General Relativity and John Archibald Wheeler
Astrophysics and Space Science Library
EDITORIAL BOARD
ChairmanW. B. BURTON, National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Charlottesville, Virginia,U.S.A. ([email protected]); University of Leiden, The Netherlands([email protected])
F. BERTOLA, University of Padua, ItalyJ. P. CASSINELLI, University of Wisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.C. J. CESARSKY, European Southern Observatory, Garching bei München, GermanyP. EHRENFREUND, Leiden University, The NetherlandsO. ENGVOLD, University of Oslo, NorwayA. HECK, Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory, FranceE. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, University of Amsterdam, The NetherlandsV. M. KASPI, McGill University, Montreal, CanadaJ. M. E. KUIJPERS, University of Nijmegen, The NetherlandsH. VAN DER LAAN, University of Utrecht, The NetherlandsP. G. MURDIN, Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge, UKF. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, ItalyV. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, IndiaB. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, RussiaR. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
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Ignazio Ciufolini • Richard A. MatznerEditors
General Relativity andJohn Archibald Wheeler
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EditorsIgnazio CiufoliniUniversità del SalentoDipto. Ingegneriadell’InnovazioneVia per Monteroni73100 [email protected]
Richard A. MatznerUniversity of Texas, AustinDept. PhysicsCenter for RelativityAustin TX [email protected]
ISSN 0067-0057ISBN 978-90-481-3734-3 e-ISBN 978-90-481-3735-0DOI 10.1007/978-90-481-3735-0Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010930053
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John Archibald Wheeler (seated, first on the left) at the 1970 Clifford Centennial Meeting atthe Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton. In the picture can be recognized, among others,Nicola Cabibbo, Robert Dicke, Eugene Wigner, Stephen Hawking, Brandon Carter, FreemanDyson, Cecile Dewitt, Charles Misner and Tullio Regge
John Archibald Wheeler in his office at the University of Texas at Austin in 1985. Left to right,Arkady Kheyfets, William Wootters, Ignazio Ciufolini, seated, with a model showing the use of thenodes of two LAGEOS satellites to measure frame-dragging, John Archibald Wheeler, WolfgangSchleich, Philip Candelas, Roberto Bruno and Warner Miller
John Archibald Wheeler at Princeton Univesity in 1990. Left to right, Eugene P. Wigner, recipientof the 1990 Eugene P. Wigner Reactor Physicist Award, Ignazio Ciufolini and John ArchibaldWheeler
We dedicate this book to John ArchibaldWheeler, our mentor and teacher
Contents
Introduction to General Relativity and John ArchibaldWheeler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Ignazio Ciufolini and Richard Matzner
Part I John Archibald Wheeler and General Relativity
John Wheeler and the Recertification of General Relativityas True Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Charles W. Misner
John Archibald Wheeler: A Few Highlightsof His Contributions to Physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Kip S. Thorne and Wojciech H. Zurek
Wheeler Wormholes and the Modern Astrophysics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Igor D. Novikov, N.S. Kardashev, and A.A. Shatskiy
Part II Foundations and Tests of General Relativity
Unified Form of the Initial Value Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59James W. York
The Confrontation Between General Relativityand Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Clifford M. Will
Measurements of Space Curvature by Solar Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95John D. Anderson and Eunice L. Lau
Modern Cosmology: Early and Late Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109Vladimir Nikolaevich Lukash
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Part III Gravitational Waves
Introduction to Gravitational Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Richard Matzner
Discovering Relic Gravitational Waves in Cosmic MicrowaveBackground Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151Leonid P. Grishchuk
Status of Gravitational Wave Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .201Adalberto Giazotto
Search for Gravitational Waves with Resonant Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269Guido Pizzella
Gravitational Fields with 2-Dimensional Killing Leavesand the Gravitational Interaction of Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297Gaetano Vilasi
Part IV Frame Dragging and Gravitomagnetism
Rotation and Spin in Physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .325Robert F. O’Connell
The Gravitomagnetic Influence on Earth-Orbiting Spacecraftsand on the Lunar Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337Sergei M. Kopeikin
Quasi-inertial Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345Neil Ashby
Gravitomagnetism and Its Measurement with Laser Rangingto the LAGEOS Satellites and GRACE Earth Gravity Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371Ignazio Ciufolini, Erricos C. Pavlis, John Ries, Rolf Koenig,Giampiero Sindoni, Antonio Paolozzi, and Hans Newmayer
The Relativity Mission Gravity Probe B, Testing Einstein’sUniverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435Saps Buchman for the GP-B Collaboration
The LARES Space Experiment: LARES Orbit, Error Analysisand Satellite Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .467Ignazio Ciufolini, Antonio Paolozzi, Erricos Pavlis, John Ries,Rolf Koenig, Richard Matzner, and Giampiero Sindoni
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The History of the So-Called Lense–Thirring Effect,and of Related Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493Herbert Pfister
Part V Miscellaneous
Atom Interferometers and Optical Clocks: New QuantumSensors Based on Ultracold Atoms for Gravitational Testsin Earth Laboratories and in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .507Guglielmo M. Tino
The York Map and the Role of Non-inertial Framesin the Geometrical View of the Gravitational Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517Luca Lusanna
Erratum.......................................................................................................533
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535
Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge the support and encouragement of Antonino Zichichiand the support of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture(EMFCSC) of Erice, Sicily, during the First International School of AstrophysicalRelativity “John Archibald Wheeler”. We especially thank each author of “Gen-eral Relativity and John Archibald Wheeler” and Giampiero Sindoni for his help inediting this book. Finally, we express our appreciation to Loreta, Svetlana, Sirio andLeonardo Ciufolini, for their patience in the completion of this work.
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