Frog Skeletal System
Skull, Lower Jaw
Part Position FunctionCranium Encloses brain
Suture (see above) Protect brain from traumaOlfactory capsule Houses scent organs
Otic capsule Lodges inner ear
Orbit Houses eyeball
Premaxillary processes Adjoins maxillary arch
Foramen magnum(in occipital region)
Hole through which spinal cord passes
Occipital condyles Articulate with first vertebra
Maxillary arch Borders orbit, bears teeth
Vertebrae
Part Position FunctionAtlas Articulates with occipital
condyles; one cervical vertebra
Centrum Body of vertebra
Neural arch Inner lining of neural spine
Neural canal Passageway through which spinal cord passes to and from brain and body
Neural spine Dorsal side of spine
Transverse processes Extend laterally to support body
Zygapophyses Articulate successive vertebrae
Sacral Ninth vertebra
Urostyle Tenth vertebra
Pectoral Girdle, Sternum, Forelimb
Part Position FunctionSuprascapula Flat trapezoid, cartilaginous
Scapula Articulates with suprascapula
Glenoid fossa Where upper arm bone fits;Smooth concavity on proximal end of scapula
Fenestra Gap between clavicle, coracoid, and spatula
Clavicle Anterior to fenestra; thin;Articulates with scapula
Coracoid Posterior to fenestra;Articulates with scapula;Directly attached to epicoracoid cartilage
Epicoracoid cartilage Joins left and right coracoids
Sternum (see above) Lies on mid-ventral axis
Episternum Flat, rounded
Omosternum Inverted y-shaped bone;Two arms rest on clavicle
Mesosternum Anterior end wedged between coracoids; articulates with xiphisternum at posterior end
Xiphisternum Posterior to mesosternum
Humerus Most proximal to body;Attaches to glenoid fossa
Radio-ulna Comprises forearm region
Pelvic Girdle, Hindlimb
Part Position FunctionOs innominatum Half of pelvic girdle
Acetabulum Cup-shaped depression;Where femur fits
Ilium Articulates with sacral;U-shaped; forms anterior border of acetabulum
Ischium Fan-shaped; forms posterior border of acetabulum
Pubis Triangle bone beneath ischium;Apex contributes to acetabulum
Femur Most proximal bone in hindlimb;Attaches to acetabulum
Tibio-fibula/ shank More distal to main body
Frog Muscular System
Head
Part Position FunctionTemporalis Raises lower jaw
(yellow)
Depressor mandibulae (see green pin above) Lowers lower jawMylohyoid Raises floor of mouth
Trunk
Part Position FunctionLongissimus dorsi Elevates head; straightens back
Coccygeosacralis Keeps coccyx region in line with ilium
Coccygeoiliacus Keeps coccyx region in line with ilium
External oblique Compresses abdomen
Rectus abdominis Compresses abdomen
Linea alba Connective tissue acting as septum; divides rectus abdominis into two symmetrical parts
Inscriptiones tendinae Connective tissue acting as septum; run perpendicular
Forelimb
Part Position FunctionSterno-radialis Draws arm towards chest
Pectoralis Draws arm towards chest
Latissimus dorsi Draws arm away from body
Deltoid Draws arm towards chest
Triceps brachi Straightens forearm
Hindlimb
Part Position FunctionTriceps extensor femoris Straightens shank; bends thigh
Semimebranosus Draws thigh medially; bends shank
Biceps femoris Draws thigh medially; bends shank
Sartorius Bends the leg
Gracilis major Draws thigh medially
Adductor magnus Adducts leg and thigh;Draws thigh ventrally
Gastrocnemius Bends shank; extends foot
Peroneus Straightens shank; bends foot
Tibialis anticus Bends foot
Tibialis posticus Extends foot
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