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Gender Mainstreaming in Urban
Development in PRC
Theresa J. VillarealHead, Portfolio Management Unit
Resident Mission, Peoples Republic of China
Asian Development Bank
The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the AsianDevelopment Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy ofthe data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper donot imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.
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Key Issues that Affect Women in Urban Areas
Access to and Affordability of Basic Services
Employment and Entrepreneurship
Participation and Representation in Decision -making
Land and Property Ownership (including land
acquisition)
Safety, Security and Clean Environment/Better Healthand Hygiene Health
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Focus on multi-sector integrated development ofcities/towns
Economic, financial and environmental sustainability ofurban infrastructure services
Participatory approach to project design and improving
urban governance in water supply, wastewater, districtheating, roads and solid waste management in smallcities/towns
Integration of sustainability mechanisms and communitybased approaches for more effective urban services
Rationalization of tariffs for basic urban services vis--visservice improvements and ensuring access of poor people tobasic services (subsidies provided)
Urban Planning in Cities that ADB Support(PRC Policy Framework and Governance Structure)
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Poor and Outdated Urban Infrastructure
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Bazhou
Zhengding
Zhaoxian
Hebei Province Subprojects
Bazhou: Highly industrialized city near Beijing
& Tianjin Booming economy but dire
environmental & living conditions Water availability and quality
problems
Zhengding: Satellite county where
international airport located Strong growth in industrial
production
Strong tourism industry Solid waste management
underdeveloped
Zhaoxian: Key grain & food crop production
base nationally
Strong tourism industry Granted Historical & Culturally
Famous City of Hebei Solid waste management, district
heating and wastewater collectionunderdeveloped
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Urban Portfolio in PRC, as of October 2011
Net Loan Amount No. of Loans
Sectors1987 2010($ million)
2010- Ongoing Loans
($ million)
% 1987-2010 2010 %
Agriculture &Natural Resources
1,732.5 1,049.5 9.9 22 13 18.8
Energy 2,235.8 808.2 7.6 27 9 13.0
Finance 565.6 0.0 - 7 - -Industry andTrade
670.6 0.0 - 5 - -
Transport and ICT 12,392.4 6,150.9 58.2 68 25 36.2
Water & Other
MunicipalInfrastructure &Services
2,594.1 1,450.8 13.7 26 14 20.3
Multisector 1,591.2 1,116.1 10.6 13 8 11.7
Total 21,782.2 10,575.4 100.0 168 69 100.0
Around 20% of ADB loan amount and30% of loans comprise
urban/water/sanitation portfolio in the
PRC
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Access to Affordability of Services:
Water and Sanitation I
Women and girls primary collectors/users & managers
of water
Women and girls promoters of sanitation & hygiene
Strong links between womens participation & success
of project sustainability
Women and children participation in environmentalmanagement measures to prevent water pollution
Women and children participation in public awareness
campaigns for waste management, hygiene and disease
control and water conservation
Women involvement in county-level water resources
protection
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Water access constrained by scarce water resources
Unaffordable services due to high investment costs, O&M
Well regulated tariff setting process with public
consultation but limited cost recovery
Target subsidies given to poor households (MLSS)
Women representation needed in user groups in
public hearings/consultations on tariff increase
High public acceptance of tariff increase in water scarceareas, as access is difficult and more expensive
Access to Affordability of Services:
Water and Sanitation II
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Employment and Entrepreneurship
Poor women are mostly located in urban informal sector (hence,limited access to WSS, electricity, SWM, heating, etc. but important
to income generation) Poor urban transport services barrier to women access to jobs,
social network, opportunities
To promote women job creation organize women groups andnetworking to access credit, trainings, businesses, project
implementation and O&M
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pekin.koncesjonowany.hutong.7.JPG8/3/2019 Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development in PRC
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Employment and EntrepreneurshipKunming Qingshuihai Water Supply Project
Employment of local labor clauses included in civil works contracts
4,200 non-skilled temporary jobs provided to local people duringimplementation
20% of skilled and non-skilled jobs provided to women
Trainings include livestock production, fruit tree planting, householdservices, waste management (recycling, reuse), landscaping
Chongqing Urban
Rural Infrastructure Development Project30% participation of women and poor
Equal payment received by male and female workers for same tasks;
Engage women to lead construction teams
Training records to be disaggregated by sex, income status, age &
ethnicity
Wage bills, contract staff/labor records (disaggregated by sex, income
status, age and ethnicity)
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Participation and Representation in Decision-making
Urban governance is not just about O&M of infrastructure
and services but also civic engagement of all stakeholders,men and women.
Ways to promote gender-sensitive good governance, increase
womens voice in local decision-making:
- elect women to key leadership positions in government onurban governance;
- womens groups representations in tariff review
committees, urban basic services improvement
More women involvement in O&M, financial managementand user fee charging for urban basic services, setting service
standards (SW collection, transport, district heating, etc.)
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Participation and Representation in Decision-making
Chongqing UrbanRural Infrastructure Development Project
At least 40% of participants in consultation and socialization
activities are women;
Separate consultation meetings with women in the community;
Number of female members of agencies/ bureaus/ committees;
Records of meetings and consultations disaggregated by sex andage;
Women Vice Mayors in charge of overseeing ADB-funded urban
development projects;
Women heading finance bureaus in PRC to look after key urbaninvestments
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Land and Property Ownership for Poor Women
in Urban Areas
Hukou or household registration system classifies people as
urban or rural and allocates rights to services accordingly.
resulting to "counterfeit urbanisation": cities full of people
who cannot enjoy much of city life, including poor women.
Informal women workers lack of access to education, creditand income opportunities and basic urban services.
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Urban Land Use and Zoning
Zoning not part of Chinas urban planning &management system
Clearing Hutongs Low Income House for Commercial
Development and High-End Real Estate Development
Resettled people are in the citys edge with long distance travel
from home to work and limited access to better urban services
Housing is expensive and sharing is norm among migrants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMG_3084_Hutong_seen_from_Drum_Tower_Beijing_august_2007.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peking_Hutong_courtyard.JPG8/3/2019 Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development in PRC
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Safety, Security and
Clean Environment/Better Health Urban transport projects have road safety awareness programs in
collaboration with traffic police existing program for pedestrians
and NMT users;
Public consultation with women's participation on lighting at bus
stops, pedestrian walkways, seating, circulation system, etc.
Women involvement in inclusion of community facilities forrecreation in high density areas for social networking, education
Women inputs in cities sanitation, transport and SWM services
for the public health and safety in high-density urban living areas
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Urban planning must not focus on self-confined cityunit only but include estate interconnection & linkageto the city grid to prevent inconvenience to residents,
traffic jams and promote for community facility sharing
Future planning and design of urban housing estates inPRC cities require comprehensive study not only fromestate development level but also from sustainable
urban development level
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_hutong_area_8.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beijing_hutong_area_3.jpg8/3/2019 Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development in PRC
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Thank You!
Theresa J. [email protected]
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