GOVERNMENT OF BALOCHISTAN
BALOCHISTAN SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION PROJECT
Porali River Basin Water Resources Management & Development Project
(Volume – IV)
PART B- Environmental Impact Assessment
A-4, JinnahTown, Samungli Road, Quetta-87300, Pakistan.
Tel: 92-81-2863613-14
Email: [email protected]
Web Site: www.techno-consult.com
in association with
Associated Consulting Engineers
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ................................................ 1-1
1.1 OVERVIEW OF PRB-WRMD PROJECT ...................................................... 1-1
1.2 NECESSITY OF THE EIA ............................................................................ 1-1
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE EIA..................................................... 1-2
1.4 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................... 1-4
1.4.1 Orientation Sessions ..................................................................................... 1-5
1.4.2 Development of Data Acquisition Plan .......................................................... 1-5
1.4.3 Secondary Data Collection and Review ........................................................ 1-5
1.4.4 Primary Data Collection ................................................................................ 1-5
1.4.5 Site Visits ...................................................................................................... 1-6
1.4.6 Data Analysis ................................................................................................ 1-6
1.4.7 Development of Mitigation Measures ............................................................ 1-6
1.4.8 Stakeholder Consultation .............................................................................. 1-7
1.4.9 Reporting ...................................................................................................... 1-7
1.5 LIMITATIONS ............................................................................................... 1-7
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ............................................................... 2-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT ............................................. 2-1
2.2 PROJECT NEED & JUSTIFICATION ........................................................... 2-2
2.3 TECHNICAL COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ....................................... 2-4
2.3.1 Component – A: Investment Component ...................................................... 2-4
2.4 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS .......................................................................... 2-9
2.4.1 No Project Alternative ................................................................................... 2-9
2.4.2 Storage dams VS Diversions ........................................................................ 2-9
2.4.3 Reservoirs at hig altitude VS close proximity to agricultural lands ............... 2-10
CHAPTER 3 LEGISLATION, GUIDELINES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK .... 3-1
3.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 BACKGROUND............................................................................................ 3-1
3.3 NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT ............................................ 3-2
3.4 IWRM POLICY ............................................................................................. 3-2
3.5 BALUCHISTAN ACQUISITION OF LAND ACT 1974 & (AMENDMENT) ORDINANCE 1976 ......................................................................................................... 3-3
3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS ............................................................ 3-4
3.6.1 National Regulations ..................................................................................... 3-4
3.6.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ............................................... 3-4
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
3.6.3 Balochistan Environmental Protection Act, 2012 ........................................... 3-5
3.6.4 Pakistan EPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 .............................. 3-6
3.6.5 Forest Act 1927 ............................................................................................ 3-7
3.6.6 The Antiquities Act, 1975 .............................................................................. 3-8
3.6.7 Pakistan Penal Code 1860............................................................................ 3-8
3.6.8 The Balochistan Wildlife Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, 2001 ............. 3-8
3.6.9 Baluchistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance 1959 ........................................... 3-8
3.6.10 Baluchistan Ground Water Rights Administration Ordinance 1978 ................ 3-8
3.6.11 The Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 ............................................................... 3-9
3.7 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ............ 3-9
3.7.1 Provincial Environmental Protection Council (Provincial EPC) and the Baluchistan Environmental Protection Agency (BEPA) ................................. 3-9
3.8 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ..................................................... 3-9
3.8.1 Description .................................................................................................... 3-9
3.8.2 Safeguard Polices Relevant to PRBDP ....................................................... 3-10
CHAPTER 4 PROJECT AREA ................................................................................... 4-1
4.1 Description ................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................ 4-1
4.2.1 Location and Surroundings ........................................................................... 4-1
4.2.2 Geology ........................................................................................................ 4-3
4.2.3 Tectonic Activity ............................................................................................ 4-4
4.2.4 Soil ............................................................................................................... 4-5
4.2.5 Ambient Air Quality ....................................................................................... 4-6
4.2.6 Ambient Noise .............................................................................................. 4-6
4.2.7 Meteorology .................................................................................................. 4-6
4.2.8 Ground Water ............................................................................................... 4-8
4.2.9 Water Quality .............................................................................................. 4-10
4.3 BIOLOGICAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ......................................... 4-11
4.3.1 Flora ........................................................................................................... 4-12
4.3.2 Fauna ......................................................................................................... 4-15
4.3.3 Ecosystem Sensitivities .............................................................................. 4-18
4.3.4 Miani Hor .................................................................................................... 4-18
4.3.5 Southern Zone (Liari, Uthal & Lakhra Tehsils) ............................................. 4-20
4.3.6 Central Zone Of Target Area (Kanrach & Bela Tehsil) ................................ 4-23
4.3.7 Northern Eastern Zone (Wad And Khuzdar Tehsil) ................................. 4-25
Biodiversity of the zone ............................................................................... 4-26
Description of Intervention Sites:................................................................. 4-26
4.4 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ............................. 4-28
4.4.1 Population ................................................................................................... 4-28
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
4.4.2 Tribes, Ethnic Groups, Languages, Culture and Decision Making ............... 4-31
4.4.3 Development Status, Potential and Poverty Situation ................................. 4-34
4.4.4 Economic Activities and Income Stratification ............................................. 4-35
4.4.5 Livelihood Patterns and Activities................................................................ 4-36
4.4.6 Land Statistics ............................................................................................ 4-36
4.4.7 Land Tenure and Holdings .......................................................................... 4-37
4.4.8 Land Use .................................................................................................... 4-40
4.4.9 Agricultural Status ....................................................................................... 4-40
4.5 LIVESTOCK ............................................................................................... 4-44
4.5.1 Health Status and Facilities ......................................................................... 4-46
4.5.2 Education Status and Facility ...................................................................... 4-49
4.5.3 Provision of Utilities..................................................................................... 4-52
CHAPTER 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ...................................................... 5-1
5.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 5-1
5.2 OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................... 5-1
5.3 STAKEHOLDERS IDENTIFICATION ........................................................... 5-1
5.4 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 5-3
5.4.1 Organization and Composition ...................................................................... 5-3
5.4.2 Public Consultation in Field ........................................................................... 5-4
5.4.3 Consultation with Institutional Stakeholders .................................................. 5-5
5.4.4 Public Consultation Workshop .................................................................... 5-11
5.4.5 Continual Engagement with Stakeholders ................................................... 5-13
CHAPTER 6 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATIONS .............. 6-1
6.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ............................ 6-2
6.2 DESIGN / PLANNING COMPONENT .......................................................... 6-2
6.2.1 Potential Impacts at Design / Planning Component....................................... 6-3
6.2.2 Mitigation / Enhancement Measures ............................................................. 6-3
6.2.3 Physical Intervention Stage ........................................................................... 6-4
6.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................. 6-4
6.3.1 Environmental, Social or Ecological Disturbance due to Non-compliance of EMMP .......................................................................................................... 6-5
6.4 OPERATIONS STAGE ............................................................................... 6-14
6.4.1 Potential Impacts at Operations Phase ....................................................... 6-15
6.4.2 Cumulative Impacts .................................................................................... 6-25
6.4.3 DAC Evaluation Criteria .............................................................................. 6-26
CHAPTER 7 Environmental Monitoring & Mitigation Plan ..................................... 7-1
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
List of Annexures:
Annexure-1: Balochistan Environmental Protection Act
Annexure-2: Copy of PEPA 1997
Annexure-3: Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations,
2000
Annexure – 4: Attendance List of Participants
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
List of Tables:
Table 2.1: Perennial Irrigation scheme specifications ......................................................... 2-5 Table 2.2: Flood Irrigation Scheme Details ......................................................................... 2-7 Table 2.3: Proposed reservoir locations & capacities ......................................................... 2-8 Table 3.1: Social and Environmental Safeguards Relevant for PRBDP ............................ 3-10 Table 4.1: Major Tectonic Zones ........................................................................................ 4-5 Table 4.2: Ambient Noise ................................................................................................... 4-6 Table 4.3: Climatic Data of Bela Station ............................................................................. 4-7 Table 4.4: Ground Water Depth in the Area ....................................................................... 4-8 Table 4.5: Current Water Quality ...................................................................................... 4-10 Table 4.6: Cumulative Floristic list of Porali Basin ............................................................ 4-13 Table 4.7: Cumulative list of Fauna near Porali Basin ...................................................... 4-16 Table 4.8: Population Distribution..................................................................................... 4-29 Table 4.9: Various Ethnic Groups..................................................................................... 4-32 Table 4.10: Physiographical Details of the Project Catchments ........................................ 4-37 Table 4.11: Land Ownership of the User along the proposed intervention........................ 4-38 Table 4.12: Agriculture Status along the Proposed Intervention ....................................... 4-41 Table 4.13: Per Acre Yield of Different Crops ................................................................... 4-44 Table 4.14: Livestock (Mature) & Poultry.......................................................................... 4-45 Table 4.15: Status and number of Health Facilities in the area ......................................... 4-47 Table 4.16: No. of Educational Facilities in the Settlements along the Proposed Interventions ........................................................................................................................................ 4-50 Table 4.17: Electricity Status in the settlements along the proposed interventions ........... 4-52 Table 4.18: Potable Water Sources of Settlements .......................................................... 4-55 Table 5.1: Identification of Stakeholder .............................................................................. 5-2 Table 5.2: Classification of Porali River Basin Project Stakeholders ................................... 5-4 Table 6.1: Cut / Fill Volume of 03 Proposed Dams ............................................................. 6-9 Table 6.2: Existing Water Needs ...................................................................................... 6-15 Table 6.3: Recharge of Ground Water ............................................................................. 6-16 Table 6.4: Per ha Use of Fertilizers .................................................................................. 6-24 Table 6.5: Storage of Water Dam ..................................................................................... 6-24 Table 6.6: Commlative Impacts ........................................................................................ 6-25
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
List of Figures:
Figure 4.1: Depicts Sub-basin Wise Area of the Porali River Basin .................................... 4-2 Figure 4.2: Location and Surrounding of Study Area .......................................................... 4-3 Figure 4.3: Study Area depicted on the Geological Map of Pakistan .................................. 4-4 Figure 4.4: Tectonic Map of the area .................................................................................. 4-5 Figure 4.5: Types of Soil of the Area .................................................................................. 4-5 Figure 4.6: Geographical Regions of the Area ................................................................. 4-12 Figure 4.7: Vegetation of Porali Basin .............................................................................. 4-12 Figure 4.8: Ecological Zone.............................................................................................. 4-18 Figure 4.9: Distribution of mangroves in Miani Hor. SPOT 2003 ...................................... 4-19 Figure 4.10: View of the Flood Irrigation Scheme at Uthal Khanta Bridge ........................ 4-22 Figure 4.11: Perennial Irrigation Scheme at Phat Gidri Area ............................................ 4-22 Figure 4.12: A View of Sheb Medan ................................................................................. 4-24 Figure 4.13: Proposed Site for Kharrari Dam ................................................................... 4-24 Figure 4.14: Panoramic view of proposed facility at Gandasha ........................................ 4-25 Figure 4.15: Mazari Palm ................................................................................................. 4-26 Figure 4.16: Frog in the Stagnant Water in Kud Area ....................................................... 4-26 Figure 4.17: Panoramic view of Nimi Perennial Irrigation Scheme ................................... 4-27 Figure 4.18: Kud Dam Site ............................................................................................... 4-27 Figure 4.19: Income Stratification ..................................................................................... 4-36 Figure 4.20: Livestock Population .................................................................................... 4-46
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project is a World Bank funded project, aimed to support
the Government of Balochistan to improve the management of scarce water resources in
the Pishin Lora Basin. The revised scope of the project also improves development of Porali
River Basin Water resource Management & Development Plan using Integrated River Basin
Management (IRBM) approach. Accordingly feasibility study had been prepared.
Porali River is one of the four rivers of Balochistan falling into Arabian Sea. The 328 kilometer
long river originates from the hills of Wadh mountain range in the district of Khuzdar and
runs through the plains of Lasbela District. At the southern end, it passes through Miani Hor
wetland before entering into Arabian Sea at Sonmiani Bay. Miani Hor wetland is a swampy
lagoon lying on the coast covering an area of 7,471 hectares designated as Ramsar Wetland
site. The total project area of Porali River Basin is about 11,616 Sq.km.
The proposed PRBDP Project is targeted towards conservation, management and
development of water, land and related resources across sectors in the Porali River Basin to
maximize the economic and social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable
manner while preserving and, where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems. The
project will contribute to the economic growth of the villages by reducing the uncertainty of
irrigation water availability and contributing to sustainable self-sufficiency by encouraging
farmer participation, community mobilization, training and capacity building initiatives of
key stakeholders and enabling land users to improve crop production. At the current level,
the design consultants have carried out a detailed study of the natural resources potential of
the Porali River Basin, and its sustainable use. Porali River Basin management comprises of
following components:
Component A: Investment Component
Component B: Ground water management and development plan
Component C: Institutional and Capacity Building
Component D: Project Management and M&E
Component A is the technical component where physical interventions will take place. This
will have allied works of Water Source improvement and Water conveyance Improvement.
This component consists of physical interventions in the form of a karez, 13 Perennial
Irrigation Schemes, 03 Flood Irrigation Schemes, and 03 Water Storage Dams. The major the
Perennial Irrigation Schemes within the project are three ogee weirs along with the off takes
and irrigation channels, as well as one off take schemes at 9 different locations. The three
FIS are also based on Ogee Wier, located at Uthal Khantra, Titian, and Phaat Gidri. Two
earthen dams and one concrete arch dam are included in the project. The two earthen dams
at Bambri and Kharrari are of low reservoir capacity, while the third dam on Kud River is
based on RCC structure having a capacity of 83,199 acre-foot.
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
The project need stems from multiple factors, including the following issues in the Porali
River Basin Area:
Extended Drought and its Impacts
Flash Floods
Poor Watershed & Rangeland Management
Water Shortage for Domestic Use and Irrigation
Inefficient Use of Water in Agriculture
Depleting Groundwater Level
Social and Institutional Aspects
The proposed project is governed by a host of national and provincial statues and
regulations. Furthermore, as the World Bank is expected to be involved as a donor /
financier, its relevant policies and guidelines will also govern the proposed project. Amongst
the various rules and statutes, as summarized in Chapter 3 of this ESIA report, the most
pertinent from an environmental perspective are the Balochistan Environmental Protection
Act, and the (draft) IWRM Policy. As per Draft Balochistan Comprehensive Development
Strategy 2013 -2020 the water sector development will be:
“For the irrigation water, the strategy is clear that evolving Water Resource Management
System and Institutional Framework will be central to sustainable water use in the province.
The theme is pillared on undertaking river basin wide management of water with greater
focus on the flood irrigation Sailaba and creating water storages on all strategic locations in
the river basins and handling the Sailaba irrigation and dams command area in an integrated
manner. Under the Strategy, GoB will support establishment of Drip Irrigation Manufacturing
Plants in the province under PPP mode for providing either front- end or back- end subsidy to
get a system introduced with full institutional support. There is emphasis that water supply
and sanitation requires a dedicated attention and given the massive gap, it is planned to
undertake integrated water supply and sanitation system in partnership with the local
communities especially women through a community infrastructure program for a minimum
of 5000 settlements “.
In terms of environmental regulations, an interesting provision of the provincial
Environmental Protection Act, which is relevant for the proposed project, is given in its Sub-
section 2 of Section 20: “When preparing water resource management plans, Departments
and other relevant institutions shall at least take the following into account:
provisions for integrated watershed management;
regulation of sustainable abstraction of groundwater;
regulation of the use of ground or surface water for agricultural, industrial, mining, and
urban purposes;
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
measures to protect human health and ecosystems;
measures to protect wetlands and their associated ecosystems;
any other provision necessary for the sustainable use and management of water
resources.
The Project area is spread in three districts of Balochistan as following:
Khuzdar District 6,167 km2 53.1 %
Lasbela District 4,813 km2 41.4 %
Awaran District 637 km2 5.5 %
The geology of the area is represented by different geological formations. The rocks consist
of mainly sand stones, shale and conglomerates of various ages. Aeolian deposits can be
seen in the south east and river deposits in the North West. Overall surface flows follow the
north-south path with some local changes.
After scientific analysis, the feasibility study concludes that climate change is observed in all
parts of the Porali basin. However, the results vary in different regions of the watershed. In
the lower region (Bela and Uthal), there is decrease in monthly and annual precipitation,
whereas precipitation has increased at Wadh. Annual variables (maximum, minimum and
average) for all stations show increase with 0.6°C, 0.5°C and 0.7°C in Bela, Uthal and Wadh,
respectively. This concludes that climate change of Porali watershed is local, and does not
follow the global behaviour.
Ground water is currently the main source of water for domestic, irrigation and livestock. Its uncontrolled withdrawal is causing depletion of water table.
A range of natural resources including water, agriculture, forests (both terrestrial and
mangrove), livestock and rangelands, wetlands and fisheries exist in the Porali River Basin.
The natural resources suffer from lack of land use planning and over-exploitation, resulting
in degradation, affecting the subsistence and livelihoods of the local people. The poor
management of flood flows has resulted in very little use for agricultural purpose and results
in damages to land, properties and human lives also. A lack of understanding, concern and
investment for sustainability is also prevalent. The recent trend of pumping out water for
cultivation of banana, other fruit orchards and vegetables is resulting in the rapid depletion
of ground water. While vast tracts of cultivable plain lands exist, water for irrigation is a key
constraint in the expansion and development of agriculture. In fact there is great potential
for sustainable water and agricultural development in Porali River Basin.
The population is generally poor, with low to non-existent access to basic necessities of life
including potable water, sanitation, education, healthcare and employment. An estimated
366,000 people currently live in the Porali river basin, with majority of them in the Lasebla
district. Roughly 57,200 people, comprising of 6,213 households in 45 human settlements
along side the proposed interventions will be directly affected, mostly in a positive way. The
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
major positive impacts will be in the form of consistent and reliable water supply for
irrigation, which is the main livelihood source for majority of population.
Though the single major occupation is agriculture, less than 2% of available culturable land is
currently under cultivation. This is mainly due to scarcity of water besides inhospitable
terrain. Ironically, the scientific analysis shows that there is ample water available in the
watershed in any given year. However, more than 90% of this water is drained into the
Arabian sea due to absence of suitable irrigation and storage arrangements, and the
relatively steep tangent of the area.
Livestock rearing is the second major economic activity. However, this is also limited mainly
to small ruminants, because of poor nutritional performance of the rangelands. Again,
scarcity of water is a major source of the current dismal status.
The impact analysis was carried out on the basis of available database and stakeholder
consultations; this resulted in two broad categories; the developmental phase and the
operational phase. The developmental phase is more to deal with earthworks, construction
and logistics, since the area has not been represented sensitive from the biodiversity point
of view, therefore no detrimental impact of the project has been envisaged and therefore no
offset arrangement has been recommended. The analysis resulted in identifying some of
the social impacts, short term in developmental phase and long term in operational phase.
A generic list of potential project impacts is provided in the following:
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Improved water resources and basin
knowledge base
Dam safety concerns with small dams
Increase in institutional capacity for
coordinated basin management
Localized impacts from reduction of flows
due to small-scale irrigation development
Reduction in run-off and soil erosion Removal of vegetation from construction
sites.
Improved land resources management. Disturbance to and small-scale loss of
wildlife habitats.
Protection of natural resources, human
settlements and transport infrastructure
such as bridges, and roads from excessive
flooding
Soil erosion induced by earthwork or
drainage.
Improved and protected wildlife habitat. Dust emissions from construction activities.
More consistent water flows in the Porali Changes in water flows and levels.
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
River and its tributaries.
Overall protection of ecological balance
along the basin.
Changes in main channel flow regimes
Improved livelihoods through enhanced
food security, nutrition and availability of
disposable income.
Extraction and disposal of rocks, earth, and
other construction materials.
Reduced reliance on forest resources for
charcoal production and income
generation.
Increased generation of both liquid and
solid waste from construction works
Increased job opportunities and small
businesses.
Improved sanitation and hygiene.
This ESIA report provides description of the potential impacts, and pertinent enhancement /
mitigation measures. In order to make the proposed project entirely acceptable at the social
and environmental levels, the proponents will need to set up an institutional arrangement to
steer and monitor the project throughout the project life. This suggestions stems from
concerns and comments by various stakeholders on the same lines, specially the EPA
(Balochistan) and the community at large.
It is recommended that the project proponent formulate a steering / coordination
committee consisting of representatives from all relevant line departments and other
stakeholders. This committee should be chaired by the Secretary (Provincial Irrigation
Department); however, the members from other line departments should be from lower
cadres to ensure regular meetings.
The developmental phase of the project activity would last until the physical completion of
the proposed activities (Improvements in Perennial Irrigation Schemes, Improvements in
Flood Irrigation Schemes and construction of (Check and Delay action) Dams). This phase is
likely to have intense logistic activities, in terms of heavy machinery movement, the activity
would burden on the available roadways and likely to degrade physical ambiance of the
project area and its surroundings until the completion of its developmental phase.
This has been observed that such project activities enhance
the expectation of the stakeholders in the surrounding of the
project site in terms of immediate monitory returns in the
form of jobs. This aspect of the project should be dealt with
extra care to avoid any social problems.
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
The analysis transpired as a result of stakeholder consultation brought about encouraging
results; most of the stakeholders consider the proposed interventions as positive
development which has been foreseen to contribute positively for the ecosystem in general
and for the inhabitants in particular.
The consultations with line government departments brought about similar results;
Balochistan Forest department , Balochistan Livestock department and Balochistan
Agricuture department consider the proposed project supporting their objectives.
Balochistan Forest department consider developing plans to plant trees on the
embankments of the improved structure, besides developing plans for maintaining
rangelands under proposed improved water regimes. This encourages livestock department
to identify opportunities to support their objectives. There is a need to develop a very close
coordination among these departments to synchronize their efforts in complimenting
manner to achieve better results.
The operational phase of the project would bring promising results, if the storage release
would be made considering social and technical merits, giving due consideration to
downstream and downstream beneficiaries. Similarly the water flow in improved perennial
and flood irrigation schemes would be distributed giving due considerations to the potential
dynamics of the area.
The sensitivity of the project on Mangrove ecosystem at Miani hor has also been assessed;
the inhabitants consider the proposed project to minimize the destructive ephemeral flow of
Porali, which often resulted in destruction and damage. They see this project as to minimize
the destructive behavior of the flow. Since the water pouring at the mouth of Porali is not
characterized as perennial; therefore its impact in contributing the health of mangrove
ecosystem has marginal significance. The cause of ecosystem degradation was identified as
heavy eoline shift of sand in the area (Saifullah etal 2002).
The PRBDP is intended to improve the management of water and other natural resources
within the Porali River Basin. The cumulative impacts of the PRBDP are intended—and
expected—to be highly positive overall from an environmental and social standpoint. The
proposed interventions take into account the close link between people and their
environment & natural resources.
Poorly-planned development, especially major investments, in the Porali River Basin through
sectoral interventions such as irrigation, and water supply could cause significant cumulative
impacts in the form of foreclosure of future water uses, or over-commitment of water
resources and resulting reduced reliability in water supply. Major new interventions could
also have associated induced impacts, such as pollution from enhanced agro-chemical use
with irrigation development.
The Basin Planning activities would support development of a comprehensive basin
knowledge base and stakeholder inputs to examine the cumulative impact of interventions.
The basin planning approach proposed seeks to move away from the current problematic
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
incremental project-by-project sectoral approach to consider inter-relationships between
projects and estimating the cumulative system implications of development across sectors.
The monitoring system will set up a framework to provide a systematic tracking of key
environmental/natural resources and social parameters in a spatial context across all
interventions, using modern remote sensing/earth observation knowledge products and GIS
tools. This would help in keeping track of the progress, exploring synergies/trade-offs in a
larger systems context, and outlining future needs in a more systematic manner.
Enhanced awareness of the basin issues and options to enable consensus on decisions and
behavioral change is critical across key basin stakeholders (such as government officials,
farmers, NGOs, development partners, and the general public).
The preparation phase (e.g. surveys, pre-feasibility, feasibility, or design studies) could have
some induced or cumulative impacts depending on the type, location, and scale. The project
would support the holistic preparation, including not only the technical studies, but
environmental and social impacts assessment studies.
Catchment management activities could have some induced and cumulative impacts, for
example small-scale check dams or irrigation pilots could be replicated in unsustainable
ways in additional inappropriate locations, and both capacity-building and awareness-raising
programs will be needed in this regard.
It is also possible that the PRBDP could set in motion a series of activities that have a more
virtuous set of positive cumulative or induced impacts. Successful paradigms demonstrated
under this project in targeted areas may be significantly scaled-up in future. Basin planning
approaches can be developed for other basins in the Country. Enhancing the knowledge
base and capacity in key water and land related institutions can manifest themselves beyond
their expected role in the project to more effectively manage their other activities.
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Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
1.1 OVERVIEW OF PRB-WRMD PROJECT
Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project is a World Bank funded project, aimed to support
the Government of Balochistan to improve the management of scarce water resources in
the Pishin Lora Basin. The revised scope of the project also improves development of Porali
River Basin Water resource Management & Development Plan using Integrated River Basin
Management (IRBM) approach. Accordingly feasibility study had been prepared.
Later on, in consultation with various subject experts, the World Bank revised the scope.
Instead of localized development schemes, the revised scope requires an “Integrated River
Basin Management” approach. This new scope now covers two river basins (rather than
three); namely Porali and Nari.
The detailed description of the project and its components is given in Chapter-2 of this
document.
1.2 NECESSITY OF THE EIA
The apex Pakistani law governing the subject of environment is the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act – 1997 (PEPA-97). This is a very comprehensive law and various rules and
procedures have also been promulgated under this Act. The Environmental Protection
Agency has also published a series of guidelines for preparation of environmental reports
and management plans for a variety of development projects in different sectors.
Under Section 12 of the Act, it is mandatory for the proponents of the projects1 to execute
the IEE and / or EIA (where warranted), and get the approval from federal agency (i.e. Pak-
EPA). This function has been delegated under Section 26 to provincial EPAs.
After the 18th amendment to the constitution of Pakistan, environment became a provincial
subject, and the environmental law governing the Porali River Project is now the Balochistan
Environmental Protection Act 2013. This act also provides for IEE or EIA (as the case maybe)
for projects under its clause 15. A copy of Balochistan Environmental Protection Act is
attached as Annexure – 1 of this report.
1 The Act defines a Project as: “Any activity, plan, scheme, proposal or understanding involving any change in
the environment and includes:
Construction or use of buildings or other works;
Construction or use of roads or other transport systems;
Construction or operation of factories or other installations;
Mineral prospecting, mining, quarrying, stone-crushing, drilling, and the like;
Any change of land use or water use; and
Alteration, expansion, repair, decommissioning or abandonment of existing buildings or other works, roads or other transport systems, factories or other installations.”
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The EIA / IEE regulations of 2000 provide categories of projects for which IEE or EIA needs to
be conducted. The proposed project falls under the category of “Water management, dams,
irrigation & flood protection”. Due to cumulative nature of the proposed project, an EIA has
been conducted, though the individual interventions might have been categorized under IEE.
According to the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, a proposed project is classified as
Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive,
diverse, or unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or
facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the project's
potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of
feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any
measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and
improve environmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible
for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectorial
EA).
Based on the above requirements of national and provincial regulations, as well as the
World Bank operational policy, an Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed
project has been carried out.
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE EIA
The overall objective of this study is to elucidate the anticipated aspects of the proposed
intervention and their impacts on the surrounding environment in order to propose
necessary mitigation measures to prevent/minimize adverse impacts. To achieve this
objective, an assessment of the existing environmental status of the project site is a
prerequisite and therefore included in this study by collecting and reviewing the baseline
data of various environmental attributes.
This EIA has been prepared to ensure adequate environmental and social management
during development and implementation of Porali River Basin Development Project. It
provides mechanisms for ensuring that potential environmental and social impacts of the
current program are identified, assessed and mitigated as appropriate, through an
environmental and social screening process. The EIA therefore complies with the Pakistani
EIA procedures for meeting the environmental and social management requirements, as
outlined in EIA Guidelines. The EIA also complies with the World Bank Operational Policies
for environmental management of projects (OP/BP 4.01).
More specific objectives of this EIA report include:
To meet the statutory requirements set forth by the Pakistan Environmental Protection
Act (PEPA) 1997 and the Balochistan Environmental Protection Act.
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To facilitate decision making by the Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency (BEPA)
regarding grant of NOC for the project.
To establish a baseline of existing environmental status at the project site prior to
project initiation by collecting secondary and primary data/information on physical,
biological and socio-economic environment of the project area.
To help the project proponents to incorporate necessary measures for legally compliant
and socially acceptable environmental performance of their project.
To identify significant environmental impacts (both positive and negative) during all
stages of the project and propose mitigation measures for negative impacts.
The scope of the assignment is derived from the PEPA guidelines. As per the scope of work,
the EIA report consists of the following sections:
Description of the Project:
Complete description of the relevant parts of the project has been provided, using
appropriate visual aids (maps, photographs, satellite imageries etc.) where necessary.
Analysis of Project Alternatives:
Alternatives of the project are examined including: no-action option and alternate
technology option.
Legislative and Regulatory Considerations:
The relevant legislation, regulations and standards, and environmental policies which are
applicable to the project are described. The appropriate authority jurisdictions that will
specifically apply to the project are also identified.
Description of the Environment:
The baseline data on the relevant environmental characteristics of the study area was
assembled, evaluated and presented. This section includes the detailed description of the
following environmental attributes within the project area. The ‘project area’ is defined as
the area within which the impact of the project may be expected.
Physical Environment:
Locations and surroundings, site plans and layout, geography, polar coordinates, soils and
geology, topography and drainage system, seismic zone, water resources, air and water
quality, public water supplies, climate and ambient noise.
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Biotic and Natural Environment:
Flora and fauna of the terrestrial ecosystems, rare or endangered species and sensitive
habitat.
Socio-economic Environment:
Demographics, employment, land use, community structure, public health, communal
facilities or services, sites affected by the project and community perceptions about the
project.
Validation of available information was done by characterizing the extent and quality of
collected data. This helped in indicating the significant information deficiencies and any
uncertainties associated with the prediction of impacts.
Potential Impacts of the Project:
Impacts related to the project were identified and distinction for significant impacts was
made between positive and negative, direct and indirect, short and long term, during
different phases of the project. Cumulative impacts have also been identified. Special
attention was paid to:
Impacts of the project on the ecology
Impacts on the existing socio-economic conditions
Impacts of the project on ambient noise levels.
Impacts of the project on the ambient air quality.
Impacts of the project on water quality.
Impacts of the project on soil characteristics.
Impacts of the project on health and safety.
Mitigation measures of Adverse Impacts:
Possible measures to prevent or reduce significant negative impacts to acceptable levels
have been identified. Recommendations to adopt feasible mitigation measures were
included in the report.
Development of a Monitoring and Management Plan:
The critical issues requiring monitoring to ensure compliance to mitigation measures are
identified. Impact management and monitoring plan for operations has been presented.
1.4 STUDY APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
The following methodology was adopted:
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1.4.1 Orientation Sessions
The EIA team held meetings and discussions with relevant key officials of the design team
(TCI), Balochistan Irrigation Department and the World Bank. This activity was aimed at
achieving a common ground of understanding on various issues of the EIA study.
1.4.2 Development of Data Acquisition Plan
Following the concept clarification and understanding, a detailed data acquisition plan was
developed for the internal use of the consulting team. This plan was revised and updated
throughout the EIA process. The plan identified specific requirements of the primary and
secondary data and their sources; determined time schedules and responsibilities for their
collection; and indicated the logistics and facilitation needs for the execution of the data
acquisition plan.
1.4.3 Secondary Data Collection and Review
The secondary data about the physical, technical, and institutional aspects of similar projects
available with NEC and TCI were also reviewed. Additional data was collected from the
following departments:
Balochistan Irrigation Department
Pakistan Meteorological Department
Botany Department, University of Karachi
Geological Survey of Pakistan
Population Census Organization
NGOs/CBOs
Related Studies and Research Articles
On the basis of the secondary information and its review, a primary survey plan was
developed. Gap analysis was also carried out to identify all the data required to conduct an
EIA study.
1.4.4 Primary Data Collection
Primary data was collected for the parameters identified in the gap analysis. Socioeconomic
surveys were conducted for the human settlements located near the proposed project
corridor. The survey tools included questionnaires and focused discussions.
In addition, the data for the following parameters was also collected for establishing the
existing environmental baseline.
Noise Levels at site
Ambient Water Quality at site
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1.4.5 Site Visits
The consulting team made several visits to the project site. The visits were made by all team
members in order to collect necessary data pertaining to their respective areas of
responsibility for the assignment.
A reconnaissance survey of the proposed site was conducted during 12th to 15th May, 2013,
for a better understanding of the proposed corridor and its plausible interaction with the
environment and socio economy of its neighborhood. Based on the reconnaissance survey,
questionnaire for detailed survey was developed. The 1st phase of detailed survey was
conducted during June 2013. Earthquake in Balochistan and law & order situation caused
delay in conducting the 2nd phase of the detailed survey, which was completed during 29th
October to 6th November, 2013. Later on, another survey to observe ecological conditions
was conducted in March 2014.
During these visits, team members took photographs and observed existing environmental
conditions. The visits also helped in verifying various pieces of information available in the
secondary sources.
1.4.6 Data Analysis
Impact Identification and Screening:
Based on the information collected through primary and secondary sources, various actions
or activities having potential to cause damage to the environment are listed in Chapter 6.
The aspects were identified for each phase of the project including designing, construction,
and operation phases. Methods described in EPA Guidelines were also referred for
identification and screening of aspects and their impacts.
Impact Prediction and Evaluation:
For evaluation and prediction of various environmental impacts, quantitative and qualitative
descriptions of the anticipated project impacts were made. The identified impacts were
further evaluated for their significance level.
For detailed analysis of environmental impacts, evaluation matrices were developed. In
these matrices each aspect with its significance level in terms of its potential of creating an
impact on surrounding environment is listed.
1.4.7 Development of Mitigation Measures
Based on the significance of the impacts, mitigation measures for each significant negative
impact have been suggested. Approach for suggesting mitigation measure is as follows, in
the descending order of preference:
Avoiding the impact altogether by not taking a certain action or parts of an action;
Minimizing impacts by limiting the degree or magnitude of the action and its
implementation;
Rectify the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, or restoring the affected environment;
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Reduce or eliminate the impact over time by preservation and maintenance operations
during the life of the action; and
Compensate for the impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or
environments.
A conceptual environmental management plan for smooth and effective implementation of
all recommended mitigation measures was developed and included in the EIA report.
1.4.8 Stakeholder Consultation
Due to the extensive nature of the proposed project, it was imperative to take all the
stakeholders on board, and gather information about their concerns and perceptions at an
early stage of the project cycle. The consulting team conducted internal meetings to identify
and list all important stakeholders and then contacted them for appointments and meetings.
The detail of this process, along with the outcomes of public consultations, is given in
Chapter 5 of this report.
1.4.9 Reporting
The draft EIA report has been prepared under the guidelines issued by the PEPA 1997 and
submitted to the management of proponents for their comments.
This draft report will be finalized after review and comments by the proponents. The
consultants will discuss the comments with the proponents before incorporating them in the
Final Report. Once the comments are incorporated, the final report will be submitted to the
proponent, who would ultimately submit the report to the Balochistan EPA.
The Environmental Impact Assessment report is concise and limited to significant
environmental issues. The main text has been focused on findings, conclusions and
recommended actions. It is supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for
any references used in interpreting those data.
1.5 LIMITATIONS
This EIA document has been prepared by drawing inferences from site visits, primary data
and secondary sources of information. The study has been conducted by the consultants in
a manner consistent with the level of care and skill exercised by members of environmental
engineering and consulting profession. The Consultants have tried to cover all important
aspects and relevant impacts of the proposed project.
The conclusions in this study are based on primary and secondary data, results derived
from earlier studies and a subjective evaluation of the possible environmental aspects
during construction and operations of the project. In evaluating the project, the consulting
team has relied on information provided by the management of design team (TCI) and
Balochistan Irrigation Department. The consultants assume that the information provided is
factual and accurate. Also the consultants accept no responsibility for any deficiency,
misstatement or inaccuracies contained in this report as a result of omission or
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misrepresentation by any person interviewed or contacted. The mitigation measures and
other recommendations put forth in this report are of the level of conceptual design and
implementation framework.
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CHAPTER 2
DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROPOSED PROJECT
As described in Section 1.1, the project under consideration, titled “Porali River Basin
Development Project (PRBDP)”, is part of the larger program Balochistan Small Scale
Irrigation Project.
This study is aimed to prepare Porali River Basin Development Project based on a long-term
vision for the river basin, agreed to by all the major stakeholders. The proposed PRBDP
Project is targeted towards conservation, management and development of water, land and
related resources across sectors in the Porali River Basin to maximize the economic and
social benefits derived from water resources in an equitable manner while preserving and,
where necessary, restoring freshwater ecosystems. The project will contribute to the
economic growth of the villages by reducing the uncertainty of irrigation water availability
and contributing to sustainable self-sufficiency by encouraging farmer participation,
community mobilization, training and capacity building initiatives of key stakeholders and
enabling land users to improve crop production.
At the current level, the design consultants have carried out a detailed study of the natural
resources potential of the Porali River Basin, and its sustainable use. For this purpose:
Data on infrastructure, demography, socio economic condition, institutions and
stakeholders, geology, hydrology, climate, agriculture, irrigation, ground water, livestock
and fisheries in Porali River Basin has been collected.
Hydrological and meteorological data has been analyzed, drought and flood frequency
analyses carried out, and anticipated climate change impacts assessed.
Socio Economic Survey of the whole area was conducted to study Anthropogenic
presence and activities, Natural Resources, Climate, Agriculture, Livestock, Economic/
Development Information and its management, communication and implementation
about development goals.
Feasibility level topographic survey of Porali River, proposed hydraulic structures’
locations and representative survey for command areas of proposed irrigation networks
has been carried out. Detailed topographic survey of one component would be selected
for detailed engineering design under this Feasibility Study (as mentioned below)
Existing water resources use in the Porali River Basin for potable water supply and
sanitation, irrigation and agricultural development has been studied. Opportunities and
threats to Porali River Basin Development are identified.
Porali River Basin Management Plan is prepared, which includes Water Resources
Management and Development Options, Agricultural Development, Flood Management,
Drought Management and Investment Opportunities.
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Preliminary design of the proposed development has been made. A preliminary cost
estimate has also been prepared.
Based on the preliminary cost and estimation of expected benefit, Economic Internal
Rate of Return and Financial Rate of Return has been calculated to ascertain the
justification of the Project
Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Documents for any one proposed development
component (hydraulic structure like diversion weir or storage dam and its irrigation
system) would be prepared.
A Feasibility Report has been prepared covering all the activities mentioned above. If the
project is found feasible, the stage of Detailed Design and Construction will be taken up.
2.2 PROJECT NEED & JUSTIFICATION
The following description, as abstracted from the inception report, provides a synopsis of
the problems and issues in the PRB. The existence of these issues necessitates appropriate
interventions for better management and harvesting of the available natural resources, to
alleviate the abject poverty currently found in the human settlements of the area:
Extended Drought and its Impacts:
The PRB and surrounding areas almost alternatively experience severe draughts and sever
flash floods. Following heavy rains and floods in 1995, the area gradually drifted towards
drought. The drought situation worsened in the region in year 2000-2001 as severe water
and food shortage resulted in deaths of dozens of people and thousands of livestock in the
region. Although there were some rains in year 2003 and 2006, the drought conditions
generally persisted till 2007. In year 2007, the drought hit areas were ravaged by rains and
floods which also became further disaster for the region. The floods were so severe that
many people were killed and entire communities became homeless. Due to large scale
deforestation and land degradation, the floods did not bring groundwater stability in the
region.
PRB region depends very heavily on agriculture and livestock. However, no sizable reservoir
is available for water storage and management in the area having a trend of erratic rainfall
and flash floods. The drought has further intensified the deforestation and overgrazing in the
mountainous areas of PRB which multiplies the food shortage problems in the region.
Flash Floods:
Erratic rainfall, coupled with topographical features of PRB where the main plain area is
surrounded by steep slope and mountains, results in flash floods of large volumes causing
devastation and destruction to human lives, properties, irrigation system and agricultural
fields. Most of the perennial schemes in the Porali River Basin do not have permanent intake
and also do not have proper protection bunds and spurs to divert the flood water, so the
flash flood - like in 2010 – cause high damages, which ultimately reduces their command
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area. In the downstream of Porali River (Phat-Gidiri trifurcation structure) the width of Porali
River reduces which eventually reduces its capacity and results in flood disaster.
Poor Watershed & Rangeland Management:
The general catchment and watershed areas of PRB have been subjected to land
degradation ranging from slight to severe conditions due to lack of watershed management
measures, overgrazing, cutting and uprooting of trees, shrubs and grasses for fuel and
forages. The situation has been further aggravated by cyclic periods of drought and floods,
most notably the recent severe event during 2001-2007. Poor watershed and rangeland
management has resulted in depleting groundwater in addition to its role in intensifying the
flash flows and food shortage for livestock.
Water Shortage for Domestic Use and Irrigation:
Except few places, the inhabitants of PRB are deprived of safe drinking water. Most farmers
are unable to have access to irrigation water supplies to grow food and other crops on their
lands.
Inefficient Use of Water in Agriculture:
Whatever water is available, it is also being used very inefficiently. No on-farm water
management practice has been observed in the fields. The land leveling condition is so poor
that even when part of field is flooded with water, patches of land without water can be
seen very easily reflecting the uneven field conditions.
Depleting Groundwater Level:
The important income generating activities; irrigated agriculture, horticulture and pastures,
depend mainly on ground water for their water requirements. In the area of Khuzdar and
Lasbela where groundwater development has been carried out and water has been
extracted for the last one decade, it is reported that water level is falling due to its increased
and uncontrolled utilization. It is estimated that the total available ground water potential in
sub-basin is about 102 cusecs and total estimated abstraction is about 112 cusecs. This
indicates an over drawing of about 10 cusecs from the storage. The opportunities for the
recharge to ground water reservoir in arid and semi arid areas are as rare as rain and surface
runoff unless we could save the surface water of Porali River by establishing different
methodologies.
Social and Institutional Aspects:
Poor governance, low institutional capacity, and lack of political will and commitment by the
public sector to address the water crisis in a planned and systematic way are common water
issues in Balochistan. Provincial Government departments lack well-qualified, trained, and
experienced personnel, and existing staff are occupied with the operation and maintenance
of current schemes. Thus, little capacity exists to conduct technical surveys and holistically
plan and design new projects. Moreover, irrigation service delivery is handled in isolation
between the agriculture and irrigation sectors.
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At the community level, there is little interaction or information exchange among
communities and the government on the options available to them to increase water
productivity on a long term basis. A sustainable development program cannot be
implemented without full participation of all stakeholders and primarily the local
communities. This aspect does not exist in PRB where the government departments are
working in isolation for operation and maintenance and farmers do not feel any
responsibility for the operation and management of any infrastructure.
2.3 TECHNICAL COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT
Porali River Basin management comprises of five components.
Component A: Investment Component
Component B: Ground water management and development plan
Component C: Institutional and Capacity Building
Component D: Project Management and M&E
Component A is the technical component where physical interventions will take place. This
will have allied works of
Water Source improvement
Water conveyance Improvement
2.3.1 Component – A: Investment Component
A. Perennial Irrigation Schemes
The majority of the Perennial Irrigation Schemes within the project are three ogee weirs
along with the off takes and irrigation channels, as well as one off take schemes at 9
different locations. The project will focus on the improvement and increment of the
existing command area. Distribution of land and water shares on the schemes will
remain the same as existing, thereby providing a highly conductive environment for
community participation activities. Typical civil works on PIS comprises main weir body,
off take structure, conveyance channel, river training and auxiliary structures including
siphons, washing pads and animal drinking points.
Associated community managed watershed improvement, rangeland rehabilitation and
OFWM interventions will be undertaken as an integral part of PIS development. The
option of HEIS will also be considered on PIS.
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Table 2.1: Perennial Irrigation scheme specifications
Perennial Irrigation Scheme
Names Type of water
intake Water drawn
(acre-foot) Water Drawn
(m3)
Badri Karez Karez 440 542,731
Naik M Bent River diversion 300 370,044
Khanzeni Bent River diversion 500 616,740
Hassan Mengal Bent River diversion 800 986,784
Saloon Bent River diversion 740 912,775
Bazenjo Bent River diversion 800 986,784
Hinnami Bent River diversion 600 740,088
Peori Bent River diversion 400 493,392
Pepri Bent River diversion 240 296,035
Sathy Bent River diversion 300 370,044
Nimmi Diversion weir 7,197 8,877,356
Nurg Hingri Diversion weir 103,098 127,169,321
Sheb & Medan Diversion weir 4,798 5,918,237
Total: 120,213 148,280,331
i. Nimmi Perennial Irrigation Scheme:
In the scheme area of Nimmi, the Porali River runs in a gorge with the small patches
of agricultural land on both sides. The land on both sides is partly cultivated because
most of the potential areas are high elevated. The settlements along the river
course are also at high risk. The proposed weir at Nimmi will provide a head to water
by which channels on right side of Nimmi.
ii. Gundasha – NurgHingri Perennial Irrigation Scheme:
There is an existing protection bund in the area of Gundasha. A narrow opening
serves as an intake for the irrigation of Gundasha area. The existing structure at
NurgHingri does not fulfill its purpose because located at downstream from the
intake of Gundasha. Secondly, due to the siltation, the existing weir is covered,
resulting improper diversion of water and no head to water as required on site.
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A weir is proposed at the upstream of Gundasha with an irrigation channel on right
hand side and a divide wall or protection bund on existing trifurcation structure for
proper flow in the NurgHingri structure.
iii. Sheb & Medan Perennial and Flood Irrigation Scheme:
The area of Sheb is devoid of any proper irrigation system. The local farmers divert
the perennial flow to their lands by locally available means and entirely on
temporary basis. The cultivable land in the area of Sheb& Medan is about 971
hectare but due to absence of proper irrigation structure only 162 hectare land is
under cultivation. The proposed weir will not only divert the water in the required
amount for Sheb and Medan also spill over the excess water to downstream.
iv. Khuzdar Perennial Irrigation Schemes:
In Khuzdar area, Porali River runs in a small gorge covered with mountains. The
people do their agriculture in small patches of land within the river course on both
sides. There is no engineered intake structure for these patches of lands. It is
proposed to provide the proper off take structures at nine different bents. These off
takes will be designed according to the need of potential available land for the
agriculture.
B. Flood Irrigation Schemes
Flood Irrigation is the most common irrigation practice found in the Porali River Basin.
Large land areas are cultivated on flood water every season. The Flood Irrigation
Schemes within the project at Porali River Basin are three ogee weirs along with the off
takes and irrigation channels. The project will focus on the improvement and increment
of the existing command area. Distribution of land and water shares on the schemes will
remain the same existing, providing a highly conductive environment for community
participation activities.
Typical civil works on FIS comprises main weir body, off take structure, conveyance
channel, river training and auxiliary structures including siphons, washing pads and
animal drinking points.
Associated community managed watershed improvement, rangeland rehabilitation and
OFWM interventions will be undertaken as an integral part of FIS development. The
option of HEIS will also be considered.
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Table 2.2: Flood Irrigation Scheme Details
Flood Irrigation Scheme
Names Type of Weir Water Drawn
(acre-foot) Water Drawn
(m3)
Uthal Khantra
Ogee
16,188 19,967,574
Titian 80,028 98,712,937
Phat Gidri 50,694 62,530,035
Total: 146,910 181,210,547
i. Uthal Khantra Flood Irrigation Scheme:
The existing system of Uthal Khantra Irrigation structure is not functioning due to
the damaged sluice structure and Sholes formed at upstream resulting in
meandering behavior, improper spill over the weir and insufficient flow in existing
off take. The water required for irrigation is getting wasted through silted up and
damaged weir. Presently, there is insufficient water for irrigation even during the
rainy season.
The structure is proposed at about 1km upstream of the existing structure with off
take and sluice, and at its downstream at the location of Kenwari and Salari
proposed a gated bifurcation structure which divides the water between Kenwari
and Salari areas according to their shares. This scheme will facilitate a population of
over 10,000 by improving area water conditions. The command area would also
increase from 2,024 hectare to 4,594 hectare.
ii. Titian Flood Irrigation Scheme:
The existing Titian weir structure is damaged and RHS Lyari off take is completely
washed away with guide bund. Presently, there is no cultivation and water required
for irrigation is getting wasted through broken bund to sea.
There is a proposed new weir structure with two irrigation channels at both ends
named Lyari and Seeran Jheel, The new structure is proposed approx. 1km upstream
of the existing damaged structure. This scheme will have the command area of
about 7,287 hectare and will solve the water scarcity issue in Lyari and Seeran Jheel.
iii. Phat Gidri Flood Irrigation Scheme:
The limitations of existing Phat Gidri scheme is the meandering behavior of river and
improper flow in Phat, Gidri and Lakra channels. This irrigation scheme is totally
dependent on flood, while the requirement is of controlled water. The existing
trifurcation structure was built on diverted river. Due to this, the downstream
population sometimes faces severe flood and damages.
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It is proposed that a new structure is built at RD 272+000 (1.5 km upstream of the
existing structure) and the river is trained to get back to its original alignment i.e.,
up to RD 278+000. The off take from the proposed structure will serve as an intake
for the existing phat-gidri structure.
C. Water Storage Dams
Two earthen dams and one concrete arch dam are included in component – C. The
irrigation channels along with the auxiliary structures will also be the part of schemes.
The project will focus on improving and increasing the existing command area.
Distribution of land and water shares on the schemes will remain same providing a
highly conductive environment for community participation.
Typical civil works on dams comprises main dam body, spillway, off take structure,
conveyance channel, river training and auxiliary structures including siphons, washing
pads and animal drinking points.
Associated community managed watershed improvement, rangeland rehabilitation and
OFWM interventions will be undertaken as an integral part of dams’ development. The
option of HEIS will also be considered on dams.
Table 2.3: Proposed reservoir locations & capacities
Storage Dams
Names Type of dam
Reservoir Capacity
(acre-foot)
Reservoir Capacity (MCM)
Bambri Earthen 5,846 7.2
Kharrai Earthen 10,130 12
Kud R.C.C 83,199 100
i. Bambri Storage Dam:
The purpose of the dam is to store water for efficient and proficient use, and to
mitigate the effects of flash flood, regulate and control flow to command area
through proper conveyance channels. The existing dam was broken in the flood of
2010. As a result, channels downstream washed away causing severe damages to
the settlement and cultivation.
The dam is damaged in a way that is not repairable. The structure requires totally
new construction with conveyance channels for regular supply of water to the
command area.
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ii. Kharrari Storage Dam:
There is a dam left incomplete in construction in the year 1994 by irrigation
department due to the shortage of funds. The existing location has been evaluated
and checked the storage capacity which is not enough for over 5000 hectare
cultivable land.
Therefore the dam site is selected at the upstream of the existing half constructed
dam due to the availability of large impound area.
The storage of water is required at this location for the natives of Uthal Town also
the purpose of dam is to reduce the damages of flash flood and proper distribution
of water in Lunda Dhora(irrigation channel).
iii. Kud Storage Dam:
Kud River is the largest river in the catchment area of Porali River. Due to high
gradient, the erosion rate and downstream damages are severe. As far as
topography is concerned, there is a well practicable and feasible location of the
storage dam. It will be useful for the agriculture, livestock and other uses. The
concrete arch dam is proposed on this river.
2.4 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
2.4.1 No Project Alternative
It has been estimated in the feasibility report that about 93% of rainwater available in a
normal year drains into the Arabian Sea as no proper storage and diversion facility is
currently available in the PRB. There is no proper irrigation network existing in PRB. Farmer
use local methods of getting water from Porali River but due to mismanagement they are
facing extreme problems of flash floods and extreme drought conditions. No High efficiency
irrigation such as bubbler and trickle systems are used in water scarce areas.
Currently, groundwater is a major concern in Wadh and Lakhra sub basins where highly
profitable irrigated agriculture is putting at risk the underlying aquifer sustainability. De-
forestation and no proper source of vegetation are there which is considered as natural
measures for recharge enhancement.
2.4.2 Storage dams VS Diversions
Second option for water resource development in PRB is to construct number of medium to
small dams at various locations to store water. In 2005, a study for construction of Porali
dam was initiated by Irrigation and Power department Government of Baluchistan with the
same approach. Although the consultant submitted the inception report but could not
proceed further due to social problems in the area.
Accordingly under this project, feasibility for the construction of this dam along with some
other dams for the development of water reservoir were also considered. However this
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option was rejected after the preliminary study which reveals social problems related to
storage dams construction project.
2.4.3 Reservoirs at hig altitude VS close proximity to agricultural lands
The proposed strategy to save Bela from inundation is construction of reservoirs. These
reservoirs can be constructed in the upper region to constrict amount of water flowing
downstream. Reservoir/s in the upper region will have various benefits. Reservoirs will store
excess water coming downstream to stop Bela from getting inundated, eventually
decreasing destruction of crops and settlements. Reservoirs will be used to regulate water
and manually control the flow downstream. As known, level of groundwater is very low in
the upper region since water flows speedily downstream leaving no time for groundwater to
recharge. Constructing reservoirs at suitable places in upper region will recharge
groundwater raising the water table. Reservoir at upper region will also provide sustained
supplies of water to the people dwelling in that region and help control flood. Using DEM,
depression/valley can be identified, suitable enough to store water at upper region. An
outlet can be set to regulate the flow and control water.
Another strategy is to construct reservoir/s right above Bela region where slopes get gentle.
Using DEM, depression can be located or artificially set to store and regulate water flowing
downstream to Bela. This strategy has benefits as the flow coming from upstream will be
due to gravity and the reservoir will be close to cultivated areas, making the irrigation
process accessible and easier. Construction of reservoir at this location will eradicate the
water flooding at Goth Piru, Chigirdi, Loilani, Chibb, Goth chote and several other village. In
the preliminary study, it was identified that irrigation system at Lasbela is of rudimentary
nature making insufficent distribution of water to the fields. Reservoir constructed at this
location will be helpful in efficient distribution of water to the cultivated lands.
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CHAPTER 3
LEGISLATION, GUIDELINES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
3.1 GENERAL
This chapter elucidates the current legal framework which is applicable on the proposed
project in context of environment and sustainable development. The institutional
arrangement that exists in Pakistan and may influence the environmental management of
the proposed project is also discussed in this chapter.
3.2 BACKGROUND
The Government of Pakistan realized the importance of environmental preservation way
back in the early 1980’s. Until the 1980’s development policies were formulated irrespective
of environmental considerations. A variety of environment-related acts and ordinances
existed, but the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983 (PEPO) was the first
effort to deal with environmental concerns systematically. The ordinance created a legal
basis for comprehensive environmental policy making, the establishment and enforcement
of standards, environmental impact assessments and the inclusion of environmental
considerations in development policies2. In 1984, the promulgation of this ordinance was
followed by the establishment of the Pak-EPA, the primary government institution dealing
with environmental issues. The PEPO 1983 was replaced with a new Act of Parliament in
1997 i.e. PEPA Act 1997.
The UN International Summit on Environment was held in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro, to highlight
the importance of environment protection and to promote sustainable development.
Pakistan also became a signatory of this summit, after which the Government of Pakistan
developed a National Conservation Strategy (NCS), approved in March 1992. It was decided
that all reports regarding strategies, policies and program for sustainable development will
be drawn up on the basis of the NCS3. Another major environmental policy initiative
formulated in 1999 was Environmental Planning and Resource Conservation Project
(EPRCP)4.
The enactment of PEPA 1997 took up the key issues of PEPO and in addition provided for a
considerable strengthening of institutions at the national and provincial level for the
formulation, execution and enforcement of environmental policies and conferred broad-
based enforcement powers to the EPA5. NEQS for municipal and liquid industrial effluent,
2 “Industrial policy and the Environment in Pakistan”: United Nations industrial development
organization; 3 “A model process to develop a National Agenda”: Pakistan National Conservation Strategy; pg1.
4 “Industrial policy and the Environment in Pakistan”: United Nations industrial development organization; 11 December, 2000; pg.9.
5 “Industrial policy and the Environment in Pakistan”: United Nations industrial development
organization; 11 December, 2000; pg.9
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industrial gaseous emissions and motor vehicle exhaust and noise, were issued by Pak-EPA
in 1994.
Pak-EPA review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 and Pakistan Environmental Assessment
Procedures were published, to provide necessary guidelines for preparation, submission and
review of IEE and EIA.
3.3 NATIONAL POLICY ON THE ENVIRONMENT
The National Environment Policy aims to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s
environment in order to improve the quality of life of the citizens through sustainable
development. The Policy provides broad guidelines for addressing environmental concerns
and ensuring effective management of their environmental resources. The provincial, AJK,
Northern Areas and local governments, however may devise their own strategies, plans and
programs in pursuit of this Policy.
Enforcement of the policy is being carried out through National Environmental Quality
Standard (NEQS) and Self Monitoring & Reporting Tools (SMART) in order to optimize energy
and environmental resource consumption within the industries; encourage reduction,
recycling and reuse of municipal and industrial solid and liquid wastes; introduce discharge
licensing system for industry; devise and implement master plans for treatment of municipal
and industrial wastewater in urban and rural areas. The policy has not been revised since
2005.
3.4 IWRM POLICY
The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Policy in Balochistan was approved in
2006 which highlighted the reforms needed for water resources monitoring and planning in
the province. The policy also enforces the adoption of IWRM approach for basin
sustainability.
As per Draft Balochistan Comprehensive Development Strategy 2013 -2020 the water sector
development will be as under:
“For the irrigation water, the strategy is clear that evolving Water Resource Management
System and Institutional Framework will be central to sustainable water use in the province.
The theme is pillared on undertaking river basin wide management of water with greater
focus on the flood irrigation Sailaba and creating water storages on all strategic locations in
the river basins and handling the Sailaba irrigation and dams command area in an integrated
manner. Under the Strategy, GoB will support establishment of Drip Irrigation Manufacturing
Plants in the province under PPP mode for providing either front- end or back- end subsidy to
get a system introduced with full institutional support. There is emphasis that water supply
and sanitation requires a dedicated attention and given the massive gap, it is planned to
undertake integrated water supply and sanitation system in partnership with the local
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communities especially women through a community infrastructure program for a minimum
of 5000 settlements“.
3.5 BALUCHISTAN ACQUISITION OF LAND ACT 1974 & (AMENDMENT) ORDINANCE 1976
The primary law for acquisition of land for public purposes in Pakistan is the “Land
Acquisition Act, 1894” (hereinafter referred as the Act). The land acquired under the Act
vests in the Province and it is only thereafter that the Province may transfer it to someone
else.
The Baluchistan Acquisition of Land Act allows the government to acquire private land for
housing or development schemes. Initially, the law specifically mentioned “in rural areas”,
but this was deleted subsequently through the Ordinance in 1976. “Land Acquisition”
literally means acquiring of land for some public purpose by government/government
agency, as authorized by the law, from the individual landowner(s) after paying a
government fixed compensation in lieu of losses incurred by land owner(s) due to
surrendering of his/their land to the concerned government agency. The laws essentially are
developments on the land acquisition act of 1894 which was created with the purpose of
facilitating acquisition by the government of privately held land for public purposes. The
word "public purpose", as defined in the act, refers to the acquisition of land for
constructing educational institutions or schemes such as housing, health or slum clearance,
as well as for projects concerned with rural planning or formation of sites. It is not necessary
that all the acquisition has to be initiated by the government alone. Local
authorities, societies registered under the societies registration act, 1860 and co-operative
societies established under the co-operative societies act can also acquire the land for
developmental activities through the government.
Land acquisition requires interaction between the Requiring Body (RB), which is normally a
government agency that requires the land for certain national development project, and the
Acquiring Body (AB), which is normally the Provincial Revenue Board, since land is a
provincial subject according to the Constitution. The division of responsibility between the
Requiring Body and the Acquiring Body in broad terms is that the Requiring Body provides
the technical input and the Acquiring Body the legal input in the land acquisition process. It
is the Requiring Body which must ensure that the project, for which the acquisition of land is
required, is approved by the authorities and that funds are available. The Requiring Body
must also justify the need for land and other property on the basis of field surveys including
detailed engineering design and prepare all necessary documents required for decision
making.
It is to be noted here that no acquisition of privately held land is envisaged for the Porali
River Project.
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3.6 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS
The key environmental regulations and legislations which are applicable to the proposed
project are discussed below.
3.6.1 National Regulations
The environmental policy framework, which will govern the
project, is the NCS of Pakistan. The Pakistan NCS is a broad
based policy statement aimed at achieving environmentally
sustainable social and economic development in Pakistan. The
three overriding objectives of the NCS are:
Conservation of natural resources
Sustainable development
Improved efficiency in the use and management of
resources
Three operating principles are identified to achieve these objectives. These are:
Greater public participation in development and environmental management
A merging of environmental and economic decision making
Lasting improvements in the quality of life
The NCS specifies the basic guidelines for an integrated effort aimed at protecting the
environment and the natural resources of the country. This broad framework provides a
comprehensive point of reference for all agencies, departments, private sector companies,
financial institutions, and donor agencies for undertaking systematic efforts to bring about
an effective change for sustainable development6.
3.6.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
The PEPA 1997 is the apex environmental law of the country. Under section 12 of the Act, it
is mandatory for the proponents of the projects7 to execute the IEE and / or EIA (where
6 Qadar S., and Dogar A. R., Pakistan’s Environmental Laws & Their
Compliance, Lahore Law Times Publications, 2002. 7 The Act defines a Project as: “Any activity, plan, scheme, proposal or
understanding involving any change in the environment and includes:
Construction or use of buildings or other works;
Construction or use of roads or other transport systems;
Construction or operation of factories or other installations;
Mineral prospecting, mining, quarrying, stone-crushing, drilling, and the like;
Any change of land use or water use; and
Alteration, expansion, repair, decommissioning or abandonment of existing buildings or other works, roads or other transport systems, factories or other installations.”
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warranted), and get the approval from provincial EPA. A copy of PEPA 1997 is attached as
Annexure – 2 of this report.
The following rules and regulations have been issued under the Pakistan Environmental
Protection Act, 1997.
Rules:
National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-monitoring
and Reporting by Industries) Rules, 2001.
Provincial Sustainable Development Fund (Procedure) Rules,
2001.
Pakistan Sustainable Development Fund (Utilization) Rules,
2001.
Pollution Charge for Industry (Calculation and Collection)
Rules, 2001.
Environmental Tribunal Procedures and Qualifications Rules, 2000.
Environmental Samples Rules, 2001.
Hazardous Substance Rules, 2000.
Regulations:
Review of IEE / EIA Regulations, 2000.
National Environmental Quality Standards (Certification of Environmental Laboratories)
Regulations, 2000.
3.6.3 Balochistan Environmental Protection Act, 2012
After the 18th Constitutional amendments the subject of environment vide Notification
No.4-9/2011-Min dated 29th June, 2011 stand devolved to the provinces with effect from
1st July, 2011. Even after the deletion of the subject of environment from the concurrent list
the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 remained intact as per Article 270-AA, Sub
Article (6). However, there is provision that the province through an appropriate legislature /
competent authority may alter, repeal and amend the laws related to the subject.
To regulate and effectively address the peculiar environmental issues of the province of
Balochistan this act namely “Balochistan Environmental Protection Act 2012” is submitted as
per provisions of the Article 270-AA, Sub-Article(6) of 18th Constitutional amendments.
In terms of requirements of EIA / IEE, the provincial Act contains, in its section 15, similar
provisions as given in the PEPA section 12. The PEPA has entrusted the authority of review
and to approve environmental assessments to the provincial EPA. The proposed project falls
under the jurisdiction of the Balochistan Environmental Protection Agency (BEPA). Individual
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project component will need to be assessed in the form of either Initial Environmental
Examination, or Environmental Impact Assessment. These IEE / EIA reports will be submitted
to the BEPA for its review and grant of the NOC.
An interesting provision of the provincial Act, which is relevant for the proposed project, is
given in its section 20. Sub-section 2 of Section 20 states that “When preparing water
resource management plans, Departments and other relevant institutions shall at least take
the following into account:
provisions for integrated watershed management;
regulation of sustainable abstraction of groundwater;
regulation of the use of ground or surface water for agricultural, industrial, mining, and
urban purposes;
measures to protect human health and ecosystems;
measures to protect wetlands and their associated ecosystems;
any other provision necessary for the sustainable use and management of water
resources.
3.6.4 Pakistan EPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000
Two types of environmental assessments can be carried out i.e. IEE and EIA. EIAs are carried
out for the projects that have a potentially significant environmental impact, and IEEs are
conducted for relatively smaller projects with a relatively lesser significant impacts.
The Review of IEE and EIA Regulations 2000, prepared by Pak-EPA under the powers
conferred upon it by PEPA-97, categorizes projects for IEE and EIA, respectively8. Most of the
proposed interventions under PRBDP are likely to fall under the Category B as defined in
Schedule – I of Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of Initial Environmental
Examination and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2000, attached as
Annexure – 3. According to these guidelines, the proposed project would require an IEE to
be conducted. However, the entire project taken as one entity would require the detailed
EIA to be conducted.
According to the details provided in the regulations regarding preparation, submission, and
review of IEE’s and EIA’s, following is a brief description of the approval process.
a. A project is categorized as requiring an IEE or EIA using the two schedules attached to
the regulations i.e. Schedule I and II attached as (Annexure – 3) at the end of this report.
b. An EIA or IEE is conducted as required and following the Pak-EPA guidelines.
c. The EIA or IEE is submitted to the concerned EPA: provincial EPAs if the project is located
in the provinces or Pak-EPA if it is located in the Federal administered area.
8 “PEPA Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000”, pg-2
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d. A non-refundable review fee, depending on the cost of the project and the type of the
report, is submitted along with the document as per the rates shown in Schedule III.
e. The submittal is also accompanied by an application in the format prescribed in Schedule
IV of the regulations.
f. The EPA conducts a preliminary scrutiny and replies within 10 days of the submittal of a
report, (i) confirming completeness, or (ii) asking for additional information, if needed,
or (iii) returning the report requiring additional studies, if necessary.
g. The EPA is required to make every effort to complete the IEE and EIA review process
within 45 and 90 days, respectively, for the issue of confirmation of completeness.
h. When the EPA accord their approval subject to certain conditions:
i. Before commencing construction of the project, the proponent is required to submit an
undertaking accepting the conditions.
j. Before commencing operation of the project, the proponent is required to obtain from
the EPA a written confirmation of compliance with the approval conditions and
requirements of the IEE.
k. An environmental management plan (EMP) is to be submitted with a request for
obtaining confirmation of compliance.
l. The EPA is required to issue confirmation of compliance within 15 days of the receipt of
request and complete documentation.
m. The EIA approval is valid for three years from the date of accord. The proponents are
required to complete the construction and installation within this time period and start
operations. In case of any delays, the proponents are required to obtain extension from
EPA.
3.6.5 Forest Act 1927
The Forest Act, 1927 was largely based on previous Indian Forest Acts implemented under
the British. The first and most famous was the Indian Forest Act of 1878. Both the 1878 act
and the 1927 one sought to consolidate and reserve the areas having forest cover, or
significant wildlife, to regulate movement and transit of forest produce, and duty leviable
on timber and other forest produce. It also defines the procedure to be followed for
declaring an area to be a Reserved Forest, a Protected Forest or a Village Forest.
This Act will be relevant in case any of the proposed intervention is located on a land
previously prescribed as Forest Land by the Government of Balochistan. In such cases, land
acquisition will be governed under this Act, and the provincial department responsible for
execution of PRBDP project, will need to negotiate with the provincial Forest Department.
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3.6.6 The Antiquities Act, 1975
This act basically defines how to repeal and re-enact the law relating to the preservation and
protection of antiquities. The Federal Government may, by notification in the official
Gazette, declare any antiquity to be a protected antiquity for the purposes of this Act. No
person shall put any neon signs or other kinds of advertisement, including bill posting,
commercial signs, poles or pylons, electricity or telephone cables and television aerials, on or
near any protected immovable antiquity. No person shall, for any commercial purpose, make
a cinematograph film of any protected antiquity or any part thereof except under, and in
accordance with, a license granted by the Director. A contravention of any provision of this
Act or the rules shall, where no punishment has been specification provided, be punishable
with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months, or with fine which
may extend to five thousand rupees, or with both.
3.6.7 Pakistan Penal Code 1860
The Pakistan Penal Code usually called PPC is a penal code for all offences charged
in Pakistan. It was originally prepared on the behalf of the Government of British India. After
the partition of India in 1947, Pakistan inherited the same code and subsequently after
several amendments by different governments, in it Pakistan it is now a mixture of Islamic
and English Law. Presently, the Pakistan Penal Code is still in effect and can be amended by
the Senate of Pakistan.
3.6.8 The Balochistan Wildlife Protection (Amendment) Ordinance, 2001
The Wildlife Protection Ordinance empowers the government to declare certain areas
reserved for the protection of wildlife and control activities within these areas. It also
provides protection to endangered species of wildlife. As no activities are planned in
declared protected areas, no provision of this law is applicable to the proposed project.
3.6.9 Baluchistan Goats (Restriction) Ordinance 1959
This law may come into play, if any of the proposed intervention falls in any informal grazing
pasture, as livestock rearing is an important occupation in the project area. The ordinance
empowers the Government to restrict movement and / or grazing etc of livestock in certain
areas.
3.6.10 Baluchistan Ground Water Rights Administration Ordinance 1978
This law was promulgated to ensure efficient and site specific management of scarce water
resources in Balochistan. The background to the law suggests admission that hydrological
conditions in the entire Balochistan vary a great deal from place to place. Hence this
Ordinance requires establishment of a Provincial Water Board and District level Water
Committees. The Provincial Water Board shall have representation from the Planning &
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Development Department, Revenue Department, and Irrigation Department etc., thereby
clearly identifying major stakeholders. The Ordinance also calls for registration of all water
sources, and establishes protocols for grant of permits by water committees for use of such
sources. The statement of objectives for the Ordinance stipulates that the Provincial Water
Board shall identify areas with ground water resources and declare them as Designated
Ground Water Basins. It also calls for establishment of suitable laws for all designated
ground water basins.
3.6.11 The Canal and Drainage Act, 1873
This is an act to regulate Irrigation, navigation and drainage. The Provincial Government is
entitled to use and control for public purposes the water of all rivers and streams flowing in
natural channels, and of all lakes, sub-soil water and other natural collections of still water.
3.7 INSTITUTIONAL SETUP FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The structural setup of agencies/departments in the environmental sector is such that the
Provincial Ministry of Environment governs and regulates environment-related work at the
government level. The BEPA works directly under the control of ministry.
3.7.1 Provincial Environmental Protection Council (Provincial EPC) and the Baluchistan
Environmental Protection Agency (BEPA)
After devolution of the subject environment to provincial level under 18th amendment,
these two organizations are primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the
Balochistan Environmental Protection Act 2012. The EPC oversees the functioning of the
BEPA. Its members include the representatives of the government, industry, non-
governmental organizations and the private sector. The EPA is required to ensure
compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring and evaluation systems, and both identify
the need to, as well as initiate legislation whenever necessary. It is thus the primary
implementing agency in the hierarchy. One of the functions of the provincial EPA is the
review and approval of environmental assessment reports.
3.8 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES
3.8.1 Description
To ensure the social and environmental sustainability of the projects, the World Bank
developed its Safeguard Policies, divided in environment, social, and legal areas. Likewise,
the World Bank has a Public Disclosure Policy that is of cross-character and applies in all the
Safeguards Policies.
The Safeguard Policies pursue three objectives:
I. Ensuring that environmental and social issues are evaluated in the preparation and
decision-making process;
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II. Reducing and mitigating the environmental and social risks of Bank-financed programs
or projects ; and
III. Providing mechanisms for consultation and information disclosure.
The PRBDP project will need to comply with all the Safeguard Policies in the subproject or
activities, irrespective of whether or not they are being funded in whole or in part by the
World Bank, the GoP, or any other donor. A complete description of the World Bank’s
safeguards and their triggers can be found on the Bank’s official Web site,
www.worldbank.org. The Safeguard Policies can be used as part of the environmental and
social management process presented in Chapter 6 and 7 of this report.
3.8.2 Safeguard Polices Relevant to PRBDP
The environmental and social Safeguard Polices that are potentially relevant for the PRBDP
project are:
OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment
OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats
OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources
OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement
OP/BP 4.37 Safety of Dams
Table 3.1 presents the common settings in which the safeguards are triggered and generic
directions to comply with them.
Table 3.1: Social and Environmental Safeguards Relevant for PRBDP
Safeguard Policy Trigger settings and requests
Environmental
Assessment
This safeguard is typically triggered in projects where the work will
affect, temporary or permanently, the natural environment and/or
society, through direct, indirect, or cumulative impacts. The project
will develop the environmental and social studies (EIA, Environmental
and Social Management Plan [ESMP], and others) required by national
law and the Bank’s guidelines to ensure the social and environmental
sustainability of the project and to obtain the respective
environmental permissions.
Natural Habitats This safeguard is most likely triggered for projects located in a
protected area or in a critical area from an environmental perspective.
Depending on the potential negative impacts to the natural habitats
(flora and fauna), these projects will require special studies to protect
or preserve the species identified at risk of being affected. If a project
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Safeguard Policy Trigger settings and requests
can cause irreversible damages, it will be excluded from financing.
Involuntary
Resettlement
This safeguard is triggered when projects require the relocation of
people or compensation is required because of project impacts on
livelihoods or natural resources. The affectation could be minimal or
substantial depending on whether houses or productive lands (legal or
illegal) are impacted. These cases require a Resettlement Action Plan
(RAP) developed in accordance with the Bank’s guidelines.
Cultural
Properties
This safeguard might be triggered during projects constructed in zones
of recognized archaeological/cultural/physical potential.
Investigations, Rescue, and the Chance Finds Procedures Plan are the
most common instruments required.
Safety of Dams This safeguard is relevant for projects involving small dams (mini-or
micro– hydroelectric power), normally less than 15 meters in height
(OP/BP 4.37). For small dams, generic dam safety measures designed
by qualified engineers are usually adequate. For large dams, the Bank
requires:
Reviews of the investigation, design, and construction of the dam
and the start of operations by an independent panel of experts;
Preparation and implementation of detailed plans: a plan for
construction supervision and quality assurance, an
instrumentation plan, an operation and maintenance plan, and an
emergency preparedness plan;
Prequalification of bidders during procurement and bid tendering;
and Periodic safety inspections after completion.
For subprojects that involve the use of existing dams or those under
construction, the Bank requires that the subproject sponsors arrange
for one or more independent dam specialists to:
inspect and evaluate the safety status of the existing dams or their
appurtenances and performance history;
review and evaluate the owner’s operation and maintenance
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Safeguard Policy Trigger settings and requests
procedures;
and provide a written report of findings and recommendations for any
remedial work or safety-related measures necessary to upgrade the
existing dams to an acceptable standard of safety in the Dam Safety
Measures Report [DSMR].
In accordance with the Bank’s Public Disclosure Policy, generally a Communication and
Disclosure Program is required to present all the environmental and social documents
developed for the subprojects (EIAs, ESMPs, RAPs, or others) as part of the participation and
consultation process.
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CHAPTER 4
PROJECT AREA
4.1 Description
Spatial project boundary is defined as the specific site area that includes the areas of
construction and operation and the zones of influence around the project site i.e. physical,
biological and socioeconomic. It specifically includes the construction area and the land
adjacent to it. The adjacent land includes any area that is directly disturbed by the
construction and operational activities of the project. The project boundary may vary for
different major areas covered under physical, biological and socioeconomic environment
depending upon the areas of influence. This chapter describes the environmental setting of
the proposed interventions.
The data presented in the following sections has been collected from both secondary and
primary sources. For secondary data acquisition, the project team contacted the relevant
departments and gathered the required information. Primary data was collected during
reconnaissance surveys and detailed visits. The secondary data was also verified and visual
observations were made during these visits. The field visits were made in the months of
May, June and October 2013, and March 2014.
4.2 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
This section describes the physical environment of the proposed project corridor. The
emphasis is given on geology, topography, soil conditions, climate, surface and ground water
resources and seismology of the project area.
4.2.1 Location and Surroundings
Porali River is one of the four rivers of Balochistan falling into Arabian Sea. The 328 kilometer
long river originates from the hills of Wadh mountain range in the district of Khuzdar and
runs through the plains of Lasbela District. At the southern end, it passes through Miani Hor
wetland before entering into Arabian Sea at Sonmiani Bay at about 90 km distance from
Karachi City. Miani Hor wetland is a swampy lagoon lying on the coast covering an area of
7,471 hectares designated as Ramsar Wetland site in May 2001 under Ramsar Convention.
The latitude and longitude of the Porali River Basin is 26° 32' 0.20", 66° 25' 6.55"
respectively. The total length of Porali river is about 328 km. The total project area of Porali
River Basin is about 11,616 sq.km. The Figure 4.1 depicts sub-basin wise area of the Porali
river basin
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Figure 4.1: Depicts Sub-basin Wise Area of the Porali River Basin
Neighboring regions are Khuzdar to the north, Arabian Sea to the south, Dadu to the East,
Punjgor to the West. Wad, Bela, Uthal and Winder are the major cities within the catchment
boundary of Porali River.
The Project area is spread in three districts of Balochistan as following:
Khuzdar District 6,167 km2 53.1 %
Lasbela District 4,813 km2 41.4 %
Awaran District 637 km2 5.5 %
Almost half of the Porali River Basin falls within the district of Lasbela. The total area of the
district is 12,574 km2 out of which about 39% area is in the Porali River Basin.
Other half of the Porali River Basin falls in Khuzdar District and a small area in Awaran
District. Total geographical area of Khuzdar District is 43,260 km2 out of which about 11%
land is within the boundaries of Porali River Basin. Figure 4.2 presents the location Map of
the Project Site.
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4.2.2 Geology
The geology of the area is represented by different geological formations. The rocks consist
of mainly sand stones, shale and conglomerates of various ages. Aeolian deposits can be
seen in the south east and river deposits in the North West.
From its entrance into Lasbela district, the Porali River runs over a stony course and has low
banks as far as Mangia, where it passes through clay soil. In the south, alluvial plain extends
to the bay of Sonmiani and the hilly regions situated east and west of this plain. The plain
itself consists of alluvium deposits of Porali and its tributaries. At the edge of the plain,
around the margins of the adjoining hilly regions and near the coast, lie raised sea-beaches,
situated some 15 to 25 meters above sea level. The east of the alluvial plain exhibits the
greatest variety of rocks forming the Anticlinal Ranges, which are separated by valleys. The
whole of the eastern part of the Porali River Basin is mountainous. The plain in the center,
comprising the greater portion of the Porali River Basin, is triangular shaped.
Wadh-Khuzdar region is relatively high relief consists of high hills, and this feature continues
up to Bela region parallel to RCD high way, where high hill along the Porali River terminates.
The Porali River then widens and due to heavy flood during monsoon rainfall erosion occurs
along the river bank. The Porali River flowing downstream of Bela region then turns to
relatively low relief up to the Arabian Sea.
The east of the Porali river basin specially in Kharrari Nai sub basin exhibits the greatest
variety of rocks forming the Anticlinal Ranges, which are separated by valleys.
Figure 4.2: Location and Surrounding of Study Area
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The hilly region is situated on the west of the Porali river basin and extends along the
Makran coast. The whole of the eastern part of the district is mountainous. The principal hill
ranges are on the western slopes of the Kirthar mountains, as far as the north of LakPhusi.
The other side includes the main ridge of the Pub range with parts of the Khude or Khudo
and part of the Pub range. The third side comprises the lower slopes of the Mekran coast.
Overall surface flows follow the north-south path with some local changes.
4.2.3 Tectonic Activity
Porali river basin has been divided into four major tectonic zones that are as follows;
Figure 4.3: Study Area depicted on the Geological Map of Pakistan
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Table 4.1: Major Tectonic Zones
Zones Percentage
Chaman-Ornach Nai Fault Flysch Zone 1.47%
Bela Ophiote Belt 71.92%
Porali Trough 19.59%
Kand Range Fold Belt 6.66%
Tectonic map of Porali river basin is shown as Figure 4.4.
rea
4.2.4 Soil
Various types of soil in the area are known as matt, karkats, rikpoad, halli and sarah. Of
these matt is the best and richest, consisting of silt washed down from the hills. It is of a
clayey nature. Karkat is considered second best. It is
harder, cracks when dry and requires breaking up after
ploughing, but needs less water than matt. Both matt
and karkat are suitable for spring crops and are found in
Surab, Gidar, Pandran, parts of Baghwana, Tutak, Nal,
Kalo, Karkh, Korask and Jan. Rikpad is a light sandy soil
found only in Wad. Wheat, barley and jawar grow well
on it, but the crops are considered inferior to those
grown on matt or karkat. It is well suited for melons,
onions and vegetables in general. Halli is a gravely soil,
found in the irrigated areas of Surab and Khuzdar on the
Figure 4.4: Tectonic Map of the area
Figure 4.5: Types of Soil of the Area
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skirts of the hills and along the banks of the rivers. It is suitable for vegetables, but the crops
grown on it are thin and require great care. Sorah or salt land is the poorest soil of all and is
found in large tracts at Hisar, Zehri, Gidar, Nondrav valley and between Mir-na-Shaher and
Bajoi in Baghwana.
4.2.5 Ambient Air Quality
The proposed project route is located in an area where no major pollutants are released into
the atmosphere as a result of anthropogenic activity; the population density is low and the
people are living almost in a primitive way. The only possible source of air pollutants could
be the limited vehicular movements within the study area.
4.2.6 Ambient Noise
The study area is a quiet and calm place; the ambient noise level lies within the range of
permissible limits as prescribed in National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) of
Pakistan. The only source of noise is the movement of traffic that is frequent but erratic. The
Consultants took a snapshot of noise while there was traffic movement; the results of
monitoring are shown in Table 4.2. However, this is not the usual noise level in the area, and
depicts only the rarely occurring worst case scenario.
Table 4.2: Ambient Noise
Sampling Point
Sampling Location Noise level dB
(A)
Noise Limit / NEQS for Day
Time
1 Kharrari Delay Action Dam 53-54
55* dB(A)
2 Along the Road Side 70
* This value of NEQS has been effective after July 2012, the previous Limit was 65dB(A)
4.2.7 Meteorology
Porali River watershed lies in the southern part of the province of Baluchistan that has hot,
dry tropical climate with the temperature during summer rising up to 38˚C, and varying from
3˚C to 17˚C during winter months.
The climatic data are measured at various stations in and around this watershed. The
climatic parameters include temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, sunshine hours,
wind speed etc.
Porali River basin does not encounter snow. However, it rains sufficiently in the months of
July and August (monsoon season). The mean annual rainfall is 165.5 mm with mean annual
evapotranspiration at 5.6 mm/day. The average annual humidity is 37.5% as observed at
Bela station.
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Table 4.3 indicates the average monthly values which were obtained from the preliminary
analysis at Bela station for various parameters.
Table 4.3: Climatic Data of Bela Station
Month Relative
Humidity (%)
Wind Speed
(m/s)
Sunshine
(hours)
Evapotranspiration
(mm/day)
January 35 1.068 9.1 2.9
February 31 1.368 9.2 3.8
March 31 1.488 9.2 4.9
April 31 2.508 9.8 7.5
May 37 3.108 9 8.7
June 42 3.108 8 8.5
July 52 2.652 6.8 6.9
August 52 2.712 7.5 6.7
September 46 2.532 8.7 6.7
October 29 1.188 9.6 4.8
November 30 0.672 9.6 3.1
December 34 0.768 8.9 2.6
Average 37.5 1.931 8.8 5.6
The feasibility study analyses in detail the climatic conditions of the area. After scientific
analysis, the study concludes that climate change is observed in all parts of the Porali basin.
However, the results vary in different regions of the watershed. In the lower region (Bela
and Uthal), there is decrease in monthly and annual precipitation, whereas precipitation has
increased at Wadh. Annual variables (maximum, minimum and average) for all stations show
increase with 0.6°C, 0.5°C and 0.7°C in Bela, Uthal and Wadh, respectively. This concludes
that climate change of Porali watershed is local, and does not follow the global behaviour.
The proposed interventions will have no significant effect due to climate change. The
conclusion drawn for this study is based on 28 years, 25 years, and 21 years of temperature
data for Bela, Uthal and Wadh, respectively. In addition, 99 years, 74 years, and 51 years of
precipitation data for Bela, Wadh and Uthal, respectively.
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4.2.8 Ground Water
Hydrological Year Book published yearly by Irrigation & Power Department, Government of
Balochistan have recorded daily data for water level and discharge of Porali River at Sinchi
Bent and Kud River from year 2000-2009. Tube-well data till 2012 from Irrigation & Power
Department of Balochistan shows that the average depth of tube wells and dug wells ranges
from 10 m to 200 m depending on the water table of the area.
The important income generating activities - irrigated cropping, horticulture and pastoralism
– depend mainly on groundwater for their water requirement. The domestic water
requirement is also largely met by ground water exploitation. Agriculture is the major end
user of fresh water. The main source of irrigation is flood water and rain, besides ground
water. In District Lasbela, 59% of irrigation is done by tube-well which means use of ground
water is more than flood water. According to local people, ground water table of the area is
depleting rapidly due to excessive use of ground water in the area for agriculture.
Data of water table has been collected by socio-economic survey. Following is the
summarized result.
Table 4.4: Ground Water Depth in the Area
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
Ground water
Depth (ft)
1 Kohan Village
Bela
N/A
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth N/A
3 Jani Village 40
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth 90
5 Kannar 25
6 Kundi 100
7 Kishari 30
8 Juman Bhit N/A
9 Akri 40
10 Gajri Village 70
11 Seayan Goth 350
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
Ground water
Depth (ft)
12 Soonari N/A
13 Bara Bagh 120
14 Lungra Village 30
15 Gundacha Jagir 600
16 Jamali Goth 550
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj
N/A
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja 20
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth 25
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth 20
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth 25
22 Soomar Goth
Uthal
N/A
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth 300
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth 70
25 Kheer Golae 150
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani Goth 40
27 Khareri 30
28 Faqir Goth 250
29 Bashwani Goth 350
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1) 250
31 Tori Moza 200
32 Pir Goth 350
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
Ground water
Depth (ft)
33 Muka Goth 200
34 Kandyaro Goth 180
35 Angario Goth N/A
36 Khantra 380
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth 400
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth 200
39 Khan M. Goth 80
40 Soomar Goth
Lakhra
100
41 Khakhacho 120
42 Orki 600
43 Gajro Pat
Sonmiani
N/A
44 Damb 600
45 Liari Lairi N/A
Source: Field Survey
4.2.9 Water Quality
Four Samples of ground and surface water of the project area were taken during the field
survey. The results are given in the following:
Table 4.5: Current Water Quality
Parameter Unit Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Control
Limits
Location - Thana Karez Angario
Village
Kharreri
Dam Patokha
Type - Ground Ground Fresh
Fresh Water
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Parameter Unit Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Control
Limits
water Water Water
Conductivity us/cm 940 6,600 1,250 1,680 -
Total
Hardness mg/L 330 910 335 435 <500
TDS mg/L 600 4,220 790 1,060 <1000
TSS mg/L 12 Nil Nil Nil 200
Sodium mg/L 58 1,200 120 200 -
Calcium mg/L 86 135 84 100 -
Magnesium mg/L 28 140 30 45 -
Potassium mg/L 3.42 9.3 8.58 7.66 -
Chloride mg/L 72 1910 170 390 1000
Arsenic mg/L Nil Nil Nil Nil 1
Bicarbonate mg/L 270 495 220 170 -
Flouride mg/L 0.07 0.12 0.06 0.09 10
Total
Bacteria
Count/mL 76 145 68 195 500
Total
Coliform
Count/mL Nil Nil Nil Nil 0
Feacal Ecoli Count/mL Nil Nil Nil Nil 0
Source: PRD Laboratory Report 876/2013-14
4.3 BIOLOGICAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
A range of natural resources including water, agriculture, forests (both terrestrial and
mangrove), livestock and rangelands, wetlands and fisheries exist in the Porali River Basin.
The natural resources suffer from lack of land use planning and over-exploitation, resulting
in degradation, affecting the subsistence and livelihoods of the local people. The poor
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management of flood flows has resulted in very little use for agricultural purpose and results
in damages to land, properties and human lives also. A lack of understanding, concern and
investment for sustainability is also prevalent. The recent trend of pumping out water for
cultivation of banana, other fruit orchards and vegetables is resulting in the rapid depletion
of ground water. While vast tracts of cultivable plain lands exist, water for irrigation is a key
constraint in the expansion and development of agriculture. In fact there is great potential
for sustainable water and agricultural development in Porali River Basin.
4.3.1 Flora
Four phytogeographical regions
have been recognized in Pakistan,
which help to explain the richness
of its flora. Balochistan occupies a
greater part of Saharo-Sindian
region and lesser contribution in
Irano- Turanian category. The
composition of, the Irano-
Turanian element is the most
common (46%), followed by the
Sino-Japanese (10%), Saharo-
Sindian (9.5%) and Indian (4.5%)
elements (Ali & Qaiser, 1986).
The vegetation of porali basin is
Saharo- Sindian type. The region
is recognized by the presence hot
deserts, semi deserts and
savanna. Overall species diversity
is generally low but better in the
relatively moist, deeply incised
mountain valleys and northern
slopes of mountains and higher
altitudes. The total number of
plant species so far listed in
nearby HNP is about 150. Several endemic species and species with limited distribution
belong to the genera Tamarix and Heliotropium.
Figure 4.6: Geographical Regions of the Area
Figure 4.7: Vegetation of Porali Basin
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Table 4.6: Cumulative Floristic list of Porali Basin
S.
No. Taxon Family Life form
Vernacular
name
1 Acacia nilotica Fabaceae Tree Babbur
2 Acacia jacquemontii Fabaceae Shrub Babbur
3 Acacia sengal Fabaceae Shrub Babbur
4 Prosopis cineraria Fabaceae Tree Kandi
5 Prosopis glandulosa Fabaceae Shrub Kandi
6 Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae Shrub Devi
7 Tamarix sultanii Tamaricaceae Shrub Kirri
8 Zizyphus nummularia Rhamnaceae Shrub Ber
9 Aerva javanica Amarantheaceae Shrub Gujo
10 Aerva psudotomentosa Amarantheaceae Shrub Gujo
11 Capparis aphylla Capparidiaceae Shrub
12 Capparis deciduas Capparidiaceae Shrub
13 Arthrocnemum indicum Chenopodiaceae Shrub
14 Haloxylon recurvum Chenopodiaceae Shrub
15 Suaeda fruiticosa Chenopodiaceae Shrub
16 Suaeda ferinosa Chenopodiaceae Shrub
17 Grewia domaine Malvaceae Shrub
18 Alhaji camelerum Fabaceae Shrub
19 Alhaji marorum Fabaceae Shrub
20 Salvadora oleoides Salvadoraceae Shrub
21 Salvadora persica Salvadoraceae Shrub
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S.
No. Taxon Family Life form
Vernacular
name
22 Heliotropium sp Boragenaceae Shrub Merin
23 Calligonum polygonoides Polygonaceae Shrub
24 Rhazya stricta, Apocynaceae Shrub
25 Euphorbia caducifolia Euphorbiaceae Shrub
26 Commiphora mukal Burseraceae Shrub Gugul
27 Inula montaine Asteraceae Herb Kulumurak
28 Inula grantoides Asteraceae Herb Kulumurak
29 Grewia tenex Malvaceae Shrub Chill
30 Phoenix dyctylefera Palmea Tree Khajoor
31 Leptadenia sp Apocynaceae
32 Lasiurus sp
33 Cymbopogon sp Poaceae Grass
34 Panicum sp Poaceae Grass
35 Cenchrus sp Poaceae Grass
36 Aristida sp Poaceae Grass Nadak
37 Chrysopogon sp Poaceae Grass
38 Sericostoma pauciflorum Boraginaceae Herb
39 Caragana polyacantha Fabaceae Shrub
40 Convolvulus spinosus Convulvolaceae Twiner
41 Fagonia Arabica Zygophyllaceae Shrub
42 Acacia rupestris Fabaceae Shrub
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S.
No. Taxon Family Life form
Vernacular
name
43 Astragalus sp Fabaceae
44 Salsola sp Chenopodiaceae Shrub
45 Nannorrhops ritchieana Arecaceae Shrub Mazri Palm
The terrestrial vegetation of Lasbela District mainly comprising of Porali basin is scanty and
consists of xerophytes including the thorny Euphorbia caducifolia, Caragana polyacantha, and
Convolvulus spinosus. Seasonal rivers, streams, and gorges as in the mountain areas of Hingol
National Park, and small valleys, such as Bilawal in the Pub mountains have patches of
vegetation including tree species. Their lifeline is rainwater or water springs. Fagonia arabica,
Acacia rupestris, Astragalus sp., Capparis aphylla, bushy and leafy Salsola spp., the stiff leaved
fan palm or mazri palm, and the rigid Tamarix spp. (kirri) also grow naturally in the district.
Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora), an exotic species that is bushy in shape, has spread over large
areas in the south-eastern parts of the district. These plants are exceptions in the prevailing
barren landscape.
4.3.2 Fauna
There is no specific study on the
composition of fauna in Porali basin, the
faunistic assessment often referred to the
information documented in the
Management Plan of Hingol National Park
situated relatively at closer location and
with similar physiographic features. The
exact expected assessment is likely far
less in the basin area obviously due to
intense routine human activities in the surroundings. About 30 mammal species were
reported from HNP, indicating that the park has a relatively high diversity of species given
its desert environment. However, the population of a number of species is critically low
including Wolf, Leopard, Hyena, and possibly Caracal and Honey Badger. The populations of
Chinkara are also vulnerable, and there has been no recent sighting of the Desert Wolf in
the park. The status of Urial, Chinkara, Desert Wolf, Leopard, Caracal, Hyena, Wild Boar, and
Honey Badger were suggested to be studied in more detail for having a realistic picture.
Based on information gathered a cumulative list of fauna has been prepared and listed
below.
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Table 4.7: Cumulative list of Fauna near Porali Basin
S.
No. Taxon Common name Life form
Conservation
status
1 Gazella bennettii Chinkara Mammals Key Species of
HNP
2 Capra aegagrus Sindh Wild Goat Mammals Key Species of
HNP
3 Ovis orientalis
blanfordi
Urial Mammals Key Species of
HNP
4 Panthera pardus Common Leopard Mammals Occasional
5 Felis chaus Jungle Cat Mammals Occasional
6 Felis libyca Desert Cat Mammals Occasional
7 Hyaena hyaena Striped Hyaena Mammals Occasional
8 Vulpes vulpes Desert Fox Mammals Occasional
9 Canis aureus Asiatic Jackal Mammals Occasional
10 Canis lupus Wolf Mammals Occasional
11 Manis crassicaudata Pangolin Mammals Occasional
12 Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard Bird
13 Pelecanus philippinus Spotted-billed Pelican Bird
14 Pelecanus crispus Dalmatian Pelican Bird
15 Ammoperdix
griseogularis
See-see Partridge Bird
16 Ardea goliath Giant Heron Bird
17 Dupetor flavicollis Black Bittern Bird
18 Gyps fulvus White-backed Vulture Bird
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S.
No. Taxon Common name Life form
Conservation
status
19 Aquila heliacal Imperial Eagle Bird
20 Falco peregrines Peregrine Falcon Bird
21 Pterocles coronatus Crowned Sandgrouse Bird
22 Falco naumanii Lesser Kestrel Bird
23 Falco concolor Sooty Falcon Bird
24 Pterocles lichtensteini Close-barred/
Lichtenstein
Sandgrouse
Bird
25 Francolinus
pondicerianus
Grey Partridge Bird
26 Burhinus oedicnemus Stone Curlew/Stone
Plover
Bird
27 Pseudibis papillosa Black Ibis Bird
28 Corvus ruficollis Brown-necked Raven Bird
29 Crocodylus palustris Marsh crocodile Reptile
30 Stenodactylus
orientalis
Sindh Sand Gecko Reptile Common
31 Rana cyanophlyctis Skittering Frog Amphibian
32 Bufo stomaticus Indus Toad Amphibian
33 Tor putitora Mahaseer Pieces
34 Scaphiadon irregularis Botchee Pieces
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4.3.3 Ecosystem Sensitivities
Based on physiographic features and the
hydrological regime, the area of Porali
River basin is broadly divided into Four (4)
major ecological zone.
1. Miani Hor (Near Ocean)
(Mangrove Forest)
2. Southern Zone
(Liari, Uthal and Lakhra Tehsils)
3. Central Zone
(Kanrach and Bela Tehsils)
4. Northern Eastern Zone
(Wadh and Khuzdar Tehsils)
4.3.4 Miani Hor
The mangrove ecosystem under consideration in this study is situated in MianiHor, a lagoon
situated approximately 95 km west of Karachi in Sonmiani Tehsil, Balochistan. There are
three villages in the area namely Sonmiani, Bheera and Damb. This tidal lagoon is about 50
km long and 20 km wide and its total area is 363 km2. The Porali River and its distributaries
drain into it. The lagoon changes greatly between high and low tides and typically the area
comprises of narrow twisting channels, with steep mud banks visible at low tide surrounded
by numerous flat islets of mud covered with mangrove trees. Aviciennia marina (local name
timmer), Rhizophorasmucronata (Kumri) and Ceriopstagal (Kain) are three common varieties
of mangroves present in the Miani lagoon. On this map dense mangroves are shown in
magenta, normal mangroves in green and sparse vegetation in orange color. The mangrove
area is estimated to be 3431.36 ha (representing 42 percent of the total cover in
Balochistan) out of which only 294.33 ha has been declared a Protected Forest and
transferred to Balochistan Forest Department in 1958. The rest of the mangroves are under
the jurisdiction of the Board of Revenue, Government of Balochistan (GoB).
Figure 4.8: Ecological Zone
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Figure 4.9: Distribution of mangroves in Miani Hor. SPOT 2003
The outfall of Porali usually brings marginal alluvium which contains significant amount of
salt as a washout of the neighboring areas. The soils are deep to moderately deep and
poorly drained, strong saline. The sub-soils ranges in color from Brown / dark brown to Dark
yellowish Brown. The pH of the soils ranges from 8.2 to 8.4. The estuary plains cover about
one third of the area under observation of this zone. The surface features dominates by the
sand dune shifts ; affecting the mangrove vegetation, this eoline deposition is mainly due to
high wind blow in the area, which is the characteristic feature of maritime desert climate.
The Porali River drains into the lagoon in the West. Flash floods are quite normal and even
moderate to slight rains heavily erodes the uncovered hill side and muddy banks.
Biodiversity of the zone:
The Hor is separated from Sonmiani Bay by a peninsula of Sand dunes. Two species of
Mangroves Aviciennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata can be seen around the eastern
side of lagoon. The first one is predominant as it occupies a larger area. Third species
Ceriops tagal has been sparsely scattered around the Site. In addition to the mangrove
growth, there are other types of vegetation, particularly grasses and shurbs along the beach
area prominent shurbs include Salsola barysoma, Abutilon indicum, Sericostoma
pauciflorum, Cressa cretica and Heliotropium undulatum Sparse growth of Tamarix spp.
Acacia senegal. A nilotica, Polycarpa carymbosa, Artiplex griffithi can be found inside the
coast line in Sand sheltered areas fed by seasonal rain water and run off. This area has been
identified with the reference of mangroves particularly Aviciennia marina, Rhizophora
mucronata and Ceriops tagal. This site is represented by three species of Mangroves as
mentioned above, growing naturally.
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The mangrove forest offers staging and winter area for migratory shore birds, flamingos and
pelicans. In addition, large flocks of little ringed plovers, sander lings, curlew, sand pipers
Caspian terms, herring galls, lesser black backed gulls and slender billed gulls can be
frequently seen. Turnstones and osprey are also commonly seen.
Description of Intervention Sites:
Geographically there is no proposed direct intervention in this area; however the area has
been assessed keeping in view of the Ramsar site, The improvement in Perennial and Flood
irrigation system will be a positive contribution in improving the ecosystem and also seen as
contributory factor to reduce pressure on single trade for earning their livelihoods i.e.
fishing.
Fishing is the main activity within this site. Mangroves are increasingly under stress by the
local inhabitants, to fulfill their needs for fodder and fuel wood. With increasing population
in the area, the foliar harvest cannot be sustained indefinitely without adversely affecting
the mangroves, affecting the productivity of the wetland. In the site area, reports of trash
fishing seem to have direct correlation between the fish meal facilities in the vicinity and the
availability of juvenile catch in the area.
The other major stress affecting the mangrove is the gradually filling of lagoon due to
increased rate of siltation. Absence of defined rainfall pattern in the area has converted it
into a mound of sand. Huge quantities of sand and silt are blown by the wind and deposited
into the lagoon, which is already incompletely flushed by sea water due to very narrow
entrance in the Hor area. Ephemeral flow of turbid streams and run off into the lagoon also
aggravate the situation. (Saifullah,S.M & F. Rasool 2002).
4.3.5 Southern Zone (Liari, Uthal & Lakhra Tehsils)
Southern Zone of Porali River Basin comprises areas of Liari Uthal and Lakhra Tehsils. The
area is a mix of waterlogged and saline lands and relatively developed farms with varying
range of agriculture, greatly depending on the availability of water in the system. This zone
has relatively dense human presence. The colour of sub surface soil changes from yellowish
brown to Dark yellowish brown. In some areas soil is pale brown. The land shows moderate
to extreme non-conducive conditions for vegetation growth, normally favoring halophyte to
dominate. The top soil has a lose binding ability, thus have potential to erode with a range
from 20-40%. Regarding surface water pH range is generally from 7.7 to 8.2. In some places
it increases upto 8.3 - 8.4, probably due to the presence of salt on the surface as a residue of
capillary action in sub surface water table. TDS range is from 500 mg/l to 800 mg/l. Surface
water is mostly used for irrigation and domestic purpose.
Biodiversity of the zone:
Mostly the vegetation has been seen on foot hills, rest of the area has been dominated by
sandy soil and often covered with pebbles. The vegetation represented by the grasses and
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shurbs sparsely distributed in the area. Representing a xerophytic set of flora such as
Euphorbia nerifolia, Caragan polyacatha and Convovolvulus spinusis. Acacia, rupestres,
Astragalus Spp, Capparis aphylla bushy and leafy Salsola spp, the stiff leaved fan palm or
Mazri Palm and the rigid tamarixs (kirri) also grow naturally in the district. The perennial
grass cover is not abundantly available. Cynodon daetylon and Saceharum Spp are found
along water channels or stream beds. Once occupied by the grass species like Cymbopogon
schoenanthus and Poa spp, the over use of many years accompanied by the absence of
reseeding, loss of top soil due to wind and water erosion and depletion of soil seed bank
have resulted in the replacement of palatable grass component by comparatively be less
palatable woody vegetation of Artemesia Sp. and Halotropium Sp. The situation has been
deteriorated to the extent that it may require a lot of resources and a time span for re-
introduction. Conservation of biodiversity and sustainability of forest do not receive any
consideration by the communities.
About 15 mammals species were reported from this region and its surrounding, indicating
that the area has a significant presence of diversity. However the population of a number of
species is critically low including for Hyena, Caracal, Honey Badger, Chinkara and Urial.
Description of Intervention Sites:
This zone represents number of proposed irrigation schemes under review; they are;
1. Titian Flood Irrigation Scheme ( Improvement proposed) Near Liari
2. Uthal Kantra Flood Irrigation Scheme ( Improvement proposed) Near Uthal
3. Phat Gidri Perennial Irrigation Scheme (Improvement proposed) Near Gidri In Lakhra
area.
Titian FIS has been located in the
surrounding of a flat plain area, the
soil is soft having a higher ration of
salt in it due to extensive rate of
surface and sub surface evaporation
and subsequent salt deposition due
to this activity. It was noticed that
the devastating hydro pressure have
eroded the concrete wall and
damaged the gates of the canal used to divert water from one course to another one, silting
of the channels further compounded the degradation of the system. There was no natural
canopy in the area and its surrounding, a very few patches of Prosopis juliflora can be seen.
The proposed improvement at Titian is likely to contribute positively in the economy of the
surrounding villages and also contribute in reducing devastation in case of flood, by easing
pressure on other infrastructure including sections of coastal highway coming under threat
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due to flood. It has also seen as a blessing to the people of Bheera village living very close
the mouth of Porali river in the mangrove areas.
Uthal Kantra FIS has been located very close to the established infrastructure; latest flood
left a devastating effect in the vicinity, the proposed scheme ihas been envisaged to
improve the flow of water in the waterways which has been predominantly covered with
the patchy growth of xerophytic life form present in abundance in the vicinity. The
dominating cover is Prosopis juliflora. The proposed intervention has been foreseen to ease
hydrodynamic pressure on built infrastructure and the surrounding settlements. There is no
apparent compromise on habitat destruction of any reported ecologically significant life
form.
The proposed perennial irrigation scheme at Phat Gidri area has been focused enhance the
coverage area for the available water in the channel, the area witnessed to have sizeable
agricultural developments, besides livestock as a supporting factor. The surrounding has the
presence of Acacia nilotica on the embankments of the existing channels, Prosopis juliflora
and Calotropis procera can also be seen at places. There is no apparent foreseen
compromise in the composition of life form in the area.
Figure 4.10: View of the Flood Irrigation Scheme at Uthal Khanta Bridge
Figure 4.11: Perennial Irrigation Scheme at Phat Gidri Area
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4.3.6 Central Zone Of Target Area (Kanrach & Bela Tehsil)
In Bela tehsil colour of soil is yellowish Brown to Dark Brown, while soil of Kanrach is
generally dark grayish Brown. Soil revolves in the texture from sandy loam to clay loam.
Some area clay percentage is relatively high. The pH of the area of Central Zone is 7.7 to 8.3.
From irrigation perspective, the soil of this target area offers relatively a good growing
condition for crops as well as shrubs, grass and range propagation. Most of the cropped
area, forest area and range area are temporary protected. Grass availability is exceeded
upto 60% in most of the area. Palatable shrubs and grass are present but not more than
generally 30%. Plantation of shrubs and grasses is 3 or 4 times more in centre of the area
compared to foot hills. Erodibility percentage surrounds around 20% which encourage for
more plantations on foothills.
Legally designated forest in Lasbella comprises of mostly tropical thorn forest followed by
rangelands. Conservation of biodiversity and sustainability of forest do not receive any
consideration by other communities. Forest management is exercised by the concerned
institutions through protection.
Biodiversity of the zone:
Mostly the vegetation has been seen in patches or clumps; rest of the area has been
dominated by soil and often covered with pebbles. The vegetation represented by few
grasses and mostly shurbs sparsely distributed in the area. The area has a xerophytic set of
flora such as Heleotropuim Sp, Grewia domaine and Alhaji camelerum. Salvdora oleoides,
Zizyphus nummularia, Suoeda sp, Acacia jacquemontii, Calligonum polygonoides, Rhazya
stricta, Aerva javanica and the rigid tamarixs (kirri) also grow naturally in the district. The
perennial grass cover is not abundantly available. Cynodon daetylon and Saceharum Spp are
found along water channels or stream beds. the over use of many years accompanied by the
absence of reseeding, loss of top soil due to wind and water erosion and depletion of soil
seed bank have resulted in the replacement of palatable grass component by comparatively
be less palatable woody vegetation of Artemesia Sp. and Helotropium Sp. The situation has
been deteriorated to the extent that it may require a lot of resources and a time span for re-
introduction. Conservation of Biodiversity and sustainability of forest do not receive any
consideration by the communities.
There is no authentic report about the fauna composition of the area, which is obviously
expected as low because of the human activities and other limiting factors. However,
common composition of avifauna can be observed easily.
Description of Intervention Sites:
This zone represents number of proposed irrigation schemes under review, they are;
1. Sheb Medan delay action dam proposed Near Kanrach
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2. Kharrari Dam Near Bela
3. Bhambari Dam near Bela.
4. Gandasha Perennial Irrigation
Scheme near Bela.
Sheb Medan is physically isolated by a
mountainous ridge, exhibit marginal
diversity coupled with the surface
covered with varying size of pebbles and
with harsh climatic representation;
however exhibit moderately developed
patches of vegetation dominated by Tamarix sp. Surrounded by Acacia nilotica Presence of
newly developed agricultural farm indicates the development trend in the area. A sizeable
group of sheep and goats were seen grazing in the area.
The proposed site for Khrrari dam is surrounded by a sizeable population pocket. The area is
subject to extensive mining and extraction activity of marble, granite and other mineral
resources, heavy vehicular movement is a frequent activity in the area besides other allied
work. The presence of vegetation was noticed in the proposed reservoir area and it
appeared to be a mono specific stand of Tamarix; however, few of the supporting flora can
also be noticed in the peripheries.
Bhambri Dam proposed site presents almost the same area dynamics as Kharrari, with a
slight deviation that the area has more evolved agricultural infrastructure, besides having a
promptly responding social outfit. They see the proposed intervention as an opportunity to
enhance their productivity. The dominant ground cover in the area happened to be
dominated by Tamarix Sp. and Helotropium sp. The area as expected was covered with
gravels and pebbles at the top. Presence of Tamarix indicates the level of waterlogging due
to the seasonal accumulation of water, in drought conditions the set of vegetation
represented in the area has a very smart mechanism to manage with the adverse conditions
like drought; in other words the flora present in such areas has simply exhibit wide
amplitude of tolerance against the odds.
Figure 4.12: A View of Sheb Medan
Figure 4.13: Proposed Site for Kharrari Dam
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The perennial irrigation scheme at Gandasha has been surrounded by the agricultural farms
showing extensive activity. The farms were surrounded by Acacia nilotica, appearing as
good wind breaker, the clumps of perennial grasses and patches of Calotropis procera . The
human settlements around the proposed facility were found engaged in agriculture and
livestock as supporting livelihoods.
The vision of the rangeland in the district is to enhance their productivity to their optimum
potential with investment in Range Improvement and grazing management. Improvement
in irrigation system has been seen as an opportunity to boost local economy and also ease
pressure on already stressed and resource hungry professions like fisheries and services.
This has also seen as enhancement in already existing livestock sector, and will promote
further improvement, the promotion of range land as a result of improvement in irrigation
system will also contribute in strengthening the biodiversity regime in the area.
4.3.7 Northern Eastern Zone (Wad And Khuzdar Tehsil)
The zone comprised of a mix of rocky and small patches of flat areas. The soil color of the
zone is somewhat different than other zones, due to geological formation. The volcanic
rocks are mainly basalt and include lava and coarse agglomerates. The sedimentary rocks
interlayer with the volcanic strata includes shale, marl, limestone and conglomerates. Due
to this geological formation, majority of soils contain higher percentage of clay. In some
places, silt loam and clay loam show its presence. The pH of the soil is found in the range of
8.0 to 8.2; offering moderately conducive environment for cultivation. The erosion rate is
higher as compared to other zones.
Surface water and ground water is sweet having pH range from 7.6 to 8.2. Presently
irrigation uses 30% to 45% which may be increased for agriculture, forest and range areas.
The cultivation is better in plain areas compared to foot hills. Presently the presence of
forest, range and grass availability is more compared to other zone. Presence of palatable
shrubs/grass is also significant.
Figure 4.14: Panoramic view of proposed facility at Gandasha
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Biodiversity of the zone
The area topographically dominated by hill tracts with small patches of soil covered with
xerophytic composition; rest of the area has been represented by soil often covered with
pebbles (a mixture of clay and rocks
as mentioned above). The vegetation
represented by few grasses and
mostly shurbs sparsely distributed in
the area. The xerophytic set of flora
has been mainly represented by
Grewia domaine and Alhaji
camelerum. Salvdora oleoides,
Zizyphus nummularia, Suoeda sp,
Acacia jacquemontii, Calligonum
polygonoides, Rhazya stricta, Aerva
javanica and the rigid tamarixs (kirri)
also grow naturally in the district. The
perennial grass cover is not abundantly available. Cynodon daetylon and Saceharum Spp are
found along water channels or stream beds. The zone represents a healthy size of palatable
grasses; Panicum Sp and Cymbobogon Sp. supported by Aristida Sp and Chrysopogm Sp.
The presence of Mazri palm on the rockey side of the zone has also been noticed.
There is no authentic report about the fauna composition of the area, which is obviously
expected as low because of the human activities and other limiting factors. However,
common composition of avifauna can be observed easily. The hilly area is likely to offer
refuge to other life forms; but there is no such report from the zone to be considered
significant.
Description of Intervention Sites:
This zone represents number of proposed irrigation schemes under review, they are;
1. Nimi Perennial Irrigation Scheme in
Khuzdar
2. Kud Dam in Khuzdar
A part of the area is under torrent -watered
cultivation. Nimi is a representative of that
definition. The farms were located in stream
beds and there seems a defined mechanism to
divert flowing water in the agricultural farms.
These farms were usually represented by a
range of strata, from tree, shrubs and herbs. Trees of date palm and Acacia can easily be
Figure 4.15: Mazari Palm
Figure 4.16: Frog in the Stagnant Water in Kud
Area
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recognized around the margins of these farms.
Figure 4.17: Panoramic view of Nimi Perennial Irrigation Scheme
The system of irrigation under torrent watered cultivation is unique system in this area. The
main sources of irrigation in the Khuzdar Tehsils (under study) are flood water and rain.
Other source of irrigation includes tube wells, wells and springs.
Kud Dam site represents a relatively captive area, with minimal human interventions; there
is a tomb of a lady in the area mostly visited by the women of the area to pay their homage
and respect. The vegetation was found in pockets and at places, does not show much
diversity and mainly dominated by Tamarix sp. However, Phoenix dyctylifera (date Plam)
and Acacia nilotica was also present in small patches. The area seems to have minimal
human interaction and not easily accessible. There is likelihood to find wildlife but we did
not see any clear indications like palates, droppings or any other significant indicators of
their presence; except we witness presence of frog in the stagnant water in Kud area.
Figure 4.18: Kud Dam Site
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4.4 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE
This section presents a demographic and socio economic profile of the project area, based
mainly on primary information, gathered through extensive field surveys.
The Socio Economic study has been conducted in the villages located along with the
proposed interventions. The study area includes human settlements and villages of Nimmi,
Kanraj, Bambri and Uthal etc.
4.4.1 Population
The inhospitable terrain and climate of the
Porali River Basin make for a small and
clustered population.
The Population of Lasbela District
according to 1981 census was 188,139
which increased to 312,695 in 1998 census.
The growth rate was 3.03 %. With same
growth rate the current population of the
district is estimated at 489,301. Although
only 30% of the Lasbela District is within
Porali Basin but it is estimated from the settlements in the district that at least 60% of
District population equal to 293,600 resides in the Porali Basin as both the major towns Bela
and Uthal along with most of the major settlements including Lyari and Lakhra are within the
Porali Basin.
The population in the Khuzdar District according to 1998 census was 417,466 and the
present population is estimated to be 659,935 on the basis of inter-census period 1981-1995
growth rate of 3.1%. Corresponding to share in total area, about 11% of this population
(72,600) resides in the Porali River Basin.
A small part of Porali Basin lies in Awaran District but almost all of this area is barren land
and no significant settlement exists in this area. Hence, there is no contribution of Awaran
District in the total Population of Porali River Basin.
According to Socio-Economic survey along with the proposed interventions, the population
of the project area, which is to be affected in the Lasbela District is around 57,000 people.
Most of the villages along with the proposed interventions are relatively small. The largest
settlements along with the proposed interventions actually located with the RCD highway
around population of about 3000-5000 people.
Table 4.8 below shows the population distribution along with number of houses in the
project area.
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Table 4.8: Population Distribution
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Population
No. of
Houses
1 Kohan Village
Bela
70 15
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth 50 10
3 Jani Village 500 50
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth 400 70
5 Kannar 550 80
6 Kundi 1,400 150
7 Kishari 2,500 275
8 Juman Bhit 2,500 175
9 Akri 400 40
10 Gajri Village 350 30
11 Seayan Goth 4,000 450
12 Soonari 900 100
13 Bara Bagh 2,700 350
14 Lungra Village 1,400 75
15 Gundacha Jagir 5,000 600
16 Jamali Goth 200 20
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj
30 5
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja 500 40
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth 2,000 150
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth 880 70
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth 400 20
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Population
No. of
Houses
22 Soomar Goth
Uthal
20 3
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth 70 10
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth 300 40
25 Kheer Golae 280 35
26
Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani
Goth 350 40
27 Khareri 180 18
28 Faqir Goth 120 12
29 Bashwani Goth 400 50
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1) 3,500 400
31 Tori Moza 2,000 250
32 Pir Goth 1,500 250
33 Muka Goth 2,000 300
34 Kandyaro Goth 3,000 300
35 Angario Goth 1,200 100
36 Khantra 1,000 300
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth 5,000 300
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth 500 50
39 Khan M. Goth 450 50
40 Soomar Goth
Lakhra
300 35
41 Khakhacho 1,000 200
42 Orki 600 90
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Population
No. of
Houses
43 Gajro Pat
Sonmiani
700 75
44 Damb 3,000 280
45 Liari Lairi 3,000 250
Grand Total
57,200 6213
Source: Field Survey
4.4.2 Tribes, Ethnic Groups, Languages, Culture and Decision Making
The social organization in the project area is tribal, and the social structure is patriarchal. All
the tribes other than Baloch and Brahvi, Med, Khoja and Hindus that have settled in Lasbela
are known as "Lasi". The principal Lasi tribes are only five in number: the Jamot, Roonjhas,
Sheikh, Angaria and the Burra. Together they are called the Panjraj and constitute a tribal
confederation. Under each raj is a large number of heterogeneous groups.
The Gunjas, Sinars, Sangurs, Burfast, Chhuttas and Khojas include the minor tribes. The Meds
are fishermen who live along the coast, mainly at Miani and Somiani. The Hindus are mainly
traders. They have also acquired land, by purchase or mortgage, which is cultivated by their
tenants. They are all of the Arora casts. The decision of the family head is final in all domestic
affairs and the tribal chiefs enjoy the power of decision-making at community and tribal
level.
Since the society is predominantly patriarchal, decision-making is in the hands of the males
and the decisions made are binding upon females. Women have no say in the decision-
making process, though in some urban families they have the right to give their opinion to
some extent. Society is structured on kinship bases and each group is attached to a
particular tradition, founded on different rules of social organization. Most of these have
undergone a considerable transformation over time.
The political organization is built upon two principals, hereditary authority and personal
bonds of allegiance in which protection is exchanged for loyalty. Many elected
representatives are tribal chiefs and Sardars.
The “Jam” occupies the highest position on the social ladder these days, followed by Jamots,
Roonjhas, Angarias and Burras.
The hierarchical system of authority goes downward from Sardar to the younger men in the
clan and family. The Sardar position is supreme. The Lasi tribes have an almost equal social
position, with the exception of the occupational groups, which have a higher status.
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Inter-marriages between different ethnic groups will create more co-operation,
understanding and socialization. Due to the development activities of government and
NGOs, the custom of co-operation is disappearing and being replaced by the activities of
government institutions. Women have no say in their marriages. Bride price is a social evil,
although it is disappearing among educated classes and urban dwellers. Women are very
much involved in their family and domestic activities, but have no major role and social
status in the society. Their activities are limited to domestic affairs only. In the town areas,
some families allow their women to express their opinion in family affairs. But it is very
limited. The change can be brought through education and communicational development
in the area. Women cannot play an important role in the society and cannot exploit her full
potential as long as they are segregated and secluded from the society.
Dominant Ethnic groups along with the proposed interventions are the Baloch, Barahvi and
Sindhi. As mentioned earlier, we have covered only Lasbela District of the project area,
according to that, around 75 pc of the population along with the project area surveyed is of
Sindhi Origin (Lasi) and remaining is the Brahvi (Kurd) Origin especially in Nimi Area.
There are various cast in Lasi (Sindhi) origin includes Jamot, Khaskheli, Sao, Sabra, Gonga,
Ronja, Buray along with the proposed intervention of Kanraj, Bambri, Uthal Khantra and
Kharrari-Lundha Dhora area. In Brahvi, there are various cast including Seyan, Bizinja and
Khosa living along with the proposed intervention of Nimi and Kanraj Area.
Table 4.9 shows the bifurcation of the ethnicity of the settlements located along with the
proposed intervention.
Table 4.9: Various Ethnic Groups
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Ethinicity
1 Kohan Village
Bela
Brahvi
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth Brahvi
3 Jani Village Brahvi
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth Bizinja (Brahvi, Kurdi)
5 Kann Brahvi
6 Kundi Brahvi (Seyan)
7 Kishari Brahvi (Khosa)
8 Juman Bhit Brahvi
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Ethinicity
9 Akri Brahvi
10 Gajri Village Brahvi, Lasi
11 Seayan Goth Brahvi
12 Soonari Brahvi
13 Bara Bagh Brahvi, Lasi
14 Lungra Village Brahvi, Lasi
15 Gundacha Jagir Brahvi
16 Jamali Goth Bizinjo
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj
Brahvi
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja Gorgej /Mirwani
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth Sindhi (Jamot, Khaskheli)
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth Sindhi (Jamot)
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth Jamot (Lasi)
22 Soomar Goth
Uthal
Jamot (Lasi)
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth Jamot (Lasi)
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Bareja (Lasi)
25 Kheer Golae Sabra (Lasi)
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga
Piprani Goth Gonga, Sabra (Lasi)
27 Khareri Lasi
28 Faqir Goth Sao(Lasi)
29 Bashwani Goth Lasi
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Ethinicity
31 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1) Ronja, Jamot, Khankeri, Buray
(Lasi)
32 Tori Moza Lasi
33 Pir Goth Lasi
34 Muka Goth Lasi, Brahvi
35 Kandyaro Goth Lasi, Brahvi
36 Angario Goth Lasi
37 Khantra Lasi
38 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth Lasi
39 Molvi M. Hassan Goth Jamot (Lasi)
40 Khan M. Goth Jamot (Lasi)
41 Soomar Goth
Lakhra
Baloch (Mehsar)
42 Khakhacho Baloch (Mehsar)
43 Orki Baloch (Mehsar)
44 Gajro Pat
Sonmiani
Lasi
45 Damb Lasi
46 Liari Lairi Lasi (Khaskheli, Angaria,
Baradia)
Source: Field Survey
4.4.3 Development Status, Potential and Poverty Situation
As a whole, the Lasbela district has a critical role for Balochistan. It accounts for 90% of
industrial output and 70% of revenue generated by the province. However, the industrial
activity is mainly concentrated in areas with closer proximity to Karachi (e.g. Hub Industrial
Area). While there is some industrial and commercial activity in the towns of Uthal and Bela,
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the study area potentially affected by the proposed project is generally devoid of any
industrial and major commercial activities.
However, in terms of development potential, this area could be ranked high. This is due to
its proximity to the port, availability of highways, and relatively encouraging record of
industrial areas located nearby. Especially marble industry, one of the few indigenous
industries of the province, could be developed in this region.
Lasbela attracts workers and migrants from all over Balochistan mainly because of irrigated
land and job opportunities in industries. To meet the growing demand for electricity and
water, the Government of Balochistan is working on a 50-megawatt power plant and supply
of additional water from Hub Dam – the lifeline for irrigated land and industries of Lasbela.
As mentioned above, being adjacent to Karachi, Lasbela is developing very rapidly. The area
has potential for agricultural, fisheries and industrial development. By developing the
industrial state of Uthal and Winder, the people of this area can become well-off, while they
currently live in poverty without basic facilities. The climate of the area is suitable for
livestock and poultry.
4.4.4 Economic Activities and Income Stratification
The main economic activities in the area are agriculture and livestock. This includes
cultivation of land, livestock grazing, reaping and harvesting of the produces and other allied
subsidiary occupations. Some of the population is engaged as unskilled labours in roads
construction works in B@R (Bridges and roads) and also house building and other
construction works. Some of the people of that area are also employed in Government
services and private sectors. Most of the people who live along with the coastline are
involved in fishing.
The basic income of 60 pc of the population, belonging to agriculture and allied occupations,
depends on the quality and quantity of crops harvested and the availability of water. The
average annual income per household in these villages is about Rs 160,000. This includes
income from livestock and agriculture. On an average, a household earns about Rs 45,000
from livestock each year. Household incomes from the sale of crops and seasonal
agricultural labor are about Rs 70,000. People involved in trade and business reported the
highest income, followed by those earning salaried income through government and private
jobs. Salaried employment often has a higher educational requirement, so the lower
employment in such positions indicates the low literacy level in this area.
4-36 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Income stratification
60%28%
12%
Agriculture
Livestock
Others
4.4.5 Livelihood Patterns and Activities
Agriculture and livestock are the prime livelihood resources in the project areas. This
includes cultivation of land and live stock grazing. Some people have their own shops. Some
have government jobs such as school teaching, police and levies etc. Some of the villagers
are found working as tenants on annual basis in this area. They have to pay approximately
half of the profit to their land owners. Women are generally responsible for daily household
work and also do light work on fields to assist their male family members.
In most of the area, generally the people are agricultural land holders. The area of land
possessed by an individual ranges between one acre to 100 acres. Land revenue department
has issued khasra (survey) numbers to the agriculture land holders of this area.
4.4.6 Land Statistics
Land is a major Natural Resource available in the Porali River Basin, including the Barren and
cultivable lands.
The upper part of Porali River Basin lies in the Khuzdar District and is among the most
disadvantaged area of Porali River Basin. Most of the land is locked within rocky hills, leaving
only little patches amenable to agricultural activities in Wadh and its surroundings.
A large area of the Porali River Basin in Lasbela District can be cultivated if water can be
provided for irrigation. Physiographical details of the project catchments area are stated
Table 4.10.
Figure 4.19: Income Stratification
4-37 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Table 4.10: Physiographical Details of the Project Catchments
S. No.
Sub Basin Name Total Area Boundary
Km2
Settlements Km2
Cultivation Km2
Barren Land/ Shrubs
Km2
Water Bodies
Road Network
1 Arenji Jhal Basin 695 1.15 0.46 674.47 19.38 -
2 Gajri Nai Basin 781 5.87 90.35 657.19 24.84 2.75
3 Kaniki Nai Basin 651 2.97 8.66 608.28 25.55 5.54
4 Khanko Nai Basin 659 3.06 12.75 619.96 17.25 5.98
5 Kharrai Nai Basin 1,706 13.93 38.78 1,606.10 42.97 4.22
6 Kud Basin 1,685 6 6.7 1,618.88 48.4 5.02
7 Kulri Nai Basin 711 4.37 14 652.49 33.51 6.63
8 Lakhra Basin 494 2.21 9.98 464.14 13.48 4.19
9 Lasra Dhorai Basin 418 2.11 - 405.11 5.38 5.4
10 Ping Jhal Basin 615 0.79 0.9 548.83 15.44 4.27
11 Tadar Kaur Basin 633 6 31.67 548.83 41.42 5.08
12 Tibbi Jhal Basin 1,545 0.71 - 1,609.67 31.06 3.56
13 Wad Basin Cultivation
1,023 9.42 7.66 974.91 22.21 8.8
Total 11,616 59 222 10,989 341 61
4.4.7 Land Tenure and Holdings
In this area of study, most of the land is owned by Land Lords. Major land tenure types here
are classified on the land ownership of the user of that land as follows.
Ownership: Ownership is the first tenure type in Balochistan. Private individuals and entities
can obtain freehold rights to land, and communal ownership rights are recognized under
customary law.
Lease/Contract: Term leases are common for parcels of agricultural land over 30 hectares.
Leases are for fixed rates, generally run at least a year and may have multi-year terms.
Leases may be written or oral agreements.
4-38 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Sharecropping: Sharecropping arrangements are common on small- and medium-sized
parcels of agricultural land (less than 30 hectares). Sharecropping arrangements usually
provide the landowner with half the production from the land; arrangements vary regarding
provision of inputs. Most agreements are unwritten.
Table 4.11 shows the land ownership of the user along the proposed interventions.
Table 4.11: Land Ownership of the User along the proposed intervention
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
Land Ownership of
the User
1 Kohan Village
Bela
Ownership
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth Ownership
3 Jani Village ShareCropping
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth Ownership
5 Kannar ShareCropping
6 Kundi ShareCropping
7 Kishari ShareCropping
8 Juman Bhit ShareCropping
9 Akri Ownership
10 Gajri Village Ownership
11 Seayan Goth ShareCropping
12 Soonari ShareCropping
13 Bara Bagh ShareCropping
14 Lungra Village Ownership
15 Gundacha Jagir Leased/Contract
16 Jamali Goth ShareCropping
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj
Leased/Contract
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja Leased/Contract
4-39 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
Land Ownership of
the User
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth Ownership
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth Ownership
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth Ownership
22 Soomar Goth
Uthal
N/A
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth N/A
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth ShareCropping
25 Kheer Golae Leased/Contract
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani Goth Leased/Contract
27 Khareri Ownership
28 Faqir Goth Ownership
29 Bashwani Goth Ownership
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1) Ownership
31 Tori Moza Ownership
32 Pir Goth ShareCropping
33 Muka Goth Ownership
34 Kandyaro Goth Ownership
35 Angario Goth Ownership
36 Khantra ShareCropping
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth Ownership
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth Ownership
39 Khan M. Goth Ownership
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
Land Ownership of
the User
40 Soomar Goth
Lakhra
Ownership
41 Khakhacho Ownership
42 Orki Leased/Contract
43 Gajro Pat
Sonmiani
Ownership
44 Damb N/A
45 Liari Lairi Ownership
Source: Field Survey
4.4.8 Land Use
Land is categorized by three major land uses i.e. privately owned land, grazing land and state
owned land. The local communities claim that these lands belonged to them and the
Government or Land Revenue Department has issued a Khasra number for their privately
owned land. However, people are allowed to use the grazing land and the state owned land
for various purposes.
The majority of the land in Porali River Basin area is barren, with only sparse shrubs or grass.
Only around 2% of the total land expanse of the proposed project area is currently under
cultivation, with most families owning only small pieces of land. The size of landholding,
along with environmental and climatic factors, keeps the incomes towards lower side. This
also inhibits any meaningful accumulation of capital, which is clearly evident from the
obsolete cultivation practices.
Cotton, Bananas, wheat, tir and vegetables are grown. Wheat and bananas are the main
commodities for household income. Small-scale mining is common in the tehsils of Bela and
Uthal. Other land use types include settlements (in the form of townships, market in Uthal
and Bela and villages), roads etc.
4.4.9 Agricultural Status
There is a vast potential of agriculture on land allocated along the proposed intervention.
The area along the left hand side of the RCD, going down to the Kud river, is relatively more
under cultivation but on the right hand side of the RCD, very small portion of the land is used
for agriculture because of water scarcity. Agriculture is heavily dependant on barani and
flood irrigation. Table 4.12 shows the agriculture status along the proposed interventions.
4-41 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Table 4.12: Agriculture Status along the Proposed Intervention
S.
No
Village / Settlement
Tehsil
Land Use for
Agriculture (acre)
Source of Irrigation
Crops
1 Kohan Village Bela 10 Flood Vegetables
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth
None N/A N/A
3 Jani Village 100 Porali, Tubewell
Vegetables, Guwar,Cotton
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth
60 Porali River Vegetables, Guwar,Cotton
5 Kannar 5 Flood Vegetables
6 Kundi 20 Flood Vegetables, Dates, Cotton
7 Kishari 100 Flood Vegetables
8 Juman Bhit 6 Flood Vegetables
9 Akri 6 Barani Jawar, Mong
10 Gajri Village None N/A N/A
11 Seayan Goth 20 Barani Vegetables
12 Soonari 8 Flood Vegetables, Wheat
13 Bara Bagh 25 Flood Cotton, Mong, Til
14 Lungra Village 7 Flood Vegetables
15 Gundacha Jagir 250 Flood Vegatables, Cotton, Mong
16 Jamali Goth 5 Barani Jawar, Mong
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj 15 Barani Gawar, Mash, Wheat
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja
50 Karez Wheat, Guwar, Mong
19 Muhammad Umar 1000 Karez, Wheat, Guwar,
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S.
No
Village / Settlement
Tehsil
Land Use for
Agriculture (acre)
Source of Irrigation
Crops
Jamot Goth Tubewell Mong
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth
30 N/A N/A
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth
100 Barani N/A
22 Soomar Goth Uthal None N/A N/A
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth
None N/A N/A
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth
200 Tubewell Vegetables, Wheat, Cotton, Jawar, Bajra
25 Kheer Golae 700 Flood, Tubewell
Vegtables, Wheat, Cotton, Mong
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani Goth
250 Flood, Tubewell
Vegetables, Wheat, Cotton, Til
27 Khareri 500 Barani Bajra, Jawar, Till, Mango, Cheeko
28 Faqir Goth 5 Barani Jawar, Gawar, Mong
29 Bashwani Goth 500 Tubewell Wheat, Cotton, Bananas
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1)
1500 Flood, Tubewell
Wheat, Cotton, Bananas, Vegetables, Jawar, Mong
31 Tori Moza 350 Flood, Tubewell
Cotton, Banana
32 Pir Goth 2500 Flood, Tubewell
Cotton, Wheat, Banana, Vegetables, Cheeko
33 Muka Goth 1000 Flood, Cotton, Banana,
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S.
No
Village / Settlement
Tehsil
Land Use for
Agriculture (acre)
Source of Irrigation
Crops
Tubewell Vegetables
34 Kandyaro Goth 1000 Flood, Tubewell
Cotton, Banana, Wheat, Vegatables
35 Angario Goth 1000 Barani Cotton, Jawar, Mong, Wheat, Vegetables, Arandi
36 Khantra 100 Tubewell Cotton, Jawar, Banana, Mong
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth
1500 Barani Jawar, Corn, til, Arandi
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth
None N/A N/A
39 Khan M. Goth None N/A N/A
40 Soomar Goth Lakhra 50 Barani Jawar, Mong, Til, Arandi, Gawar
41 Khakhacho 15 Barani Jawar, Arandi
42 Orki 250 Flood, Barani
Cotton, Jawar, Mong, Arandi
43 Gajro Pat Sonmiani None N/A N/A
44 Damb None N/A N/A
45 Liari Lairi 40 Barani Bajra, Jawar, Mong, Arandi, Wheat
Source: Field Survey
The major crops produced in the area are Cotton, Wheat, Jawar, Guwar, Mung Beans etc.
Also vegetables and fruits are grown in this area including tomatoes, onions, water melon,
bananas etc. Major crops of kharif and rabi season is identified in terms of area and
production. Major crops are wheat and cotton in kharif and rabi season.
There are four types of sources for irrigation: flood irrigation, barani, Tubewell and surface
water. The source of irrigation is summarized in the Table 4.12 along with the crops grown in
these villages.
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The Kharif cropping period in this area is from July to October, and the Rabi cropping period
in this area is from Nov to February. Mostly Cotton, Jawar, Guwar, Bananas are cultivated in
Kharif Season, while Wheat and vegetables cover up the Rabi Season. Table 4.13 shows the
approximate yield and price of maunds per acre of different crops.
Table 4.13: Per Acre Yield of Different Crops
Crops Yield (Maunds/acre)
Cotton 10-12
Jawar 7-8
Gawar 7-8
Wheat 15-20
Mong 10
Tomato 20-25
Banana 85-90
Source: Field Survey
4.5 LIVESTOCK
Despite the growth of the agriculture sector, the livestock sector has not lost its importance. It
is the second biggest sector after agriculture. The sector provides valuable food, such as milk,
meat, butter, cheese, ghee and curd. The nomadic population resides mostly in the northern
part of the district and it is mainly dependent on the livestock sector.
Women and children herd the animals. Women also help in feeding the animals at house if
fodder is available and look after the animals within the house. The work of the women and
children is considered family labour and is unpaid. The children who are involved in livestock
activities, are deprived of going to school.
Major Livestock present in this area comprises of goats, sheeps, cows, oxen, camels and
donkeys. Livestock growth, weight and reproduction depend upon the weather conditions and
availability of water in this area. In case of rain, the shrubs and pasture grow in the area,
improving the status and position of the livestock. The table below depicts the presence of
livestock in the potentially affected villages at a sub-basin level:
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
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Table 4.14: Livestock (Mature) & Poultry
S.
No. Sub Basin
Livestock (L.S)
Poultry Total Cow Goat Ox Donkey
Camel (M)
Camel (F)
Sheep Horse Total
1 Kharrai 359 591 0 0 0 0 91 0 1,041 735 1,776
2 Lasra 66 2,080 50 66 6 34 2450 6 4,758 260 5,018
3 Lakhra 269 1,354 30 44 11 39 535 0 2,282 1,000 3,282
4 Kud 185 3,400 158 360 6 86 750 1 4,946 1,150 6,096
5 Tibbi 99 465 0 18 0 5 152 0 739 140 879
6 Wadh 28 3,060 10 80 1 2 2200 0 5,381 250 5,631
7 Arenji Jhal 12 83 0 11 1 0 0 0 107 25 132
8 Taddar 173 1,065 8 4 27 0 0 1,277 440 1,717
9 Khanko 25 405 10 11 4 27 85 0 567 55 622
10 Gajri 215 855 22 5 18 10 89 0 1,214 375 1,589
11 Ping Jhal 160 90 0 19 6 2 295 1 573 160 733
12 Khaniki 38 240 8 4 0 12 0 0 302 111 413
13 Kulri 224 2,790 44 213 80 0 0 3,351 0 3,351
Total 1,853 16,478 340 835 377 6647 8 26,538 4,701 31,239
4-46 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Figure 4.20: Livestock Population
In the rural areas, livestock mortality rates are higher than in urban areas, due to lack of
awareness regarding the livestock diseases and non-availability of timely treatment.
Lasbela district has three veterinary hospitals: one at Bela; the other at Hub; and the third at
Uthal. In addition there are 16 dispensaries, two Artificial Insemination Centers (AIC) at Bela
and one Disease Investigation Laboratory (DIL) unit. In the past, veterinary services were
delivered free of charge. Now there are some nominal charges for treatment and
vaccination for livestock. The veterinary hospitals, dispensaries and mobile units of the
Livestock Department carry out a vaccination programme twice a year according to their
schedule. Vaccination facilities are available in the centres throughout the year. It has been
observed that animals suffer from various diseases due to unhygienic conditions. In case of
diseases of animals, women also take care of them by giving them domestic herbal
medicines.
4.5.1 Health Status and Facilities
As is common with the low-income communities in Pakistan, the health status of inhabitants
is poor. The most common diseases, as reported by the area residents during the survey are
tuberculosis and malaria in adults.
Health services are mainly provided through Civil Hospital, Uthal which is one of the largest
health facility in whole area and few civil dispensaries and private clinics are also established
in Uthal and Bela City.
The level of basic health facility in the remote areas is under developed. Only few Basic
Health Unit established in these settlements along the proposed interventions where three
male and one lady doctor is available. There are also a few civil dispensaries (CD) available in
these settlements.
In emergency situations, the villagers mostly take their patients to the towns of Uthal and
Bela. Private clinics are also established at Uthal and Bela which is almost at 25 to 30 km
40%
20%
15%
10%
10%5%
Goats
Sheeps
Cows
Camels
Donkeys
Others
4-47 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
distance from these settlements According to the local residents, the average expense on
medical treatment in these clinics excluding transportation cost ranges between Rs. 100-
500. Table 4.15 shows the health facilities in whole area.
Table 4.15: Status and number of Health Facilities in the area
S.
No Village / Settlement Tehsil No. of BHUs / CD
Distance from nearest health facility
1 Kohan Village Bela - 48 km to Bela
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth
- 48 km to Bela
3 Jani Village - 48 km to Bela
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth - 48 km to Bela
5 Kannar 1
6 Kundi - 35 km to Bela
7 Kishari - 35 km to Bela
8 Juman Bhit 1
9 Akri 1
10 Gajri Village - 15 km to Bela
11 Seayan Goth 1
12 Soonari - 15 km to Bela
13 Bara Bagh 1
14 Lungra Village 1
15 Gundacha Jagir 1
16 Jamali Goth -
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj - few kms to Sahib Khan Goth for BHU
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja - 1 km to Thana Kanraj for BHU
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth
1
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S.
No Village / Settlement Tehsil No. of BHUs / CD
Distance from nearest health facility
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth
- 3 kms to Umer Goth
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth - 3 kms to Umer Goth
22 Soomar Goth Uthal - few kms to Haji Mir Muhammad Goth for BHU
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth
1
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth
- few kms to Wayaro
25 Kheer Golae - few kms to Sukhan for BHU
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani Goth
- few kms to Sukhan, Bela and Uthal
27 Khareri - few kms to Uthal
28 Faqir Goth - 6 kms to Uthal
29 Bashwani Goth - few kms to Uthal
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1)
Civil Hospital, Clinics and Dispensaries are there
31 Tori Moza - No and few kms to Uthal city
32 Pir Goth 1
33 Muka Goth 1
34 Kandyaro Goth 1
35 Angario Goth - few kms to Uthal
36 Khantra - few kms to Uthal
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth
- few kms to Uthal
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S.
No Village / Settlement Tehsil No. of BHUs / CD
Distance from nearest health facility
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth
1
39 Khan M. Goth - few kms to Molvi. M Hassan Goth for CD
40 Soomar Goth Lakhra - 35 kms to Bela
41 Khakhacho - 12 kms to Bela
42 Orki - 15 kms to Bela
43 Gajro Pat Sonmiani - 30 kms to Winder
44 Damb 3
45 Liari Lairi 1
Source: Field Survey
4.5.2 Education Status and Facility
Formal schooling in Balochistan province is organised in a three stage system, namely
primary, middle, upper secondary or high school, and runs for a total of 10 years. The
primary education cycle is composed of six grades running from kachi (kindergarten) to
grade 5. The age of entry into the system is variable, ranging from age four to age eight. On
successful completion of all six grades, pupils are awarded the primary certificate. They are
eligible now to enter middle school which runs for three years from grades 6 to 8. This is
followed by 2 years of upper secondary or high school (grade 9-10) ending in matriculation
(Matric). Every school has a headmaster or headmistress and other teachers like a secondary
and primary school teacher.
The majority of primary school teachers are unqualified and untrained. Most of them remain
absent from their duties in this area. Primary school building consists of one to two rooms.
Sometimes school buildings are constructed on political basis and occupied by zamindar
(landlords) of the areas to be used as guest room. The majority of the schools do not have
proper sanitation facilities (toilets or safe water supply). Table 4.16 shows the number of
educational facility including primary, middle and high schools of these settlements along
the proposed interventions.
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Table 4.16: No. of Educational Facilities in the Settlements along the Proposed Interventions
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
No. of Educational Facility
1 Kohan Village Bela 0
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth 0
3 Jani Village 1
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth 1
5 Kannar 1
6 Kundi 1
7 Kishari 2
8 Juman Bhit 2
9 Akri 1
10 Gajri Village 1
11 Seayan Goth 3
12 Soonari 1
13 Bara Bagh 2
14 Lungra Village 1
15 Gundacha Jagir 4
16 Jamali Goth 1
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj 1
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja 1
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth 2
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth 1
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth 1
22 Soomar Goth Uthal 0
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth 1
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil
No. of Educational Facility
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth
1
25 Kheer Golae 2
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani Goth
1
27 Khareri 0
28 Faqir Goth 0
29 Bashwani Goth 1
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1)
3
31 Tori Moza 2
32 Pir Goth 2
33 Muka Goth 1
34 Kandyaro Goth 1
35 Angario Goth 2
36 Khantra 3
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth 1
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth 1
39 Khan M. Goth 0
40 Soomar Goth Lakhra 1
41 Khakhacho 0
42 Orki 0
43 Gajro Pat Sonmiani 0
44 Damb 6
45 Liari Lairi 3
Source: Field Survey
4-52 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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According to survey, around 50% of children are studying at primary schools located in these
villages. Some of the children even go to other village for primary education and Uthal and
Bela for Matriculation and Intermediate studies. Literacy rate is higher among youngsters as
compared to the elders.
Female literacy rate is almost zero among the elders. But the scenario has changed during
the past few years. Few girls primary schools are now established in these villages. A
separate primary school for girls was established in few villages of Kanraj. The study team
also noted that a few girls students of these villages also go to Uthal and Winder for
Matriculation and Intermediate Studies.
Similarly, there is a significant trend of religious education through madrassahs in these
villages. Some of the Madrassahs were established in Kanraj, Uthal, Bambri and Nimi Area.
4.5.3 Provision of Utilities
1. Electricity
Electricity is not a common utility in the project area. It is available only in most populous
settlements of the area including Uthal and Bela City and villages near to these cities. These
areas are the most populous settlements of the site. The electricity reaches to around 25%
of the project area. The Electricity is supplied by the Karachi Electric (KE). It is also be noted
that the few solar panels are also used in these settlements at prominent places of the
villages including Autaq, Mosque, Basic Health Unit etc. Table 4.17 shows the electricity
status in the settlements located along the proposed interventions.
Table 4.17: Electricity Status in the settlements along the proposed interventions
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Electricity
1 Kohan Village
Bela
No
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth No
3 Jani Village No
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth
Solar Power Used at prominent places
5 Kannar No
6 Kundi No
7 Kishari No
8 Juman Bhit No
9 Akri No
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Electricity
10 Gajri Village No
11 Seayan Goth No
12 Soonari No
13 Bara Bagh Available
14 Lungra Village No
15 Gundacha Jagir Generators
16 Jamali Goth No
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North Kanraj)
Kanraj
No
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja No
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot Goth
Solar and Wind Power Used at prominent places
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth No
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth No
22 Soomar Goth
Uthal
No
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth
Solar Power Used at prominent places
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim Jamot Goth Available
25 Kheer Golae Available
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga Piprani Goth Available
27 Khareri No
28 Faqir Goth No
29 Bashwani Goth Available
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri No 1) Available
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Electricity
31 Tori Moza Available
32 Pir Goth Available
33 Muka Goth Available
34 Kandyaro Goth Available
35 Angario Goth Available
36 Khantra Available
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth No
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth
Solar Power Used at prominent places
39 Khan M. Goth No
40 Soomar Goth
Lakhra
No
41 Khakhacho No
42 Orki No
43 Gajro Pat Sonmiani
No
44 Damb Available
45 Liari Lairi Available
Source: Field Survey
2. Fuel Wood
Unlike electricity, Sui Gas is also not available in any of the area around the proposed
interventions. People use wood from jangal for cooking purposes.
3. Potable Water Sources
The supply of drinking water in Lasbela district mostly along the left hand side of RCD is
generally the responsibility of PHED, though LGRDD also develops water supply schemes.
After completion of the water supply schemes, PHED will hand them over to the union
councils and town committees of the benefiting communities. The hand pumps provided by
the LGRDD are supplied on self help basis. The pumps are provided free of charge and
installation and maintenance costs have to be borne by the receiving communities.
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Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
The ground water potential in the district is good. PHED, the Local Government Department
and the district council are involved in exploring the ground water. The ground water sub-
sector has much potential in Uthal and Bela. Many tube wells are functioning in these areas.
In addition, Porali river basin has the potential of almost 155 cubic feet per second, which
can be tapped for agricultural development as well as water supply.
In remote areas, Women fetch water from long distances, the selection of sites for hand
pumps, water tanks etc. and in most of the remote area, Water is extracted from wells
through the use of ropes attached to pulleys, pulled out either manually or by camels or
donkeys. Donkeys and Camels are generally used to draw water from the dug wells due to
low water level. Also the people of this area are using water from chashma, porali river and
rain water storage. Table 4.18 shows the potable water sources of these settlements along
the proposed interventions.
Table 4.18: Potable Water Sources of Settlements
S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Water Source Potable
1 Kohan Village
Bela
Chashma
2 Abdur Rehman Nimi Goth Chashma
3 Jani Village Canal
4 Sordeer Bizinja Goth Porali River, Well
5 Kannar Porali River, Well
6 Kundi Porali River, Well
7 Kishari Porali River, Well
8 Juman Bhit Porali River
9 Akri Well
10 Gajri Village Well
11 Seayan Goth Well
12 Soonari Rain Water Storage
13 Bara Bagh Well
4-56 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Water Source Potable
14 Lungra Village Porali River, Well
15 Gundacha Jagir Porali River
16 Jamali Goth Porali River, Well
17 Abdul Wahid (Moza North
Kanraj)
Kanraj
Chashma
18 Karan Khan Gorgeja Well
19 Muhammad Umar Jamot
Goth
Well (Handpump & Tubewell water
supply)
20 Abdul Karim Jamot Goth Well
21 Raza Muhaamad Goth Well
22 Soomar Goth
Uthal
Durkan Nadi
23 Haji Mir Muhammad Goth Chashma, Well
24 Haji Muhammad Ibrahim
Jamot Goth Tubewell
25 Kheer Golae Well
26 Muhammad Yaqoob Gonga
Piprani Goth
Well (Tubewell and Hand pump of
Govt)
27 Khareri Tube well
28 Faqir Goth Well, Rain Water Storage
29 Bashwani Goth Tubewell (Govt. Supply)
30 Jamot Colony (Moza Marri
No 1) Tubewell (Govt. Supply)
31 Tori Moza Tubewell (Govt. Supply)
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S.
No Village/Settlement Tehsil Water Source Potable
32 Pir Goth Tubewell (Govt. Supply)
33 Muka Goth Tubewell (Govt. Supply)
34 Kandyaro Goth Tubewell (Govt. Supply)
35 Angario Goth Water supply from Uthal (Tubewell)
36 Khantra Tubewell and water supply from Uthal
Tubewell no.8
37 Sheikh Mitha Khan Goth Tubewell and water supply from Uthal
38 Molvi M. Hassan Goth water supply through atho dhoro
chasma, well
39 Khan M. Goth Chashma, Well
40 Soomar Goth
Lakhra
Potable water are fetching 4.5kms on
donkey
41 Khakhacho Tubewell
42 Orki Well, Rain Water Storage, Porali river
43 Gajro Pat
Sonmiani
Rain Water Storage
44 Damb Rain Water Storage, Tanker from
Winder
45 Liari Lairi Tanker/FC/FWO
Source: Field Survey
4. Sanitation
In the urban areas of Uthal and Bela sewerage systems are available. They cover 70 to 80
percent of the households in the Town Committee areas. In urban areas without sewerage
the dry pit system is used. In the rural areas most of the people go outside the house.
In urban areas, people throw their disposable waste outside the houses in dustbins from
where sweepers collect it. In rural areas no system exists for the disposal of solid waste or
waste water. Households manage the disposal themselves.
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Overall the sanitary conditions are not satisfactory. They can be improved only by the provision of more sanitation facilities and more clean water. Coverage of sanitation is very low, in particular in rural areas, and the provision of sanitation facilities is constrained by lack of resources, water supply, and institutional capacity.
4.5 Position, Role and Status of Women
According to the 1973 constitution passed by the National Assembly, all citizens have equal
rights. There is no distinction on gender bases. The state may, however, make special
provisions for the protection of womens and childrens rights. The labour law ensures the full
participation of women in all socio-economic sectors of life. According to the law, women
have the right to vote and to hold office. They also have reserve seats in the National and
Provincial Assemblies and local bodies. But constitutional guarantees of quality are often
superseded. In practice it is very difficult for women to uphold their legal and social rights, as
local customs and tradition often prohibit it. The position of women in district Lasbela is the
same as it is in other areas of Balochistan. Men hold a monopoly of economic and social
power. Tribal chiefs are always male.
The literacy rate among women is very low. This is due to socio-cultural values in the area.
However, in the urban areas an encouraging trend can be seen, in which parents take an
interest in their daughters education. The number of girls students has increased over the
last five years.
Medical facilities for women in the area are very limited. Women visit Pir and Molvies for their general treatment and call traditional birth attendants for the delivery of babies. Generally, women observe purdah, but in the rural areas poor women work in the field without observing it.
Violence against women in the district has been there, but it is never reported. Women
think that men have the right to harass and beat them so they do not seek any legal aid in
this respect.
4.6 Gender Mainstreaming
Being a male dominated society the women are given very limited choice in family and social
affairs.
In most of the social groups men hold a monopoly on power. All political and religious and
other social leaders are men. Denial of women rights in matters of property and inheritance
as recognized by Islam, is due to the cultural code of honor, stemming from the male value
system. It often entails subordination of women and seclusion of women from the social
order. In some cases, especially in religious families, women right of inheritance is practiced.
Women are rarely allowed to own productive assets such as land or livestock. And they
generally lack control over their labour and its proceeds. Moreover, their economic
contribution is discounted in most official statistics. The industries of Hub and Winder
employ some women, but they live in Karachi and come daily for their jobs.9
9 www.un.org.pk/profiles/lasbella.html
5-1 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water Resources
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
CHAPTER 5
STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The basic purpose of conducting the stakeholder consultation was to involve the important
stakeholders and local people into the process of project implementation and to incorporate
the appropriate environmental and social concerns into the process. Moreover, Pakistan
environmental Protection Act (PEPA) specifies that the stakeholder consultation process
shall be an integral part of this and thus makes it mandatory. This section presents the
essence of the stakeholder consultation process carried out for the proposed project.
5.2 OBJECTIVES
Basic objective of this activity is to have on board the project affected peoples (PAPs),
interested non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and related institutions through:-
Creating awareness about the project including its impacts
Mustering their support for the project
Involving them in the process of determining the right direction for area development
Relevant guidelines of WB prescribe that the affected population and institutions should be
fully informed by disclosing the information relevant to the project impacts, the proposed
policy of mitigation and compensation options. Consultation with PAPs is, therefore, the
starting point for all these activities to allay misgivings and apprehensions about the project
and elicit their acceptability, ensure their participation in planning and implementation and
provide them with opportunity to participate in key decisions that will affect their
livelihoods.
5.3 STAKEHOLDERS IDENTIFICATION
The literature identifies many techniques for stakeholder identification and analysis. The
academic debate of advantages and limitations of each such technique is beyond the scope
of this assignment. This approach was selected because of the similarity of project site in
terms of existing natural resources and most of the socio-economic parameters.
The approach adopted by the consultants consists of the following steps:
Step 1– List the various resources (natural and otherwise) within the site or in close
proximity of proposed project area e.g. mangrove, fish stock, navigational
channel etc.
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Step 2 – List the functions and uses for each of the resources.
Step 3 – Identify the groups and actors that have a stake in each of the functions and
uses of the various resources by asking the following questions
Who uses / provides the resource(s)?
Who benefits from the use of the resource(s)? Who wishes to benefit but is unable to do
so?
Who impacts on the resource(s), whether positively or negatively?
Who has rights and responsibilities over the use / provision of the resource(s)?
Who would be affected by a change in the status, regime or outputs of proposed project
area and its management?
Who makes decisions that affect the use and status of the resource(s), and who does
not?
These questions were answered using field observations, discussions with key persons,
literature reviews and personal experience.
In doing Step 3, it emerged that a number of the same stakeholder (groups) is relevant for a
number of the functions and uses. This allowed the consultants to begin to see the
interconnected groups and stakeholders that have an important stake in the site or area.
By the end of this exercise, a table was developed with the resources on the left hand column, and a list of stakeholders and any other comments in another column as shown.
Table 5.1: Identification of Stakeholder
Resource Stakeholders
Mangroves Environmental Protection agency
Nature conservation NGOs; Academia
Forest department
local communities
Waterways local fishermen, Irrigation Department
local communities
Marine Fisheries department, Pakistan NAVY
EPA
Beach Local fishermen
Community at large
5-3 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Resource Stakeholders
Land Local communities in agriculture and related business
Agriculture Department Govt. of Balochistan
Irrigation Department; Balochistan Coastal Development Authority
Livestock Department
Local Government and NGOs
Crops and Vegetation
Provincial Forest Department
Agriculture Department Govt. of Balochistan
Irrigation Department; Livestock Department
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
local communities
Access Roads local communities
Live Stock local communities, livestock department
Potable water local communities, Public Health Engineering Department
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences
Fire Wood Provincial Forest Department
Community at large
5.4 STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
5.4.1 Organization and Composition
Typically, stakeholder consultation is an expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore,
most literature on the topic suggests to classify and categorise them, so that more focus
could be paid to the more important entities.
For this project, the stakeholders can be classified into two broad categories; i.e. Internal
stakeholders who enjoy legal contract (in any form or at any level) with World Bank (the
project proponents), and External stakeholders who are made up of other individuals,
groups or parties that have a interest in the project but are not contractually obligated in
any way or form.
5-4 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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The approach adopted by NEC for identification and classification of the project stakeholders
is based on a tailored form of Winch Matrix. This approach is being used for its simplicity,
and its relevance for the situation at hand. The consultants first developed a blank format of
a matrix containing 08 cells. For the internal stakeholders, the cells are based on the type of
envisaged relationship (supply / demand), and the potential of influence (Direct / Indirect
stake). For the external stakeholders, the cells are based on stakeholder origin (public /
private) and again on their potential of influence. Once the matrix structure is created, each
cell is filled with potential stakeholders’ names.
Table 5.2 maps and classifies the envisioned Porali River Basin Project stakeholders
Table 5.2: Classification of Porali River Basin Project Stakeholders
Internal Stakeholders External Stakeholders
Demand Supply Public Private
Direct stake / Primary Stakeholder
Local Community, Balochistan Irrigation Department
EPA Agriculture Department,
Forest Department
Land & revenue Department; Environment Department; Pakistan Navy / Town / UC Nazim
Fishermen and Farmer of the area; Other communities living or doing business in the area
Indirect stake / Secondary stakeholder
Service Providers for this project (technical vendors, labor force, consultants) World Bank and other project financiers
Fisheries Department; Wildlife Department;
Livestock Department,
Lasbela University of Agriculture, Marine and Water Sciences Zoological Department
IUCN, Consumers of the project output,
5.4.2 Public Consultation in Field
This activity was initiated by the consultants during April – May 2013 along side the socio-
economic survey. The consultation was done through meetings in 46 potentially affected
villages. Mostly people who were consulted included village elders, school teachers /
government employee living in a particular village, or owner of a reasonable size of land. All
the villages visited and consulted are located in the Bela district; no village in Khuzdar or
Awaran district was covered due to security situation.
During the first phase of consultation, it was realized realization that among Potentially
Affected People (PAPs), there prevails either unawareness or an ambivalent attitude
towards proposed development schemes. There seemed slight disapproval at some
instances, possibly due to the fear of relocation.
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During field activity, the team had discussed the basic requirements, requests, views and
perceptions with the local residents of these settlements about this project. Following
opinions were shared by the people of respective areas.
Local residents have a very encouraging opinion regarding this activity, they are very
positive about the project as they assume that it will provide not only water for
irrigation purpose but will also improve their quality of life, monthly income, live stocks,
infrastructure like roads etc. However, some of them had reservations as they thought,
these structures will only benefit some influential persons of the area as has happened
in the past, e.g Gijri Dam, which was constructed only for benefiting the lands of a local
Sardar. According to people of Shadi Village, Gijri Dam only serves the Sardar’s land,
causing injustice in water distribution, without any compensation for displacement of
resident.
Some people had concern regarding design or modification in the existing structures like
Trifurcation at Lakhra. They thought that trifurcation structure should be constructed 3
ft below the ground level instead of 3 ft above as proposed by the irrigation department
to fulfill their needs of irrigation water.
Some of the villagers from Ganda cha village raised their concern about the ground
water depletion. According to them, if the major amount of water is utilized in the
upstream areas, then the ground water in the downstream areas will be decreased. It
was suggested by the villagers that appropriate measures should be taken to solve with
problem.
Some people showed their interest in the rehabilitation of existing structures like Liari
existing weir, which is constructed on Titan khore. By the passage of time, it is nearly
ruined due to the negligence of concerned department. The situation is creating drought
condition in Liari and its surrounding.
Many people showed their concerns about the implementation of the project. They
were skeptic about the performance of Government departments, and said that many
plans are made but nothing on ground takes place.
5.4.3 Consultation with Institutional Stakeholders
Besides consulting with the people living in or around the sites that are potentially affected
by the project, the consultants also met the major institutional stakeholders, including the
Government line departments and the NGOs working in the area. The proponent of the
project, i.e. BSSIP, facilitated the consulting team by sending out a letter to all concerned
departments, and also helped in getting appointments.
Brief account of the discussion during these meetings is given in the following:
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Mr. Farooq Khajjak – Procurement Engineer BSSIP, Irrigation Department
The EIA team met Mr. Khajjak in his office on 8th April, 2014. Main ideas shared by him are
listed below:
Top priority must be given to preserve perennial water sources.
Traditional Karez system has largely been replaced by Tube-wells. This transformation
has many downsides: firstly, tube-wells take up energy; secondly, it is leading to
unsustainable groundwater use leading to groundwater depletion; and thirdly, this
practice socially leads to individualism as opposed to community ownership intrinsic in
the Karez system.
Dam should be for irrigation purposes, especially in case of Baluchistan. Power
production is not an option.
Ground water recharge will probably not be a significant result of the proposed project.
Dam command area development should be taken into account and properly planned.
Mirani dam is an example of wasted resources because it is a dam without command
area.
Inter-department coordination is necessary for the success of this project. The irrigation
department has deputed people from forest and agriculture departments in BISSP so far.
Mr. Khajjak inquired about relevance of Fisheries Department as stakeholder for this project.
The EIA team responded that where Porali river drains into the sea, there is a significant
population of fishermen, and also sizeable commercial fishing activity. Therefore, fisheries
department is a legitimate stakeholder.
Mr. Nasir Khan Kashani – Director General EPA Baluchistan
The EIA team met Mr. Kashani in his office on 8th April, 2014. Team briefly explained the
proposed project to Mr. Kashani. He took special interest in the proposed locations of
various interventions.
Main ideas shared by him are listed below:
Mr. Kashani welcomed the development of
Baluchistan. However, he said, the
development should also take into account
the sensitivities of indigenous ecosystem,
and should not result in unsustainable
harvesting of any natural resources.
He specially emphasized that
groundwater recharge is a necessary
thing, and the project is likely to have this positive impact. The project design should
consider to enhance this positive impact to maximum possible extent.
5-7 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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He stressed that the project environmental report should take into account any possible
impacts on Hingol National Park. The EIA team explained that the project influence is not
likely to expand to Hingol National Park.
M. Kashani stressed that the impact of the proposed interventions on the downstream
flows into the Arabian sea should be studied minutely, as the river drains into a Ramsar
site i.e. Miani Hor.
Finally, Mr. Kashani emphasized that there should be a strong monitoring arrangement
post project. He said that the EPA will check it and ensure that proper monitoring is
carried out, so that there is no inadvertent environmental damage caused by the
project.
Mr. Zeeshan ul Haq – Secretary Fisheries & Baluchistan Coastal Development Authority
The EIA team met Mr. Zeeshan ul Haq in
his office on 8th April, 2014. EIA team
briefly explained the proposed project
to him with the help maps and other
relevant documents. Main information
shared and concerns raised by him are
the following:
In his opinion, Porali is not a river in the
strict sense of the word; rather it is a
small stream.
Main stake of fisheries department is
close to the proposed intervention at Titian; and towards the tail-end where Porali drains
into the Arabian Sea.
According to him, the interests of fishermen are three pronged, in that order of priority:
clean drinking water; fresh water flows; and perennial flows. The proposed project would
regulate the flows and hence likely to improve the situation from the current ephemeral one
to a quasi perennial one.
However, a more pressing requirement is of fresh water, not only for the downstream
ecosystem, but also for the sprawling anthropogenic activities in the area. He informed that
the fish meal factories have gone up from 02 a few years back to 17 now. He also informed
that Damb is an important landing site for shrimps and fish; one of the 08 landing sites on
Baluchistan coast. It is a permanent abode of fishermen community. Its population size
swells during the fishing season, when people from outside the area – and even from
outside the province – come here for economic reasons. He said that freshwater
requirement for ecosystem, domestic consumption and industrial / commercial use has to
be taken into account. He also sees the proposed project as an opportunity to ease the
burden on fishery sector in terms of offering a relatively diversified availability of trade,
5-8 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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particularly agriculture and livestock, which potentially reduces the juvenile catch of fishes
for fish meal.
He recalled that the floods previously caused damage to the Makran Coastal Highway to the
extent of around 9 km. one reason was that the existing Titian FIS was not working properly.
Therefore, rehabilitation and improvement of this structure will help sustain the
infrastructure as well.
He proposed that the project should consider to include a water storage and distribution
system for fishermen, along the same lines as is done in Gwadar and Jeevani.
He also advised that the project could also identify potential aquaculture sites upstream, for
example the proposed dam at the Kud river, in order to partially shift the burden from catch-
culture. He further advised that the project should not result in reduction of coastal
vegetation cover. He emphasized that reduction of coastal erosion potential is a definite
positive of the proposed project.
Mr. Inam Ullah – Director Planning (Agriculture Irrigation & Extension Department)
The EIA team met Mr. 5-8na mullah in his office on 9th April, 2014. EIA team briefly explained
the proposed project to him with the help maps and other relevant documents. Main
concerns raised by him related to inter-department coordination. He was of the opinion that
Irrigation department must be more forthcoming in sharing their plans with all other
departments. He advised that the project must consider the climatic factors, so that the
ultimate objective of improved agricultural productivity could be obtained.
He also shared the limitations of his
jurisdiction to effectively convince the
farmers particularly in some of the pockets of
the proposed project area to adopt farming
of less water intensive crops, he identified
the social setup of the area playing a leading
role for such deviation from the demand.
He suggested that the Irrigation department,
being the proponent of the project, must hold
a meeting of various line departments and
give a detailed presentation to all concerned, so that every department could know its role
in the proposed project and hence all could contribute to it jointly.
5-9 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Mr. Abdullah Shah – Chief Engineer South, Irrigation Department
The EIA team met Mr. Abdullah Shah in his
office on 9th April, 2014. EIA team briefly
explained the proposed project to him
with the help maps and other relevant
documents.
He informed that Gandacha dam is being
recharged by precipitation. It is part of the
Porali basin.
He suggested that a better option could be
to build a large dam on Porali at Nimmi. He
has previously recommended it to the
concerned authorities. He is of the view that such large dam will basically serve all the
purposes currently envisaged from any delay acton dam, check dam or flood protection
arrangement. Such large dam would store enough water which could then by supplied for
irrigation through pipes. This will also ensure elimination of flood damages downstream. He
added that the ancillary infrastructure with a large dam would also serve the area that is
currently under-developed in terms of infrastructure. Whatever infrastructure is there, is
also prone to destruction by flash floods.
Mr. Akhter Bazai – Chief Conservator Forests
The EIA team met Mr. Bazai in his office on 9th April, 2014. He was assisted by the deputy
conservators and other staff of forest department. EIA team briefly explained the proposed
project to them with the help maps and other relevant documents.
Mr. Bazai strongly supported the project and even recommended adding further check dams
and delaying action dams at Uthal and
Bela. He lamented that currently there is
almost no provision to use the floodwater
of Porali. Since there is almost no delay or
storage arrangement, the floodwater
could not be used for rangeland
development or raising plantation. Once
flood is controlled and plantation is raised,
it will enable a continual cycle of flood
control and sustainability of proposed
intervention by creating positive inter-dependencies.
He recalled that the rains of June 2013 caused quite devastating floods. People were
stranded for almost 15 days because the infrastructure was damaged. Such type of
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interventions will have a direct advantage by protecting the infrastructure, besides the
obvious advantages of water management.
He expressed willingness by the forest department to develop the rangeland as soon as the
water storage arrangement is there. He also instructed his staff to ensure appropriate
plantation at all the streams and distributaries embankments of the proposed scheme.
Dr. Noor Ahmed Baloch – Livestock Department
The EIA team met Dr. Baloch in his office on 8th April, 2014. Dr. Amjed was also present. EIA
team briefly explained the proposed project to them with the help maps and other relevant
documents.
Dr. Baloch supported the idea of the project in a long term manner. He was of the opinion
that more consistent availability of water
would lead to better availability of nutrition
to the livestock through rangelands. This
would, in turn, lead to better livestock
productivity both in terms of quality and
quantity.
The livestock people recommended that the
project should also encourage and promote
fodder crops at its operational stage. They
were of the view that livestock dispensary and model dairy farm should be considered as off-
farm components of the integrated agricultural development of the area – expected to
result from the implementation of proposed project.
Mr. Jahanzeb – Coordinator Coastal Association for Research & Development
The EIA team met Mr. Jahanzeb in his office on located in Winder. Mr. Abdul Qayyum was
also present. EIA team briefly explained the proposed project to them with the help maps
and other relevant documents.
Coastal Association for Research & Development (CARD) is a community based non-
government and non-profit organization. It was established in 2002. It is a community
focused organization working to strengthen ultra-poor people in the coastal areas,
particularly in Lasbela and Gwadar districts of Baluchistan.
CARD had been identified by the EIA team to be an effective representative of area people,
specially those from the fishermen community. CARD members shared their views about the
development potential of the area. They informed that the fishermen community is now
much more aware about the harmful effects of unsustainable fishing methods, but economic
pressures may still sometimes force them into such practices. They were of the view that the
project might help in eradicating abject poverty in the fishermen community by providing
them freshwater on a more regular basis and also by ensuring minimal flood damages.
5-11 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Mr. Tahir Qureshi – IUCN
The EIA team met Mr. Tahir Qureshi in
his office in Karachi on July 11, 2014. Mr.
Qureshi is amongst the most authentic
experts on mangroves in the region. The
purpose to meet him was to confirm the
validity of the positive perceptions about
the project benefits shown by the people
of project area. EIA team briefly
explained the proposed project to them
with the help maps and other relevant
documents.
Mr. Qureshi has been working on the mangrove ecosystems of the coastal belts of Pakistan
since a very long time and is well versed with the ecosystem sensitivities of Miani Hor. He
also contributed in getting Miani Hor the status of Ramsar Site. He informed the EIA team
that the Ramsar site actually consists of Sranda Lake and the Miani lagoon jointly. Siranda
lake used to form a natural storage for monsoon flood waters around quarter of a century
ago. However, with development of infrastructure upstream, specially around the RCD
Highway, the lake stopped receiving flood waters and now it is practically dry. Even when
there is water, it is sea water.
Mr. Qureshi was of the view that the existing water flow regime is not significantly
supportive for the mangrove ecosystem. A major share of water comes in sporadic bursts
within very short time spans, while the life forms have to survive without fresh water for the
remainder of the year. As is the case with Indus delta, rather than flash floods, more
regulated flow is required.
Mr. Qureshi informed that there could be three major beneficiaries of the regulated water
supplies, namely: mangroves; agriculture; and freshwater fisheries. He emphasized that
regulated hydrology regime will be more beneficial for the overall ecosystem health, even
with reduced total quantity of water, than the current erratic regime.
5.4.4 Public Consultation Workshop
The EIA team had previously requested CARD to arrange a meeting with the local community
representing people from all areas and all walks of life. CARD, along with another CBO
DAWN, arranged the requested meeting in Winder on March 19th, 2014. The purpose of this
meeting was to present the salient features of the proposed project, and the progress of the
environmental study to the public stakeholders.
The meeting was attended by more than 50 members of local community. They represented
people belonging to agriculture as well as fisheries and other professions. The participants
included Vice Chairman of the Landowners Association, President Dawn Welfare
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Organization, Coordinator CARD, general councilor of the area etc. The attendance list of
participants is attached with this report as Annexure – 4
Engineer Muhammad Ali Daudpota
presented the salient features of the
project, while Mr. Rafiul Haq informed the
participants of the progress of EIA. He has
had vast experience of working in the area
of proposed project from the platforms of
IUCN and WWF, and therefore knows the
local issues and problems very well. The
participants agreed whole heartedly when
he suggested that lack of water storage and
management is rather a bigger problem in
the area than the actual availability of water.
The main points raised by the participants
during the discussion are summarized in
the following:
The project should plan ahead for at
least 20 years. Our area is suffering
from ad hoc development as much as
from no development.
The communities have no issues with
the concept of dams; but the issue is
with the design. Flawed designs of such schemes have in the past not only resulted in
public money, but have also caused havoc to the local population.
Spillway of the dams should be very properly planned. Material and planning should be
of best quality. Dam height should be optimum.
Spillway water may support fishing and agriculture.
People living close to the proposed intervention sites will be the major beneficiaries. It
should be ensured that those living at a distance also benefit from it.
Dams will also help in reducing flow of debris into the sea. However, water calculation
should be rechecked before going ahead with the project.
Dams will also support groundwater recharge. In this regard, engineering design of the
project should expand this benefit to the maximum possible area.
Independent monitoring mechanism should be put in place for the project.
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The project will have no direct benefits for Winder. There should be some component to
this end. Winder river has better flow than Porali river. There were some structures
previously built, but now they stand completely destroyed.
Mr. Abdus Sattar Angaria, Mr. Abdul Hafeez Angaria, Haji Abbas Mahigeer, Nabi Bux Angaria,
Wadera Suleman, Taimur Hamza and others spoke on the occasion. The forum unanimously
supported the project.
It is evident that the agricultural activity will have direct benefits from the project, and
therefore, landowners and peasants are in favour of the project. However, one key feature
of the forum was that the people engaged with fishing trade also supported the proposed
interventions. Fishermen community residing very close to the Porali mouth supported the
proposed project because they felt that the intensity of damage due to ephemeral flow is
likely to reduce if the flow is made into a regulated perennial type. Further, it will also help
reduce the amount of silt at the river mouth and the lagoon.
5.4.5 Continual Engagement with Stakeholders
Notwithstanding the efforts so far put in for public participation, this activity will have to be
pursued through the forthcoming implementation phases of the project. In particular, the
focus will be on the improvement and modification of the proposed intervention designs.
Participation mechanisms facilitate the consultative process and include information sharing
and dissemination, disclosure, and participation of affected people and other stakeholders in
the project related activities. In the peculiar social set-up of the project area, it is also
important to involve the religious leaders as representatives of the public as well as part of
effective communication process. They can provide a very effective medium to bring
information to the affected male population through Friday prayers. Local business
community, specially the affected one, should also be brought into the process of awareness
and participation.
The related institutional arrangements should also be in place for continuous consultation
throughout the process of planning and implementation.
6-1 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
CHAPTER 6
POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATIONS
This chapter identifies the significant potential environmental, socio-economic, health and
safety impacts which may occur during the project life. The appropriate mitigation measures
are also discussed in this and the subsequent chapters of this report.
A brief qualitative description of each aspect and the affected environment is presented in
the following sections.
The term “Environmental Impact” or simply “Impact” covers the negative, adverse or
harmful as well as positive, desirable or beneficial impacts of the project on environmental
settings. Prediction of impacts of the proposed activity is based on factual data; however,
the significance of these impacts involves a value judgment technique. The nature of the
impacts may be categorised in terms of:
Direction - Positive or Negative
Duration - Long or Short Term
Effect - Direct or Indirect
Extent - Wide or Local
Impact significance depends on both the nature of the impact and on the sensitivity of the
receptor. The more sensitive the receptor the greater will be the significance of impact of
that change. For this EIA Report, nature of change is combined with the sensitivity of the
receptor to evaluate the significance of the impact. The significance of impact is
characterized as very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Environmental issues of
“moderate”, “high” and “very high” significance would be provided with mitigation
measures.
For identification of potential impacts of the project, screening of activities causing impacts
had been carried out in different phases of the project life. In the impact assessment
exercise, major project activities with their associated environmental issues were identified
and then their impacts on the relevant physical, biological, and socio-economic elements of
the area were evaluated.
The major subprojects and technical components of the project have been listed in Chapter-
2. In broader spectrum, the project activities could be categorized in the following three
components:
Planning & Design Stage
Physical Intervention Stage
Operations Stage
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Environmental issues and the assessment of their impacts are presented in the following
sections.
6.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The proposed project activities for the PRBDP are generally designed to improve catchment
management of the Porali River Basin. The Project is designed with environmental
sustainability in mind for all components and activities. The environmental impacts of
improved coordination in basin water resources management, watershed management,
improved climate resilience, and ecosystem improvements are expected to be highly
positive overall; likely environmental and social benefits include reduced soil erosion and
land degradation, reduced risk of flash floods, reduced risk of the basin running dry during
an extended draught, and improved forest conservation and restoration. Environmental and
social considerations will be given major attention in PRBDP planning, as well as major civil
works, to ensure that any adverse environmental and social impacts are minimized and
adequately mitigated.
6.2 DESIGN / PLANNING COMPONENT
At the initial stage during the first component, the focus will be on laying the foundation for
integrated planning for water resources management. This component is likely to result in
improvement in institutional arrangements and capacity in the areas of environmental and
social management and monitoring. Development of decision support systems and training
to develop local expertise is expected to substantially improve the management and
monitoring of social and environmental impacts, including consideration for environmental
flows in water resources management.
The planning, information management, and capacity-building activities are all intended to
facilitate increased awareness-raising to foster ownership, understanding and
mainstreaming of environmental and social considerations within water resources planning
for the overall Porali River Basin.
Following activities and concerns are expected at the planning and design stage:
Topographical survey and Geotechnical investigation of the area
Assessment of water availability
Route selection (Alignment) for water channels
Land acquisition requirements for Water Storage Dams
Design works for Construction of new interventions as per proper engineering standards
e.g. proper gradient to maintain desired velocities
Water rights Issues in the area
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6.2.1 Potential Impacts at Design / Planning Component
Understandably, the potential environmental impacts, in a physical sense, of the design
stage are quite low. Since the design stage involves only limited physical activity, its direct
impact on environment is also low. The various surveys carried out at the planning level may
result in short term impacts on air and soil quality.
If the design is carried out without regard to the environmental considerations, it will lead to
long term negative implications for local flora and fauna.
The general culture of the area seems to discourage individual’s interaction with outsiders
besides strictly business relationship. Any social interaction is to be at the collective level.
Hence, when the EIA team went to various villages, it was made to sit and meet with village
people collectively. Mostly, the village elders spoke in response to questions. Under these
circumstances, the frequent visits of various survey teams may also cause disturbance to
local public life. However, the very surveys may also prove to be positive in socio-economic
terms, in providing short term employment opportunities to some local folks during surveys.
The other positive impacts that are expected from the project at the design stage are the
following:
Improved water resources and basin knowledge base
Basin planning process that integrates analytical and stakeholder inputs
Reduced future water conflicts arising from more uncoordinated/unplanned
development
Increase in institutional capacity for coordinated basin management
6.2.2 Mitigation / Enhancement Measures
Most of the significant environmental impacts of the project can be addressed at the design
phase, which is mainly the responsibility of the Design Engineers. The location of various
interventions, nature of construction technology etc. predominantly determine the
environmental implications of the project. Despite having examples of other similar projects,
the exact quantum of environmental impacts cannot be predicted at times. Hence, the
efficacy of the design will finally be tested only when the results of follow up monitoring
become available. The Design Engineers must also add all features for safety of the workers
during operation and maintenance.
The potential negative environmental and social impacts of the design phase will easily be
mitigated through well-coordinated efforts.
The various surveys to be carried out should be planned in a way that maximum information
could be obtained through mobilizing minimum survey teams. This will help in reducing the
possible disturbance to social life. The sample collection for soil analysis should be carried
out at remote, precise locations, preferably under low wind conditions.
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The most important mitigation and / or enhancement measure, however, remains
satisfactory level of inter-departmental coordination. Once the draft feasibility is ready, the
BSSIP, being the proponent, should call a meeting of all major stakeholder departments and
present the project in front of them. The meeting should discuss and finalize the role and
contribution of various departments in the project. This will be in line with the advice given
by various stakeholders during consultations.
6.2.3 Physical Intervention Stage
This will mainly entail construction of new structures and rehabilitating the existing
structures.
The catchment management through new interventions will introduce direct significant
interventions aimed at better managing the available flows in Porali River. The interventions
planned under this component are expected to be environmentally and socially positive
overall, without significant adverse environmental and social impacts. These include water
storage dams and other small civil works on perennial and / or flood irrigation schemes,
intended to reduce erosion and slow down stream runoffs.
Rehabilitation of Water related Infrastructure aims at mitigating risks from droughts and
floods. Upgrading and rehabilitation of some existing infrastructure including bifurcation and
trifurcation structure and weirs etc. will be part of this component.
Following activities and concerns are expected at the physical intervention stage:
Contractor mobilization and Establishment of campsite and machinery/ equipment Yard
Transportation of construction material
Excavation, backfilling and compaction works
6.3 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AT CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The construction phase of the project might result in a number of environmental aspects
that are identified in this section. Activities that have been perceived as potential sources of
these environmental concerns are also discussed. These environmental aspects may create
temporary hazards of moderate significance to the environmental resources of the project
area during the project construction phase. However, if managed properly these activities
will not pose any threat to the environment.
The main responsibilities for mitigation during the construction phase of the project rest
with contractors appointed to construct the various interventions. The Clients’ Site Manager
will however, have the responsibility for monitoring the implementation of mitigation plans
by the contractors and will need to implement his own system of internal checks to ensure
them.
In order to avoid creation of misunderstandings regarding who is responsible for particular
activities recommended for the construction phase, the mitigation measures (in the form of
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a plan) to be taken should be appended to tender documents. This will ensure that
contractors include the cost of migratory actions into their bids and will provide a reliable
mechanism for enforcement. In fact, most of the recommended actions involve no or very
little capital investment, but it depends on the contractor’s management to adopt a
responsible attitude to environmental protection; ensuring construction activity is properly
planned and migratory actions are correctly implemented.
6.3.1 Environmental, Social or Ecological Disturbance due to Non-compliance of EMMP
This EIA document attempts to enlist all major potential impacts of the project, and their
likely mitigations. These impacts and mitigations will be presented in the form of an
Environmental Management & Monitoring Plan in the next chapter of this document. During
the stakeholder consultation meeting with EPA (B), they strongly mentioned the need to
establish a formal mechanism to monitor project progress in terms of environmental
compliance.
Once the project construction starts, and through its operations phase, the most likely
source of environmental or social impact could be non-compliance of EMMP by the
concerned entities; whether willingly or otherwise.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The project proponent will hire an independent monitoring consultant firm, for regular
monitoring of the project. The firm will submit progress and monitoring report, as per EPA
and EMMP requirements, on monthly basis during construction phase. The frequency of
monitoring will gradually become lower during operations. Still, quarterly monitoring and
progress reporting is reported during the initial 1 ½ years of operations. Later, it could
become biennial if the EPA agrees.
The proponent will also formulate a Project Steering Committee which will review the
project progress on periodic basis. This SC will comprise of a senior representative from the
various line departments as mentioned in the chapter on Stakeholder Consultation. The SC
will also include at least one technical expert from R&D institutions (either from academia or
international NGOs e.g. IUCN / WWF).
Social Disturbance due to poor Expectation Management:
More than any major impact on the physical or biotic environment in the real terms, the
proposed project may cause social impact due to misperceptions or poor expectation
management. During the various surveys, it was found that the general population is quite
disappointed by the performance of government departments. However, it was encouraging
to note that people were not too skeptic about the potential benefits of the proposed
project.
It should be noted that in the past, unfulfilled expectations from many mega projects have
contributed greatly to the disillusionment of the Baloch population. Many stakeholders
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believe this to be a major contributing factor towards the current volatile law & order
situation in the province of Balochistan.
If the expectations of area people are not kept at a realistic level; and then those realistic
expectations are not met, the project will cause negative social impact. Under extreme
circumstances, this may lead to acts of sabotage even.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The pubic consultation carried out for this EIA assignment is good first step in the direction
of expectation management. The project proponent should make formal arrangement for
continued communication and engagement with local stakeholders, in the form of a
community engagement cell. The cell will also serve as the grievance redressed mechanism
for the project. The prime responsibility of this cell will be to keep the community informed
about project facts in a proactive manner. This cell will be headed by a senior officer of the
proponent department. This cell will have due weightage in the project decision making
process.
Air Quality:
During construction period, the impacts on air quality are mainly due to material movement
and the actual construction activities. Due to loading/unloading and stocking of construction
material, the air quality over the immediate influence area will be affected and the PM levels
in ambient air might increase, though not in significant levels. The emissions from diesel
generator sets, construction equipment and vehicles may deteriorate the air quality in the
area.
The atmospheric pollution and pollution causing activities during the construction phase are
as follows:
Transportation of construction and excavated material to and from the site in diesel
fueled trucks would cause the production of combustion gases (CO, CO2, NOx, SOx).
Considering the scale of construction, the scarce population, and relatively clean
environment, moderate impact is expected from this activity. However, the emissions
would be of temporary nature.
Considerable amount of dust would be generated from slope cutting activity and also
from other activities such as site clearance, excavation and transportation of excavated
and construction material and concrete batching, but its effect would be of localized and
temporary nature. The possibility of excessive dust generation may be reduced by
adopting the best construction practices, precautions such as periodic watering,
covering of construction material and usage of low emission equipment’s during
construction. Therefore, the impact is rated as temporary and low.
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The concrete mixer used during concreting also causes above mentioned emissions. Due
to moderate scale of construction and frequency of the operation, the impact of
emissions is also assessed to be temporary and moderate.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
In order to reduce the airborne dust emissions in the construction area due to material
transport and construction activities, provisions will be made for sprinkling of water in
the area where earth filling and excavation is being carried out. It will be ensured that
the construction debris is removed daily.
During windy conditions stockpiles of fine material will be wetted or covered with
plastic.
PPEs such as dust masks will be made available to the construction workers at the site to
avoid potential health hazards.
Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment will not be permitted during periods of
unloading or when they are not in active use.
In no case, loose earth will be allowed to pile up along the approach roads.
All vehicles and other equipment’s used during construction will be properly and
regularly tuned and maintained.
All permanently deployed vehicles exhausts will be monitored against NEQS.
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Water Quality:
Surface Water: The construction of the proposed project may have significant impact on the
surface water quality of the area. The impact may be in the form of increased turbidity of
water streams, and also from potential discharge of anthropogenic or construction wastes
into the streams. The activity that may cause impact on surface water is mainly washing of
construction equipment and machinery. This will not only put additional burden on already
scarce water resources, but will also result in discharge of wastewater. In the absence of the
sewage drainage system, this wastewater will ultimately find its way into the same water
resource.
Contamination to receiving water bodies may also result due to spilling of construction
materials. There may be increase in the turbidity levels due to the surface runoff from the
construction sites. Considering the fact that construction will mainly be on the water bodies,
and also the scale of construction for water storage dams, the significance of impact is
assessed as moderate.
Ground Water: Earth works like soil excavation is the only construction activity that may
affect groundwater resources, but as the groundwater table is quite low and groundwater
extraction is not proposed for the construction activities of the project either, no impacts are
envisaged on the groundwater quality. Ground water pollution can take place, if chemical
substances and oily waste get leached by precipitation of water and percolate to the ground
water table.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures
The construction activities such as excavation and earth filling and construction of
embankment will be scheduled during non-monsoon season.
Surplus earth will be transported from the construction site and no other disposal will be
allowed.
Spillage of fuel/oils and other construction materials shall be contained with best
handling/construction practices and strict skilled supervision.
Appropriate sanitation and water supply facilities will be provided in the labor camps.
Soil Stability & Erosion:
Significant excavation and slope cutting is expected for the project to negotiate level
differences.
Following is the cut/fill volume of 03 proposed Dams of Porali
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Table 6.1: Cut / Fill Volume of 03 Proposed Dams
DAMS Cut Volume
m3
Fill Volume
m3
Bambri 49,575 106,249
Kharrari 23,759 386,903.5
Kud 239,532.8 949,652.9
Besides the storage dams, significant excavation will be needed for PIS and FIS.
While every effort should be made to minimize the excavation by optimal utilization of the
existing contours, the cutting and filling operations may lead to erosion due to loosening of
topsoil. Excavation of soil may alter the topography and may also lead to soil erosion.
Considering the scale of project “high” impacts are envisaged.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Excavation and cutting of rocks will change the local topography and may lead to erosion
due to removal of topsoil. As the project area receives moderate rainfall during monsoons,
control of soil erosion may be important.
Erosion control measures such as ramming of topsoil immediately after excavation and
silt controls will be provided to minimize erosion.
Construction work will not be carried out during monsoon.
It will be ensured that no soil is left unconsolidated after completion of work.
Photographic record will be maintained for pre-project, during-construction and post-
construction condition of the sites.
The environmental monitoring during the project execution will ensure compliance to the
above mitigation measures and their adequacy, as well as significance of the residual
impacts.
Soil Contamination:
Soil may be contaminated as a result of fuel/oils/chemicals spillage and leakage, and
inappropriate disposal. The waste would be generated from site clearance, excavation,
concrete batching, concrete conveyance and construction of substructures and
superstructures. The generated solid waste would be in the form of;
Excavated soil,
Residual from construction material (construction debris etc), and
Residual from equipment cleaning (oiled rags, used oil, worn out spare parts etc).
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Domestic solid waste from labor camp
Appropriate construction practices and management actions as mitigation measures will
greatly minimize the soil contamination potential. The significance of the residual impacts is
therefore expected to be ‘low’.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The surplus soil from the excavation activity may be reused within the site or recycled to
other intervention sites.
Clearance waste and construction debris should be sent to designated landfill site while
waste from equipment cleaning and maintenance should be segregated and stored in
color coded containers, these can be resold or reprocessed. No accumulation of solid
waste at site shall be allowed.
Ambient Noise:
During baseline survey, the recorded ambient noise level was found to vary between 51 to
60 db. When the project activities would start, it is very likely that the existing noise level
would be amplified.
The major sources of noise pollution during construction activities would be during slope
cutting, excavation, loading, transportation, loading/unloading of materials and operation of
construction equipment etc. The vibrators used for concreting also produce noise. The
amplified noise levels will be temporary in nature and easily mitigated. At most of the
intervention sites, there are no major sensitive receptors except for some native reptiles
that may inhabit the proposed sites.
During construction phase, the increase in traffic may also lead to increase in noise levels. As
mentioned, the increase in noise level during construction activities would be of temporary
nature and would fade away with the completion of the project.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Enhanced noise levels could be prevented and mitigated by careful planning of machinery
operations, use of low noise equipments and scheduling of operations only during the
daytime in order to reduce these levels.
Though the impact of noise may be of temporary nature and low significance, the following
measures shall be considered and implemented.
Construction contract will clearly specify the use of equipment emitting noise of not
greater than 75 dB (A) for the eight hour operation shift.
High noise emitting equipments if any will be fitted with noise reduction devices such as
mufflers and silencers wherever possible.
For protection of construction workers, earplugs will be provided to those working very
close to the noise generating machinery.
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High noise emitting equipments if any will be used during regular working hours so as to
reduce the potential of creating a noise nuisance during the night.
Slope Cutting activity will be carried out during fixed hours (preferably during mid-day).
The timing should be made known to all the people within 500m from the site in all
directions.
Regular inspection and maintenance of the construction vehicles and equipment will be
carried out.
Replacement of worn out and noise producing parts of construction machinery will be
timely done.
In case of severe noise, sound barriers will be used to avoid dispersion of sound waves
into the nearby community.
Flora:
No rare, endangered or endemic terrestrial plant species were observed during the site visit.
Most proposed intervention sites are almost barren, however, there are few local flora
species, of which some will need to be chopped-off. However, the number of trees or bushes
to be cut is insignificant compared to the expanse of the whole project area. Furthermore,
the project operation will more than compensate for any loss of flora by providing a much
more conducive environment. It was observed from the field survey that any special floral
and faunal species does not exist at proposed project site. The impacts on floral status of the
proposed site are not significant because of various factors which include low magnitude of
anticipated change, effective management practices at the design stage and inclusion of
pollution prevention strategies during the operation stage.
Hence, the significance of the impact on flora from project construction activity is
considered low. Plantation around the project interventions will improve the ecology and
aesthetics of the surroundings.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Patches of grass and shrubs are envisaged to be cleared off in the proposed project
alignment.
Compensatory plantation will be carried out with a lag of 3 to 4 months from the start of
the work near the project site, in coordination with the forest department.
Plant species suitable for the area will be planted at the onset of monsoon season. The
plants will be provided with adequate protection from animals and proper monitoring
will be carried out to ensure their growth.
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Fauna:
During the establishment of baseline environmental studies, no endangered, threatened, or
otherwise sensitive faunal species were found to occur on the project site. Similarly, no
special status of wildlife and aquatic faunal species are reported from the project site.
However, the overall basin has low population density and characteristics of wildlands.
Wildlife has been reported in and around the proposed project’s area of influence. The
construction activity will result in disturbance to, and small scale loss of, wildlife habitats.
However, the impact is likely to be small and wildlife will be able to adjust its niche using its
intrinsic phenol tic plasticity.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
No engineered mitigations are needed for protection of fauna during construction stage. At
the administrative level, the construction contractor will be responsible to provide necessary
awareness to its workers as to how to handle any “chance encounter” with fauna and
wildlife during construction. Under no circumstances, hunting or preying of animals will be
allowed to the contractors’ workers in and around the project area.
Land Acquisition:
Construction of various civil works might require land acquisition. In most of proposed
interventions, land requirement is minimal and should be fulfilled through Government
lands. No private land acquisition requirement is envisaged at this stage.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Use of any private lands, or lands traditionally held or used by communities should be
avoided in the project. The current level of design details clearly indicates that no such lands
will be required. However, in case private land acquisition becomes unavoidable at any
stage, the acquisition will be carried out under the relevant laws as given in Chapter 3 of this
report. Also, the acquisition process will follow the general guidelines for land acquisition as
stipulated in the Environmental & Social Management Framework, developed previously for
this project.
Socio-economic Conditions:
There are no sites of religious, cultural or historical importance near the proposed
intervention sites. The project does not involve any loss of land or property and therefore no
significant negative impact on socio-economic setting in this respect is expected due to the
proposed project. There is a mausoleum of religious importance for local people on the way
to the proposed site of Kud Dam. But this site is almost 3 km downstream of the proposed
site.
The construction activity would involve people of labor class frequenting the area for the
entire length of construction period. The surrounding residential area is inhabited by people
who associate very closely with a certain set of cultural values. The area being a part of a
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rural setup, it is quite uncommon for residents to experience and easily adjust to the
presence of outsiders in their areas for any length of time.
An anticipated positive impact on socio-economic conditions during construction phase is
the creation of limited-time employment opportunity for the local population. Since the
project interventions will require substantial input from manual labor, even people with
relatively lower levels of education or skills could get short term employment.
Another positive impact will be creation of other small scale income generation
opportunities, e.g. tuck shops, tea shops or mechanics.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
In case, people from outside the area are engaged in the construction or operation of the
project activities, this might result in cultural conflict with the local communities. Therefore,
it is imperative to engage local work force as much as possible, and also develop and
implement a strong community communication and participation plan.
The contractor will be liable to engage at least 50% of its required (unskilled) labor force
from within or around the project area.
It is highly recommended that the project proponent include some CSR measures specifically
for the tail-end population. This population is mostly engaged with fishing and will not reap
agriculture related benefits envisaged from the project. During public consultations, people
from these villages mentioned lack of potable water as a major issue. Some stakeholders
suggested that storage and supply of potable water to the communities of Dam and Bheera
will greatly enhance the social acceptability of the project.
Health & Safety:
Various activities during the construction phase of the project could have health & safety
impacts on workers and the people living in the nearby vicinity.
The activities such as loading and unloading of excavated soil and construction material will
be expected during the construction phase of the project. Workers safety would be at risk if
they are not adequately trained. The impact on worker safety will be direct and of moderate
significance.
During the construction of sub and superstructure, activities such as fabrication, installation
of formwork, installation of scaffoldings could have serious safety risks to the workers. The
use of heavy machinery and vehicle is expected during the excavation and transportation
activities. The safety of workers is of prime concern while dealing with such machineries and
vehicles. The probability of such accident at project site is low but the significance might be
of moderate nature.
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Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
During the construction phase, as the project involves slope cutting and excavation in the
hilly portion, the construction work requires careful planning and precautionary measures,
this will include the following.
Usage of heavy machinery will be planned carefully and only skilled persons will be
allowed to operate the equipment.
Provisions of proper signboards and informing the local people about the activity will be
important. In addition, personal protection equipment such as helmets, gloves, dust
masks, boots and earmuffs etc will be provided for the workers.
Adequate water supply and sanitation facilities will be provided in the labor camps
Caution signboards for the road users and surrounding people will be provided to avoid
any accidents at the work site.
In case of traffic diversions, proper signboards will be provided sufficiently ahead of the
work site.
6.4 OPERATIONS STAGE
This will be the stage where major impacts, both positive and negative, can surface, and the
earlier predictions could be validated. This stage will comprise of commissioning the
rehabilitated and new interventions. Most important component of this stage would be the
filling of water storage dams; especially that on the Kud River. While the operations stage
entails mostly engineering activities, it has an equally important requirement of inter-
departmental departmental coordination, for harvesting the full potential of positive
impacts of the project.
Following activities are expected at the operations stage:
Commissioning of rehabilitated and new interventions
Filling of water storage reservoirs
Formation of inter-departmental coordination mechanism
Formation and engagement of third party monitoring arrangement
Besides the above, following concerns might arise due to untoward events:
Conflicts caused by unavailability or improper distribution of irrigation water in the area
Breaching of main canal
Use of irrigation water for drinking purposes and vice versa
6-15 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
6.4.1 Potential Impacts at Operations Phase
Water Availability:
As per the feasibility calculations, almost 1,022 million m3 water is available on average per
annum. During the wet season, as much as 2,010 million m3 could be available while only
10% of this volume is available during dry season. The excess water stored during wet years
will be accessible during dry years. The existing water needs are the following:
Table 6.2: Existing Water Needs
Use Volume Required million cubic meters
Domestic 13.4
Irrigation 56
Livestock 1.1
Total 70.5
It is evident that in any given year, there is theoretically sufficient amount of water available
to cater to the above mentioned requirements. However, since the water flow is
unregulated and there is no arrangement for storage, the available water just passes
through in the form of flash floods – many a times annual required quantities flowing and
draining within a week. Therefore, the proposed project will basically ensure a more
regulated flow of water so that it could be utilized more properly. People of the area will
have adequate water for their use, for most of the year.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
It is obvious that more consistent and regulated availability of water will be a beneficial
outcome. To further improve the situation, the previously recommended project steering
committee could play a key role. The irrigation department, being the proponent of the
project, provides information to the SC and the department concerned with supplying
potable water to the project area, specially downstream users. As previously mentioned,
many area people mentioned the need for potable water storage arrangements for tail-end
localities. Once the consistent availability of water is assured, the water supply agency could
make potable water storage arrangements.
Recharge of Ground Water:
Improvement of existing schemes and development of new schemes will help in harvesting
the surface runoff, by increasing the contact time between the water and the river bed to
facilitate infiltration. This will improve the groundwater recharge and reduce the runoff into
the sea. The storage dams are expected to significantly increase ground water recharge. The
total estimated recharge is expected to be 18% more than the current recharge, as
calculated with the help of ARC-SWAT software.
6-16 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Table 6.3: Recharge of Ground Water
Sub Basin
PRE-PROJECT SCENARIO EXPECTED POST-PROJECT
SCENARIO
GW Recharge MCM GW Recharge MCM
WADH 13.300 15.700
TIBBI JHAL 18.900 22.300
KUD 19.400 22.900
PING JHAL 4.370 5.160
ARANJI JHAL 4.930 5.810
KULRI NAI 5.050 5.960
TADAR KAUR 4.500 5.310
KANIKI NAI 4.650 5.490
GAJRI NAI 5.540 6.540
KHANKO NAI 4.700 5.550
KHARRARI NAI 9.720 11.500
LAKHRA 2.090 2.470
LASRA 1.870 2.210
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
This is a positive impact. No specific mitigation or enhancement measures are needed at this
stage.
Water Quality:
Groundwater quality is also expected to improve as long as the impounded water is
safeguarded from contamination. Quality of water is as important as that of its quantity.
Water in the storage dams will primarily be rainfall runoff drained from different land use of
the catchment. Hence the recharge of this water may change the hydro chemical
characteristics of the resident groundwater. It should be noted that there is nominal
agricultural activity in and around most proposed intervention sites, therefore the leachate
is unlikely to contain any harmful chemicals. In fact, it may even dilute the naturally
6-17 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
occurring unwanted elements in the groundwater through dilution. In a few similar regional
projects10, studies have found that the regulated water flow (through check dams) had
improved the groundwater quality and even reduced the concentrations of toxic ions such as
arsenic, fluoride and boron due to the dilution.
Another possible contamination source is the human population. Currently, the areas
around the sites of proposed interventions are very sparsely populated. However, with more
assured water availability, the area will attract more people, putting burden on the surface
water quality which may also lead to degradation of ground water. However, it is only a
distant possibility. Even so, it will not have a major impact on ground water quality.
Nevertheless, surface water quality impairment could be an issue.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Since the likely impact on ground water quality is low, no major mitigation is required at this
stage.
Release of domestic sewage into the surface water streams will need to be controlled in a
gradual manner. Soak pits and septic tanks should be constructed in the existing human
settlements around proposed intervention sites. Though this is not under the mandate of
Irrigation department, it could be made a part of the project through the proposed Steering
Committee.
The project IMC will include monitoring of population density around the proposed
interventions and streams. The sufficiency of soak pits / septic tanks vis-à-vis population size
in each settlement will be commented upon in each progress report.
Reforestation in the Vicinity of the Proposed Interventions:
During the initial surveys, it has been observed that there is very little vegetation and
practically no trees in the surrounding area. After the completion of the project and the
storage of some rainwater, the local community may launch efforts to plant trees and other
greenery throughout the area. This reforestation can substantially improve the local
environmental condition. The trees can also be also used for construction purposes and as
fuel.
The Forest department also showed keen interest in plantation alongside water channels,
once the water flow regime is regulated, so that the plants can have the required amount of
water and also not blown away by the floods. The total channel length will be around 280
km. Based on the general standard of 33 trees per km, a total of 18,500 trees could be
planted only along the water channels. This is equivalent to 17 hectares of block plantation.
The overall development of rangeland will be in addition to that. This gives an excellent
opportunity to develop a Carbon sink in the area.
However, availability of water may lead to false perceptions of abundance, resulting in
introduction of water intensive species. As stated elsewhere in this report, in some portions
10
Mudrakartha (2003)
6-18 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
of project area where tube well is used for irrigation, water intensive crops like banana are
grown. This is not a sustainable practice.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
It needs to be ensured that the planted species are suitable for the local environmental
conditions, in all respects. Therefore, it is vital to take the forest department onboard from
the very outset. All plantation activities under the project will be spearheaded by the Forest
department, through its representation in the proposed SC. It will ensure that no unwanted
species are introduced into the area.
Project IMC will monitor tree plantation activities by the community and will include a
section on it in the periodic progress reports.
Area under cultivation:
The cultivated area currently is very low; amounting to less than 2% of the total Porali basin
area. The reason for this low level of cultivation is poorly distributed rainfall and absence of
perennial water streams (either natural or man-made). In the villages within direct vicinity of
proposed interventions, the total area under cultivation is around 5,400 ha for Kharif crop
that goes down to 2,400 ha during the Rabi crop. One of the key factors is that the area lacks
a dependable irrigation system despite having the potential for one.
Hence it is safe to assume that the proposed project will increase the area under cultivation.
It is difficult to estimate the extent of this increase, but due to the fact that the current land
utilization for agriculture is very low, it could be deduced that the increase will be
substantial.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The project area is very large with low population density. Therefore, competing land uses
could be easily accommodated.
One thing that will need to be monitored is that additional area under cultivation should be
used for crops suitable to the overall climatic conditions of the area.
Area under Tube-well irrigation:
Availability of fix rate electricity has grossly facilitated the switching over of irrigation
systems to tube-well pumping. As per irrigation sources (Irrigation Department 2012), an
area of 9,686 ha in Khuzdar and 13,825 ha
in Lasbela is under tube well irrigation. It is
estimated that at least 30% of this
Tubewell irrigated area in Khuzdar and 60%
in Lasbela District lies within the
boundaries of PRB.
The situation of groundwater in southern
parts of PRB is better, with the exception of
6-19 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
the coastal areas, but rapid depletion of ground water has started where intensive tube well
irrigation is practiced for cultivation of banana, vegetable and other high delta crops.
The use of irrigation water per unit area is generally high and is quite inefficient due to
significant wastage. This has implications not only for ground water depletion but also for
extra consumption of electricity or diesel for tube wells and increase in cost of production.
The proposed project will contribute to an increase in the area under surface water
irrigation, which is vital for a dry region like the PRB. This will reduce the burden on
groundwater sources and will help in eliminating unsustainable harvesting of this important
natural resource.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
No specific mitigation or enhancement measure is required at this stage.
Change in Cropping Pattern:
The major crops cultivated currently are wheat, cotton, bajra, jowar and maize. After the
farms are irrigated by the water available through the proposed project, some new crops
may be cultivated, such as vegetables including chili, tomato, ladyfinger, potato, onion, and
round gourd. Besides this, the production and yield of crops already under cultivation will
increase.
During the survey of project area conducted by consultant’s team it was observed that most
local farmers give priority to grow those crops that have low water dependence. However,
farmers of some sub basins like Lakhra are growing high value crops including banana, castor
oil, cotton and rice. These are grown on tube well being water intensive. It shows that the
land is fertile and productive enough to grow these crops. On the other hand farmers also
have good perspective to grow high value crops. After the project implementation water will
be available to all the land in command area. Farmers will have option to grow high value
market intensive crops as mentioned above. In addition to being source of water, the
proposed flood protection works will also help to protect the cropped area/farmland from
flood damages. This will further encourage farmers to grow high value crops.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
One thing that will need to be monitored is that any change in the cropping pattern should
be in line with the overall climatic conditions of the area.
Change in composition of animals:
The livestock observed in the area is mostly small ruminants, as these animals consume less
amount of water. Large animals are less in numbers. Buffaloes – a key source of milk and
animal protein – are entirely absent.
The current scarcity of flora and its low nutritional value is a factor that has kept livestock
productive output of this area minimal. The development of rangeland as a result of this
project will substantially improve this situation.
6-20 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Similar projects in the region have shown that the numbers of animals has increased after
project implementation. It was found that animal rearing becomes an alternative source of
livelihood for the people.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Outside the purview of this project, the livestock department may take this opportunity to
develop the livestock potential of the area.
Increase in income:
Other similar projects in the region have found that the average household income increases
substantially with the construction of dams and other irrigation improvement measures. This
is mainly on account of improved crop yields, increase in the number of animals, and
availability of other occupational opportunities.
A research project was undertaken by Redlich (2010) in Nagda, Ujjain District, Madhya
Pradesh, India to assess the socio economic impacts of check dam upon the lives of farmers
around the structure. The farmers narrated that they could get additional earnings due to
assured water supplies and they could reinvest the income back into the farming. The
additional disposal income also led to improved educational opportunities, health care
treatment etc.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures
The periodic project monitoring could keep the level of disposal income of the beneficiary
population as a parameter for monitoring. If this potential improvement trend could be
tracked, other community development measures e.g. schools etc. could be introduced into
the area at the right time.
Social Uplift of Women:
The proposed project is expected to have both direct and indirect impacts on the current
social status of women. In terms of direct benefit, the women will not need to fetch water
from long distances any more. But indirect impacts will be more far reaching, resulting from
a general improvement in living conditions.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
No specific mitigation or enhancement measure is required at this stage.
In-migration of Outsiders:
The inhabitants of the project area may be generally described as a rather secluded and
conservative social group. In case, people from outside the area are engaged in the
construction or operation of the project activities, this might result in cultural conflict with
the local communities.
More reliable water availability will also attract people from other nearby areas to the
project area. Since the population in the vicinity of direct project interventions is low, any
small scale influx of outsiders may have a significant impact.
6-21 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
It is imperative to engage local work force as much as possible.
The proponent will also develop and implement a strong community communication and
participation plan, through its community engagement cell.
Poor Governance:
The pros and cons of impact of a check dam on livelihood were identified by Ashraf et al.
(2007) in Pakistan. Illegal taping of water, non-functional water use associations, leakage,
improper maintenance of structure, broken outlets, and poorly maintained field channels
resulted in unequal utilization of water in the check dam. Need for an integrated programme
was emphasized for effective utilization of available water to get maximum benefit to the
people.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The proposed project is an integrated irrigation program. The proponent will also facilitate it
to become an integrated community development program through formal structure of SC
and through the community engagement cell. Timely and correct sharing of information will
enable other line departments to implement their own development schemes in the area.
Poor Maintenance:
Efficiency of the system will be at its best by adopting proper maintenance activities such as
silt removal and bed scratching at periodical intervals.
The proposed project aims to bring in few new interventions while refurbishing few old and
existing ones. A cursory examination of existing non-functional structures clearly indicates
that such structures were rendered useless either by design deficiencies or because of poor
maintenance, as given below:
Bambri Dam - damaged during 2010 Flood, the capacity of the spillway did not cater the
discharge and the water overtopped the dam wall. The breaching of the dam results in the
enormous destruction at downstream. The divide wall and RCD Highway was damaged.
Kharrari Dam - it was planned to construct the dam wall of crest length 2500 ft, of which
1500 ft was constructed but the construction was stopped in the year 1994 because of the
lack of funds. The portion of the spillway is also constructed. The project was funded by the
federal government. The proposed location of the dam by TCI is 800 meter upstream of the
existing location that was proposed by Irrigation department.
Uthal Khantra - There is existing weir along with the irrigation channel (Zamindara) at the
downstream of the proposed location. Gated sluice channel also exists whose winching
system is out of order. The system was designed as a flood irrigation scheme in the year
1964.
6-22 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Titian - The right side of the Titian weir and the marginal bund was washed away in the
2010. Before the destruction, the weir was served as flood irrigation scheme as well as water
supply scheme for Lyari and Siranda Lake. The weir had canals at its both sides.
Phat Gidri - At the downstream of the proposed location, the weir divides the river into 3
canals. From left to right 1st is Phat with bed width of 16 ft and design discharge of 4000
cusecs. 2nd is Gidri which has bed width of 36 ft and design discharge of 6000 cusecs and the
3rd one is Lakhra with a bed width of 87 ft with the design discharge 14000 cusecs. It has a
sharp turn at the downstream of the weir with a baffle wall. Presently, because of sharp
curves and bend in Lakhra, there is a lot of erosion and silting in the river. Hydraulically, the
system is totally a failure.
Nurg Hingri Diversion Weir - There is an existing structure of trifurcation in the main Porali
river which has a width of 472 m. it divides the river into 3 channels. Hingri, has a bed width
of 46 m. The second channel name is Nurg, it has a bed width of 66 m. The third one is the
Porali, which has bed width is 360 m. The existing stone masonry weir has been damaged at
many locations.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The BSSIP will develop and implement a proactive maintenance plan for the proposed
project, with predefined periodicity.
The IMC team will be liable to visit each proposed intervention in every monitoring mission,
and report on its maintenance status.
Altered Flows to Miani Horr:
Radically altered flood regimes may also have negative impacts. Flood waters are important
for fisheries both in the river and particularly in the downstream estuary of Miani Horr.
Floods trigger spawning and migration and carry nutrients to coastal waters. Controlled
floods may result in a reduction of groundwater recharge via flood plains and a loss of
seasonal or permanent wetlands.
The sensitivity of the project on Mangrove ecosystem at Miani Hor has also been assessed;
the inhabitants consider the proposed project to minimize the destructive ephemeral flow of
Porali , which often resulted in destruction and damage. The project will minimize the
destructive behavior of the flow. Since the water pouring at the mouth of Porali is not
characterized as perennial; therefore its impact in contributing the health of mangrove
ecosystem has marginal significance. The cause of ecosystem degradation was identified as
heavy eoline shift of sand in the area (Saifullah etal 2002)
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The project will not have any significant negative impact on the Miani Hor wetland. In fact,
area people and technical experts believe it will have a positive impact on the marine
ecology of the wetland. Therefore, no mitigation measure is required.
6-23 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Changes to River Morphology:
Changes to the river morphology may result because of changes to the sediment carrying
capacity of the flood waters. This may be either a positive or negative impact.
The operation of proposed project offers excellent opportunities to mitigate the potential
negative impacts of changes to flood flows. The designation of flood plains may also be a
useful measure that allows groundwater recharge and reduces peak discharges
downstream. This is one of the positive functions of many areas of wetland. Upstream water
regulation might result in disruptions to aquatic life and the fishing patterns of local
communities in downstream Miani Hor.
Normally the irrigation system interferes with the nature; causing obstructions at different
site and offering unequal opportunities to the beneficiaries including biodiversity; however
this applies for a system which flow on perennial basis, but Porali system does not offer such
regular service.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
No mitigation measure required at this stage.
Disturbance to Natural Drainage Pattern:
New irrigation infrastructure might hinder and adversely affect the natural drainage pattern.
This will result in localized flooding. This may also lead to water use rights issues later on.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures
The proposed structures and channels are aligned with natural slope. Canals and super-
passages should be provided on canals where necessary at the detailed design stage.
Restriction on open-access grazing:
The proposed project is expected to increase the area under cultivation. Also, it will convert
some seasonal water ways into quasi-perennial ones. Further, it will inundate some patches
of land at three places for construction of storage dams. All these activities will cause some
restriction on the current grazing practices that are entirely on open access basis.
However, the impact will be very low, because the area to be directly used for project
physical infrastructure is negligible compared to the overall expanse of the PRB. With most
water ways remaining along the existing natural drainage pattern, it is also not likely to
cause disturbance to traditional routes either.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The current species of flora being used as feed by the livestock are of relatively inferior
value. Implementation of proposed project will improve the diversity of flora in the region.
On a more formal note, the project will provide an opportunity to the forest department to
develop the area as a rangeland. This will help local livestock rearing industry and will more
than make up for any lost grazing accesses.
6-24 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
Enhanced / induced use of fertilizers & pesticides:
The proposed project is expected to increase the area under cultivation. Currently there is
almost 222,000 ha under cultivation in the PRB. The per ha use of fertilizers is the following:
Table 6.4: Per ha Use of Fertilizers
DAP 0.02 bag
Urea 0.04 bag
Potassium Nil
In terms of pesticide / insecticide sprays, the survey showed there is no practice of such
sprays in 05 sub-basins, while farmers in the other sub-basins go for 5 – 37 sprays. With
additional area under cultivation, and with better water availability for existing area,
cropping intensity will increase, resulting in an automatic increase of fertilizer and pesticides
use.
However, the impact will be low, because the current use of fertilizer is very minimal.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
Concerted efforts by the department of agriculture to disseminate information regarding
sustainable use of fertilizers and insecticides will help in keeping the use at an optimal level.
Dam Safety Concerns:
The proposed project includes three water storage dams also. Details are given in the
following table:
Table 6.5: Storage of Water Dam
Location Type Capacity
(acre-ft) Remarks
Bambri Earthen 5,846 Dam existed; damaged beyond repair in 2010
Kharrari Earthen 10,130 Dam planned but left incomplete in 1994. Existing location not suitable for command area of 5,000 ha.
Kud RCC 83,199 New dam proposed on Kud, the largest tributary to PRB.
It is clear that only the Kud dam is a structure of significant size. The other two are smaller
storage dams. In case of Kud dam, an important consideration is that the gradient is
relatively high in the area. Hence flood induced erosion rates and downstream damages are
severe. While the dam will contribute into controlling the erosion and other damages, its
6-25 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
own structure will be subject to high pressure during floods. In case of dam breakage, the
downstream losses will be very substantial.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
The proponent will get the design whetted by a third party engineering consultant for
independent verification vis-à-vis built-in safety features.
Though the size of the dams does not warrant application of ICOLD recommendations, the
same will be followed as design guidelines. Any deviation from ICOLD will be clearly spelt out
in the design documents, along with technical reasons thereof.
The design of the main dam body, spillway, off take structure, conveyance channel, river
training and auxiliary structures including washing pads, siphons etc. will be based on best
international practices.
6.4.2 Cumulative Impacts
The other impacts that are expected from the project in general are the following:
Table 6.6: Commlative Impacts
Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Improved water resources and basin knowledge base
Dam safety concerns with small dams
Increase in institutional capacity for coordinated basin management
Localized impacts from reduction of flows due to small-scale irrigation development
Reduction in run-off and soil erosion Removal of vegetation from construction sites.
Improved land resources management. Disturbance to and small-scale loss of wildlife habitats.
Protection of natural resources, human settlements and transport infrastructure such as bridges, and roads from excessive flooding
Soil erosion induced by earthwork or drainage.
Improved and protected wildlife habitat. Dust emissions from construction activities.
More consistent water flows in the Porali River and its tributaries.
Changes in water flows and levels.
Overall protection of ecological balance along the basin.
Changes in main channel flow regimes
Improved livelihoods through enhanced food security, nutrition and availability of disposable income.
Extraction and disposal of rocks, earth, and other construction materials.
6-26 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Positive Impacts Negative Impacts
Reduced reliance on forest resources for charcoal production and income generation.
Increased generation of both liquid and solid waste from construction works
Increased job opportunities and small businesses.
Improved sanitation and hygiene.
Mitigation / Enhancement Measures:
In order to make the proposed project entirely acceptable at the social and environmental
levels, the proponents will need to set up an institutional arrangement to steer and monitor
the project throughout the project life. This suggestions stems from concerns and comments
by various stakeholders on the same lines, specially the EPA (Balochistan) and the
community at large.
It is recommended that the project proponent formulate a steering / coordination
committee consisting of representatives from all relevant line departments and other
stakeholders. This committee should be chaired by the Secretary (Provincial Irrigation
Department); however, the members from other line departments should be from lower
cadres to ensure regular meetings.
The steering committee will not only enable smooth progress of the project, it will also help
in optimizing development efforts by various departments through integration.
Furthermore, it will also monitor the progress of the project under development
sustainability criteria.
The technical monitoring system will set up a framework to provide a systematic tracking of
key environmental/natural resources and social parameters in a spatial context across all
interventions, using modern remote sensing/earth observation knowledge products and GIS
tools. This would help in keeping track of the progress, exploring synergies/trade-offs in a
larger systems context, and outlining future needs in a more systematic manner.
For the evaluation of EMMPs compliance evaluation criteria established by Development
Assistance Committee (DAC) of Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) could be used.
6.4.3 DAC Evaluation Criteria
I. Relevance:
Was the particular mitigation measure needed in the context of the target areas?
Are the EMMP’s activities and outputs consistent with the key goals and attainment of
objectives for the proposed project?
Are the EMMP’s activities and outputs consistent with its intended impacts and effects?
6-27 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
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Porali River Basin Water resource
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
II. Efficiency:
How efficiently were resources used to produce intended outputs?
How could resources have been used more efficiently?
III. Effectiveness:
To what extent did the project achieve its intended results?
What factors contributed to the achievement of intended results or the lack thereof?
IV. Impact:
What occurred as a direct result of the individual mitigation measure and the overall
EMMP?
What real difference was made to intended environmental beneficiaries?
How many people were affected?
What are the climate change impacts of the project?
What is the health benefits derived from the project?
Impact of Carbon credits in project sustainability?
What are the economic benefits?
What are the potential benefits for large scale initiatives?
V. Sustainability:
To what degree did the program/project’s benefits are likely to persist following the end
of project?
What are the major environmental and financial sustainability factors?
Which major factors are responsible for the achievements or failures of the
program/project’s overall sustainability?
What is the potential for replication?
What are the impacts on institutional linkages?
7-1 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Porali River Basin Water Resources
Management & Development Project Environmental & Social Impact Assessment
CHAPTER 7
Environmental Monitoring & Mitigation Plan
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
Design
slow or no progress due to lack of coordination
Call meeting of all major stakeholder departments and present the project in front of them. The meeting should discuss and finalize the role and contribution of various departments in the project.
Secretary Irrigation
BSSIP Once
Short term impacts on air and soil quality of various surveys.
Obtain maximum information through mobilizing minimum survey teams by better planning.
BSSIP Feasibility
team Once
The sample collection for soil analysis at remote, precise locations, preferably under low wind conditions.
BSSIP Feasibility
team Once
Design without environmental considerations, leading to long term negative implications for local flora and fauna.
careful designing including location of various interventions, nature of construction technology etc.
BSSIP Design
engineers
Disturbance to local public life due to surveys.
Limited survey teams with efficent planning BSSIP
Feasibility team
Once
Strict adherence to local norms and culture by the survey teams
BSSIP Feasibility
team Once
Short term employment opportunities to some local folks during surveys. provide such opportunities as much as possible
BSSIP Feasibility
team Once
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-2 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution C
on
stru
ctio
n
lack of resources due to miscommunication / misunderstanding of roles and responsibilities
the mitigation measures (in the form of a plan) to be taken should be appended to tender documents
Funding Agency
BSSIP Once
Environmental, Social or Ecological Disturbance due to Non-compliance of EMMP
formulate project steering committee Secretary Irrigation
BSSIP Once
hire independent monitoring consultants Funding Agency
BSSIP Once
Social Disturbance due to poor Expectation Management
formulate Community Engagement Cell for the project, mandated for continued public consultation, information dissemination and grievance redressal mechanism
SC BSSIP Monthly
Air quality degradation due to transportation of construction and excavated material to and from the site in diesel fueled trucks (CO, CO2, NOx, SOx).
Idling of delivery trucks or other equipment not to be permitted when they are not in active use.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
All permanently deployed vehicles exhausts will be monitored against NEQS.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
All vehicles and other equipments to be properly and regularly tuned and maintained.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Dust generated from slope cutting, site clearance, excavation and transportation of excavated and construction material
Sprinkling of water in the area of earth filling and excavation.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
No piling of loose earth along the approach roads BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-3 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
and concrete batching PPEs such as dust masks will be made available to the construction workers to avoid potential health hazards.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Stockpiles of fine material to be wetted or covered with plastic.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Remove construction debris daily. BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Surface water degradation and increased turbidity of water streams, from potential discharge of anthropogenic or construction wastes into the streams.
The construction activities to be scheduled only during non-monsoon season.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Surplus earth will be transported from the construction site and no other disposal will be allowed
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Spillage of fuel/oils and other construction materials shall be contained with best handling/construction practices and strict skilled supervision.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Appropriate sanitation and water supply facilities in the labor camps.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
cutting and filling operations may lead to erosion due to loosening of topsoil.
Minimize the excavation by optimal utilization of the existing contours
Design engineers
Contractor Monthly
Excavation of soil may alter the topography and may also lead to soil erosion.
Erosion control measures such as ramming of topsoil immediately after excavation and silt controls
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
No soil is left unconsolidated after completion of work. BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-4 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
Photographic record will be maintained for pre-project, during-construction and post-construction condition of the sites.
BSSIP IMC Monthly
Soil contamination due to fuel/oils/chemicals spillage and leakage, and inappropriate disposal.
Surplus soil from excavation will be reused within the site or recycled to other intervention sites.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Waste from equipment cleaning and maintenance will be segregated and stored in color coded containers, these can be resold or reprocessed.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Soil contamination due to waste from site clearance, excavation, concrete batching, concrete conveyance and construction of substructures and superstructures.
No accumulation of solid waste at site shall be allowed. BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Clearance waste and construction debris will be sent to designated landfill site
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Noise pollution during construction
Construction contract will clearly specify the use of equipment emitting noise of not greater than 75 dB (A) for the eight hour operation shift.
Funding Agency
BSSIP Once
High noise emitting equipments if any will be fitted with noise reduction devices such as mufflers and silencers wherever possible.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Earplugs to construction workers BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Noisy activities only during day time with fixed schedule and prior information to nearby communities; No noisy
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-5 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
activities during night times
Regular inspection and maintenance of equipment and vehicles
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Patches of grass and shrubs to be cleared off during site preparation
Compensatory plantation will be carried out with a lag of 3 to 4 months from the start of the work near the project site, in coordination with the forest department.
SC Forest
department quarterly
Plant species suitable for the area will be planted
Forest Department
Forest department
quarterly
Disturbance to fauna and wildlife including killing
necessary awareness to workers to handle any “chance encounter” with fauna and wildlife.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Under no circumstances, hunting or preying of animals will be allowed to the workers.
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Social issues due to influx of labor develop and implement a strong community communication and participation plan.
Funding Agency
BSSIP quarterly
Social considerations of tail-end population
storage and supply of potable water to the communities of Dam and Bheera
Planning Deptt
Water Supply Agency
quarterly
Income generation / job opportunties to local population
engage at least 50% of required (unskilled) labor force from within or around the project area
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Disturbance to sites of religious location of all intervention sites at a safe distance from BSSIP Design Once
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-6 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
importance any sites of religious importance Engineers
Health & Safety Issues during construction
Usage of heavy machinery will be planned carefully and only through skilled persons
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Provisions of proper signboards. PPEs for the workers. BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Adequate water supply and sanitation facilities in the labor camps
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Caution signboards for the road users and surrounding people
BSSIP Contractor Monthly
Op
erat
ion
s
more consistent and regular water availability
Integration of development projects by other line departments
Planning Deptt
SC quarterly
Improved recharge of ground water BSSIP IMC quarterly
Groundwater quality degradation through surface seepages
Soak pits and septic tanks in human settlements around project sites
Planning Deptt
Sanitation Agency
quarterly
Monitor population density to confirm adequacy of soak pits and septic tanks
SC IMC quarterly
Reforestation in the vicinity of the proposed interventions
Ensure that the planted species are suitable for the local environmental conditions, in all respects.
Forest Department
Forest department
quarterly
Project IMC will monitor tree plantation activities by the community and will include a section on it in the
SC IMC quarterly
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-7 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
periodic progress reports.
Increase in area under cultivation Additional area under cultivation should be used for crops suitable to the overall climatic conditions of the area
Agriculture Deptt
half-yearly
Reduced burden on ground water / reduced area under tubewell irrigation
Change in Cropping Pattern any change in the cropping pattern should be in line with the overall climatic conditions of the area
Agriculture Deptt
half-yearly
Change in composition of livestock Develop livestock potential of the area
livestock department
half-yearly
Increase in income and improved quality of life
The periodic project monitoring should record the level of disposal income of the beneficiary population, in order for other community development measures e.g. schools etc. could be introduced into the area at the right time.
Planning Deptt
IMC half-yearly
Social uplift of women
Land acquisition
only government land to be used; no private or community land to be used
Revenue Deptt
BSSIP quarterly
in extreme case where private land acquisition is unavoidable, it will be done under guidelines given in ESMF
Revenue Deptt
BSSIP quarterly
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-8 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
In-migration of outsiders develop and implement a strong community communication and participation plan
SC BSSIP quarterly
Poor governance resulting in unequal utilization of water
facilitate it to become an integrated community development program through formal structure of SC and through the community engagement cell.
Planning Deptt
BSSIP quarterly
Low system efficiency due to poor maintenance
Develop and implement a proactive maintenance plan for the proposed project, with predefined periodicity.
Secretary Irrigation
BSSIP Monthly
visit each proposed intervention in every monitoring mission, and report on its maintenance status.
SC IMC quarterly
Altered Flows to Miani Horr Ensure conducive conditions for mangroves through regulated flow
SC BSSIP quarterly
Changes to River Morphology positive impact due to control on flood flows SC BSSIP quarterly
Restriction on open-access grazing Develop rangelands
forest department
half-yearly
Enhanced / induced use of fertilizers & pesticides
Disseminate information regarding sustainable use of fertilizers and insecticides to keep the use at an optimal level
Agriculture deptt
half-yearly
Dam Safety Concerns Whet the design by a third party engineering consultant for independent verification vis-à-vis built-in safety features.
Funding Agency
BSSIP Once
Porali River Basin Development Project Environmental Impact Assessment
7-9 Balochistan Small Scale Irrigation Project
In association with ACE -CAMEOS
Project Phase
Impact Mitigation Responsibility
Monitoring frequency
Supervision Execution
Follow ICOLD recommendations as design guidelines. Any deviation from ICOLD will be clearly spelt out in the design documents, along with technical reasons thereof.
BSSIP Design
Engineers Once
The design of the main dam body, spillway, offtake structure, conveyance channel, river training and auxiliary structures including washing pads, siphons etc. will be based on best international practices
BSSIP Design
Engineers Once
ANNEXURES
Annexure-I
Annexure-II
Pakistan Environmental Protection Act
(PEPA), 1997The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 was passed by the National Assembly of
Pakistan on September 3, 1997, and by the Senate of Pakistan on November 7, 1997. The Act
received the assent of the President of Pakistan on December 3, 1997.
The text of the Environmental Protection Act 1997 is as follows:
Act No. XXXIV of 1997An Act to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the
environment, for the prevention and control of pollution, and promotion of sustainable
development.
Whereas it is expedient to provide for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and
improvement of the environment, prevention and control of pollution, promotion of sustainable
development and for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto;
It is hereby enacted as follows:
1) Short Title, Extent and Commencement
(1) This Act may be called the Environmental Protection Act 1997.
(2) It extends to the whole of Pakistan.
(3) It shall come into force at once.
2) Definitions
In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context:
(i) "adverse environmental effect" means impairment of, or damage to, the environment
and includes:
(a) impairment of, or damage to, human health and safety or to biodiversity or
property;
(b) pollution; and
(c) any adverse environmental effect as may be specified in the regulation.
(ii) "agricultural waste" means waste from farm and agricultural activities including
poultry, cattle farming, animal husbandry, residues from the use of fertilizers, pesticides
and other farm chemicals;
(iii) "air pollutant" means any substance that causes pollution of air and includes soot,
smoke, dust particles, odor, light, electro-magnetic, radiation, heat, fumes, combustion
exhaust, exhaust gases, noxious gases, hazardous substances and radioactive substances;
(iv) "biodiversity" or "biological diversity" means the variability among living
organizations from all sources, including inter alia terrestrial, marine and other aquatic
ecosystems and ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity
within species, between species and of ecosystems;
(v) "council" means the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council established under
section 3;
(vi) "discharge" means spilling, leaking, pumping, depositing, seeping, releasing,
flowing out, pouring, emitting, emptying or dumping;
(vii) "ecosystem" means a dynamic complex of plant, animal and micro-organism
communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit;
(viii) "effluent" means any material in solid, liquid or gaseous form or combination
thereof being discharged from industrial activity or any other source and includes a
slurry, suspension or vapour;
(ix) "emission standards" means the permissible standards established by the Federal
Agency or a Provincial Agency for emission of air pollutants and noise and for discharge
of effluent and waste;
(x) "environment" means-
(a) air, water and land;
(b) all layers of the atmosphere;
(c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms;
(d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships;
(e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works;
(f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and
(g) the inter-relationships between any of the factors in sub-clauses (a) to (f)
(xi) "environmental impact assessment" means an environmental study comprising
collection of data, prediction of qualitative and quantitative impacts, comparison of
alternatives, evaluation of preventive, mitigatory and compensatory measures,
formulation of environmental management and training plans and monitoring
arrangements, and framing of recommendations and such other components as may be
prescribed;
(xii) " Environmental Magistrate" means the Magistrate of the First Class appointed
under section 24;
(xiii) "Environmental Tribunal" means the Environmental Tribunal constituted under
section 20;
(xiv) Exclusive Economic Zone" shall have the same meaning as defined in the
Territorial Waters and Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (LXXXII of 1976);
(xv) "factory" means any premises in which industrial activity is being undertaken;
(xvi) "Federal Agency" means the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
established under section 5, or any Government Agency, local council or local authority
exercising the powers and functions of the Federal Agency;
(xvii) "Government Agency" includes-
(a) a division, department, attached department, bureau, section, commission, board,
office or unit of the Federal Government or a Provincial Government;
(b) a development or a local authority, company or corporation established or
controlled by the Federal Government or Provincial Government;
(c) a Provincial Environmental Protection Agency; and
(d) any other body defined and listed in the Rules of Business of the Federal
Government or a Provincial Government;
(xviii) "hazardous substance" means-
(a) a substance or mixture of substance, other than a pesticide as defined in the
Agricultural Pesticide Ordinance, 1971 (II of 1971), which, by reason of its chemical
activity is toxic, explosive, flammable, corrosive, radioactive or other characteristics
causes, or is likely to cause, directly or in combination with other matters, an adverse
environmental effect; and
(b) any substance which may be prescribed as a hazardous substance;
(xix) "hazardous waste" means waste which is or which contains a hazardous substance or
which may be prescribed as hazardous waste, and includes hospital waste and nuclear waste;
(xx) "historic waters" means such limits of the waters adjacent to the land territory of
Pakistan as may be specified by notification under section 7 of the Territorial Waters and
Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (LXXXII of 1976);
(xxi) "hospital waste" includes waste medical supplies and materials of all kinds, and waste
blood, tissue, organs and other parts of the human and animal bodies, from hospitals, clinics
and laboratories;
(xxii) "industrial activity" means any operation or process for manufacturing, making,
formulating, synthesizing, altering, repairing, ornamenting, finishing, packing or otherwise
treating any article or substance with a view to its use, sale, transport, delivery or disposal, or
for mining, for oil and gas exploration and development, or for pumping water or sewage, or
for generating, transforming or transmitting power or for any other industrial or commercial
purpose;
(xxiii) "industrial waste" means waste resulting from an industrial activity;
(xxiv) "initial environmental examination" means a preliminary environmental review of
the reasonably foreseeable qualitative and quantitative impacts on the environment of a
proposed project to determine whether it is likely to cause an environmental effect for
requiring preparation of an environmental impact assessment;
(xxv) "local authority" means any agency set-up or designated by the Federal Government
or a Provincial Government by notification in the official Gazette to be a local authority for
the purposes of this Act;
(xxvi) "local council" means a local council constituted or established under a law relating
to local government;
(xxvii) "motor vehicle" means any mechanically propelled vehicle adapted for use upon
land whether its power of propulsion is transmitted thereto from an external or internal
source, and includes a chassis to which a body has not been attached, and a trailer, but does
not include a vehicle running upon fixed rails;
(xxviii) "municipal waste" includes sewage, refuse, garbage, waste from abattoirs, sludge
and human excreta and the like;
(xxix) "National Environmental Quality Standards" means standards established by the
Federal Agency under clause (e) of sub-section (1) of section 6 and approved by the Council
under clause (c) of sub-section (1) of section 4;
(xxx) "noise" means the intensity, duration and character from all sources, and includes
vibrations;
(xxxi) "nuclear waste" means waste from any nuclear reactor or nuclear or other nuclear
energy system, whether or not such waste is radioactive;
(xxxii) "person" means any natural person or legal entity and includes an individual, firm,
association, partnership, society, group, company, corporation, co-operative society,
Government Agency, non-governmental organization, community-based organization,
village organization, local council or local authority and, in the case of a vessel, the master or
other person having for the time being the charge or control of the vessel;
(xxxiii) "pollution" means the contamination of air, land or water by the discharge or
emission or effluents or wastes or air pollutants or noise or other matter which either directly
or indirectly or in combination with other discharges or substances alters unfavourably the
chemical, physical, biological, radiational, thermal or radiological or aesthetic properties of
the air, land or water or which may, or is likely to make the air, land or water unclean,
noxious or impure or injurious, disagreeable or detrimental to the health, safety, welfare or
property of persons or harmful to biodiversity;
(xxxiv) "prescribed" means prescribed by rules made under this Act;
(xxxv) "project" means any activity, plan, scheme, proposal or undertaking involving any
change in the environment and includes;
(a) construction or use of buildings or other works;
(b) construction or use of roads or other transport systems;
(c) construction or operation of factories or other installations;
(d) mineral prospecting, mining, quarrying, stone-crushing, drilling and the like;
(e) any change of land use or water use; and
(f) alteration, expansion, repair, decommissioning or abandonment of existing
buildings or other works, roads or other transport systems; factories or other
installations;
(xxxvi) "proponent" means the person who proposes or intends to undertake a project;
(xxxvii) "Provincial Agency" means a Provincial Environmental Protection Agency
established under section 8;
(xxxviii) "regulations" means regulations made under this Act;
(xxxix) "rules" means rules made under this Act;
(xl) "sewage" means liquid or semi-solid wastes and sludge from sanitary conveniences,
kitchens, laundries, washing and similar activities and from any sewerage system or sewage
disposal works;
(xli) "standards" means qualitative and quantitative standards for discharge of effluents and
wastes and for emission of air pollutants and noise either for general applicability or for a
particular area, or from a particular production process, or for a particular product, and
includes the National Environmental Quality Standards, emission standards and other
standards established under this Act and the rules and regulations made thereunder;
(xlii) "sustainable development" means development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs;
(xliii) "territorial waters" shall have the same meaning as defined in the Territorial Waters
and Maritime Zones Act, 1976 (LXXXII of 1976);
(xliv) "vessel" includes anything made for the conveyance by water of human beings or of
goods; and
(xlv) "waste" means any substance or object which has been, is being or is intended to be,
discarded or disposed of, and includes liquid waste, solid waste, waste gases, suspended
waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, nuclear waste, municipal waste, hospital waste,
used polyethylene bags and residues from the incineration of all types of waste.
3) Establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council-
(1) The Federal Government shall, by notification in the official Gazette, establish a Council to
be known as the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council consisting of;
(i)Prime Minister or such other person as the Prime Chairperson
Minister may nominate in this behalf.
(ii)Minister Incharge of the Ministry or Division Vice Chairperson
dealing with the subject of environment.
(iii) Chief Ministers of the Provinces. Members
(iv) Ministers Incharge of the subject of environment in the provinces. Members
(v) Such other persons not exceeding thirty-five as the Federal Members
Government may appoint, of which at least twenty shall be non
-official including five representatives of the Chambers of
Commerce and Industry and Industrial Associations and one
or more representatives of the Chambers of Agriculture, the
medical and legal professions, trade unions, and non-governmental
organizations concerned with the environment and development,
and scientists, technical experts and educationists.
vi) Secretary to the Government of Pakistan, in-charge of Member/Secretary
the Ministry or Division dealing with the subject of environment
(2) The Members of the Council, other than ex–officio members, shall be appointed in
accordance with the prescribed procedure and shall hold office for a term of three years.
(3) The Council shall frame its own rules of procedure.
(4) The Council shall hold meetings as and when necessary, but not less than two meetings shall
be held in a year.
(5) The Council may constitute committees of its members and entrust them with such functions
as it may deem fit, and the
recommendations of the committees shall be submitted to the Council for approval.
(6) The Council or any of its committees may invite any technical expert or representative of any
Government Agency or non-governmental organization or other person possessing specialized
knowledge of any subject for assistance in performance of its functions.
4) Function and Powers of the Council
(1) The Council shall-
(a) co-ordinate and supervise enforcement of the provisions of this Act;
(b) approve comprehensive national environmental policies and ensure their implementation
within the framework of a national conservation strategy as may be approved by the Federal
Government from time to time;
(c) approve the National Environmental Quality Standards;
(d) provide guidelines for the protection and conservation of species, habitats, and
biodiversity in general, and for the conservation of renewable and non-renewable resources;
(e) coordinate integration of the principles and concerns of sustainable development into
national development plans and policies; and
(f) consider the National Environment Report and give appropriate directions thereon.
(2) The Council may, either itself or on the request of any person or organization, direct the
Federal Agency or any Government Agency to prepare, submit, promote or implement projects
for the protection, conservation, rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, the
prevention and control of pollution, and the sustainable development of resources, or to
undertake research in any specified aspect of environment.
5) Establishment of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
(1) The Federal Government shall, by notification in the official Gazette, establish the Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agency, to exercise the powers and perform the functions assigned to
it under the provisions of this Act and
the rules and regulations made thereunder.
(2) The Federal Agency shall be headed by a Director General, who shall be appointed by the
Federal Government on such
terms and conditions as it may determine.
(3) The Federal Agency shall have such administrative, technical and legal staff as the Federal
Government may specify, to be appointed in accordance with such procedure as may be
prescribed.
(4) The powers and function of the Federal Agency shall be exercised and performed by the
Director General.
(5) The Director General may, be general or special order, delegate any of these powers and
functions to staff appointed under
sub-section (3)
(6) For assisting the Federal Agency in the discharge of its functions, the Federal Government
shall establish Advisory Committees for various sectors, and appoint as members thereof
eminent representatives of the relevant sector, educational institutions, research institutes and
non-governmental organizations.
6) Functions of the Federal Agency
(1) The Federal Agency shall-
(a) administer and implement the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made
thereunder;
(b) prepare, in coordination with the appropriate Government Agency and in consultation
with the concerned sectoral Advisory Committees, national environmental policies for
approval by the Council;
(c) take all necessary measures for the implementation of the national environmental policies
approved by the Council;
(d) prepare and publish an annual National Environment Report on the state of the
environment;
(e) prepare or revise, and establish the National Environment Quality Standards with
approval of the Council; Provided that
before seeking approval of the Council, the Federal Agency shall publish the proposed
National Environmental Quality
Standards for public opinion in accordance with the prescribed procedure;
(f) ensure enforcement of the National Environmental Quality Standards;
(g) establish standards for the quality of the ambient air, water and land, by notification in the
official Gazette, in consultation with the Provincial Agency concerned;
Provided that
(i) different standards for discharge or emission from different sources and for
different areas and conditions may
be specified;
(ii) where standards are less stringent than the National Environmental Quality
Standards, prior approval of the Council shall be obtained;
(iii) certain areas, with the approval of the Council, may exclude from carrying out
specific activities, projects from the application of such standards;
(h) co-ordinate environmental policies and programmes nationally and internationally;
(i) establish systems and procedures for surveys, surveillance, monitoring, measurement,
examination, investigation, research, inspection and audit to prevent and control pollution,
and to estimate the costs of cleaning up pollution and rehabilitating the environment in
various sectors;
(j) take measures to promote research and the development of science and technology which
may contribute to the prevention of pollution, protection of the environment, and sustainable
development;
(k) certify one or more laboratories as approved laboratories for conducing tests and analysis
and one or more research institutes as environmental research institutes for conducting
research and investigation, for the purposes of this Act;
(l) identify the needs for, and initiate legislation in various sectors of the environment;
(m) render advice and assistance in environmental matters, including such information and
data available with it as may be required for carrying out the purposes of this Act;
Provided that the disclosure of such information shall be subject to the restrictions contained
in the proviso to sub-section (3) of section 12;
(n) assist the local councils, local authorities, Government Agencies and other persons to
implement schemes for the proper disposal of wastes so as to ensure compliance with the
standards established by it;
(o) provide information and guidance to the public on environmental matters;
(p) recommend environmental courses, topics, literature and books for incorporation in the
curricula and syllabi of educational institutions;
(q) promote public education and awareness of environmental issues through mass media and
other means, including seminars and workshops;
(r) specify safeguards for the prevention of accidents and disasters which may cause
pollution, collaborate with the concerned person in the preparation of contingency plans for
control of such accidents and disasters, and co-ordinate implementation of such plans;
(s) encourage the formation and working of non-governmental organizations, community
organizations and village organizations to prevent and control pollution and promote
sustainable development;
(t) take or cause to be taken all necessary measures for the protection, conservation,
rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, prevention and control of pollution and
promotion of sustainable development; and
(u) perform any function which the Council may assign to it.
(2) The Federal Agency may-
(a) undertake inquiries or investigation into environmental issues, either of its own accord or
upon complaint from any person or organization;
(b) request any person to furnish any information or data relevant to its functions;
(c) initiate with the approval of the Federal Government, requests for foreign assistance in
support of the purposes of this Act and enter into arrangements with foreign agencies or
organizations for the exchange of material or information and participate in international
seminars or meetings;
(d) recommend to the Federal Government the adoption of financial and fiscal programmes,
schemes or measures for achieving environmental objectives and goals and the purposes of
this Act, including:
(i) incentives, prizes, awards, subsidies, tax exemptions, rebates and depreciation
allowances; and
(ii) taxes, duties, cesses and other levies;
(e) establish and maintain laboratories to help in the performance of its functions under this
Act and to conduct research in various aspects of the environment and provide or arrange
necessary assistance for establishment of similar laboratories in the private sector; and
(f) provide or arrange, in accordance with such procedures as may be prescribed, financial
assistance for projects designed to facilitate the discharge of its functions.
7) Powers of the Federal Agency
Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Federal Agency may-
(a) lease, purchase, acquire, own, hold, improve, use or otherwise deal in and with any
property both movable and immovable;
(b) sell, convey, mortgage, pledge, exchange or otherwise dispose of its property and assets;
(c) fix and realize fees, rates and charges for rendering any service or providing any facility,
information or data under this Act or the rules and regulations made thereunder;
(d) enter into contracts, execute instruments, incur liabilities and do all acts or things
necessary for proper management and conduct of its business;
(e) appoint with the approval of the Federal Government and in accordance with such
procedures as may be prescribed, such advisers, experts and consultants as it considers
necessary for the efficient performance of its functions on such terms and conditions as it
may deem fit;
(f) summon and enforce the attendance of any person and require him to supply any
information or document needed for the conduct of any enquiry or investigation into any
environmental issue;
(g) enter and inspect and under the authority of a search warrant issued by the Environmental
Tribunal or Environmental Magistrate, search at any reasonable time, any land, building,
premises, vehicle or vessel or other place where or in which, there are reasonable grounds to
believe that an offence under this Act has been or is being committed;
(h) take samples of any materials, products, articles or substances or of the effluents, wastes
or air pollutants being discharged or emitted or of air, water or land in the vicinity of the
discharge or emission;
(i) arrange for test and analysis of the samples at a certified laboratory;
(j) confiscate any article used in the commission of the offence where the offender is not
known or cannot be found within a reasonable time:
Provided that the power under clauses (f), (h), (i) and (j) shall be exercised in accordance
with the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), or the rules
made under this Act and under the direction of the Environmental Tribunal or
Environmental Magistrate; and
(k) establish a National Environmental Coordination Committee comprising the Director-
General as its chairman and the Director-Generals of the Provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies and such other persons as the Federal Government may appoint as its
members to exercise such powers and perform such functions as may be delegated or
assigned to it by the Federal Government for carrying out the purposes of this Act and for
ensuring inter–provincial co-ordination in environmental policies;
8) Establishment, Powers and Functions of the Provincial Environmental
Protection Agencies
(1) Every Provincial Government shall, by notification in the official Gazette, establish an
Environmental Protection Agency, to exercise such powers and perform such functions as may
be delegated to it by the Provincial Government under sub-section (2) of section 26.
(2) The Provincial Agency shall be headed by a Director-General who shall be appointed by the
Provincial Government on such terms and conditions as it may determine.
(3) The Provincial Agency shall have such administrative, technical and legal staff as the
Provincial Government may specify, to be appointed in accordance with such procedure as may
be prescribed.
(4) The powers and functions of the Provincial Agency shall be exercised and performed by the
Director-General.
(5) The Director-General may, by general or special order, delegate any of these powers and
functions to staff appointed under sub-section (3).
(6) For assistance of the Provincial Agency in the discharge of its functions, the Provincial
Government shall establish sectoral Advisory Committees for various sectors and appoint
members from amongst eminent representatives of the relevant sector, educational institutions,
research institutes and non-governmental organizations.
9) Establishment of the Provincial Sustainable Development Funds
(1) There shall be established in each Province a Sustainable Development Fund.
(2) The Provincial Sustainable Development Fund shall be derived from the following sources,
namely;
(a) grants made or loans advanced by the Federal Government or the Provincial
Governments;
(b) aid and assistance, grants, advances, donations and other non-obligatory funds received
from foreign governments, national or international agencies, and non-governmental
organizations; and
(c) contributions from private organizations, and other persons.
(3) The Provincial Sustainable Development Fund shall be utilized in accordance with such
procedure as may be prescribed for:
(a) providing financial assistance to the projects designed for the protection, conservation,
rehabilitation and improvement of the environment, the prevention and control of pollution,
the sustainable development of resources and for research in any specified aspect of
environment; and
(b) any other purpose which in the opinion of the Board will help achieve environmental
objectives and the purpose of this Act.
10) Management of the Provincial Sustainable Development Fund
(1) The Provincial Sustainable Development Fund shall be managed by a Board known as the
Provincial Sustainable Development Fund Board consisting of:
i) Chairman, Planning and Development Board/Additional Chairperson
Chief Secretary Planning and Development Department.
(ii) such officers of the Provincial Governments not exceeding Members
six as the Provincial Government may appoint, including
Secretaries in charge of the Finance, Industries and
Environment Departments.
(iii) such non-official persons not exceeding ten as the Provincial Members
Government may appoint including representatives of the Provincial
Chamber of Commerce and Industry, non-governmental organizations,
and major donors.
(iv) Director-General of the Provincial Agency. Member/Secretary
(2) In accordance with such procedure and such criteria as may be prescribed, the Board shall
have the power to:
(a) sanction financial assistance for eligible projects;
(b) invest moneys held in the Provincial Sustainable Development Fund in such profit-
bearing Government bonds, savings schemes and securities as it may deem suitable; and
(c) take such measures and exercise such powers as may be necessary for utilization of the
Provincial Sustainable Development Fund for the purposes specified in sub-section (3) of
section 9.
(3) The Board shall constitute committees of its members to undertake regular monitoring of
project financed from the Provincial Sustainable Development Fund and to submit progress
reports to the Board which shall publish an Annual Report incorporating its annual audited
accounts, and performance evaluation based on the progress reports.
11) Prohibition of Certain Discharges or Emissions
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made thereunder no person
shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission of any effluent or waste or air
pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level which is in excess of the National
Environmental Quality Standards or, where applicable, the standards established under sub-
clause (i) of clause (g) of sub-section (1) of section 6.
(2) The Federal Government levy a pollution charge on any person who contravenes or fails to
comply with the provisions
of sub-section (1), to be calculated at such rate, and collected in accordance with such procedure
as may be prescribed.
(3) Any person who pays the pollution charge levied under sub-section (2) shall not be charged
with an offence with respect to that contravention or failure.
(4) The provisions of sub-section (3) shall not apply to projects which commenced industrial
activity on or after the thirtieth day of June, 1994.
12) Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact
Assessment
(1) No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless he has filed with
the Federal Agency an initial environmental examination or, where the project is likely to cause
an adverse environmental effect, an environmental impact assessment, and has obtained from the
Federal Agency approval in respect thereof.
(2) The Federal Agency shall;
(a) review the initial environmental examination and accord its approval, or require
submission of an environmental impact assessment by the proponent; or
(b) review the environmental impact assessment and accord its approval subject to such
conditions as it may deem fit to impose, or require that the environmental impact assessment
be re-submitted after such modifications as may be stipulated, or reject the project as being
contrary to environmental objectives.
(3) Every review of an environmental impact assessment shall be carried out with public
participation and no information will be disclosed during the course of such public participation
which relates to:
(i) trade, manufacturing or business activities, processes or techniques of a proprietary
nature, or financial, commercial, scientific or technical matters which the proponent has
requested should remain confidential, unless for reasons to be recorded in writing, the
Director-General of the Federal Agency is of the opinion that the request for confidentiality
is not well-founded or the public interest in the disclosure outweighs the possible prejudice to
the competitive position of the project or it's proponent; or
(ii) international relations, national security or maintenance of law and order, except with the
consent of the Federal Government; or
(iii) matters covered by legal professional privilege.
(4) The Federal Agency shall communicate is approval or otherwise within a period of four
months from the date the initial environmental examination or environmental impact assessment
is filed complete in all respects in accordance with the prescribed procedure, failing which the
initial environmental examination or, as the case may be, the environmental impact
assessment shall be deemed to have been approved, to the extent to which it does not contravene
the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made thereunder.
(5) Subject to sub-section (4) the Federal Government may in a particular case extend the
aforementioned period of four months if the nature of the project so warrants.
(6) The provisions of sub-section (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) shall apply to such categories of
projects and in such manner as may be prescribed.
(7) The Federal Agency shall maintain separate Registers for initial environmental examination
and environmental impact assessment projects, which shall contain brief particulars of each
project and a summary of decisions taken thereon, and which shall contain brief particulars of
each project and a summary of decisions taken thereon, and which shall be open to inspection by
the public at all reasonable hours and the disclosure of information in such Registers shall be
subject to the restrictions specified in sub-section (3).
13) Prohibition of Import of Hazardous Waste
No person shall import hazardous waste into Pakistan and its territorial waters, Exclusive
Economic Zone and historic waters.
14) Handling of Hazardous Substances
Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign, transport, treat,
dispose of, store, handle or import any hazardous substance except;
(a) under a licence issued by the Federal Agency and in such manner as may be prescribed;
or
(b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force, or of any
international treaty, convention, protocol, code, standard, agreement or other instrument to
which Pakistan is a party.
15) Regulation of Motor Vehicles
(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules and regulations made thereunder, no person
shall operate a motor vehicle from which air pollutants or noise are being emitted in an amount,
concentration or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards, or
where applicable the standards established under clause (g) of sub-section (1) of section 6.
(2) For ensuring compliance with the standards mentioned in sub-section (1), the Federal Agency
may direct that any motor vehicle or class of vehicles shall install such pollution control devices
or other equipment or use such fuels or undergo such maintenance or testing as may be
prescribed.
(3) Where a direction has been issued by the Federal Agency under sub-section (2) in respect of
any motor vehicles or class of motor vehicles, no person shall operate any such vehicle till such
direction has been complied with.
16) Environmental Protection Order
(1) Where the Federal Agency or a Provincial Agency is satisfied that the discharge or emission
of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise, or the disposal of waste, or the handling of
hazardous substances, or any other act or omission is likely to occur, or is occurring or has
occurred in violation of the provisions of this Act, rules or regulations or of the conditions of a
licence, and is likely to cause, or is causing or has caused an adverse environmental effect, the
Federal Agency or, as the case may be, the Provincial Agency may, after giving the person
responsible for such discharge, emission, disposal, handling, act or omission an opportunity of
being heard, by order direct such person to take such measures that the Federal Agency or
Provincial Agency may consider necessary within such period as may be specified in the order.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such measures
may include:
(a) immediate to stoppage, preventing, lessening or controlling the discharge, emission,
disposal, handling, act or omission, or to minimize or remedy the adverse environmental
effect;
(b) installation, replacement or alteration of any equipment or thing to eliminate or control or
abate on a permanent or temporary basis, such discharge, emission, disposal, handling, act or
omission;
(c) action to remove or otherwise dispose of the effluent, waste, air pollutant, noise, or
hazardous substances; and
(d) action to restore the environment to the condition existing prior to such discharge,
disposal, handling, act or omission, or as close to such condition as may be reasonable in the
circumstances, to the satisfaction of the Federal Agency or Provincial Agency.
(3) Where the person, to whom directions under sub-section (1) are given, does not comply
therewith, the Federal Agency or Provincial Agency may, in addition to the proceeding initiated
against him under this Act or the rules and regulations, itself take or cause to be taken such
measures specified in the order as it may deems necessary, and may recover the costs of taking
such measures from such person as arrears of land revenue.
17) Penalties
(1) Whoever contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of section 11, 12, 13, or section
16 or any order issued thereunder shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one million
rupees, and in the case of a continuing contravention or failure, with an additional fine which
may extend to one hundred thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention or
failure continues and where such contravention or failure continues: Provided that if
contravention of the provisions of section 11 also constitutes contravention of the provisions of
section 15, such contravention shall be punishable under sub-section (2) only.
(2) Whoever contravenes or fails to comply with the provisions of section 14 or 15 or any rule or
regulation or conditions of any licence, any order or direction issued by the Council or by the
Federal Agency or Provincial Agency shall be punishable with fine which may extend to one
hundred thousand rupees, and in case of continuing contravention, or failure with an additional
fine which extend to one thousand rupees for every day during which such contravention
continues.
(3) Where an accused has been convicted of an offence under sub-section (1) and (2), the
Environmental Tribunal and Environmental Magistrate shall, in passing sentence, take into
account the extent and duration of the contravention or failure constituting the offence, and the
attendant circumstances.
(4) Where an accused has been convicted of an offence under sub-section (1) and the
Environmental Tribunal is satisfied that as a result of the commission of the offence monetary
benefits have accrued to the offender, the Environmental Tribunal may order the offender to pay,
in addition to the fines under sub-section (1), further additional fine commensurate with the
amount of the monetary benefits.
(5) Where a person convicted under sub-section (1) or sub-section (2), and had been previously
convicted for any contravention under this act, the Environmental Tribunal or, as the case may
be, Environmental Magistrate may, in addition to the punishment awarded thereunder:
(a) endorse a copy of the order of conviction to the concerned trade or industrial association,
if any, or the concerned Provincial Chamber of Commerce and Industry or the Federation of
Pakistan Chambers of Commerce and Industry;
(b) sentence him to imprisonment for a term which may extend upto two years;
(c) order the closure of the factory;
(d) order confiscation of the factory, machinery, and equipment, vehicle, material or
substance, record or document or other object used or involved in contravention of the
provisions of the Act; Provided that for a period of three years from the date of
commencement of this Act the sentence of imprisonment shall be passed only in respect of
persons who have been previously convicted for more than once for any contravention of
sections 11, 13, 14 or 16 involving hazardous waste.
(e) order, such person to restore the environment at his own cost, to the conditions existing
prior to such contravention or as close to such conditions as may be reasonable in the
circumstances to the satisfaction of the Federal Agency or, as the case may be, Provincial
Agency; and
(f) order that such sum be paid to any person as compensation for any loss, bodily injury,
damage to his health or property suffered by such contravention.
(6) The Director-General of the Federal Agency or of a Provincial Agency or an officer generally
or specially authorized by him in this behalf may, on the application of the accused compound an
offence under this Act with the permission of the Environmental Tribunal or Environmental
Magistrate in accordance with such procedure as may be prescribed.
(7) Where the Director-General of the Federal Agency or of a Provincial Agency is of the
opinion that a person has contravened any provision of this Act, he may, subject to the rules, by
notice in writing to that person require him to pay to the Federal Agency or, as the case may be,
Provincial Agency an administrative penalty in the amount set out in the notice for each day the
contravention continues; and a person who pays an administrative penalty for a contravention
shall not be charged under this Act with an offence in respect of such contravention.
(8) The provisions of sub-sections (6) and (7) shall not apply to a person who has been
previously convicted of offence or who has compounded an offence under this Act or who has
paid an administrative penalty for a contravention of any provision of the is Act.
18) Offences by Bodies Corporate
Where any contravention of this Act has been committed by a body corporate, and it is proved
that such offence has been committed with the consent or connivance or, is attributed to any
negligence on the part of, any director, partner, manager, secretary or other officer of the body
corporate, such director, partner, manager, secretary or other officer of the body corporate, shall
be deemed guilty of such contravention along with the body corporate and shall be punished
accordingly:
Provided that in the case of a company as defined under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 (XLVII
of 1984), only the Chief Executive as defined in the said Ordinance shall be liable under this
section.
Explanation:
For the purpose of this section, "body corporate" includes a firm, association of persons and a
society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (XXI of 1860), or under the Co-
operative Societies Act, 1925 (VII of 1925).
19) Offences by Government Agencies, Local Authorities or Local Councils
Where any contravention of this Act has been committed by any Government Agency, local
authority or local council, and it is proved that such contravention has been committed with the
consent or connivance of, or is attributable to any negligence on the part of the Head or any other
officer of the Government Agency, local authority or local council, such Head or other officer
shall also be deemed guilty of such contravention alongwith the Government Agency, local
authority or local council and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.
20) Environmental Tribunals
(1) The Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, establish as many
Environmental Tribunals as it considers necessary and, where it establishes more than one
Environmental Tribunal, it shall specify territorial limits within which, or the class of cases in
respect of which, each one of them shall exercise jurisdiction under this Act.
(2) An Environmental Tribunal shall consist of a Chairperson who is, or has been, or is qualified
for appointment as, a Judge of the High Court to be appointed after consultation with the Chief
Justice of the High Court and two members to be appointed by the Federal Government of which
at least one shall be a technical member with suitable professional qualifications and experience
in the environmental field as may be prescribed.
(3) For every sitting of the Environmental Tribunal, the presence of the Chairperson and not less
than one Member shall be necessary.
(4) A decision of an Environmental Tribunal shall be expressed in terms of the opinion of the
majority of its members, including the Chairperson, or if the case has been decided by the
Chairperson and only one of the members and there is a difference of opinion between them, the
decision of the Environmental Tribunal shall be expressed in terms of the opinion of the
chairperson.
(5) An Environmental Tribunal shall not, merely by reason of a change in its composition, or the
absence of any member from any sitting, be bound to recall and rehearany witness who has given
evidence, and may act on the evidence already recorded by, or produced, before it.
(6) An Environmental Tribunal may hold its sittings at such places within its territorial
jurisdiction as the Chairperson may decide.
(7) No act or proceeding of an Environmental Tribunal shall be invalid by reason only of the
existence of a vacancy in, or defect in the constitution of, the Environmental Tribunal.
(8) The terms and conditions of service of the Chairperson and members of the Environmental
Tribunal shall be such as may be prescribed.
21) Jurisdiction and Powers of Environmental Tribunals
(1) An Environmental Tribunal shall exercise such powers and perform such functions as are, or
may be, conferred upon or assigned to it by or under this Act, or the rules and regulations made
thereunder.
(2) All contravention punishable under sub-section (1) of section 17 shall exclusively be triable
by an Environmental Tribunal.
(3) An Environmental Tribunal shall not take cognizance of any offence triable under sub-
section (2) except on a complaint in writing by:
(a) the Federal Agency or any Government Agency or local council; and
(b) any aggrieved person, who has given notice of not less than thirty days to the Federal
Agency or the Provincial Agency concerned of the alleged contravention and of his intention
to make a complaint to the Environmental Tribunal.
(4) In exercise of its criminal jurisdiction, the Environmental Tribunal shall have the same
powers as are vested in the Court of Session under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V
of 1898).
(5) In exercise of the appellate jurisdiction under section 22 the Environmental Tribunal shall
have the same powers and shall follow the same procedure as an appellate court in the Code of
Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908).
(6) In all matters with respect to which no procedure has been provided for in this Act, the
Environmental Tribunal shall follow the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure,
1908 (Act V of 1908).
(7) An Environmental Tribunal may, on application filed by any officer duly authorized in this
behalf by the Director-General of the Federal Agency or Provincial Agency, issue bailable
warrant for the arrest of any person against whom reasonable suspicion exists of his having been
involved in contravention punishable under sub-section (1) of section 17:
Provided that such warrant shall be applied for, issued, and executed in accordance with the
provisions of the Code of Criminal
Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898):
Provided further that if the person arrested executes a bond with sufficient sureties in accordance
with the endorsement on the warrant, he shall be released from custody, failing which he shall be
taken or sent without delay to the officer-in-charge of the nearest police station.
(8) All proceedings before the Environmental Tribunal shall be deemed to be judicial
proceedings within the meaning of sections 193 and 228 of the Pakistan Penal Code (Act XLV of
1860), and the Environmental Tribunal shall be deemed to be a court for the purposes of sections
480 and 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898).
(9) No court other than an Environmental Tribunal shall have or exercise any jurisdiction with
respect to any matter to which the jurisdiction of an Environmental Tribunal extends under this
Act or the rules and regulations made thereunder.
(10) Where the Environmental Tribunal is satisfied that a complaint made to it under sub-section
(3) is false and vexatious to the knowledge of the complainant, it may, by an order, direct the
complainant to pay to the person complained against such compensatory costs which may extend
to one hundred thousand rupees.
22) Appeals to the Environmental Tribunal
(1) Any person aggrieved by any order or direction of the Federal Agency or any Provincial
Agency under any provision of this Act and rules or regulations made thereunder may prefer an
appeal with the Environmental Tribunal within thirty days of the date of communication of the
impugned order or direction to such person.
(2) An appeal to the Environmental Tribunal shall be in such form, contain such particulars and
be accompanied by such fees as may be prescribed.
23) Appeals from Orders of the Environmental Tribunal
(1) Any person aggrieved by any final order or by any sentence of the Environmental Tribunal
passed under this Act may, within thirty days of communication of such order or sentence, prefer
an appeal to the High Court.
(2) An appeal under sub-section (1) shall be heard by a Bench of not less than two Judges.
24) Jurisdiction of Environmental Magistrates
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of
1898), or any other law for the time being in force, but subject to the provisions of this Act, all
contraventions punishable under sub-section (2) of section 17 shall exclusively be triable by a
judicial Magistrate of the first class as Environmental Magistrate especially empowered in this
behalf by the High Court.
(2) An environmental Magistrate shall be competent to impose any punishment specified in sub-
section (2) and (4) of section 17.
(3) An Environmental Magistrate shall not take cognizance of an offence triable under sub-
section (1) except on a complaint in writing by:
(a) the Federal Agency, Provincial Agency, or Government Agency or local council; and
(b) any aggrieved person.
25) Appeals from Orders of Environmental Magistrates
Any person convicted of any contravention of this Act or the rules or regulations by an
Environmental Magistrate may, within thirty days from the date of his conviction, appeal to the
Court of Sessions, whose decision thereon shall be final.
26) Power to Delegate
(1) The Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, delegate any of its or of
the Federal Agency's powers and functions under this Act and the rules and regulations made
thereunder to any Provincial Government, any Government Agency, local council or local
authority.
(2) The Provincial Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, delegate any of its or
of the Provincial Agency's powers or functions under this Act and the rules and regulations made
thereunder to any Government Agency of such Provincial Government or any local council or
local authority in the Province.
27) Power to give Directions
In the performance of their function under this Act:
(a) the Federal Agency and Provincial Agencies shall be bound by the directions give to them
in writing by the Federal Government; and
(b) a Provincial Agency shall be bound by the directions give to it in writing by the
Provincial Government.
28) Indemnity
No suit, prosecution or other legal proceedings shall lie against the Federal or Provincial
Governments, the Councils, the Federal Agency or Provincial Agencies, the Director-Generals of
the Federal Agency and the Provincial Agency, members, officers, employees, experts, advisors,
committees or consultants of the Federal or Provincial Agencies or the Environmental
Tribunal or Environmental Magistrates or any other person for anything which is in good faith
done or intended to be done under this Act or the rules or regulations made thereunder.
29) Dues Recoverable as Arrears of Land Revenues
Any dues recoverable by the Federal Agency or Provincial Agency under this Act, or the rules or
regulations made thereunder shall be recoverable as arrears of land revenue.
30) Act to Override Other Laws
The provisions of the Act shall have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent therewith
contained in any other law for the time being in force.
31) Power to Make Rules
The Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, make rules for carrying out
the purposes of this Act including rules for implementing the provisions of the international
environmental agreements, specified in the Schedule to this Act.
32) Power to Amend the Schedule
The Federal Government may, by notification in the official Gazette, amend the Schedule so as
to add any entry thereto or modify or omit any entry therein.
33) Power to Make Regulations
(1) For carrying out the purposes of this Act, the Federal Agency may, by notification in the
official Gazette and with the approval of the Federal Government, make regulations not
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act or the rules made thereunder.
(2) In particular and without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing power, such regulations
may provide for:
(a) submission of periodical reports, data or information by any Government agency, local
authority or local council in respect of environmental matters;
(b) preparation of emergency contingency plans for coping with environmental hazards and
pollution caused by accidents, natural disasters and calamities;
(c) appointment of officers, advisors, experts, consultants and employees;
(d) levy of fees, rates and charged in respect of services rendered, actions taken and schemes
implemented;
(e) monitoring and measurement of discharges and emissions;
(f) categorization of projects to which, and the manner in which, section 12 applies;
(g) laying down of guidelines for preparation of initial environmental examination and
environmental impact assessment and Development of procedures for their filing, review and
approval;
(h) providing procedures for handling hazardous substances; and
(i) installation of devices in, use of fuels by, and maintenance and testing of motor vehicles
for control of air and noise pollution.
34) Repeal, Savings and Succession
(1) The Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983 (XXXVII of 1983) is hereby
repealed.
(2) Notwithstanding the repeal of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983
(XXVII of 1983), any rules or regulations or appointments made, order passed, notifications
issued, powers delegated, contracts entered into, proceedings commenced, rights acquired,
liabilities incurred, penalties, rates, fees or charges levied, things done or action taken under any
provisions of that Ordinance shall, so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this
Act, be deemed to have been made, passed, issued, delegated, entered into, commenced,
acquired, incurred, levied, done or taken under this Act.
(2) On the establishment of the Federal Agency and Provincial Agencies under this Act, all
properties, assets and liabilities pertaining to the Federal Agency and Provincial Agencies
established under that Ordinance shall vest in and be the properties,
assets and liabilities, as the case may be, of the Federal Agency and Provincial Agency
established under this Act.
SCHEDULE
(See Section 31)
1. International Plant Protection Convention, Rome, 1951.
2. Plant Protection Agreement for the South-East Asia and Pacific Region (as amended), Rome
1956.
3. Agreement for the Establishment of a Commission for Controlling the Desert Locust in the
Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia (as amended), Rome, 1963.
4. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat,
Ramsar, 1971 and its amending Protocol, Paris, 1982.
5. Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World
Heritage Convention), Paris, 1972.
6. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),
Washington, 1973.
7. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn, 1979.
8. Convention on the Law of the Sea, Montego Bay, 1982.
9. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, Vienna, 1985.
10. Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Montreal, 1987 and
amendments thereto.
11. Agreement on the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, 1988.
12. Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their
Disposal, Basel, 1989.
13. Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio De Janiero, 1992.
14. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Rio De Janiero, 1992
Annexure-III
PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA) REGULATIONS, 20001
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PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (REVIEW OF IEEAND EIA) REGULATIONS, 2000
S.R.O. 339 (1)/2001. - In exercise of the powers referred by section 33 of the PakistanEnvironmental Protection Act, 1997 (XXXIV of 1997), Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Agency, with the approval of the Federal Government is pleased to make thefollowing Rules, namely : -
1. Short title and commencement
(1) These regulations may be called the Pakistan Environmental ProtectionAgency Review of Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental ImpactAssessment Regulations, 2000.
(2) They shall come into force at once.
2. Definitions
(1) In these regulations, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject orcontext –
(a) “Act” means the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997(XXXIV of 1997);
(b) “Director-General” means the Director-General of the FederalAgency;
(c) “EIA” means an environmental impact assessment as defined insection 2(xi);
(d) “IEE” means an initial environmental examination as defined insection 2(xxiv); and
(e) “section” means a section of the Act.
(2) All other words and expressions used in these regulations but not definedshall have the same meanings as are assigned to them in the Act.
3. Projects requiring an IEE
A proponent of a project falling in any category listed in Schedule I shall file anIEE with the Federal Agency, and the provisions of section 12 shall apply to suchproject.
4. Projects requiring an EIA
A proponent of a project falling in any category listed in Schedule II shall file anEIA with the Federal Agency, and the provisions of section 12 shall apply to suchproject.
PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA) REGULATIONS, 20002
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5. Projects not requiring an IEE or EIA
(1) A proponent of a project not falling in any category listed in Schedules Iand II shall not be required to file an IEE or EIA:
Provided that the proponent shall file –
(a) an EIA, if the project is likely to cause an adverse environmentaleffect;
(b) for projects not listed in Schedules I and II in respect of which theFederal Agency has issued guidelines for construction andoperation, an application for approval accompanied by anundertaking and an affidavit that the aforesaid guidelines shall befully complied with.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-regulation (1), the FederalAgency may direct the proponent of a project, whether or not listed inSchedule I or II, to file an IEE or EIA, for reasons to be recorded in suchdirection:
Provided that no such direction shall be issued without therecommendation in writing of the Environmental Assessment AdvisoryCommittee constituted under Regulation 23.
(3) The provisions of section 12 shall apply to a project in respect of which anIEE or EIA is filed under sub-regulation (1) or (2).
6. Preparation of IEE and EIA
(1) The Federal Agency may issue guidelines for preparation of an IEE or anEIA, including guidelines of general applicability, and sectoral guidelinesindicating specific assessment requirements for planning, construction andoperation of projects relating to particular sector.
(2) Where guidelines have been issued under sub-regulation (1), an IEE orEIA shall be prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance therewithand the proponent shall justify in the IEE or EIA any departure therefrom.
7. Review Fees
The proponent shall pay, at the time of submission of an IEE or EIA, a non-refundable Review Fee to the Federal Agency, as per rates shown in Schedule III.
8. Filing of IEE and EIA
(1) Ten paper copies and two electronic copies of an IEE or EIA shall be filedwith the Federal Agency.
PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA) REGULATIONS, 20003
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(2) Every IEE and EIA shall be accompanied by –
(a) an application, in the form prescribed in Schedule IV; and
(b) copy of receipt showing payment of the Review Fee.
9. Preliminary scrutiny
(1) Within 10 working days of filing of the IEE or EIA, the Federal Agencyshall –
(a) confirm that the IEE or EIA is complete for purposes of initiationof the review process; or
(b) require the proponent to submit such additional information as maybe specified; or
(c) return the IEE or EIA to the proponent for revision, clearly listingthe points requiring further study and discussion.
(2) Nothing in sub-regulation (1) shall prohibit the Federal Agency fromrequiring the proponent to submit additional information at any stageduring the review process.
10. Public participation
(1) In the case of an EIA, the Federal Agency shall, simultaneously with issueof confirmation of completeness under clause (a) of sub-regulation (1) ofRegulation 9, cause to be published in any English or Urdu nationalnewspaper and in a local newspaper of general circulation in the areaaffected by the project, a public notice mentioning the type of project, itsexact location, the name and address of the proponent and the places atwhich the EIA of the project can, subject to the restrictions in sub-section(3) of section 12, be accessed.
(2) The notice issued under sub-regulation (1) shall fix a date, time and placefor public hearing of any comments on the project or its EIA.
(3) The date fixed under sub-regulation (2) shall not be earlier than 30 daysfrom the date of publication of the notice.
(4) The Federal Agency shall also ensure the circulation of the EIA to theconcerned Government Agencies and solicit their comments thereon.
(5) All comments received by the Federal Agency from the public or anyGovernment Agency shall be collated, tabulated and duly considered by itbefore decision on the EIA.
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(6) The Federal Agency may issue guidelines indicating the basic techniquesand measures to be adopted to ensure effective public consultation,involvement and participation in EIA assessment.
11. Review
(1) The Federal Agency shall make every effort to carry out its review of theIEE within 45 days, and of the EIA within 90 days, of issue ofconfirmation of completeness under Regulation 9.
(2) In reviewing the IEE or EIA, the Federal Agency shall consult suchCommittee of Experts as may be constituted for the purpose by theDirector-General, and may also solicit views of the sectoral AdvisoryCommittee, if any, constituted by the Federal Government under sub-section (6) of section 5.
(3) The Director-General may, where he considers it necessary, constitute acommittee to inspect the site of the project and submit its report on suchmatters as may be specified.
(4) The review of the IEE or EIA by the Federal Agency shall be based onquantitative and qualitative assessment of the documents and datafurnished by the proponent, comments from the public and GovernmentAgencies received under Regulation 10, and views of the committeesmentioned in sub-regulations (2) and (3) above.
12. Decision
On completion of the review, the decision of the Federal Agency shall becommunicated to the proponent in the form prescribed in Schedule V in the caseof an IEE, and in the form prescribed in Schedule VI in the case of an EIA.
13. Conditions of approval
(1) Every approval of an IEE or EIA shall, in addition to such conditions asmay be imposed by the Federal Agency, be subject to the condition thatthe project shall be designed and constructed, and mitigatory and othermeasures adopted, strictly in accordance with the IEE/EIA, unless anyvariation thereto have been specified in the approval by the FederalAgency.
(2) Where the Federal Agency accords its approval subject to certainconditions, the proponent shall –
(a) before commencing construction of the project, acknowledgeacceptance of the stipulated conditions by executing anundertaking in the form prescribed in Schedule VII;
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(b) before commencing operation of the project, obtain from theFederal Agency written confirmation that the conditions ofapproval, and the requirements in the IEE/EIA relating to designand construction, adoption of mitigatory and other measures andother relevant matters, have been duly complied with.
14. Confirmation of compliance
(1) The request for confirmation of compliance under clause (b) of sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 13 shall be accompanied by an Environmental ManagementPlan indicating the measures and procedures proposed to be taken to manage or mitigatethe environmental impacts for the life of the project, including provisions for monitoring,reporting and auditing.
(2) Where a request for confirmation of compliance is received from aproponent, the Federal Agency may carry out such inspection of the site and plant andmachinery and seek such additional information from the proponent as it may deem fit:
Provided that every effort shall be made by the Federal Agency to provide therequisite confirmation or otherwise within 15 days of receipt of the request, withcomplete information, from the proponent.
(3) The Federal Agency may, while issuing the requisite confirmation ofcompliance, impose such other conditions as the Environmental Management Plan, andthe operation, maintenance and monitoring of the project as it may deem fit, and suchconditions shall be deemed to be included in the conditions to which approval of theproject is subject.
15. Deemed approval
The four-month period for communication of decision stipulated in sub-section(4) of section 12 shall commence from the date of filing of an IEE or EIA in respect ofwhich confirmation of completeness is issued by the Federal Agency under clause (a) ofsub-regulation (1) of Regulation 9.
16. Extension in review period
Where the Federal Government in a particular case extends the four-month periodfor communication of approval prescribed in sub-section (5) of section 12, it shall, inconsultation with the Federal Agency, indicate the various steps of the review process tobe taken during the extended period, and the estimated time required for each step.
17. Validity period of approval
(1) The approval accorded by a Federal Agency under section 12 read withRegulation 12 shall be valid, for commencement of construction, for a period of threeyears from the date of issue.
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(2) If construction is commenced during the initial three year validity period,the validity of the approval shall stand extended for a further period of three years fromthe date of issue.
(3) After issue of confirmation of compliance, the approval shall be valid for aperiod of three years from the date thereof.
(4) The proponent may apply to the Federal Agency for extension in thevalidity periods mentioned in sub-regulations (1), (2) and (3), which may be granted bythe Federal Agency in its discretion for such period not exceeding three years at a time, ifthe conditions of the approval do not require significant change:
Provided that the Federal Agency may require the proponent to submit a freshIEE or EIA, if in its opinion changes in location, design, construction and operation of theproject so warrant.
18. Entry and inspection
(1) For purposes of verification of any matter relating to the review or to theconditions of approval of an IEE or EIA prior to, during or after commencement ofconstruction or operation of a project, duly authorized staff of the Federal Agency shallbe entitled to enter and inspect the project site, factory building and plant and equipmentinstalled therein.
(2) The proponent shall ensure full cooperation of the project staff at site tofacilitate the inspection, and shall provide such information as may be required by theFederal Agency for this purpose and pursuant thereto.
19. Monitoring
(1) After issue of approval, the proponent shall submit a report to the FederalAgency on completion of construction of the project.
(2) After issue of confirmation of compliance, the proponent shall submit anannual report summarizing operational performance of the project, with reference to theconditions of approval and maintenance and mitigatory measures adopted by the project.
(3) To enable the Federal Agency to effectively monitor compliance with theconditions of approval, the proponent shall furnish such additional information as theFederal Agency may require.
20. Cancellation of approval
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in these Regulations, if, at any time,on the basis of information or report received or inspection carried out, the FederalAgency is of the opinion that the conditions of an approval have not been complied with,or that the information supplied by a proponent in the approved IEE or EIA is incorrect, it
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shall issue notice to the proponent to show cause, within two weeks of receipt thereof,why the approval should not be cancelled.
(2) If no reply is received or if the reply is considered unsatisfactory, theFederal Agency may, after giving the proponent an opportunity of being heard:
(i) require the proponent to take such measures and to comply withsuch conditions within such period as it may specify, failing which theapproval shall stand cancelled; or
(ii) cancel the approval.
(3) On cancellation of the approval, the proponent shall cease construction oroperation of the project forthwith.
(4) Action taken under this Regulation shall be without prejudice to any otheraction that may be taken against the proponent under the Act or rules or regulations orany other law for the time being in force.
21. Registers of IEE and EIA projects
Separate Registers to be maintained by the Federal Agency for IEE and EIAprojects under sub-section (7) of section 12 shall be in the form prescribed in ScheduleVIII.
22. Environmentally sensitive areas
(1) The Federal Agency may, by notification in the official Gazette, designatean area to be an environmentally sensitive area.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in Regulations 3, 4 and 5, theproponent of a project situated in an environmentally sensitive area shall be required tofile an EIA with the Federal Agency.
(3) The Federal Agency may from time to time issue guidelines to assistproponents and other persons involved in the environmental assessment process to planand prepare projects located in environmentally sensitive areas.
(4) Where guidelines have been issued under sub-regulation (3), the projectsshall be planned and prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance therewith and anydeparture therefrom justified in the EIA pertaining to the project.
23. Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee
For purposes of rendering advice on all aspects of environmental assessment,including guidelines, procedures and categorization of projects, the Director-Generalshall constitute an Environmental Assessment Advisory Committee comprising –
(a) Director EIA, Federal Agency … Chairman
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(b) One representative each of the Provincial Agencies … Members(c) One representative each of the Federal Planning
Commission and the Provincial Planning andDevelopment Departments … Members
(d) Representatives of industry and non-Governmental organizations, and legal andother experts … Members
24. Other approvals
Issue of an approval under section 12 read with Regulation 12 shall not absolvethe proponent of the duty to obtain any other approval or consent that may be requiredunder any law for the time being in force.
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SCHEDULE I(See Regulation 3)
List of projects requiring an IEE
A. Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries
1. Poultry, livestock, stud and fish farms with total cost more than Rs.10million
2. Projects involving repacking, formulation or warehousing of agriculturalproducts
B. Energy
1. Hydroelectric power generation less than 50 MW
2. Thermal power generation less than 200 KW
3. Transmission lines less than 11 KV, and large distribution projects
4. Oil and gas transmission systems
5. Oil and gas extraction projects including exploration, production,gathering systems, separation and storage
6. Waste-to-energy generation projects
C. Manufacturing and processing
1. Ceramics and glass units with total cost more than Rs.50 million
2. Food processing industries including sugar mills, beverages, milk anddairy products, with total cost less than Rs.100 million
3. Man-made fibers and resin projects with total cost less than Rs.100 million
4. Manufacturing of apparel, including dyeing and printing, with total costmore than Rs.25 million
5. Wood products with total cost more than Rs.25 million
D. Mining and mineral processing
1. Commercial extraction of sand, gravel, limestone, clay, sulphur and otherminerals not included in Schedule II with total cost less than Rs.100million
2. Crushing, grinding and separation processes
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3. Smelting plants with total cost less than Rs.50 million
E. Transport
1. Federal or Provincial highways (except maintenance, rebuilding orreconstruction of existing metalled roads) with total cost less than Rs.50million
2. Ports and harbor development for ships less than 500 gross tons
F. Water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection
1. Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubicmeters of surface area less than 8 square kilometers
2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares
3. Small-scale irrigation systems with total cost less than Rs.50 million
G. Water supply and treatment
Water supply schemes and treatment plants with total cost less than Rs.25 million
H. Waste disposal
Waste disposal facility for domestic or industrial wastes, with annual capacity lessthan 10,000 cubic meters
I. Urban development and tourism
1. Housing schemes
2. Public facilities with significant off-site impacts (e.g. hospital wastes)
3. Urban development projects
J. Other projects
Any other project for which filing of an IEE is required by the Federal Agencyunder sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 5
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SCHEDULE II(See Regulation 4)
List of projects requiring an EIA
A. Energy
1. Hydroelectric power generation over 50 MW
2. Thermal power generation over 200 MW
3. Transmission lines (11 KV and above) and grid stations
4. Nuclear power plans
5. Petroleum refineries
B. Manufacturing and processing
1. Cement plants
2. Chemicals projects
3. Fertilizer plants
4. Food processing industries including sugar mills, beverages, milk anddairy products, with total cost of Rs.100 million and above
5. Industrial estates (including export processing zones)
6. Man-made fibers and resin projects with total cost of Rs.100 M and above
7. Pesticides (manufacture or formulation)
8. Petrochemicals complex
9. Synthetic resins, plastics and man-made fibers, paper and paperboard,paper pulping, plastic products, textiles (except apparel),printing andpublishing, paints and dyes, oils and fats and vegetable ghee projects, withtotal cost more than Rs.10 million
10. Tanning and leather finishing projects
C. Mining and mineral processing
1. Mining and processing of coal, gold, copper, sulphur and precious stones
2. Mining and processing of major non-ferrous metals, iron and steel rolling
3. Smelting plants with total cost of Rs.50 million and above
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D. Transport
1. Airports
2. Federal or Provincial highways or major roads (except maintenance,rebuilding or reconstruction of existing roads) with total cost of Rs.50million and above
3. Ports and harbor development for ships of 500 gross tons and above
4. Railway works
E. Water management, dams, irrigation and flood protection
1. Dams and reservoirs with storage volume of 50 million cubic meters andabove or surface area of 8 square kilometers and above
2. Irrigation and drainage projects serving 15,000 hectares and above
F. Water supply and treatment
Water supply schemes and treatment plants with total cost of Rs.25 million andabove
G. Waste Disposal
1. Waste disposal and/or storage of hazardous or toxic wastes (includinglandfill sites, incineration of hospital toxic waste)
2. Waste disposal facilities for domestic or industrial wastes, with annualcapacity more than 10,000 cubic meters
H. Urban development and tourism
1. Land use studies and urban plans (large cities)
2. Large-scale tourism development projects with total cost more than Rs.50million
I. Environmentally Sensitive Areas
All projects situated in environmentally sensitive areas
J. Other projects
1. Any other project for which filing of an EIA is required by the FederalAgency under sub-regulation (2) of Regulation 5.
2. Any other project likely to cause an adverse environmental effect
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SCHEDULE III(See Regulation 7)
IEE/EIA Review Fees
Total Project Cost IEE EIA
Upto Rs.5,000,000 NIL NIL
Rs.5,000,001 to 10,000,000 Rs.10,000 Rs.15,000
Greater than Rs.10,000,000 Rs.15,000 Rs.30,000
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SCHEDULE IV[See Regulation 8(2)(a)]
Application Form
1. Name and address ofproponent
Phone:Fax:Telex:
2. Description of project
3. Location of project
4. Objectives of project
5. IEE/EIA attached? IEE/EIA : Yes/No
6. Have alternative sites been considered andreported in IEE/EIA?
Yes/No
7. Existing land use Landrequirement
8. Is basic site dataavailable, or has itbeen measured?
(only tick yes if thedata is reported in theIEE/EIA)
Meterology (includingrainfall)Ambient air qualityAmbient water qualityGround water quality
AvailableYes/No
Yes/NoYes/NoYes/No
MeasuredYes/No
Yes/NoYes/NoYes/No
9. Have estimates of thefollowing beenreported?
Water balanceSolid waste disposalLiquid waste treatment
EstimatedYes/NoYes/NoYes/No
ReportedYes/NoYes/NoYes/No
10. Source of power Powerrequirement
11. Labour force(number)
Construction:Operation:
Verification. I do solemnly affirm and declare that the information given above andcontained in the attached IEE/EIA is true and correct to the best of my knowledge andbelief.
Date _______ Signature, name and ______designation of proponent(with official stamp/seal)
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SCHEDULE V[See Regulation 12]
Decision on IEE
1. Name and address of proponent ____________________________
____________________________
2. Description of project ____________________________
3. Location of project ____________________________
4. Date of filing of IEE ____________________________
5. After careful review of the IEE, the Federation Agency has decided –
(a) to accord its approval, subject to the following conditions:
__________________________________________
or (b) that the proponent should submit an EIA of the project, for the followingreasons –
__________________________________________
[Delete (a) or (b), whichever is inapplicable]
Dated ________
Tracking no.___
Director-GeneralFederal Agency
(with official stamp/seal)
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SCHEDULE VI[See Regulation 12]
Decision on EIA
1. Name and address of proponent ____________________________
____________________________
2. Description of project ____________________________
3. Location of project ____________________________
4. Date of filing of EIA ____________________________
5. After careful review of the EIA, and all comments thereon, the Federation Agencyhas decided –
(a) to accord its approval, subject to the following conditions:
__________________________________________
or (b) that the proponent should submit an EIA with the following modifications-
__________________________________________
or (c) to reject the project, being contrary to environmental objectives, for thefollowing reasons:
__________________________________________
[Delete (a)/(b)/(c), whichever is inapplicable]
Dated ________
Tracking no.___
Director-GeneralFederal Agency
(with official stamp/seal)
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SCHEDULE VII[See Regulation 13(2)]
Undertaking
I, (full name and address) as proponent for (name, description and location of project) dohereby solemnly affirm and declare that I fully understand and accept the conditionscontained in the approval accorded by the Federal Agency bearing tracking no._____dated ________, and undertake to design, construct and operate the project strictly inaccordance with the said conditions and the IEE/EIA.
Date _______ Signature, name and ______designation of proponent(with official stamp/seal)
Witnesses(full names and addresses)
(1) ______________
(2) ______________
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SCHEDULE VIII(See Regulation 21)
Form of Registers for IEE and EIA projects
S. No. Description Relevant Provisions1 2 3
1. Tracking number
2. Category type (as per Schedules I and II)
3. Name of proponent
4. Name and designation of contact person
5. Name of consultant
6. Description of project
7. Location of project
8. Project capital cost
9. Date of receipt of IEE/EIA
10. Date of confirmation of completeness
11. Approval granted (Yes/No)
12. Date of approval granted or refused
13. Conditions of approval/reasons for refusal
14. Date of Undertaking
15. Date of extension of approval validity
16. Period of extension
17. Date of commencement of construction
18. Date of issue of confirmation of compliance
19. Date of commencement of operations
20. Dates of filing of monitoring reports
21. Date of cancellation, if applicable
Annexure-IV
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