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Solar Photo VoltaicCell
Hs\
CENTRAL ELECTRONICS LIMITEDSAHIBABAD (U.P.) INDIA
PRESENTED TO:
Mr. Lalit SangwamMr. Manish
FROM:GANDHARAV KATYAL
ECE ,SEC-A(1003231030)
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CONTENTS
INTODUCTION.
SOLAR CELL MANUFACTURING
TECHNOLOGY.ALL PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES.
ADVANTGES OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY.
APPLICATIONS.
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Introduction
SOLAR CELLS
A typical silicon PV cell is composed ofa thin wafer consisting ofan
ultra-thin layer of phosphorus-doped (N-type) silicon on top of a
thicker layer of boron-doped (P-type) silicon.
An electrical field is created near the top surface of the cell where
these two materials are in contact, called the P-N junction.
When sunlight strikes the surface of a PV cell, this electrical field
provides momentum and direction to light-stimulated electrons,
resulting in a flow of current when the solar cell is connected to an
electrical load
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n-typesemiconductor
p-type
semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Physics of Photovoltaic Generation
DepletionZone
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Silicon Crystalline Technology
Mono crystalline PV Cells
Made using saw-cut from single
cylindrical crystal of SiOperating efficiency up to 15%
Multi Crystalline PV Cells
Caste from ingot of melted
and recrystallised siliconCell efficiency ~12%
Accounts for 90% ofcrystalline Si market
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PV MODULE PARAMETERS
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00
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WAFER FORMATION
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SILICON CRYSTAL
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Silicon Ingots & Wafers
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30.09.2013New Generation Silicon Solar Cells
Polishing
To ensure that wafer surface is free from any cut mark.
Anti reflection layer One or more layers reduction from 30-35% to 5%-10%
Mainly 600nm transmission
Silicon nitride or transparent layers, e.g. SiO2; TiO2; Ta2O5
ITO can be used as anti reflection layer and at the same time as a transparentcontact
Double anti reflection layers ZnS or MgF2
Texturing (light trapping) Use NaOH, KOH in etching baths
The etching works anisotropic 2m - 10m
big pyramids on (100) oriented crystall planes
Diffusion
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN MANUFACTURING
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Phosphorous glass cleaning.
Post diffusion cleaning(Edge isolation).
Oxide Passivation.
Front Metal Print(N side contact). Back Metal Print( P side contact Ag-Al).
Back Metal (AL) Contact.
Firing and Sintering.
Testing.
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The rear is printed in two parts. A thick layer of aluminium paste covers
most of the cell and provides aback surface field (BSF).
Silver strips are also printed on the cell for later soldering to the
interconnect metal tabs
Creates ohmic contact between Al and Si
Screen Print Rear Aluminium
http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/design/surface-recombinationhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/design/surface-recombination7/27/2019 GANDHARAV KATYAL SOLAR CELL MANUFACTURING PPT
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1. As-cut wafer.
2. Polishing.
3. Textured.
4. Diffused.5. Edge isolated.
6. AR coated.
7. Front -Ag coated.
8. Back pad printed
9. Back Al printed
10.Solar cell.
Manufacturing of Solar Cells
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How Solar Cells Work
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg
1. Photons in sunlight hit thesolar panel and are absorbed
by semiconducting materials,
such as silicon.
2. Electrons (negatively charged)are knocked loose from their
atoms, allowing them to flow
through the material to
produce electricity.
3. An array of solar cells
converts solar energy into a
usable amount of
direct current (DC) electricity.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Silicon_Solar_cell_structure_and_mechanism.svg7/27/2019 GANDHARAV KATYAL SOLAR CELL MANUFACTURING PPT
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Silicon Solar Cell
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Solar cell characteristics
30.09.2013New Generation Silicon Solar Cells
Maximum power point (MMP)
depends on:
Temperature
Irradiance
Solar cell characteristics
Wilson s. 209
Efficency coefficent
Performance of solar cell
Fill factor
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-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Cu
rrent(A)
Voltage (V)
I-V Characteristics
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TESTNG MACHINE
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MODULE FORMATION
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PV MODULES
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MACHINES USED
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MACHINES USED
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COMPLETE PLANT VEIW
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Solar PV Systems
Cells are the building block of PV systems Typically generate 1.5 - 3 watts of power
Modules or panels are made up of multiple cells Arrays are made up of multiple modules
A typical array costs about $5 $6/watt
Still need lots of other components to make this work Typical systems cost about $8/watt
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ADVANTAGES OF SPV
POLLUTION FREE NO FOSSIL FUEL USED
NO FUEL COST
NOISE FREE
LONG LIFE
MINIMAL MAINTENANCE
RELIABLE
ENERGY-INDEPENDENCE
MODULAR
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Applications of Solar Cells Renewable energy
Can be powered for remotelocations
Its free, limitless, andenvironmentally friendly
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