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Generating  Electricity  Pg    150  –  159  

Syllabus  4.16  and  4.17  

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Starter:  is  nuclear  energy  green?  

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Generating  Electricity  

Today’s  learning  objective  is  to…  *  Describe  the  energy  transfers  involved  in  generating  electricity  using  a  variety  of  energy  sources  *  Know  their  advantages  and  disadvantages    

Think  How  many  energy  sources  do  you  know  which  

are  used  to  generate  electricity?  

October 18, 2015

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Key  Words  

*  Renewable        재생 가능한

*  Non-­‐Renewable      재생 불 가능한

*  Solar      태양의

*  Geothermal      지열의

*  Turbine      터빈

*  Generator    발전기

*  Wind    바람

*  Water  물

*  Fossil  fuels    화석 연료

*  Nuclear  power    원자력 ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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Edexcel  Specification  

Section  4:  Energy  resources  and  energy  transfer    d)  Energy  resources  and  electricity  generation  understand  the  energy  transfers  involved  in  generating  electricity  using:  •  wind  •  water  •  geothermal  resources  •  solar  heating  systems  •  solar  cells  •  fossil  fuels  •  nuclear  power  Describe  the  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  methods  of  large-­‐scale  electricity  production  from  various  renewable  and  non-­‐renewable  resources.  

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The  big    picture  

How  is  electricity    produced?  

Have  you  ever  wondered?  ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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How  is  electricity  generated?  

Coal burnt in furnace, produces heat

Water boils to form steam, which rises

Steam turns turbine blades

Turbine drives generator, which creates electricity

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What  are  energy  resources?  An energy resource is anything that can be used to generate power for human use. There are two categories of energy resource: l  non-renewable energy

resources will eventually run out – once used they cannot be used again. Examples are fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) and nuclear fuels (uranium, plutonium).

l  renewable energy resources can be replaced or regenerated and will never run out. Examples are wind, hydroelectricity and solar power. ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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Driving  a  turbine  

Many energy resources are used to generate electricity by driving a turbine connected to a generator. Both renewable and non-renewable energy sources can drive a turbine. l  Some drive a turbine directly – e.g. wind and water power. l  Others drive a turbine indirectly by being used to heat

water and create high-pressure steam – e.g. coal, nuclear and geothermal power. ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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Renewable  or  non-­‐renewable?  

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Wind  power  

Wind  is  used  to  rotate  a  turbine  (the  blades)  which  turns  an  electrical  generator.    

A  wind  farm  

Energy  changes:  kinetic    to  electrical  

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable  energy  source  * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  * Inexpensive  to  build  * Short  start  up  time      

DISADVANTAGES  * Unreliable  –  needs  wind!  * Best  used  in  places  where  they  will  often  be  regarded  as  unsightly  * Many  turbines  are  needed  to  produce  the  same  energy  of  a  small  thermal  power  station  * Noise  * Danger  to  wildlife  

Wind  farm  off  the  coast  in  Shanghai  

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Hydroelectric  power  

Falling  water  is  used  to  drive  a  turbine  which  rotates  an  electrical  generator.      Energy  changes:  gravitational  potential  to  kinetic    to  electrical     ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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Hydroelectric  power  station  

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable    * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  * Short  start  up  time    

DISADVANTAGES  * Very  limited  locations  * Wildlife  affected  * Expensive  to  build  

The  Hoover  Dam  near  Las  Vegas  

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Wave  power  

Waves  can  be  used  to  drive  an  electrical  generator.      Energy  changes:  kinetic    to  electrical    

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable    * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  * No  land  needed  * Short  start  up  time    

DISADVANTAGES  * Unreliable  * Can  only  be  used  in  areas  with  suitable  waves  * Prone  to  storm  damage  * Many  needed  to  produce  the  same  energy  of  a  small  thermal  power  station  * Danger  to  shipping  

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Tidal  power  

Moving  water  caused  by  the  tides  is  used  to  drive  a  turbine  directly  which  rotates  an  electrical  generator.      Energy  changes:  gravitational  potential  to  kinetic    to  electrical    

Tidal  power  station  at  La  Rance,  Brittany    

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Tidal  power  station  ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable    * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  * Short  start  up  time    

DISADVANTAGES  * Very  limited  locations  * Wildlife  affected  * Expensive  to  build  

Proposed  Severn  Estuary  Tidal  Power  Scheme  

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Geothermal  energy  

In  some  volcanic  areas  hot  water  and  steam  rise  to  the  surface.  The  steam  can  be  tapped  and  used  to  drive  turbines.  This  is  known  as  geothermal  energy.    Energy  changes:  thermal  (heat)  to  kinetic    to  electrical  

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable    * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  * Short  start  up  time    

DISADVANTAGES  * Very  limited  locations  * Expensive  to  build  

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Solar  heating  

Heat  energy  from  the  Sun  is  focussed  onto  pipes  containing  water.  The  water  boils  producing  steam.  The  steam  is  then  used  to  drive  turbines  which  turn  electrical  generators.    Energy  changes:  thermal  to  kinetic    to  electrical  

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable    * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  

DISADVANTAGES  * Sunshine  needed  and  so  best  in  desert  regions  * Can  only  be  used  during  the  day  * A  large  amount  of  land  is  needed  to  produce  a  significant  amount  of  energy  

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Solar  cells  

Electricity  produced  directly  from  the  Sun’s  radiation.    Energy  changes:  light    to  electrical    

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ADVANTAGES    * Renewable    * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  * No  radioactive  waste  * Instant  start  up  time    

DISADVANTAGES  * Unreliable  in  the  UK!  –  sunshine  is  needed  for  solar  cells  * Can  only  be  used  during  the  day  * Only  10%  of  solar  energy  is  converted  into  electricity  by  solar  cells  * Many  cells  needed  to  produce  a  significant  amount  of  energy  

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Fossil  fuels  

Fossil  fuels  include  coal,  oil  and  natural  gas.      They  have  been  formed  in  the  ground  from  dead  vegetation  and  tiny  creatures  by  a  process  that  has  taken  millions  of  years.    When  burnt  the  heat  energy  produced  is  used  to  produce  steam.  The  steam  is  then  used  to  drive  turbines  which  turn  electrical  generators.  

Energy  changes:  thermal  to  kinetic    to  electrical  

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Coal-­‐fired  power  station  

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Problems  with  fossil  fuels  

Burning  coal,  gas  and  oil  produces  carbon  dioxide.  This  is  a  greenhouse  gas  which  causes  global  warming.  

Fossil  fuel  burning  can  also  produce  sulfur  dioxide  gas.  This  can  dissolve  in  water  and  produce  acid  rain  which  causes  damage  to  forests  and  buildings.  Modern  power  stations  remove  most  sulfur  dioxide  producing  compounds  before  burning.  

Fossil  fuels  are  not  renewable.  They  are  running  out.  Estimates  vary  between  50  to  200  years  to  when  we  will  need  to  find  alternative  sources  of  energy.  

 

An  effect  of  acid  rain  

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ADVANTAGES    * Concentrated  energy  source  * Reliable  energy  source  * Can  be  built  anywhere  * No  radioactive  waste    

DISADVANTAGES  * Non-­‐renewable  * Produces  greenhouse  gases  and  contributes  to  global  warming  * Produces  acid  rain  

A  good  and  a  bad  day  in  Beijing  ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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Nuclear  power  

Nuclear  power  stations  use  a  certain  type  of  uranium  to  produce  heat  energy.    This  heat  energy  is  used  to  produce  steam.  The  steam  is  then  used  to  drive  turbines  which  turn  electrical  generators.    Energy  changes:  nuclear  to  thermal  to  kinetic    to  electrical  

uranium  fuel  rods  

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A  nuclear  reactor  

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Problems  with  nuclear  power  stations  

Nuclear fuel (uranium) does not produce greenhouse gases and it generates 10000 times more energy per kilogram than fossil fuels.

However:

Nuclear waste is radioactive and may have to be stored safely for thousands of years.

Although safe in normal operation, accidents can release radioactive material over a large area. The area around Chernobyl in Ukraine has been closed off since 1986.

The  destroyed  Chernobyl  nuclear  reactor  

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ADVANTAGES    * Concentrated  energy  source  * Reliable  energy  source  * Can  be  built  anywhere  * No  greenhouse  gases  * No  acid  rain  

 

DISADVANTAGES  * Non-­‐renewable  * Radioactive  waste  * Expensive  to  build  * Technology  is  related  to  that  needed  to  make  atomic  bombs  ©  www.cgrahamphysics.com  

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What  is  biomass?  

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Biomass  and  carbon  neutral  energy  Biomass produces carbon dioxide when burnt. This is a greenhouse gas so why is biomass considered ‘green’?

However,  the  environmental  impact  of  using  fertilizers  to  grow  biomass  and  the  energy  used  in  its  transportation  must  also  be  considered.  

The  amount  of  carbon  dioxide  released  is  the  same  as  the  amount  that  the  biomass  took  in  when  it  was  growing.  There  is  no  net  increase  in  carbon  dioxide,  which  means  biomass  is  carbon  neutral.  

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Biofuels:  complete  the  sentences  

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Electricity  generation  pie-­‐chart  

Most of our electricity is generated by burning fossil fuels (74% according to the pie chart opposite)

Nearly 20% is nuclear

Less than 5% is currently generated using renewable sources.

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Task:  15  minute    

End  

1.  (a)  Explain  the  difference  between  a  renewable  and  a  non-­‐renewable  energy  source.  (b)  Give  three  examples  of  each.  

2.  Briefly  describe  how  the  following  energy  sources  can  be  used  to  produce  electricity:  (a)  wind;  (b)  water;  (c)  geothermal;  (d)  solar;  (e)  fossil  fuels  and  (f)  nuclear.  

3.  For  each  source  listed  in  question  2  give  two  advantages  and  two  disadvantages  of  their  use  in  generating  electricity.  

4.  Answer  the  questions  on  page  159.  5.  Verify  that  you  can  do  all  of  the  items  listed  in  the  end  of  

chapter  checklist  on  page  159.  

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Plenary: Choose appropriate words to fill in the gaps below:

Most of our electricity is produced by thermal __________ stations. These use the _______ produced by burning _____ or the fission of __________ to generate electricity.

The heat produced is used to change ________ into high pressure steam. This steam is used to turn a _________ which in turn _________ an electrical generator.

Over _______ of our electricity is generated by using thermal power stations.

fuels uranium turbine

rotates water heat

power

WORD SELECTION:

90%

fuels uranium

turbine rotates

water

heat power

90%

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Multiple-­‐choice  quiz  

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