FRBR and VIAF : Examples of Current International Initiatives in
Cataloging
A presentation byDr. Barbara B. Tillett
for the MAVIS Users Conference 2003
Nov. 6, 2003
Today’s Topics
• The FRBR Model(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records)
• A Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
The FRBR Model(Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records)
MAVIS Users Conference 2003Nov. 6, 2003
FRBR
• Publisher: K.G. Saur
• Also available on the Web:
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.pdf
FRBR
IFLA Cataloguing Section’s Review Group on FRBR
Web Page:
http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/wgfrbr/wgfrbr.htm
Bibliographic UniverseWhat Are We Cataloging?
• Library collections– Books– Serials– Maps, globes, etc– Manuscripts.– Musical scores– A-V
• sound recordings• motion pictures• photographs, slides
– Multimedia– “Remote” digital
materials
Entity-Relationship Model
• Entities
• Relationships
FRBR
relationship
Entity 1 Entity 2
•Attributes•User Tasks and National LevelBibliographic Record
FRBR Entities
Group 1: Products of intellectual & artistic endeavor– Work– Expression– Manifestation– Item
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Work
Physical -recording ofcontent
Intellectual/artistic content
is realized through
is embodied in
is exemplified by
Vocabulary
• “Book”–Door prop
(item)
–“publication” at bookstore any copy
(manifestation)
Thanks to Patrick Le Bœuf
Vocabulary
• “Book”–Who translated?
(expression)
–Who wrote?
(work)
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
Paper PDF HTML
The Movie
Orig.Version
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
The Movie
Orig.Version
Paper PDF HTML
Item: Copy 1Autographed
Copy 2
FRBR Entity Levels
Work:
Expression:
Manifestation:
The Novel
Orig.Text
Transl. CriticalEdition
The Movie
Orig.Version
Paper PDF HTML
Item: Copy 1Autographed
Copy 2
Family of works
Possible FRBR applicationsScenario A - Now
Authority
Bibliographic
Holding Item
Work/Expression
UniformTitle Concept
Manifestation
Person
Series (work/expression)
UniformTitle
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Item
Scenario B
Work/ExpressionUniform
Title
Manifestation
Authority
Bibliographic
Holding
Concept
Item
Person
PersonSeries
(work/expression)Uniform
Title
Scenario C Work
UniformTitle
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Authority
Bibliographic
Holding
ConceptPerson
Manifestation Manifestation
Item Item Item
Person
Modes of Expression• Alpha-numeric• Music notation• Other notation (e.g., choreographic)• Sound• Still image• Moving image• Three-dimensional object• Combinations of above
FRBR
Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR2 (JSC)
• Task Force on Format Variation– Work-level citations– Expression-level citations
• Update AACR terminology to use FRBR terms: – Work, Expression, Manifestation,
Item
FRBR Entities
Group 2: Those responsible for the intellectual & artistic content
– Person
– Corporate body
FRBR Entities
Group 3: Subjects of works– Groups 1 & 2 plus– Concept– Object– Event– Place
Group 1 - Relationships Inherent to the Entities
• Work “is realized by” an expression
– Expression “is embodied in” a manifestation
• Manifestation “is exemplified by” an item
–Item
FRBR
Relationships -Work/Expression
w1 Charles Dickens’ A Christmas carol
e1 the author’s original English text
e2 a Tamil translation by V.A. Venkatachari
FRBR, p. 59
“is realized by”FRBR
Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation
w1 J.S. Bach’s Goldberg variations
e1 performance by Glenn Gould in 1981
m1 recording released on 331/3 rpm sound disc in 1982 by CBS Records
m2 recording re-released on compact disc in 1993 by Sony
m3 digitization of the Sony re-release as MP3 in 2000
Based on FRBR, p. 59 “is embodied in”FRBR
Relationships - Work/Expression/Manifestation/Item w1 Lost treasures of the world
e1 the interactive electronic resource
m1 the CD published in 1994 by Follgard CD-
Visions
i1 first copy held by Calgary Public Library i2 second copy held by Calgary Public
Library
FRBR, p. 60“is exemplified by”
FRBR
Relationships• Inherent among the
entities
• Content relationships among works
Work
Expression
Manifestation
Item
Whole-Part
Accompanying
EQUIVALENT
Cataloging Rulescut-off point
Same work New work
DERIVATIVE DESCRIPTIVE
Parody
Revision
Translation
Criticism
Variations or versions
Editions SummaryAbstractDigest
Annotated edition
Expurgatededition
DramatizationNovelization
Freetranslation
Imitations
Evaluation
Review
Casebook
Commentary
Abridgededition
Arrangement
ScreenplayLibrettoIllustrated
edition
Slightmodifications Adaptations
Change of genre
Original
Same style or thematic content
Microformreproduction
Copy
Exactreproduction
Facsimile
Reprint
Simultaneous“publication”
Same Expression New Expression
Family of Works
New Work B. TillettDec. 2001
Group 1 Entities’ Attributes
• Work– ID– Title– Date– etc.
• Expression– ID– Title– Form– Date– Language– etc.
• Manifestation– ID– Title– Statement of responsibility– Edition– Imprint (place, publisher,
date)– Form/extent of carrier– Terms of availability– Mode of access– etc.
• Item– ID– Provenance– Location– etc.
FRBR
Relationship vs. Attribute
Work PersonCreated by
Creates
DRAFT FRANAR extension to FRBRReal
WorldEntities:e.g.,IndividualGroupEventContentObjectConceptPlaceTime
FRBREntities:PersonFamilyCorp.BodyWorkExpressionManifestationItem
NameIdentifier
Access Point
HeadingTargetTracing
Rules
Authority recordReference record
Explanatory heading
Explanatory record
Agency
May 2002
Objectives of Catalogs
• Cutter’s objectives for the catalog– Finding - description and access standards
– Collocating - controlled “vocabularies” for precision of searching
“User Tasks” - FRBR• Find (locate and collocate)• Identify• Select• Obtain
• Relate• Other possible tasks:
– Attribute Royalties to– Preserve
Collocation by Works
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. + All’s well that ends well+ As you like it+ Hamlet+ Macbeth+ Midsummer night’s dream
Collocation by Family of Works and Expressions
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Texts+ Motion Pictures+ Sound Recordings
Collocation by Expressions
• Shakespeare, William, 1564-1616. Hamlet.+ Motion Pictures – Danish+ Motion Pictures – Dutch+ Motion Pictures – English+ Motion Pictures – French+ Motion Pictures – Spanish
FRBR Applications
• Related models:– <indecs>– ABC model in
Project Harmony (US, UK, Australia)
– Indiana Univ.: Variations2 digital music
• Applications:– Denmark: VisualCat– Australia: AustLit– VTLS: Virtua’s
“FRBR-ized” catalog– OCLC’s Fiction
Finder; future WorldCat
– RLG’s Web union catalog plans: RedLightGreen
http://www.redlightgreen.com
Where is FRBR most useful?
• Classics of literature vs. scientific studies
• Examples in the OCLC database– Stephen King
• 102 works, 231 manifestations
– Shakespeare’s Hamlet• 1 work, 2696 manifestations
– Rowling, J.K. (Harry Potter stories)• 28 works, 300 manifestations
FRBR futures
• Terminology• Concepts
– Entities– Relationships– Attributes
• Goals of bibliographic control– Finding– Collocating
Thank you!
• Slides 9 and modified versions of 30 and 31 were published in Barbara B. Tillett, “Bibliographic Relationships.” In Relationships in the Organization of Knowledge, edited by Carol A. Bean and Rebecca Green, 19-35. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.© 2001 All Rights Reserved.If these images are reused, please include this citation.
A Virtual International Authority File
MAVIS Users Conference
Nov. 6, 2003
Objectives
• Facilitate sharing to reduce cataloguing costs to libraries, museums, archives, rights management agencies, etc.
• Simplify creation and maintenance of authority records internationally
• Enable users to access information in the language, script, form they prefer
Authority control virtues
• “Precision” in searching
• Syndetic structure of references to help navigate (the variant forms of name/title/subject/etc.)
• Displays to collocate works
• Links to forms used in particular resources
• Bring library catalogues into the mix of tools available on the Web
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
IFLA UBC authority principles
• Each country responsible for authority headings for its own personal and corporate authors
• National authority records available for everyone to use
• Same form and structure used worldwide
New view of UBC• User perspective - to display
script/language(s) of one’s own country
• Bibliographic agencies still responsible for control in their own countries (or region/cataloguing rules/etc.)
• Link forms established in “national” or “regional” authority files to create a virtual international authority file
Same Entity/Variant Scripts
Japanese
japanisch
Switching for displaysLibrary defaultUser-selected preferences
– Client set-up, “cookies,” or future method• Language• Script• Culture (country)/spelling
– Labor vs. Labour
Scenario - Web Search of VIAF
• Original cataloguing with no match found in local authority file
• Launches Web search of virtual international authority file– Assumes response times/system reliability
will improve in future
Scenario
Create bibliographic record
100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter I
245 ‡a Piano concerto
Not found in local authority file.Checking VIAF.
RUSMARC-recordМаркер: 00445nx 22001453 450001: 10326005: 20001108144619.0100: $a20001108arusy0103 ca200: 1$8rus$7ca$aЧайковский$bП. И.$f1840- 1893$gПетр Ильич$4070200: 1$8rus$7ba$aChajkovskij$bP. I.$f1840-1893$gPetr Il'ich$4070300: 0 $aРусский композитор, ученик А.Г. Рубинштейна.700: 1$310327$8rus$7ba$4070810: $aВсемирный биографический энциклопедический словарь. - М., 1998.801: 0$arus$brnb$c20001108
810: $aГАК РНБ.
Your search of the Virtual International Authority File found the following match:
Scenario
Link authorities
100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter I
Create and Link? Yes
No
700 1 ‡a Чайковский‡b П. И.‡d 1840-1893‡q Петр Ильич ‡0 ()10326 ‡2 ‡l rus
Automatically creates local authority record
010 ‡a n 79072979 040 ‡a DLC ‡b eng 100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, ‡d 1840-1893 400 1 ‡a Chajkovskii, Petr Il’ich, ‡d 1840-1893
Cataloguer adds AACR2 form
with link
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Tchaikovsky
Чайковский()10326
(LC)n79072979
Scenario
Corrects bibliographic record
100 1 ‡a Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilich, ‡ d 1840-1893
245 ‡a Piano concerto
Local system - User view
User’s cookie specifies Cyrillic/Russian preferred.
Display 700 form, building on local system’s authority structure
Чайковский, Петр Ильич, 1840-1893
HKCAN
Centralized Virtual - Union Authority File (OAI Model)
VIAF Proof of ConceptDDB/LC/OCLC
OAI
Server(s)
LCNAFDDB/PND
Matching retrospective files
• One time project
• Matching algorithms, such as those developed by Ed O’Neill and others at OCLC
• Links– Text strings– Control numbers
Semantic Web Building Blocks
End-user
A&I controlledvocabularies
(Library) authority files
Other controlled vocabularies
“Ontologies”
Semantic Web Building Blocks
End-user
“Ontologies”
Web search engines
Digital world
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
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