Geri Lavrov / Photographer's Choice / Getty Images
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Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing Stress: Some Basic
Concepts Stress Effects and Health Coping With Stress Managing
Stress Effects Happiness
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Stress: Some Basic Concepts StressorsThings that push our
buttons Stress reactionsFrom alarm to exhaustion
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Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress Process of appraising an
event as threatening or challenging and responding to Stressors
appraised as threats Can lead to strong negative reactions Extreme
or prolonged stress Can cause harm
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Stress Process by which we perceive and respond to certain
events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or
challenging
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Stress: Some Basic Concepts StressorsThings that push our
buttons Catastrophes: Unpleasant, large-scale events Significant
life changes: Personal events Daily hassles: Day-to-day
challenges
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Stress Appraisal The events of our lives flow through a
psychological filter. How we appraise an event influences how much
stress we experience and how effectively we respond. Fuse/Getty
Images
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Stress: Some Basic Concepts Stress reactionsFrom alarm to
exhaustion Cannon Sympathetic nervous system Flight-or-fight
response Selye General adaptation syndrome (GAS) Taylor
Tend-and-befriend
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Fight-or-flight response Emergency response, including activity
of sympathetic nervous system, that mobilizes energy and activity
for attacking or escaping a threat General adaptation syndrome
(GAS) Selyes concept of the bodys adaptive response to stress in
three stagesalarm, resistance, exhaustion Tend-and-befriend
response Under stress, people (especially women) often provide
support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others
(befriend)
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Selyes General Adaptation Syndrome AP Photo/ Luis Hidalgo AP
Photo/ Chile's Presidency
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Stress response system: When alerted to a negative,
uncontrollable event, our ________ nervous system arouses us. Heart
rate and respiration ________ (increase/decrease). Blood is
diverted from digestion to the skeletal ________. The body releases
sugar and fat. All this prepares the body for the ________
response.
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Stress Effects and Health Psychoneuro- immunology: Studies our
mind- body interactions Emotions (psycho) affect your brain (neuro)
which controls the stress hormones that influence your
disease-fighting immune system. This field is the study of (ology)
those interactions.
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Stress Effects and Health Immune system is affected by age,
nutrition, genetics, body temperature, and stress. When the immune
system does not function properly: Responds too strongly
Underreacts
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Lymphocytes Two types of white blood cells that are part of the
bodys immune system: B lymphocytes release antibodies that fight
bacterial infections; T lymphocytes attack cancer cells, viruses,
and foreign substances. Coronary heart disease Cogging of the
vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death
in North America and many other countries.
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A Simplified View Of Immune Responses Fuse/ Thinkstock CNRI /
Science Source NIBSC / Science Source Lennart Nilsson/ Boehringer
Ingelheim International GmbH Eye of Science / Science Source
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Stress Effects and Health: Immune System Malfunctions Reacting
Too Strongly Self-attacking diseases Some forms of arthritis
Allergic reaction Underreacting Bacterial infection flare Dormant
herpes virus erupt Cancer cells multiply
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Stress Effects and Health Stress hormones suppress immune
system Animal studies: Stress of adjustment in monkeys caused
weakened immune systems Human studies: Stress related to surgical
wound healing and development of colds. Low stress may increase
effectiveness of vaccinations. And sostress does not make people
sick but it reduces immune systems ability to function
optimally.
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Stress And Colds People with the highest life-stress scores
were also most likely to develop colds when exposed to an
experimentally delivered virus (Cohen et al., 1999). Laurent /
Yakou / Science Source
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________ focuses on mind-body interactions, including the
effects of psychological, neural, and endocrine functioning on the
immune system and overall health. What general effect does stress
have on our overall health?
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Stress Effects and Health Stress and AIDS Stress and cancer
Stress and heart disease
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Stress Effects and Health Stress and AIDS Stress cannot give
people AIDS, but may speed transition from HIV infection to AIDS
and the decline in those with AIDS. Stress and cancer Stress does
not create cancer cells, but may affect growth by weakening natural
defenses. Stress-cancer research results mixed.
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Stress Can Have A Variety Of Health - Related Consequences
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Stress Effects and Health Stress and heart disease 600, 000
North American coronary heart disease- related deaths yearly Stress
related to generation of inflammation which is associated with
heart and other health problems. Meyer and colleagues Stress
predicted heart attack risk for tax accountants. Type A men more
likely to have heart attack. Conley and colleagues Stress related
to everyday academic stressors in students. 10-4 How does stress
increase coronary heart disease risk?
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Type A Friedman and Rosenmans term for competitive, hard -
driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger - prone people
Type B Friedman and Rosenmans term for easy going, relaxed people
Type D Term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid
social disapproval (Grande et al., 2012)
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Coping With Stress Personal control, health, and well-being Who
controls your life? Is the glass half full or half empty? Social
support CLOSE-UP: Pets are friends, too Finding meaning
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Coping With Stress People deal with stress in a variety of
ways. Coping Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping
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EXTREME STRESS Ben Carpenter experienced the wildest of rides
after his wheelchair got stuck in a trucks grille. AP Photo
/Michigan State Police
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To cope with stress, we tend to use ________ focused
(emotion/problem) strategies when we feel in control of our world.
When we believe we cannot change a situation, we may try to relieve
stress with ________- focused (emotion/problem) strategies.
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Success in coping
depends on several factors Personal control Optimistic outlook
Social support Finding meaning Lets look at each of these.
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Personal control
Involves to degree we perceive having control over our environment
Studying personal control Correlation of feelings of control with
behaviors and achievements Experiments involving raising and
lowering peoples sense of control and noting the effects
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Learned helplessness
Involves dramatic form of loss of control May result in negative
health consequences Fox and colleagues Roberts and colleagues
Fleming and colleagues
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When animals and people experience no control over repeated bad
events, they often learn helplessness. LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being People thrive when
they live in conditions of personal freedom and empowerment.
Proposal to improve health and morale by control (Humphrey and
others) Allowing prisoners to have more control over physical space
Having worker participate in decision-making Offering nursing home
patients more choices about their environments
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Who controls your
life? Those who have an external locus of control believe that
chance or outside forces control their fate They achieve more in
school and work, act more independently, enjoy better health, and
feel less depressed. Those who have an internal locus of control
believe they control their own destiny:
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Half Full of Half
Empty? Pessimists Expect things to go badly, blame others
Optimists/Optimism Expect to have control, work well under stress,
and enjoy good health Run in families; genetic marker/oxytocin
Danner and colleagues: Optimism-long life correlation study
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Which of these factors
has the strongest association with poor health: smoking 15
cigarettes daily, being obese, being inactive, or lacking strong
social connections?
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Personal Control, Health, and Well-Being Social support helps
fight illness in two ways. It calms cardiovascular system, which
lowers blood pressure and stress hormone levels. It fights illness
by fostering stronger immune functioning.
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Can pets help people handle stress? Women experienced lower
blood pressure spikes in presence of their dog during challenging
test. Pets increase the odds of survival after a heart attack. They
relieve depression among AIDS patients. Pets lower the level of
fatty acids in the blood that increase the risk of heart
disease.
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Social Support Research findings Uchino: People supported by
close relationships are less likely to die early. Kaplan and
colleagues: People in low-conflict marriages live longer, healthier
lives than unmarried. Valliant: Healthy aging is better predicted
by a good marriage than by a low cholesterol level
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Some research finds that people with companionable pets are
less likely than those without pets to visit their doctors after
stressful events (Siegel, 1990). How can the health benefits from
social support shed light on this finding?
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Managing Stress Effects Aerobic exercise Relaxation and
meditation Faith communities and health
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Managing Stress Effects Aerobic exercise, relaxation,
meditation, and active spiritual engagement may help us gather
inner strength and lessen stress effects. Based on what we have
learned so far, can you guess why?
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Managing Stress Effects Aerobic exercise Involves sustained
activity that increases heart and lung fitness; reduces stress,
depression, and anxiety Can weaken the influence of of genetic risk
for obesity Increases the quality and quantity of life (~two
years)
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Does aerobic exercise produce a change in stress, depression,
anxiety, or other health outcomes? AEROBIC EXERCISE REDUCED
DEPRESSION (From McCann & Holmes, 1984.) 10 weeks into a
experimental exercise program, the women in the aerobic exercise
program reported the greatest decrease in depression. Aerobic
exercise counteracts depression: it increases arousal; it does
naturally what some prescription drugs do chemically: OLJ Studio
/Shutterstock
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Managing Stress Effects Relaxation and mediation Relaxation:
More than 60 studies found that relaxation procedures can provide
relief from headaches, high blood pressure, anxiety, and insomnia
Relaxation training: Training has been used to help Type A heart
attack survivors reduce risk of future heart attacks.
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Recurrent Heart Attacks And Life-Style Modification The San
Francisco Recurrent Coronary Prevention Project offered counseling
from a cardiologist to survivors of heart attacks. Those who were
also guided in modifying their Type A lifestyle suffered fewer
repeat heart attacks. (From Friedman & Ulmer, 1984.) David
Madison/ Jupiterimages
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Managing Stress Effects Learning to reflect and accept
Mindfulness meditation Involves attending to current experiences in
a nonjudgmental and accepting manner Improves many health
measures
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Managing Stress Effects Learning to reflect and accept How
mindfulness contributes to positive changes Connections among
regions are strengthened. Brain regions associated with more
reflective awareness are activated. Brain activation in emotional
situations are calmed.
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Managing Stress Effects Faith communities and health: Faith
Factor Religious involvement predicts health and longevity.
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What are some of the tactics that help people manage the stress
they cannot avoid?
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Happiness The short life of emotional ups and downs Wealth and
well-being Why cant money buy more happiness? CLOSE-UP: Want to be
happier?
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Happiness Resilience Involves process of bouncing back in the
face of adversity or significant sources of stress HUMAN RESILIENCE
Courtesy of Anna Putt
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Happiness Feel-good, do-good phenomenon Suggests that when
people feel happy, they become more helpful and doing good promotes
feeling good Subjective well-being Includes feelings of happiness
and sense of satisfaction with life
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USING WEB SCIENCE TO TRACK HAPPY DAYS The days with the most
positive moods are Friday and Saturday (Facebook) A similar
analysis of emotion-related words in 59 million Twitter messages
found Friday to Sunday the weeks happiest days. Adam Kramer
(personal correspondence, 2010) tracked positive and negative
emotion words in many exact number is proprietary information) of
status updates of U.S. users of Facebook between September 7, 2007,
and November 17, 2010.
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THE CHANGING MATERIALISM OF ENTERING COLLEGE STUDENTS Yearly
surveys of more than 200,000 entering U.S. college students have,
since 1970, revealed an increasing desire for wealth. (From The
American Freshman surveys, UCLA, 1966 to 2012.)
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Happiness The short life of emotional ups and downs Over time,
emotional ups and downs tend to balance out. Positive emotions rise
over early to middle part of day and then drop off. Duration of
emotions is overestimated; resilience is underestimated.
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Does money buy happiness? Money surely helps us to avoid
certain types of pain. Yet, though buying power has almost tripled
since the 1950s, the average Americans reported happiness has
remained almost unchanged. (Happiness data from National Opinion
Research Center surveys; income data from Historical Statistics of
the United States and Economic Indicators.) Economic growth in
wealthy countries has provided no apparent boost to morale or
social well - being.
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Why Cant Money Buy Happiness? Happiness is relative Relative to
personal experience Relative deprivation: Sense that people feel
that they are worse off than others with whom they compare
themselves Relative to success of others As people climb the ladder
of success they mostly compare themselves with local peers who are
at or above their current level.
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Happiness Predictors of happiness Genes: Heredity accounts for
about 50 percent of happiness ratings differences. Personal
history: Emotions balance around level defined by experiences.
Culture: Groups vary in the traits valued. Is there a happiness
set-point?
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Happiness Is...
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Want to be happier? Realize that enduring happiness does not
come from financial success. Take control of your time. Act happy.
Seek work and leisure that engage your skills. Join the movement
movement. Give your body the sleep it wants. Give priority to close
relationships. Focus beyond self. Count your blessings and record
your gratitude. Nurture your spiritual self. Photodisc /
Jupiterimages
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Which of the following factors do NOT predict self- reported
happiness? Which factors are better predictors? a. Aged. Gender b.
Personality traitse. Engaging work and leisure c. Close
relationshipsf. Active religious faith