From Ocean to OceanFrom Ocean to Ocean
Unit 5 Chapter 11 Lesson 3Pages 444-451
ObjectivesObjectives
Explain how Texas became a state.Describe how pioneers traveled
west on the Oregon and Mormon trails.
Tell how the United States gained lands after the Mexican-American War.
Describe the California gold rush.
Content FocusContent Focus
Mexico took control of Texas in 1821. In 1836, Texas leaders declared Texas an independent republic and fought against Mexico’s army.
Texas IndependenceTexas Independence
1821 – Mexico wins independence from Spain
Few people lived in Texas
Mexico offered land to encourage settlement in Texas
Americans in TexasAmericans in Texas
Many new settlers were AmericansMexico becomes worried1830 – tries to stop American
settlementAlso, raised taxes on the
Americans already in TexasAmericans become angry
Gen. Antonio Lopez de Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaSanta Anna
Sent troops to TX to enforce laws
Santa Anna had made himself the dictator of TX
Dictator – leader who has complete control of the government
The AlamoThe Alamo
TX turn the Alamo, San Antonio de Valero mission, into a fort
Davy Crocket & Jim Bowie – Americans at the Alamo
Feb. 23, 1836 – Santa Anna attacked
Lasted 13 daysMexicans won
IndependenceIndependence
Texas leaders declared TX an independent republic
Sam Houston – led the army Texas had formed
Never gave upNever gave up
TX never gave upAttacked Santa Anna at San JacintoTX surprised the Mexicans
screaming “Remember the Alamo!”
Santa Anna capturedFor his freedom, he declared TX
independent
The Lone Star RepublicThe Lone Star Republic
Sam Houston elected the nation’s first president
Called the Lone Star Republic because it had one star on it’s flag
Stayed independent until annexed by U.S. in 1845
Annexed – added on
The Oregon TrailThe Oregon Trail
Marcus & Narcissa Whitman – 1st Americans to travel to Oregon Country
Missionaries Narcissa wrote detailed letters of the
beautiful valleys & rich soil Letters were published Created a desire for many to go west
Oregon TrailOregon Trail
Started in Independence, MissouriTraveled in covered wagonsLong and shaped like boatsNicknamed “Prairie schooners”Wagon trains – groupsTrains left in spring – deadly to
travel in winter
Oregon TrailOregon Trail
Hard life in westMany people walkedWagons filled with suppliesNight – wagons in circle =
protectionFord – crossDanger when wagons had to ford
rivers
Mormon TrailMormon Trail
1840’s Mormons not welcomed in many places Brigham Young – Mormon leader 1846 – led group west from Illinois to
Great Salt Lake valley Now Utah This route is known as Mormon Trail
Mormon TrailMormon Trail
Established a city
Brigham Young became the territories first governor
Expanding BordersExpanding Borders
1840’s – Britain & U.S. claim Oregon territory
U.S. believed they had a right to the land
Manifest Destiny – idea that the United States was meant to stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
New ConflictNew Conflict
Will war break out over the Oregon territory?
1846 – signed a treaty setting nations northern border
Two years later – Oregon Territory created
California?California?
Americans want California too.Mexico controlled President James Polk – strong
believer in Manifest DestinyOffered to buy CA, AZ, and NM for
$30 millionMexico refused
President James K. PolkPresident James K. Polk
Mexican-American WarMexican-American War
Same time – dispute over Texas & Mexico border
U.S. claimed the border to be the Rio Grande
Mexico said it was the Nueces (nu AY says)River
100 miles north of the Rio Grande
WARWAR
Pres. Polk sent Gen. Zachary Taylor
Mexico attacked
May 13, 1846 – U.S. declares war
WAR continuesWAR continues
1847 – Americans capture Vera Cruz
Marched to Mexico city
Sept. 14, 1847 – War ends
New BordersNew Borders
Feb. 1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war
Mexico gives up all claims to southern TX
Rio Grande recognized as border
In additionIn addition
Mexico sells large area known as the Mexican Cession
Cession- concession, something given up
All of present day CA, Nevada, Utah, parts of NM, AZ, CO, WY
U.S. paid $15 million (half of original offer)
1853 – U.S. buys rest of NM, AZ Gadsden Purchase
California Gold RushCalifornia Gold Rush
GoldGold
1848 – gold discovered
Changed land forever
The Forty-NinersThe Forty-Niners
1848James Marshall – working on saw
mill for John SutterBank of South RiverJan. 24, small gold nugget foundMore gold found and news spreadsGOLD FEVER!
GOLD RUSHGOLD RUSH
Gold Rush – sudden rush of people to an area where gold has been found
1 year = 90,000 people rush to CA Forty-Niners – name given to these
people because many arrived late 1849 Men, women, 1,000 African Americans
(free & enslaved)
Where & How?Where & How?
Came from all over U.S. Trails Sailing around southern tip of South
America Crossing Isthmus of Panama Also from other parts of world: Mexico,
South America, Europe, and Asia 1 out of every 4 were Chinese
California ChangedCalifornia Changed
Didn’t find gold ranched and farmed
Businesses formed
1849 – population 100,000
1850 California became the 31st state
What forced Native Americans What forced Native Americans to move west of the to move west of the Mississippi River?Mississippi River?
Indian Removal Act
What trail began in What trail began in Independence, Missouri?Independence, Missouri?
Oregon Trail
What leader was the first What leader was the first governor of Tennessee?governor of Tennessee?
John Sevier
In order to travel west, many In order to travel west, many American settlers had to ____ American settlers had to ____
rivers to reach their rivers to reach their destinations.destinations.
ford
Many Americans felt a sense Many Americans felt a sense of _____ after the nation had of _____ after the nation had
defeated the British in the War defeated the British in the War of 1812.of 1812.
nationalism
Cherokee Indians had ____ to Cherokee Indians had ____ to American way of life.American way of life.
assimilated
After the Mexican-American After the Mexican-American War, many new lands were War, many new lands were given to the U.S. in an act of given to the U.S. in an act of
____ by Mexico.____ by Mexico.
cession
Why were trails so important Why were trails so important to the growth of the United to the growth of the United
States?States?
Travel west was new to many AmericansTrails helped settlers travel more safelyGave Americans confidence to follow
others
What was the Indian Removal What was the Indian Removal Act?Act?
A law signed by Andrew Jackson forcing the Cherokee tribe and other tribes to leave their lands and move to Indian Territory, which is now Oklahoma.
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