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Literature yang dianjurkan
1. Dake, L. P., “Fundamental of ReservoirEngineering” , Elseiver Scientific Publishing!"#any, $e% &!rk, 1'().
2. Mian, M. *., “Petroleum Engineering Handbookfor The Practicing Engineer +. !l 1, Penn-ellPublishing !"#., ulsa, /klah!"a, 1''2.
0. *bus Satter , anesh akhur 3 “ 4ntegratePetr!leu" 5eserv!ir Manage"ent , * ea"
*##r!ach “ , Penn -ell B!!ks, ulsa, /klah!"a,1''6
6. Seba 5.D 3 Economic of Woldwide PetroleumProduction, /il 7as !nsultants 4nternati!nal4nc, ulsa, /klah!"a, 1''0
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MATERI KULIAH
Pendahuluan Petroleum System Reservoir Hidrokarbon Sifat Fisik atuan Reservoir Sifat Fisik Fluida Reservoir
Reservoir !hara"teri#ation Reservoir $ana%ement
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Petroleum System
1
2
!"
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Seal
Reservoir
ro"k
Seal
$i%ration route
Oil&'ater "onta"t (O)!*
Hydro"arbon
a""umulationin the
reservoir ro"k
+o, of maturity
Sour"e ro"k
Fault(im,ermeable*
#eneration$ Migration$ and Tra%%ing o&
Hydro'ar(ons
Seal
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Petroleum System
A Petroleum System re-uires timely
"onver%en"e of "ertain %eolo%i" fa"tors and
%eolo%i" events.
+hese In"lude/
$ature sour"e ro"k
$i%ration
Reservoir ro"k
Seal
+ra,
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Petroleum System
8 Source Rock / Batuan inuk i"ana "aterial !rganiknya
"eli"#ah an "enganung 9ir!karb!n
8 Reservoir Ro"k / Batuan te"#at "inyak 7 gasbu"i
beraku"ulasi
Porosity / ruang iantara butiran batuan i"ana "inyak:
gas beraku"ulasi
Permeability : suatu alur iantara #!ri batuan i"ana
"inyak:gas bisa bergerak
8 Seal Rock / Batuan #enyekat i "ana "inyak: gas tk #t
bergerak ng efektif ;"ust!ne 7 clayst!ne<8 Migration Route / =alur te"#at bergeraknya "inyak:gas
ari batuan inuk "enu=u #erangka#
8 Trap / te"#at teraku"ulasinya "inyak:gasbu"i
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Proses di dalam Petroleum
System
8 +imin% 0 Peran%ka, terbentuk sebelum 1 selama H!
bermi%rasi
8 Generation 0,roses di mana bat induk men%alami
,emanasan 1 tekanan y% "uku, untuk merubah material
or%anik men2adi hidrokarbon
8 $i%ration 0,roses ,er%erakan& ,er,indahan hidrokarbon
keluar dr bat induk menu2u 1 masuk ke dalam suatu
,eran%ka,
8 A""umulation 0 ,roses berakumulasinya vol H! stlh
bermi%rasi menu2u ,eran%ka,
8 Preservation 0 sisa hidrokarbon dlm reservoir 1 tdk
terubah oleh ,roses biodegradation atau,un water- washing
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RESER)*IR HI+R*KAR,*-
Bagian kerak bumi berupa sistem batuanberpori– berpermeabilitas–berperangkap-bertekanan-yang terbukti mengandungsejumlah hidrokarbon (minyak dan ataugasbumi) dan dapat diproduksi kan secara
ekonomis
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Reservoir Hidrokarbon
Komponen ReservoirKomponen Reservoir ::
-- BatuanBatuan
- Fluida- Fluida - Perangkap (trap)- Perangkap (trap)
- Tutupan (cap rock)- Tutupan (cap rock)
- Kondisi Reservoir (P & T)- Kondisi Reservoir (P & T)
PERANGKAP
STRUKTUR
PERANGKAP
STRATIGRAFI
AQUIFER
RES. HC
LAPISAN
PENUTUP
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Pertanyaan yang selalu mun'ul ...
Sebera#a besar =u"lah "inyak an gasbu"i
yang terkanung ala" 5eserv!ir
Sebera#a besar #r!uktivitas 5eserv!ir
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Penentuan **IP / *#IP
0)* UMETRIK
i"ana 3
N 3 original oil in place !!"P#, SB.
3 !riginal gas in #lace ;/4P<, S>
Σ $b 3 v!lu"e batuan "enganung hir!karb!n, acre?ft.
φ 3 #!r!sitas batuan, fraksi.%w 3 saturasi air "ula?"ula, fraksi.
&oi 3 fakt!r v!lu"e f!r"asi "inyak "ula?"ula, bbl:SB.
Bgi 3 fakt!r v!lu"e f!r"asi gas "ula?"ula, uft:S>
((@) 3 k!nstanta fakt!r k!nversi satuan, bbl:acre?ft.
60@A 3 k!nstanta fakt!r k!nversi satuan , uft:acre?ft
Boi )Sw1( Vb7758 N −⋅⋅∑⋅= φ
Bgi
)Sw( VbG
−⋅⋅∑⋅=
143560 φ
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2umla3 Minyak Mula4Mula
+item%at 0**IP se'ara
)* UMETRIK
Berasarkan ata yang i#er!leh ari #erusahaan3
?!lu"e Bulk C 12.(62,@( *cre?ft. ?avg C 26,@
?S%i avg C 1),@
?B!i C 1,@ Bbl:Stb ?((@) C K!nversi ari *cre?ft ke Bbl
//4P C
C
C 34.566.756835 S+9 34856 $$S+
1,05
0,185))(1x0,245x(12.742,577758
−
Boi
)Swi(1xxVb7758
avg−avg φ
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( )
+−
−=
S4
3
r
r lnBμ
PP0.00708kh
w
!oo
w" r o
Produktifitas Reservoir Pr!uktivitas reserv!ir aalah ke"a"#uan ari suatu
reserv!ir untuk "e"#r!uksikan fluia reserv!ir ke lubang su"ur #aa k!nisi tekanan tertentu. ;a#at i#reiksi engan #ersa"aan Darcy<
Persamaan Darcy untuk aliran Satu phasa,
homogen , Isotropic, steady state untuk kasusaliran radial
Parameter yang menyatakan nilai produktivitas formasiadalah Index Produktivitas (PI) dan Infow PerormanceRelationship (IPR).
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Petroleum E5%loration6
#eo%3ysi'al A%%li'ation
to Petroleum #eology
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Petroleum E5%loration4
#eo%3ysi'al Met3ods
ravity "eth!s
Magnetic surveys
Seis"ic surveys
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:;:7
:3<3
Salt
7.3 %m&"m;
!orre"ted Gravity
(ou%uer Anomaly*
=n"orre"ted
Gravity
!lasti"s
7.> %m&"m;
$eter
Gravity
Value (m%al*
Prin'i%le o& #ra7ity
Sur7eys
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Prin'i%le o& Magneti'
Sur7eys
<
:
asement
Sedimentary asin
$a%neti#ation
$easured
("ro# xxx, 1%xx)
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Sea bed
oat
!able 'ith hydro,hones
Sea Surfa"e
Sour"e
(Air%uns*
Sedimentary ?ayers
In"ident
'avesRefle"ted
'aves
Marine A'8uisition System
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9rossline !:; 0East
N S
Source
Reservoirs
Seal u!co!"ormity#
S i i S ti ith ? +i
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Seismi" Se"tion 'ith ?o% +ies
Geo,hysi"al
)ell ?o%
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<luid Le7el ,oundaries
on 4+ +ata
M!ifie fr!" Br!%n,
$!t 4nter#rete 4nter#rete
>lat s#!t !n seis"ic line inicates
#etr!leu" : %ater c!ntact
>ault
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Petroleum E5%loitation6
Engineering A%%li'ation toPetroleum Produ'tion
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-odal system
Metode Produksi Sem(ur Alam
0-atural <lo=
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I@E!+IO@ GAS
PROB=!EB F?=IB
)E??
I@F?O) (IPR*
)E?? O=+F?O)
RE?A+IO@SHIP
(V?P* or (+P!*
S=RFA!E PRESS=RE
SA@BFA!E
PRESS=RE
HFP
RESERVOIR
PRESS=RE
O++O$ HO?E PRESS=RE AS A F=@!+IO@ OF F?O)RA+EO++O$ HO?E PRESS=RE AS A F=@!+IO@ OF F?O)RA+E
PROB=!+IO@ PO+E@+IA? AS A F=@!+IO@ OF PROB=!+IO@ RA+EPROB=!+IO@ PO+E@+IA? AS A F=@!+IO@ OF PROB=!+IO@ RA+E
Metode Produksi Sem(ur ,uatan
Injeksi #as Alam 0#as Li&t Met3od
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PU$PING UNIT
Metode Produksi Sem(ur ,uatan
Pemom%aan 0Pum%ing Li&t Met3od
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Konstruksi dan Peralatan
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9lassi&i'ation o& Ro'ks
SED4ME$*5&
R o " k : f o r m i n %
, r o " e s s
S o u r " e o f
m a t e r i a l
4$E/FS
ME*M/5P94
$olten materials in
dee, "rust and
u,,er mantle
!rystalli#ation
(Solidifi"ation of melt*
)eatherin% and
erosion of ro"ks
eC,osed at surfa"e
Sedimentation8 burial
and lithifi"ation
Ro"ks under hi%h
tem,eratures
and ,ressures in
dee, "rust
Re"rystalli#ation due to
heat8 ,ressure8 or
"hemi"ally a"tive fluids
BATUAN RESERVOIRBATUAN RESERVOIR
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he 5!ck ycle
Mag"a
Meta"!r#hic5!ck
Sei"entary5!ck
4gne!us5!ck
Sei"ent
9eat an Pressure
-eathering,
rans#!rtati!nan De#!siti!n
- e a t h e r i n g , . r a n s # ! r t a t i ! n ,
a n 1 D e # ! s i t i ! n
! !
l i n g a n 1
S ! l i 1 i f i c a t i ! n
M e l t i n g ; r y s t a l i G a t i !
n <
9 e a
t
* n 1
P r e s s u r e
; M e
t a " ! r # h i s
" <
- e a t h e r i n
g ,
. r
a n s # ! r t a t i !
n
* n 1 D e # ! s i t i !
n
e " e nt ati!n a n 1 ! "#ac ti! n
; Li t hif ica t i ! n <
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T3e <our Major 9om%onents
>ra"e%!rk I San ;an Silt< SiGe Detrital rains
MatriH
I lay SiGe Detrital Material
e"ent I Material #reci#itate #!st e#!siti!nally,
uring burial. e"ents fill #!res an
re#lace fra"e%!rk grains
P!res
I !is bet%een ab!ve c!"#!nents
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@or,hlet Sandstone8 Offshore Alabama8 =SA
Grains are About 9D .7 mm in Biameter&?en%th
PRF KF
P
KF 9 Potassium Felds,ar
PRF 9 Plutoni" Ro"k Fra%ment
P 9 Pore
Potassium Felds,ar isStained ello' )ith a
!hemi"al Bye
Pores are Im,re%nated)ith lue:Byed E,oCy
!E$E@+
Sandstone 9om%osition <rame=ork #rains
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,ATUA- RESER)*IR,ATUA- RESER)*IR
Sarat !atuan Reservoir : P"R"#S & P$R%$B'$
Batuan Pasir (Sand Stone) :Orthoquartzite :
ominan mineral karsa (* +, ). Bersi/0 !e!as dari s/ale dan cla.
Semen dari unsur silika dan kar!onat.Greya!"e :
%ineral karsa & feldspar *1,-2, Ber!utir !esar0 kadang fragmen !atuan
Semen dari unsur cla dan kar!onat
Ar"ose :
%ineral arkose feldspar 3 mineral karsa
Kaa akan lumina0 lime0 potas/ dan soda
u
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uRo!") :
Lime stone : 4alsium 4ar!onate dan
%agnesium 3 2, olomite : 'ime stone ang terdolomitisasi
4a4"5 6 %g4l7 4a%g(4"5)7 6 4a4l7
Batuan Ser&ih (Sha'e Stone) :
8 #nsur utama : 4la minerals dengan :
* 92 Si"70 9 l7"50 ; Fe" dan Fe7"50
9 4a" dan %g" ds!
8 %emiliki Porositas dan Permea!ilitas kecil0
8 Baik se!agai lapisan penutup reservoir
8 Berfungsi se!agai !atuan induk (source rock)
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Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir
. Porositas
7. Saturasi Fluida
5. Permea!ilitas<. =etta!ilitas
9. Tekanan Kapiler
;. Kompresi!ilitas
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!"#$% #"!"& B$%'$ R!R*+"R
,+R+!"%$! () :,+R+!"%$! () : Fraksi atau Prosen volume ruang pori-pori
ter/adap total volume !atuan
dimana : > ! ? Total volume !atuan0> s ? Total volume padatan0
> p ? Total volume pori.
( )
=
−=
b
p
b
sb
V
V
V
V V φ
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Klasi&ikasi Porositas
P!r!sitas *bs!lut
Perbaningan antara v!lu"e #!ri t!tal terhaa#v!lu"e #!ri batuan t!tal
P!r!sitas Efektif
Perbaningan antara v!lu"e #!ri yang saling
berhubungan terhaa# v!lu"e #!ri batuan t!tal
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Per(andingan Porositas
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Klasifikasi Porositas !erdasarkan =aktu
Ter@adina P!r!sitas Pri"er
erbentuk bersa"aan #r!ses #engena#an
P!r!sitas Sekuner
erbentuk setelah #r!ses #engena#an? #!r!sitas larutan
? #!r!sitas kekar, celah
? !l!"itisasi
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Besar kecilna porositas terutamadipengaru/i ole/ :
8 Besar !utir dan tingkat keseragamanna (Sortasi)
8 Kemasanna (Packing)
8 Faktor eksternal (4ompression)
&l'ia !r*!bak
+ Pori ang ak
B!rh'b'ngan
Pori Saling B!rh'b'ngan
(Poro-ia- /"!ki")
liran &l'ia
P
S
P/4
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Pengaruh Susunan Butir Pengaruh Susunan Butir
ubic
;P!r!sity 6(,A<
5h!"b!heral;P!r!sity 2@,'A<
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9onto3 Soal Porositas
Biketahui/Data inti batuan ;core< sebagai berikut 3
v!lu"e batuan t!tal ;$b<, cc C 1
v!lu"e #aatan batuan t!tal ;$s<, cc C (@
v!lu"e #!ri berhubungan $p ef f C @ $p Hitun%lah/
1. !lu"e ruang #!ri?#!ri t!tal batuan ;$p#
2. !lu"e ruang #!ri yang berhubungan ;$p ef#
0. P!r!sitas t!tal ;φ<6. P!r!sitas efektif ;φef<
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a=a(an 9onto3 Soal Porositas
1. $p C $b I $s C ;1 I (@< cc
C 2@ cc
2' $p ef C @ H 2@ cc
C 12,@ cc
%25
%100
100
25
=
×=
φ
φ
0'
%5.12
%100100
5.12
eff
eff
=
×=
φ
φ 6'
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Tuas:
PP 444?1
i"etahui:ata inti $atuan (core) se$aai $eri"ut:*o'u+e $atuan tota' (Vb), !! - ./01*o'u+e &adatan $atuan tota' (Vs), !! -234*o'u+e &ori $erhu$unan Vpef - 546Vp
7itun'ah:.8 Vo'u+e ruan &ori9&ori tota' $atuan (Vp)/8 Vo'u+e ruan &ori yan $erhu$unan
(Vpef)48 Porositas tota' ( )58 Porositas ee"ti ( e)
a=a(an
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a=a(an
1' $p C $b I $s
C ;12@ I ')0< cc
C 2A( cc
(' $pef C ,60 H 2A( cc
C 116,)1 cc
%36 ,21
%1001250
267
=
×=
φ
φ
0' 6'
%1848 ,9
%1001250
81 ,114
eff
eff
=
×=
φ
φ
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,R.$B"L"%$! (k):,R.$B"L"%$! (k): #kuran kemampuan !atuan untuk mengalirkan fluidatanpa merusak kondisi reservoir semula0 ang dipengaru/i ole/ tingkat /u!ungan antar pori !atuan
9enry Darcy ;1)@A< "enge"ukakan hubungan
e"#iris aliran fluia ala" "eia ber#!ri ala"
bentuk #ersa"aan ifferential untuk kasus aliran
linier
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Hukum 0Persamaan +ar'y 01>"?
! "
#
$vδ δ
µ −==
) C La=u aliran fluia, cc:sec
* C Luas "eia #ena"#ang "eia ber#!ri, c"2v C Kece#atan aliran fluia, c":sec
k C Per"eabilitas, Darcy
F C visk!sitas fluia, c#
δ P+ δ , - .radien tekanan dalam arah aliran/ atm+cm
)a%&( ) ! ! ( . )'&. s$( #
)'&( . )'e%ipoise( . se') '&( * )+a,'-( "
21
3
−=
µ
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$nggapan/idealisasi persamaan arcy : Formasi (media !erpori) /omogen dan isotropik
Fluida mengalir satu fasa dan incompressi!le liran manta! (stead state)
liran fluida linier
P4
Persamaan Darcy untuk aliran Satu phasa,homogen , Isotropic, steady state untuk kasusaliran radial
( )
+−
−=
S
4
3
r
r lnBμ
PP0.00708kh
w
!oo
w" r o
,ermeabilitas dibedakan menjadi tiga0 yaitu :
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,ermeabilitas dibedakan menjadi tiga0 yaitu
K-a!solut (k ) : !ila ang mengalir satu fasaK-efektif (k e ) : !ila ang mengalir 3 satu fasa
K-relatif (k r ) : ratio permea!ilitas efektifter/adap permea!ilitas a!solut
$plikasi persamaan arcy untuk ngineering :
,
"
" " o,o = ,
"
" "
g
,g = ,
"
" "
w
,w =
! ! "#
#V *
)(
.
21 −−== µ
)()(
21 ! ! #
*+a,'-"
−=
µ
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%ontoh Soa' Per+ea$i'itas
Sebuah c!re engan #an=ang ;L< 1 c", luas
#ena"#ang ;*< 1 c"2, i=enuhi air ;S%< 1,
bea tekanan ;P1 I P2< 1 at", "enghasilkan
la=u #r!uksi air ;J%< sebesar 1 cc:et, enganvisk!sitas air ; µ %< 1 c#.
Pertanyaan/
Bera#akah #er"eabilitas abs!lut c!re tersebut
PP 444?21
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;aa$an :
Karena c!re i=enuhi 1 air, "aka k% C K.
ai harga #er"eabilitas abs!lut?nya C 1 arcy.
) ! ! ( . #
..*" www
21 −= µ
psi /1'&1
'&1 /'p1 /''+e 1"
2w =
a,'-1" w =
PP 444?22
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Soal Permea(ilitas
Sebuah c!re engan #an=ang ;L< 2,0 c",
ia"eter ;< 0,(@ c", i=enuhi air ;S%< 1,
bea tekanan ;P1 I P2< ,@ at", "enghasilkan
la=u #r!uksi air ;J%< sebesar @2 cc:et,engan visk!sitas air ; µ %< ,1)6@ c#.
Pertanyaan/
Bera#akah #er"eabilitas abs!lut c!retersebut
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;aa$an :
* C 1:6 H π H 2
C 1:6 H 0,16 H 0,(@2
C 11,6 c"2
) ! ! ( . #
..*" ww
w
21 −=
µ
0,5x11,04
2,3x0,01845x52
k w =ar63%%75,0k w =
PP 444?26
!$%'R$!" #L'"$ :!$%'R$!" #L'"$ :
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!$%'R$!" #L'"$ :!$%'R$!" #L'"$ :
Per!andingan antara volume pori ang ditempati suatu fluida tertentu ter/adap volume pori total
( )
→
= p
p
f1/V
/ f12i+a+iisi po,iVo1 V S
Irre%uci&le
'ater Sat.
S(ir#
S)#
So#
*il + Gas i!
'tr Emulsio!
,issolve%
Gas
'ater i! *il
Emulsio!
S(#
k7Sw
P4
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%o%a po,i po,ivo&e
ai, oe+iisi -ag po,i po,ivo&eS w
−
−=
%o%a po,i po,ivo&e gasoe+iisi -ag po,i po,ivo&eS g
−−=
%o%a po,i po,ivo&e
-a" &ioe+iisi -ag po,i po,ivo&eS o
−
−=
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S o + S g + S w = 1
>olume fluida /idrokar!on dalam pori!atuan :
S o .Ø.V b + S g .Ø.V b = (1-S w ).Ø.V b
idalam reservoir0 Saturasi fluida!esarna !ervariasi ang dipengaru/iole/ tegangan permukaan antar fasa0
kapilaritas !atuan0 viskositas dandensitas fluida0 driving force ds!.
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9onto3 Soal Saturasi
Biketahui volume ,ori:,ori batuan yan%
terisi minyak > "m;8 volume ,ori:,ori
yan% terisi %as sebanyak 5 "m;8
sedan%kan volume total ,ori:,ori adalah "m;.
Pertanyaan /
Hitun% saturasi masin%:masin% fluida
(
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a=a(an 6
Sg S! S% C 1
ai 1 I S! I Sg C S%
1 I ,) I ,1@ C ,@ ai S! C ,)
Sg C ,1@
S% C ,@
8 ,0500400So ==
15 ,0
500
75Sg ==
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Soal 6
Biketahui volume ,ori:,ori batuan yan%
terisi minyak 35 "m;8 volume ,ori:,ori
yan% terisi air sebanyak 5 "m;8 sedan%kan
volume total ,ori:,ori adalah 7 "m;. Pertanyaan /
Hitun% saturasi masin%:masin% fluida
a=a(an Soal Saturasi
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a=a(an Soal Saturasi
Sg S! S% C 1
ai 1 I S! I S% C Sg
1 I ,(6 I ,22) C ,A) ai S! C ,(6
Sg C ,A)
S% C ,22)
704 ,0250176 So ==
228 ,0
250
57 Sw ==
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Parameter yang (er%engaru3
ter3ada% Permea(ilitas
P!r!sitas
Saturasi e!"etri *liran ;tebal an
#an=ang<
H ( P it d P (ilit
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Hu(ungan Porositas dan Permea(ilitas
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Hubungan !aturasi #luida terhadapHubungan !aturasi #luida terhadap
,ermeabilitas,ermeabilitas 66
k rg
k rw
Sw
AIR
GAS
0,0 1,0
1,0
0,0Sgr Sw6
k rg
k ro
Sli
$IN-AK
GAS
0,0 1,0
1,0
0,0Sgr Swir 8Sor
#eometri Aliran La%isan Paralel
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#eometri Aliran La%isan Paralel
∑
∑
=
==
" "
1
1
#eometri Aliran La%isan Seri
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%
∑=
=
4 4
4
"
1
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9onto3 Soal Permea(ilitas
Rata4rata
Diketahui tiga la#isan engan ata sebagai
berikut 3
La#isan 4 3 k 3 2 "D an tebal (@ ftLa#isan 44 3 k 3 1 "D an tebal @ ft
La#isan 444 3 k 3 1@ "D an tebal 1 ft
Pertanyaan /
9itunglah #er"eabilitas rata?rata a#abila la#isan
#aralel an seri
a=a(an 6
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a=a(an 6
∑
∑
=
=
=
"
"
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1005075
1501001005020075"
++
×+×+×=
C1@@,@A "D
*liran Paralel
a=a(an 6
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a=a(an 6
C 16@,'@"D
*liran Seri 3
∑=
=(
"
1
150
100
100
50
200
75
225
" ++
=
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Soal Permea(ilitas Rata4rata
Diketahui tiga la#isan engan ata sebagai
berikut 3
La#isan 4 3 k 3 10@ "D an tebal 6A ftLa#isan 44 3 k 3 121 "D an tebal 11 ft
La#isan 444 3 k 3 1' "D an tebal (2 ft
Pertanyaan /
9itunglah #er"eabilitas rata?rata a#abila la#isan
#aralel an seri
a=a(an 6
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a=a(an 6
∑
∑
=
=
=
"
"
1
1
C11','' "D
*liran Paralel
( ) ( ) ( )
7210146
1097212110113546 "
++
×+×+×=
a=a(an6
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a=a(an6
C 11',2@@ "D
*liran Seri
∑=
=(
"
1
109
72
121
101
135
46
219
" ++
=
1%$B"L"%$! :1%$B"L"%$! :
Bila dua fluida !ersin un an den an !enda
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Bila dua fluida !ersinggungan dengan !endapadat0maka sala/ satu fluida akan !ersifat mem!asa/ipermukaan !enda padat terse!ut
alam sstem /idrokar!on-air dengan !enda padat0gaa ad/esi ( #6 ) mene!a!kan air mem!asa/i !atuan
S S os # θ σ σ σ .=−=
94P:
P6
; < %0o, wa!r w!
; = %0o, il w!
>-o >-w
>wo
;wo ir
:irokarbon
inak ? 9a-wo
sw soosσ
σ σ θ
−=
dimana !σso " #egangan permukaan $%&'atuan,
ecmσsw " #egangan permukaan air&'atuan, dynecm
σwo " #egangan permukaan $%&air, dynecmθwo " Sudut kontak $%&IR
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Sur&a'e Tension
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@etta(ility
%&$$ &$,"LR (,%&$$ &$,"LR (,cc) :) :
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Per!edaan tekanan antara dua fluida taktercampur0 aki!at ter@adina pertemuan
antar permukaan ang terpisa/.
alam !atuan !erpori0 Pc tergantung pada ukuranpori0 permea!ilitas dan macam fluidana
A ? Tegangan permukaan antar dua fluida0 dnecm
4os C ? Sudut kontak dua fluidar ? Dari-@ari lengkung kapilerE ρ f ? Beda densitas dua fluida0 grcc
g ? Percepatan gravitasi0 cmdt7 / ? Tinggi cairan dalam kapiler0 cm
( ) g ! ! ! w(ww(w' . ρ ρ −=−=
3 g ! f ' .. ρ ∆=
g ,
os ! f ' ..
.2 ρ
θ σ ∆==
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9a%illary Pressure
E&&e't o& +iameter o& 9a%illary
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E&&e't o& +iameter o& 9a%illary
Transition one and +ensity +i&&eren'e
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Transition one and +ensity +i&&eren'e
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P6
h!igh
0,20 1,00Sw
@ona
ran-i-i
@ona
Aon7!ing
&r!! a!r C!v!l
h D P6 ? Eρ" .g
P%0
P50
P10
P6
h!igh
0,20 1,00Sw
@ona
ran-i-i
@ona
Aon7!ing
&r!! a!r C!v!l
h D P6 ? Eρ" .g
P%0
P50
P10
3 g ,
9os ! f ' ..
.2 ρ
θ σ ∆==
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&+.,R!"B"L"%$! B$%'$ (2) :&+.,R!"B"L"%$! B$%'$ (2) :
Konsep kompresi!ilitas menurut 3eerstma (4567) :
o Kompresi!ilitas matriks !atuan0 aitu fraksiperu!a/an volume material padatan ter/adapsatuan peru!a/an tekanan.
o Kompresi!ilitas pori !atuan0 aitu fraksiperu!a/an volume pori ter/adap satuanperu!a/an tekanan.
o Kompresi!ilitas !ulk !atuan0 aitu fraksi
peru!a/an volume !ulk !atuan ter/adap satuanperu!a/an tekanan.
+!
+V
V psi9
p
p
p
1)(,
1 =−
+!
+V
V psi ,
,
,
1)(, 1 =−
Pada kenataanna !atuan reservoir menderitaPada kenataanna !atuan reservoir menderitak ! l d i
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gaa tekan ang !erasal dari :gaa tekan ang !erasal dari :
Tekanan /idrostatik dari auifer danpengem!angan gas
$Gternal Stress dari !e!an !atuan danfluida diatasna (over!urden)
/F/4AC
S4/SS
P4
4/S
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