _____ of world energy use _____ of the world's oil production
motor vehicles account for nearly ___ % of all transport-related energy
Transport is a major contributor to greenhouse gas
emissions pollutes urban air uses substantial land degrades and fragments habitat
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1980
1990
1996
year
mill
ions
West Asia
North America
Latin America andthe Caribbean
Europe andCentral Asia
Asia and thePacific
Africa
1/41/2
80
US Fuel EconomyUS Fuel Economy
Light duty trucks (SUVs)
CAFE standards do not apply to vehicles above 8,500 lbs GVW. Many pickup trucks and some of the largest SUVs which belong to this category are excluded from CAFE data.
20 year decline!
CAFE standards: Corporate Average Fuel Economy
Freshwater
The declining state of the world's freshwater resources, in terms of quantity and quality, may prove to be the dominant issue on the environment and development agenda of the coming century
About 20 % of the world's population lacks access to improved drinking water and about 50 % lacks adequate sanitation
Worldwide, polluted water is estimated to affect the health of about 1.2 billion people and to contribute to the death of about 1.5 million children under five every year
Measures of Poverty
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
malnourishedchildren
won't survive toage 40
people lackinghealth services
illiterate adults
people lackingimproved waterpeople who areincome-poor
millions
Water Supply – Global Coverage in 2000
0 – 25%26 – 50%51 – 75%76 – 90%91 – 100%Missing data
What do the countries with the poorest coverage share?
Water Supply in the Largest Cities
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Unserved
Others
Borehole or handpump
Public tap
House connection oryard tap
Mean percentage of population with each type of service
What are the implications of being “unserved?”
Treated Urban Wastewater
0%
35%
14%
66%
90%
no data0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Africa Asia LA & C N. Amer. Oceania Europe
Mexico City Wastewater IrrigationMexico City Wastewater Irrigation
"Canal Central": one of the three trunk canals carrying untreated waste and storm water from Mexico City to the Mezquital Valley (Tula) where it is used for irrigation.
Global Burden of Unsafe Water Global Burden of Unsafe Water
Over 1 billion persons have no access to improved water sources
Daniele Lantagne, CDC
Hundreds of millions more drink unsafe water from “improved” sources
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
billions of dollars
Annual
1.7 million people die every year from water borne diseases
180 million children are hungry
Our Global Priorities
Based
on tr
oop w
ithdr
awal
in 20
06
Goals for Sustainable Development Related to Water
Ensure the adequate supply and efficient use of water for agricultural, industrial, urban and rural development
Ensure adequate access of the poor majority to clean water for domestic use and small scale agriculture
Ensure adequate protection of watersheds, aquifers and freshwater ecosystems and resources
economic
social
environmental
The Challenge
All population growth is expected to occur in developing nations
Rural population is expected to stabilize at around 3.2 billion (from 2.97 billion today)
The growing population will settle in urban areas The challenge is to provided the basic
infrastructure required by nearly 2 billion new urban residents in the developing world by 2025
Summary
Global Human Population Resource Utilization
Currently unsustainableWealthy industrialized countries cause environmental
damage on a global scaleUnjust and likely basis of future conflicts
WaterChallenge of providing clean drinking water and treating
wastewater as population grows, resources are stretched, and global climate changes
Energy…Our information technology revolution will fail if it continues to run on coal and oil
Reflections
Is it ethical to drive an SUV? Slash and burn world view
Pump to the slump – oil, water, fish, trees NASA - 2004 saw NASA continue to go "beyond" the frontiers of
Earth orbit. Combining that technology with the experience gained on long-term expeditions to the moon will allow humans to one day travel to Mars and beyond.
Human propensity to focus on the wrongs of the other Rain forest destruction
Vision of Sustainable Human Development
Energy Costs
8$0.10 $2.8 10 $283600 1000
hr kWkW hr s W J GJ
-´× × = =
×
If all of our energy use was electricity our annual energy cost would be
350 $28$9,700 /
GJperson
Capita GJ× =
•Electricity is the most expensive form of energy.
•We pay for our energy at many different places.
Taxes, gasoline, firewood, anything we purchase!
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