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FUNCTIONALFUNCTIONAL
RAM TESTINGRAM TESTINGChristian LANDRAULTChristian LANDRAULT
[email protected]@lirmm.fr
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
Intrdu!tinIntrdu!tin
M"mr# md"lin$M"mr# md"lin$
Failur" m"!hanisms and faultFailur" m"!hanisms and fault
md"lin$md"lin$
T"st al$rithms fr RAMT"st al$rithms fr RAM
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Intrdu!tinIntrdu!tin
M"mri"s %"s&. RAM' ar" at th"M"mri"s %"s&. RAM' ar" at th"fr"frnt f !mm"r!ial "l"!trni!fr"frnt f !mm"r!ial "l"!trni!
d"si$nsd"si$ns DRAMs ar" th" t"!hnl$# dri("r frDRAMs ar" th" t"!hnl$# dri("r fr
th" s"mi!ndu!tr industr#th" s"mi!ndu!tr industr#
M"mri"s ar" th" mst num"rusM"mri"s ar" th" mst num"rusI)s us"d in SOC d"si$ns %hundr"ds *I)s us"d in SOC d"si$ns %hundr"ds *and +,- f an SC in /-0-'and +,- f an SC in /-0-'
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Main t#&"s f s"mi!ndu!trMain t#&"s f s"mi!ndu!tr
m"mr# RAMs1 Randm A!!"ssm"mr# RAMs1 Randm A!!"ss
M"mri"sM"mri"s D#nami! Randm A!"ss M"mr#D#nami! Randm A!"ss M"mr#
%DRAM'%DRAM'
2i$h"st &ssi3l" d"nsit#2i$h"st &ssi3l" d"nsit# Sl4 a!!"ss tim" %t#&i!all# /-ns'Sl4 a!!"ss tim" %t#&i!all# /-ns' Infrmatin str"d as !har$" n !a&a!itrInfrmatin str"d as !har$" n !a&a!itr
and shuld 3" r"fr"sh"dand shuld 3" r"fr"sh"d
Stati! Randm A!"ss M"mr# %SRAM'Stati! Randm A!"ss M"mr# %SRAM' Fast"st %t#&i!all# /ns'Fast"st %t#&i!all# /ns' Infrmatin str"d in !rss !u&l"d lat!h"sInfrmatin str"d in !rss !u&l"d lat!h"s
100k
1M
10M
100M
1G
10G
82 86 90 94 98 02 06
1G512M
256M128M
64M16M
4M1M
256k
Num3"r f M"mr#Num3"r f M"mr#
C"lls &"r Chi&C"lls &"r Chi&
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M"mr# t"stin$M"mr# t"stin$
M"mr# t"stin$ has t &r(" thatM"mr# t"stin$ has t &r(" that
th" !ir!uits und"r t"st 3"ha(" asth" !ir!uits und"r t"st 3"ha(" as
d"si$n"d5 it !nsists f1d"si$n"d5 it !nsists f1 )aram"tri! t"sts 4hi!h !n!"rn)aram"tri! t"sts 4hi!h !n!"rn
(lta$"6!urr"nt l"("ls and d"la#s n(lta$"6!urr"nt l"("ls and d"la#s n
th" IO &ins f th" !hi&th" IO &ins f th" !hi& Fun!tinal t"stin$ in!ludin$ d#nami!Fun!tinal t"stin$ in!ludin$ d#nami!
t"stin$t"stin$
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)aram"tri! %"l"!tri!al')aram"tri! %"l"!tri!al'
t"stin$t"stin$ DC )aram"tri!DC )aram"tri!
t"stin$t"stin$ Cnta!t t"stCnta!t t"st )4"r)4"r
!nsum&tin!nsum&tin L"a7a$" t"stL"a7a$" t"st Thr"shld t"stThr"shld t"st
Out&ut dri("Out&ut dri("!urr"nt t"st!urr"nt t"st Out&ut shrtOut&ut shrt
!urr"nt t"st!urr"nt t"st
AC )aram"tri!AC )aram"tri!t"stin$t"stin$ Ris" and fall tim"Ris" and fall tim" S"tu& and hld tim"S"tu& and hld tim"
D"la# t"stD"la# t"st S&""d t"stS&""d t"st
IIDD8DD8t"stin$ %CMOSt"stin$ %CMOSm"mri"s nl#'m"mri"s nl#'
9"r d"f"!t9"r d"f"!ta&&ra!ha&&ra!h
Us" t d"t"!t sm"Us" t d"t"!t sm"d"f"!ts nt handl"d"f"!ts nt handl"3# fun!tinal t"stin$3# fun!tinal t"stin$
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
Intrdu!tinIntrdu!tin
M"mr# md"lin$M"mr# md"lin$
Failur" m"!hanisms and faultFailur" m"!hanisms and fault
md"lin$md"lin$
T"st al$rithms fr RAMT"st al$rithms fr RAM
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Fun!tinal RAM Chi& Md"lFun!tinal RAM Chi& Md"l
RefreshAddress
Address latch Column decoder Refresh logic
Memor
Cell Arra!rite dri"er
#ata register$ense am%lifiers
Ro&
decoder
#ata out #ata in
R'!
and
C(
)ss
!*
+* +*
)dd
6,de"ices $RAM cell%ol
single-devicesingle-device
DRAM cellDRAM cell
WLWL
BLBLCC
)ss
!*
+* +*
)dd
6,de"ice $RAM cellde%letion
VssVss
WLWL
BLBL BLBL
VddVdd
6-device SRAM6-device SRAM
cellcellCMOSCMOS
RAM writeRAM write
circuitcircuit
Data inData in
BLBL BLBL
WriteWrite
Two dimensional decoding scemeTwo dimensional decoding sceme
!saves decoder and wiring area"!saves decoder and wiring area"
:row decoder select row o# cellsrow decoder select row o# cells
via WLvia WL:column decodercolumn decoder
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Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&
Md"lMd"l RefreshAddress
Address latch Column decoder Refresh logic
Memor
Cell Arra!rite dri"er
#ata register$ense am%lifiers
Ro&
decoder
#ata out #ata in
R'!
and
C(
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Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&Fun!tinal SRAM Chi&
Md"lMd"lAddress
Address latch Column decoder
Memor
Cell Arra!rite dri"er
#ata register$ense am%lifiers
Ro&
decoder
#ata out C(#ata in
R'!
and
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
Intrdu!tinIntrdu!tin
M"mr# md"lin$M"mr# md"lin$
Failur" m"!hanisms and faultFailur" m"!hanisms and fault
md"lin$md"lin$
T"st al$rithms fr RAMT"st al$rithms fr RAM
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Failur"5 "rrrs and faultsFailur"5 "rrrs and faults
A s#st"mA s#st"m failur"failur"!!urs 4h"n th" s#st"m!!urs 4h"n th" s#st"m3"ha(iur is in!rr"!t3"ha(iur is in!rr"!t
Failur"s ar" !aus" 3# "rrrsFailur"s ar" !aus" 3# "rrrs AnAn "rrr"rrris a di;"r"n!" 3"t4""n th" fais a di;"r"n!" 3"t4""n th" fault#ult#(alu" and th" $ld"n n"5 this is th"(alu" and th" $ld"n n"5 this is th"manif"statin f a faultmanif"statin f a fault
AA faultfaultr"&r"s"nts th" &h#si!al di;"r"n!"r"&r"s"nts th" &h#si!al di;"r"n!"3"t4""n a $d and in!rr"!t s#st"m3"t4""n a $d and in!rr"!t s#st"m Faults !an 3" &"rman"nt r nn
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Failur" M"!hanismsFailur" M"!hanisms
CrrsinCrrsin El"!trmi$ratin %3urnin$ ut f 4ir"s du" tEl"!trmi$ratin %3urnin$ ut f 4ir"s du" t
!llisin f "l"!trns and Al $rains'!llisin f "l"!trns and Al $rains' =ndin$ d"t"riratin %&"n du" t int"rdi;usin=ndin$ d"t"riratin %&"n du" t int"rdi;usin
f mat"rials i.". Au
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Fun!tinal faultsFun!tinal faults
C"ll stu!7C"ll stu!7 Dri("r stu!7Dri("r stu!7 R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7 Chi&
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R"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"lR"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"l
RefreshAddress
Address latch Column decoder Refresh logic
Memor
Cell Arra!rite dri"er
#ata register$ense am%lifiers
Ro&
decoder
#ata out #ata in
R'!
and
C(
Address decoder
Memor Cell Arra
Read ' !rite logic
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R"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"lR"du!"d Fun!tinal Md"l
%!ntd'%!ntd'
Address decoder
Memor cell arra
Read'&rite logic
Address
#ata
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Fault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"rFault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"r
Fault AFFault AF
0. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ss n !"ll0. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ss n !"ll
/. A !"rtain !"ll is n"("r a!!"ss"d/. A !"rtain !"ll is n"("r a!!"ss"d
. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ss. A !"rtain addr"ss a!!"ssmulti&l" !"llsmulti&l" !"lls
B. A !"rtain !"ll is a!!"ss"d 3#B. A !"rtain !"ll is a!!"ss"d 3#
multi&l" addr"ss"smulti&l" addr"ss"s
A-
C-
C-
CA-
A-
A
C-
BB Addr"ss d"!d"r Faults 4hi!h !annt stand aln"Addr"ss d"!d"r Faults 4hi!h !annt stand aln"
%%assumin$ sam" fault durin$ r"ad and 4rit" &"ratins andassumin$ sam" fault durin$ r"ad and 4rit" &"ratins and
n s"u"ntial 3"ha(ir f th" fault# d"!d"r'n s"u"ntial 3"ha(ir f th" fault# d"!d"r'
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Fault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"rFault Md"ls1 Addr"ss d"!d"r
Fault AFFault AFB Cm3inatins fB Cm3inatins f Addr"ss d"!d"r FaultsAddr"ss d"!d"r Faults Fault A1 0/Fault A1 0/
Fault =1 0Fault =1 0
Fault C1 /BFault C1 /B
Fault D1 BFault D1 B
A- C-
C-
C
A
A-
A-
A
C-
C
A-
A
C-
C
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Cnditins fr d"t"!tin$Cnditins fr d"t"!tin$
addr"ss faults AFaddr"ss faults AF Th" Mar!h t"st shuld !ntainTh" Mar!h t"st shuld !ntain
th" t4 fll4in$ mar!h "l"m"ntsth" t4 fll4in$ mar!h "l"m"nts
%r5 ? 5 4'%r5 ? 5 4' %r5 ? 5 4'%r5 ? 5 4'
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Fun!tinalFun!tinalM"mr# FaultsM"mr# Faults
A fun!tinal fault md"l is a nn
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Tanm# fTanm# f Fun!tinalFun!tinal
M"mr# FaultsM"mr# FaultsFault Primitive
C: Number of Cells O: Number of Operations
C=1Single Cell Fault
C>1Coupling Fault
C=22-Coupling Fault C=33-Coupling Fault
0=1Stati! Fault
O>1"#nami! Fault
O=22-op Fault 0=33-op Fault
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Stati! and D#nami! faultsStati! and D#nami! faults
Stati! faults1Stati! faults1s"nsitisatin n""ds nl# n"s"nsitisatin n""ds nl# n"&"ratin %T"sta3l" 3# !mmn Mar!h T"sts'&"ratin %T"sta3l" 3# !mmn Mar!h T"sts' Stati! Sin$l"
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S0CF1 Stu!7
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S0CF1 Transitin FaultS0CF1 Transitin Fault
A !"ll fails t und"r$ a -A !"ll fails t und"r$ a - 00transitin %TFtransitin %TF
ris"ris"' r a 0' r a 0 --
transitin %TFtransitin %TFfallfall' 4h"n it is 4ritt"n' 4h"n it is 4ritt"nT d"t"!t transitin fault1T d"t"!t transitin fault1
TFTFris"ris"
1 4- 40 r01 4- 40 r0
TFTFfallfall
1 40 4- r-1 40 4- r-
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S0CF1 R"ad Distur3 FaultsS0CF1 R"ad Distur3 Faults
%RDF'%RDF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a RDFRDFif th" r"adif th" r"ad
&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns
an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"
T d"t"!tT d"t"!tR"ad Distur3 FaultR"ad Distur3 Faultfrm "a!hfrm "a!h
!"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad!"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad r-r- r0r0
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S0CF1 D"!"&ti(" R"adS0CF1 D"!"&ti(" R"ad
Distur3 Faults %DRDF'Distur3 Faults %DRDF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a DRDFDRDFif th" r"adif th" r"ad
&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turnsth" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"th" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"
!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"T d"t"!tT d"t"!t D"!"&ti(" R"ad Distur3 FaultD"!"&ti(" R"ad Distur3 Fault
"a!h !"ll shuld 3" r"ad t4i!""a!h !"ll shuld 3" r"ad t4i!"su!!"ssi("l#. Th" >rst r"ad s"nsiti" th"su!!"ssi("l#. Th" >rst r"ad s"nsiti" th"
fault and th" s"!nd d"t"!ts itfault and th" s"!nd d"t"!ts it r-r-r-r- r0r0r0r0
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S0CF1 In!rr"!t R"ad FaultsS0CF1 In!rr"!t R"ad Faults
%IRF'%IRF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a IRFIRFif a r"adif a r"ad
&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll&"ratin &"rfrm"d n th" !"llr"turns th" in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil"r"turns th" in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil"7""&in$ th" !rr"!t str"d (alu" in7""&in$ th" !rr"!t str"d (alu" inth" !"llth" !"ll
T d"t"!tT d"t"!t In!rr"!t R"ad FaultIn!rr"!t R"ad Faultfrmfrm
"a!h !"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad"a!h !"ll a 0 and a - shuld 3" r"ad r-r- r0r0
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S0CF1 rit" Distur3 FaultsS0CF1 rit" Distur3 Faults
%DF'%DF' A C"ll is said t ha(" aA C"ll is said t ha(" a DFDFif a nnif a nntransitin 4rit" &"ratin !aus"s atransitin 4rit" &"ratin !aus"s a
transitin in th" !"lltransitin in th" !"ll
T d"t"!tT d"t"!t rit" Distur3 Faultrit" Distur3 Fault"a!h !"ll"a!h !"ll
shuld 3" r"ad aft"r a nn
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Fault md"ls1 Cu&lin$Fault md"ls1 Cu&lin$
Fault %/ !"lls'Fault %/ !"lls' Im&li"s t4 !"lls1 th" (i!tim !"ll and th"Im&li"s t4 !"lls1 th" (i!tim !"ll and th"
a$$r"ssr !"lla$$r"ssr !"ll
Di;"r"nt 7inds f !u&lin$ faults1Di;"r"nt 7inds f !u&lin$ faults1 In("rsin !u&lin$ faultsIn("rsin !u&lin$ faults
Id"m&t"nt !u&lin$ faultsId"m&t"nt !u&lin$ faults
Stat" !u&lin$ faultsStat" !u&lin$ faults
D#nami! !u&lin$ faultsD#nami! !u&lin$ faults =rid$in$ faults=rid$in$ faults
????....
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S/CF1 In("rsin Cu&lin$S/CF1 In("rsin Cu&lin$
FaultFault In("rsin Cu&lin$ Fault %CFIn("rsin Cu&lin$ Fault %CF inin'1'1Th" !nt"nt f th"Th" !nt"nt f th"
(i!tim !"ll is in("rt"d if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll has a(i!tim !"ll is in("rt"d if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll has atransitintransitin
A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %-A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %- 0 r 00 r 0 -'-'th"r" is t4 &ssi3l" CFth"r" is t4 &ssi3l" CF inint#&"s1t#&"s1
+ + ++ T d"t"!t CFT d"t"!t CF inin3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and #3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and #
%a$$r"ssr'%a$$r"ssr' CFCFinin%# ris"%# ris" in("rt"d'1 4- 4-# 40# r-. in("rt"d'1 4- 4-# 40# r-.
CFCFinin%# fall%# fall in("rt"d'1 4- 40# 4-# r-. in("rt"d'1 4- 40# 4-# r-.
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S/CF1S/CF1 Id"m&t"ntId"m&t"ntCu&lin$Cu&lin$
FaultFault Id"m&t"nt Cu&lin$ Fault %CFId"m&t"nt Cu&lin$ Fault %CF idid'1'1Th" (i!tim is fr!"d tTh" (i!tim is fr!"d t- r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr has a -- r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr has a - 0 r 00 r 0 - transitin- transitin
A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %-A!!rdin$ t th" 7ind f transitin %- 0 r 00 r 0 -'-'th"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFth"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFididt#&"s1t#&"s1
- + - + - + - + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 +
T d"t"!t CFT d"t"!t CF idid3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and !"ll #3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and !"ll #%a$$r"ssr'%a$$r"ssr'
CFCFidid%# ris"%# ris" J-'1 40 4-# 40# r0J-'1 40 4-# 40# r0
CFCFidid%# fall%# fall J0'1 4- 40# 4-# r-J0'1 4- 40# 4-# r- CFCFidid%# ris"%# ris" J0'1 4- 4-# 40# r-J0'1 4- 4-# 40# r-
CFCFidid%# fall%# fall J-'1 40 40# 4-# r0J-'1 40 40# 4-# r0
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S/CF1 Stat" Cu&lin$ FaultS/CF1 Stat" Cu&lin$ Fault
Stat" Cu&lin$ Fault %CFStat" Cu&lin$ Fault %CFstst'1'1Th" !u&l"d !"ll %(i!tim' isTh" !u&l"d !"ll %(i!tim' isfr!"d t - r 0 if th" !u&lin$ !"ll %a$$r"ssr' is in afr!"d t - r 0 if th" !u&lin$ !"ll %a$$r"ssr' is in a!"rtain stat"!"rtain stat"
Th"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFTh"r" is fur &ssi3l" CFststt#&"s1t#&"s1 - - + - 0 + 0 - + 0 0 + - - + - 0 + 0 - + 0 0 +
T d"t"!t CFT d"t"!t CFstst3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and # %a$$r"ssr'3"t4""n !"ll %(i!tim' and # %a$$r"ssr'
CFCFstst%#J-%#J- J-'1 40 4-# r0J-'1 40 4-# r0
CFCFstst%#J-%#J- J0'1 4- 4-# r-J0'1 4- 4-# r- CFCFstst%#J0%#J0 J-'1 40 40# r0J-'1 40 40# r0
CFCFstst%#J0%#J0 J0'1 4- 40# r-J0'1 4- 40# r-
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S/CF1 D#nami! Cu&lin$S/CF1 D#nami! Cu&lin$
FaultFault D#nami! Cu&lin$ Fault %CFD#nami! Cu&lin$ Fault %CFd#nd#n'1'1Th" (i!timTh" (i!tim
is fr!"d t - r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll hasis fr!"d t - r 0 if th" a$$r"ssr !"ll has
a r"ad r 4rit" &"ratina r"ad r 4rit" &"ratin
Mr" $"n"ral !as" f th" Id"m&t"ntMr" $"n"ral !as" f th" Id"m&t"nt
Cu&lin$ Fault %CFCu&lin$ Fault %CFidid' 3"!aus" it !an 3"' 3"!aus" it !an 3"
s"nsiti"d 3# an# r"ad r 4rit" &"ratins"nsiti"d 3# an# r"ad r 4rit" &"ratin
Th"r" ar" fur CFTh"r" ar" fur CFd#nd#nfaultsfaults
r-r- 4--+ r-4--+ r- 4-0+ r04-0+ r0 40-+ r040-+ r0 400+400+
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S/CF1 rit" %r"ad' distur3S/CF1 rit" %r"ad' distur3
!u&lin$ fault!u&lin$ fault rit" distur3 !u&lin$ %CFrit" distur3 !u&lin$ %CF4d4d'1'1A !"ll is said tA !"ll is said t
ha(" a CF4d if a nn transitin 4rit" &"rfrmha(" a CF4d if a nn transitin 4rit" &"rfrmn th" (i!tim r"sults in a transitin 4h"n th"n th" (i!tim r"sults in a transitin 4h"n th"
a$$r"ssr is s"t int a l$i! stat"a$$r"ssr is s"t int a l$i! stat" Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CF4d4dfaultsfaults
R"ad distur3 !u&lin$ %CFR"ad distur3 !u&lin$ %CFrdrd'1'1T4 !"lls ar" saidT4 !"lls ar" saidt ha(" a CFrd if a r"ad &"rfrm"d n th"t ha(" a CFrd if a r"ad &"rfrm"d n th"
(i!tim d"str#s th" data str"d in th" (i!tim if(i!tim d"str#s th" data str"d in th" (i!tim ifa $i("n stat" is &r"s"nt in th" a$$r"ssra $i("n stat" is &r"s"nt in th" a$$r"ssr
Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFrdrdfaultsfaults
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S/CF1 In!rr"!t r"adS/CF1 In!rr"!t r"ad
!u&lin$ fault!u&lin$ fault
In!rr"!t r"ad !u&lin$ faultIn!rr"!t r"ad !u&lin$ fault%CF%CFirir'1'1
T4 !"lls ar" said t ha(" an CFir if aT4 !"lls ar" said t ha(" an CFir if ar"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turnsr"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turns
th" in!rr"!t l$i! (alu" 4h"n th"th" in!rr"!t l$i! (alu" 4h"n th"
a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CF irirfaultsfaults
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S/CF1 D"!"&ti(" r"adS/CF1 D"!"&ti(" r"ad
distur3 !u&lin$ faultdistur3 !u&lin$ fault
D"!"&ti(" r"ad distur3 !u&lin$ faultD"!"&ti(" r"ad distur3 !u&lin$ fault
%CF%CFdrdr'1'1A !"lls is said t ha(" an CFdr ifA !"lls is said t ha(" an CFdr ifa r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turnsa r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" (i!tim r"turnsth" !rr"!t l$i! (alu" and !han$"sth" !rr"!t l$i! (alu" and !han$"sth" !nt"nt f th" (i!tim5 4h"n th"th" !nt"nt f th" (i!tim5 4h"n th"
a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"a$$r"ssr is s"nt int a $i("n stat"Th"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFTh"r" ar" fur t#&"s f CFdrdrfaultsfaults
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Fault md"ls1 =rid$in$ FaultsFault md"ls1 =rid$in$ Faults
%=F'%=F' A shrt 3"t4""n !"lls r lin"s %/ r mr"'A shrt 3"t4""n !"lls r lin"s %/ r mr"' This is a 3idir"!tinal fault !aus"d 3# l$i! l"("l rath"r than a transitinThis is a 3idir"!tinal fault !aus"d 3# l$i! l"("l rath"r than a transitin
T4 srts f 3rid$in$ faults %=Fs' "ist1T4 srts f 3rid$in$ faults %=Fs' "ist1
AND
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)att"rn S"nsiti(" %)SF')att"rn S"nsiti(" %)SF'
Th" (i!tim !"ll is fr!"d t - r 0 if a !"rtain num3"r fTh" (i!tim !"ll is fr!"d t - r 0 if a !"rtain num3"r fn"i$h3rs sh4 a &arti!ular &att"rnn"i$h3rs sh4 a &arti!ular &att"rn
Th" )SF is th" mst $"n"ral 7
ith th" N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti(" Fault %N)SF'5 th"ith th" N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti(" Fault %N)SF'5 th"n"i$h3rhd is limit"d t all th" !"lls in a sin$l" &sitinn"i$h3rhd is limit"d t all th" !"lls in a sin$l" &sitinsurrundin$ th" 3as" !"llsurrundin$ th" 3as" !"ll
Eui(al"nt t an N
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N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("
%N)SF'%N)SF' In &ra!ti!" t4 t#&"s f N)SF ar" us"dIn &ra!ti!" t4 t#&"s f N)SF ar" us"d
Th" t#&"
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N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("N"i$h3rhd )att"rn S"nsiti("
%N)SF'%N)SF' A!ti(" N)SF %AN)SF'1A!ti(" N)SF %AN)SF'1
!han$" f th" 3as" !"ll du" t a transitin in th" n"i$h3rhd !"lls!han$" f th" 3as" !"ll du" t a transitin in th" n"i$h3rhd !"lls
Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all &ssi3l"Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all &ssi3l"!han$"s in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn!han$"s in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn
)assi(" N)SF %)N)SF'1)assi(" N)SF %)N)SF'1 th" !han$" f th" 3as" !"ll is im&ssi3l" du" t a !"rtain n"i$h3rhdth" !han$" f th" 3as" !"ll is im&ssi3l" du" t a !"rtain n"i$h3rhd
!"lls !n>$uratin!"lls !n>$uratin
Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" 4ritt"n and r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr allEa!h 3as" !"ll must 3" 4ritt"n and r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn
Stati! N)SF %SN)SF'1Stati! N)SF %SN)SF'1 Th" !nt"nt f th" 3as" !"ll is fr!"d t a !"rtain stat" du" t a !"rtainTh" !nt"nt f th" 3as" !"ll is fr!"d t a !"rtain stat" du" t a !"rtain
n"i$h3rhd &att"rnn"i$h3rhd &att"rn Ea!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr allEa!h 3as" !"ll must 3" r"ad in stat" - and in stat" 05 fr all
&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn&"rmutatins in th" n"i$h3rhd &att"rn
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D#nami! Fault md"ls1 "am&l"sD#nami! Fault md"ls1 "am&l"s
S"ns" Am&li>"r %SA' R"!("r# FaultS"ns" Am&li>"r %SA' R"!("r# Fault
Th" SA saturat"s aft"r a ln$ s"u"n!" f -s r 0sTh" SA saturat"s aft"r a ln$ s"u"n!" f -s r 0s
rit" R"!("r# Fault %addr"ssin$ fault in th"rit" R"!("r# Fault %addr"ssin$ fault in th"
d"!d"r'd"!d"r'
rit" fll4"d 3# a r"ad64rit" t anth"r l!atinrit" fll4"d 3# a r"ad64rit" t anth"r l!atin
a;"!ts th" &r"(iusl# a!!"ss"d l!atina;"!ts th" &r"(iusl# a!!"ss"d l!atin
D"t"!tin n""ds At
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Sin$l"nitin similar t th" stati!D">nitin similar t th" stati! R"ad Distur3R"ad Distur3FaultFault55 In!rr"!t R"ad FaultIn!rr"!t R"ad Faultandand D"!"&ti(" R"adD"!"&ti(" R"adDistur3 FaultsDistur3 Faults4ith an initial 4rit" fll4s 3#4ith an initial 4rit" fll4s 3#n" r mr" r"ad &"ratinn" r mr" r"ad &"ratin
dRDF1dRDF1A C"ll is said t ha(" a dRDF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#A C"ll is said t ha(" a dRDF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"last r"ad' an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th" !nt"ntslast r"ad' an in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th" !nt"ntsf th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"
dIRF1dIRF1A C"ll is said t ha(" a dIRF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#A C"ll is said t ha(" a dIRF if a 4rit" fll4"d 3#n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n th"last r"ad' in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" 7""&in$ th" !rr"!tlast r"ad' in!rr"!t (alu" 4hil" 7""&in$ th" !rr"!tstr"d (alu" in th" !"llstr"d (alu" in th" !"ll
dDRDF1dDRDF1 A C"ll is said t ha(" a dDRRF if a 4rit" fll4"dA C"ll is said t ha(" a dDRRF if a 4rit" fll4"d3# n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %n3# n" r mr" r"ad &"rfrm"d n th" !"ll r"turns %nth" last r"ad' th" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"th" last r"ad' th" "&"!t"d (alu" 4hil" !han$in$ th"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"!nt"nts f th" !"ll t th" 4rn$ (alu"
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Fault md"ls1Fault md"ls1 Data R"t"ntinData R"t"ntin
%DRF'%DRF' A !"ll fails t r"tain its l$i! (alu" aft"r sm" tim"A !"ll fails t r"tain its l$i! (alu" aft"r sm" tim"
Du" t a d"f"!ti(" &ull
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Fault md"ls1 lin7"d faultsFault md"ls1 lin7"d faults
Lin7"d faults ar" t4 r mr" faults %!u&lin$ faults' that a;"!tLin7"d faults ar" t4 r mr" faults %!u&lin$ faults' that a;"!tth" sam" !"llth" sam" !"ll
Can 3" f th" sam" t#&" % i.". CF
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R"latin 3"t4""nR"latin 3"t4""n
fun!tinal faults and faultfun!tinal faults and faultmd"lsmd"ls SAFSAF
CFCF
Shrts 3"t4""n dataShrts 3"t4""n datalin"slin"s
Crsstal7 3"t4""nCrsstal7 3"t4""ndata lin"sdata lin"s
TFTF C"ll !an 3" s"t t -C"ll !an 3" s"t t -
and nt t 0 %r (i!"and nt t 0 %r (i!"("rsa'("rsa'
AFAF
Addr"ss lin" stu!7Addr"ss lin" stu!7 O&"n in addr"ss lin"O&"n in addr"ss lin" Shrts 3"t4""nShrts 3"t4""n
addr"ss lin"saddr"ss lin"s O&"n d"!d"rO&"n d"!d"r rn$ a!!"ssrn$ a!!"ss Multi&l" a!!"ssMulti&l" a!!"ss
C"ll stu!7C"ll stu!7 Dri("r stu!7Dri("r stu!7 R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7R"ad64rit" lin" stu!7 Chi&
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R"latin 3"t4""n fun!tinalR"latin 3"t4""n fun!tinal
faults and fault md"lsfaults and fault md"ls%"am&l"s'%"am&l"s'
)ss
!*
+* +*
)dd
00
//
BB
05 /505 /5 11 SA-SA-
BB11 AF fr !"lls aft"rAF fr !"lls aft"r
th" &"nth" &"n 5 15 1 Stat"Stat"
Cu&lin$ FaultsCu&lin$ Faults
11 SAF %d"&"ndin$SAF %d"&"ndin$
n th" !"ll !nt"ntn th" !"ll !nt"nt
and th"and th"
t"!hnl$#'t"!hnl$#'
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d#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Faultd#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Fault
in th" !r" !"llin th" !r" !"ll %&TS'()%&TS'()Defect 1Defect 1
Defect 1 involves a dynamicDefect 1 involves a dynamic Read Destructive FaultRead Destructive Fault
I / O DATAI / O DATA
ROW
ROW
DECODER
DECODER
MEMORYMEMORY
ARRAYARRAY
C O L U M NC O L U M N
D E C O D E RD E C O D E R
Tn3Tn3
Tn2Tn2
Tn1Tn1
Tp2Tp2
Tp1Tp1
SS SBSB Tn4Tn4
WLWL
BLBBLBBLBL
"efe!t"efe!tFaultFault$o%el$o%el
$in$in
&es'(&es'(
))
11 %&"F%&"F *130*130
22 &"F+ "&"F&"F+ "&"F *,*,
33 &"F+ "&"F&"F+ "&"F *3*3
.F.F *2/*2/
// &F+ .F&F+ .F *100*100
.F.F *2000*2000
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d#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Faultd#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Fault
in th" !r" !"llin th" !r" !"ll
Lower resistive size of Defect 1Lower resistive size of Defect 1
more read operations are required tomore read operations are required to sensitizesensitizethe faultthe fault
4- r- r- r- r- r-
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d#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Faultd#nami! R"ad D"stru!ti(" Fault
in th" !r" !"llin th" !r" !"ll
Detection of dRDF as function of resistance value,
cycle time and number of read operation
0
2
4
!
"0
"# "#! 2 2#$ % %#$ 4 ! "0
Cycle time (ns
R
(!"hm
w#r
w#r#r
w#r#r#r
w#r#r#r#r
w#r#r#r#r#r$o Fault
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alidit# f fault md"lsalidit# f fault md"ls
Us" f Indu!ti(" Fault Anal#sis at th"Us" f Indu!ti(" Fault Anal#sis at th"la#ut l"("lla#ut l"("l G"n"rat" d"f"!t si"s5 l!atin and la#"rsG"n"rat" d"f"!t si"s5 l!atin and la#"rs
%a!!rdin$ t 4hat ma# r"all# ha&&"n in th"%a!!rdin$ t 4hat ma# r"all# ha&&"n in th"fa3.'fa3.'
)la!" th" d"f"!t n a md"l f th" la#ut)la!" th" d"f"!t n a md"l f th" la#ut Etra!t th" s!h"mati! and "l"!tri!al &aram"t"rsEtra!t th" s!h"mati! and "l"!tri!al &aram"t"rs
fr th" d"f"!ti(" !"llfr th" d"f"!ti(" !"ll D"du!" and !h"!7 &ssi3l" fault md"lsD"du!" and !h"!7 &ssi3l" fault md"ls
R"sults d"&"nd n th" us"d t"!hnl$#R"sults d"&"nd n th" us"d t"!hnl$#and fa3. &r!"ss"sand fa3. &r!"ss"s
0B50B50505DRFDRF
55--ICFICF
05/05/,5,,5,SCFSCF5-5---TFTF
005,005,/05-/05-SOFSOF
B,5B,50505SAFSAF
,,mm//mmS&t Si"S&t Si"
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
Intrdu!tinIntrdu!tin
M"mr# md"lin$M"mr# md"lin$
Failur" m"!hanisms and faultFailur" m"!hanisms and fault
md"lin$md"lin$
T"st al$rithms fr RAMT"st al$rithms fr RAM
T t Al ith t tiT t Al ith t ti
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T"st Al$rithms1 ntatinsT"st Al$rithms1 ntatins
us"dus"d
1 indi!at"s addr"ss as!"ndin$ rd"r1 indi!at"s addr"ss as!"ndin$ rd"r
1 indi!at"s addr"ss d"s!"ndin$ rd"r1 indi!at"s addr"ss d"s!"ndin$ rd"r
4- 1 4rit" - at !urr"nt l!atin4- 1 4rit" - at !urr"nt l!atin 40 1 4rit" 0 at !urr"nt l!atin40 1 4rit" 0 at !urr"nt l!atin
r- 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a -r- 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a -
r0 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a 0r0 1 r"ad !urr"nt l!atin5 "&"!tin$ a 0 %?.'1 al$rithm "l"m"nt%?.'1 al$rithm "l"m"nt
V%?'5%?'5?5%?'W1 full al$rithmV%?'5%?'5?5%?'W1 full al$rithm
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T"st al$rithmsT"st al$rithms
FullFull ="ha(iural t"st is="ha(iural t"st is d">niti("l#d">niti("l# tt
!nsumin$ %.n./!nsumin$ %.n./nn''
Classi!al and "arl# m"mr# t"stin$Classi!al and "arl# m"mr# t"stin$m"thds 4ith t"st tim" &r&rtinalm"thds 4ith t"st tim" &r&rtinal
tt
n %"r
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T"st al$rithm1 9"r
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T"st al$rithm1T"st al$rithm1
Ch"!7"r3ardCh"!7"r3ard
C"ll ar" di(id"d in t4 $ru&sC"ll ar" di(id"d in t4 $ru&s St"&01 4rit" 0 in all $r""n !"lls and -St"&01 4rit" 0 in all $r""n !"lls and -
in &in7 !"llsin &in7 !"lls St"&/1 r"ad all !"llsSt"&/1 r"ad all !"lls St"&1 4rit" - in all $r""n !"lls and 0 in &in7 !"llsSt"&1 4rit" - in all $r""n !"lls and 0 in &in7 !"lls St"&B1 r"ad all !"llsSt"&B1 r"ad all !"lls
O!n"O!n"t"stt"st Fault !("ra$"1Fault !("ra$"1
Nt all AFs d"t"!t"dNt all AFs d"t"!t"d SAFs d"t"!t"d if th" adr"ss d"!d"r is fault fr""SAFs d"t"!t"d if th" adr"ss d"!d"r is fault fr"" Nt all TFs and CFs d"t"!t"dNt all TFs and CFs d"t"!t"d
This t"st is a3l" t d"t"!t 3rid$in$ faultsThis t"st is a3l" t d"t"!t 3rid$in$ faults
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T"st al$rithms1 GAL)ATT"st al$rithms1 GAL)AT
and al7in$ 06-and al7in$ 06- M"mr# is >ll"d 4ith -s %r 0s' "!"&t fr th"M"mr# is >ll"d 4ith -s %r 0s' "!"&t fr th"3as"
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T"st al$rithms1 GAL)ATT"st al$rithms1 GAL)AT
and al7in$ 06-and al7in$ 06- All AFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll AFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"d All SAFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll SAFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"d
All TFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll TFs ar" d"t"!t"d and l!at"d
All CFs ar" als d"t"!t"d and l!at"dAll CFs ar" als d"t"!t"d and l!at"d
=ut 3th ar"=ut 3th ar" O!nO!n**""t"stst"sts
th"r t"sts ha(" 3""n &r&s"d as a shrt"rth"r t"sts ha(" 3""n &r&s"d as a shrt"r
alt"rnati(" %-%nalt"rnati(" %-%n6/6/'1'1 Slidin$ dia$nalSlidin$ dia$nal
=utt"rX# %nl# n"i$h3rhd !"lls f th" 3as" !"ll ar" r"ad'=utt"rX# %nl# n"i$h3rhd !"lls f th" 3as" !"ll ar" r"ad'
GALCOLGALCOL
0 - - - -- 0 - - -- - 0 - -- - - 0 -- - - - 0
- - 0 - -- - - 0 -- - - - 00 - - - -- 0 - - -
- 0 - - -- - 0 - -- - - 0 -- - - - 00 - - - -
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T"st al$rithms t"st tim"T"st al$rithms t"st tim"
Num3"r f &"ratinsNum3"r f &"ratins
nn nn n.l$n.l$//nn nn// %hr**'%hr**'
0M30M3 -.--.- 0./0./ 0.0.
0M30M3 0.-00.-0 /B.0/B.0 B,0.B,0.
/M3/M3 0.000.00 B0B0 0/--,,.,0/--,,.,
/G3/G3 0/.,0/., ,,B.B,,B.B 0B.0B.
B Y"ars **B Y"ars **
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Mar!h t"stsMar!h t"sts
Th" t"st is Kmar!hin$K thru$h th"Th" t"st is Kmar!hin$K thru$h th"
m"mr#m"mr#
Th" t"st is !m&s"d f Mar!hTh" t"st is !m&s"d f Mar!h"l"m"nts r"&r"s"nt"d 3"t4""n %'"l"m"nts r"&r"s"nt"d 3"t4""n %'
Mar!h t"sts ar" th" sim&l"st t"stMar!h t"sts ar" th" sim&l"st t"stss
%&timal '%&timal 't d"t"!t mst f th"t d"t"!t mst f th"fun!tinal faultsfun!tinal faults
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Mar!h t"sts1Mar!h t"sts1 "am&l" f"am&l" f
MATSMATSVV%4-'%4-' %r-540'%r-540' %r054-5r-'W%r054-5r-'W
Fr iJ- t n
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Mar!h t"sts1Mar!h t"sts1 "am&l" f"am&l" f
MATSMATSVV%4-'%4-' %r-540'%r-540' %r054-5r-'W%r054-5r-'W
Ta7"s n &"ratins 4h"n us"d 3it
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Mar!h t"st summar#Mar!h t"st summar#
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Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"
%"am&l"'%"am&l"'
Al$rithAl$rithmm
Fault C("ra$"Fault C("ra$"O&"ratO&"rat
inin
!unt!unt
SSAAFF
AFAF TFTFCFCF
ininCFiCFi
dd
CFCFd#d#nn
SCSC
FFLin7"d faultsLin7"d faults
MATSMATSAlAl
ll
Sm"Sm" B.nB.n
MATSMATSAlAlll
AllAll .n.n
MATSMATS
AlAl
llAllAll AllAll .n.n
Mar!hMar!h
ZZ
AlAl
llAllAll AllAll AllAll .n.n
Mar!hMar!hC
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Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"Mar!h t"st Fault C("ra$"
%"am&l" fr sin$l" and t4 !"ll%"am&l" fr sin$l" and t4 !"llFFMs in 'FFMs in 'Al$rithAl$rith
mm
Sin$l"
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T"stin$ f N"i$h3rhdT"stin$ f N"i$h3rhd
)att"rn
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T"stin$ f N"i$h3rhdT"stin$ f N"i$h3rhd
)att"rn
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T"stin$ f N"i$h3rhdT"stin$ f N"i$h3rhd
)att"rn
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=asi! N)SF l!atin=asi! N)SF l!atin
al$rithmal$rithm4rit" 3as"
l&l&
a&&l# a &att"rna&&l# a &att"rnVit !uld !han$" th" 3as"
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=asi! N)SF d"t"!tin=asi! N)SF d"t"!tin
al$rithmal$rithm4rit" 3as"
l&l&
a&&l# a &att"rn Vit !uld !han$" th" 3as"
r"ad 3as"
"ndl&"ndl&4rit" 3as"
l&l&
a&&l# a &att"rn Vit !uld !han$" th" 3as"
"ndl&"ndl&
r"ad 3as"
Onl# (alid fr AN)SF r SN)SF fr 4hi!h nOnl# (alid fr AN)SF r SN)SF fr 4hi!h n
transitin is n""d"d in th" 3as" !"lltransitin is n""d"d in th" 3as" !"ll
Tillin$ m"thd !annt 3" us"d as 3as" !"lls ar"Tillin$ m"thd !annt 3" us"d as 3as" !"lls ar"
!han$in$!han$in$
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N)SF t"stin$ al$rithmN)SF t"stin$ al$rithm
summar#summar#Al$rithmAl$rithm L!atinL!atin Fault !("ra$"Fault !("ra$" O&"ratinO&"ratin
!unt!untSAFSAF TFTF N)SFN)SF
AA
))
SS
TDAN)SF0GTDAN)SF0G NN LL DD 0. n0. n
TLA)N)SF0GTLA)N)SF0G YY LL LL LL LL LL 0,. n0,. n
TLA)N)SF/TTLA)N)SF/T YY LL LL LL LL 0// n0// n
TLA)N)SF0TTLA)N)SF0T YY LL LL LL LL 0,B n0,B n
TLSN)SF0GTLSN)SF0G YY LL LL B. nB. n
TLSN)SF0TTLSN)SF0T YY LL LL ,./ n,./ n
TLSN)SF/TTLSN)SF/T YY LL LL ,. n,. n
TDSN)SF0GTDSN)SF0G NN LL DD .0/ n.0/ n
DD"t"!ti"t"!ti
n rn r
LL!ati!ati
nn
AA!ti("!ti("
))assi("assi("SStati!tati!
t#&"
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T"st f rd
7/26/2019 Functional test
72/72
T"st f rd
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