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Presentation Outline
• Power in the wind – helping overcome climate change
– Rural/suburban small wind corollary to urban PV• Overview of small wind technology – US products dominate world
market
– Pre-2000 – battery-charging, inverter added for on-grid
– - – -
• Residential wind incentives and impact on economics
– Average American electric home 10,000 kWh/ year =
5 kW wind turbine• Overview of small wind CoE and economics
• Historic ex ansion of small wind markets
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• Conservative estimates of market potential – 5,000 MW by 2020
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Calculation of Wind PowerCalculation of Wind Power
• = 3
– Effect of wind speed, V – Effect of rotor diameter on swept area, A
– Effect of elevation and temperature
on air density, ρ
3
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US Wind Resource Assessment MapUS Wind Resource Assessment Map
= += +
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Small Wind Turbines Are DifferentSmall Wind Turbines Are Different
• Utility-Scale Wind Power250 – 2,500 kW wind turbines
– Installed on wind farms, 10 – 300 MW withprofessional maintenance crews
– Installed as one to few turbines, 250 kW on up,
,
– 13 mph (6 m/s) average wind speed – Benefits from Production Tax Credit
10 kW
300 W - 100 kW wind turbines – Installed at individual homes, farms,
, , . – On the “customer side” of the meter,
or off the utility grid entirely
–
5
,
– 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed
– Benefits from Investment Tax Credit & stateincentives
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PrePre--2000 Small Wind Turbines2000 Small Wind Turbines• Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into
the wind b the tail
• Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics
• Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotorurns ou o e w n , no ra es
• Generator: Direct-drive, permanent
magnet alternator (no brushes), 3-phase, var a e-spee opera on
• Controller: Electronic device that delivers- DC power for charging batteries
- power or u y n erconnec on• Result: – Simple, rugged design
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ergey , – n y – mov ng par s – Little regular maintenance required
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Small Wind Turbine Technology EvolutionSmall Wind Turbine Technology Evolution
Pre-2000 Post-2000
Grid-connected (Domestic market)
Overspeed with stall, brakes or blade pitch
Battery-charging (International Market)
Overspeed - Furling
Rare Earth Magnets – lighter turbinesLower rotational speeds & quieter airfoils
Ability to brake rotor
Heavier magnets – Heavier nacelleHigher RPM – noisier
Inability to brake turbine – idle only
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Results in 4x production at ½ cost
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DOE/NREL PublicDOE/NREL Public--Private PartnershipsPrivate Partnerships
•DoE/NREL has been a partner without west n power s nce
•Development of the Skystream windturbine including analysis, designreview, technology licensing, bladetesting, and system field testing.
•
• Popular Science - Best ofWhat’s New 2006
• Time Magazine - BestInventions 2006
•
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Association -Top 10 Green
Building Products 2007
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Skystream Innovative FeaturesSkystream Innovative Features
Zero co inWireless display
slot-less alternator
Fully integrated
and control
Low-noise, sweptfiberglass blades
using NREL airfoils
universal inverter
Patented stall
ntegrate towernoise isolation
programmed speedand power control
Monopole towerwithout guy wires
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Growth of the Small Wind IndustryGrowth of the Small Wind Industry
• In 2000 there were about 40 producers of small wind generators inthe world –
• US small wind manufacturers dominate the world market with 22manufacturers
• Non-US manufacturers anxious to come into US market
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Residential Small Wind Incentiveswww.dsireusa.org
$$
$
$
$
$
$ $ $
$$
Property Tax Incentives
$ Income Tax Credits
Yearly grants through the USDAfarm bill are available for Illinois,Penns lvania Florida Iowa
Productivity
Incentives &Productivity
BUYDOWNS/GRANTS PRODUCTIVITY INCENTIVES MINOR INCENTIVES
$ $
Loans
RPS Puerto Rico
Buydown/Grants
11Federal Incentives: Mainstay Energy –green tag purchase (CA excluded); USDA Federal Farm Bill Title 9006 –grant for rural areas May 10, 2007
, , ,Wisconsin and Ohio.
Buydown/Grants &
Net Metering
Buydown/Grants,
Net Metering, & Loans
Loansncen ves
Net Metering & Loans
Net Metering, Loans
& Prod. Incentives
Net Metering &
Prod. Incentives Net Metering
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Findin the Ti in Point
GOAL: Continue to drive down the Cost of Energy while
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Wind Turbine (preWind Turbine (pre--2000 technology)2000 technology)
Red highlights = Turbine System CostRed highlights = Turbine System Cost
- -
High Cost Low CostBergey Excel-S (10 kW)
Wind turbine & inverter $27,900 $27,900 $27,900
Tower (100 ft guyed) $9,200 $31,950 $7,400
Tower Wiring Kit $1,000 $1,140 $860
Shipping $1,500 $2,000 $1,000
Installation $8,000 $18,000 $2,000
Permits/Fees $500 $6,000 $0
, none
Total $49,052 $94,279 $39,160
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Small Wind EconomicsSmall Wind Economics
Bergey Excel on 100ft TowerBergey Excel on 100ft TowerSimple Payback
Bergey Excel, 100 ft Tower
40
50
a r s
Net Metering Only, 12.5 mph
Net Metering Only, 16 mph
USDA Grant and Net Meterin 12.5 m h
30
b a c k ,
YUSDA Grant and Net Metering, 16 mph
20
i m p l e P a
0
S
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Electric Rate, ¢/kWh
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Localized GrowthLocalized Growth
San Bernardino Count CASan Bernardino Count CA
• Guasti Construction – started in 2000 with first small turbineinstallation – ½ Full Time E uivalent FTE
• Worked the local zoning and interconnection issues• As of 12/07 – installed 116 turbines (114 in San Bernardino County)
– 6 ¾ FTE
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Building a module that will work with Jobs, Economic Development Impact (JEDI) tool – in development
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PV & Small Wind Market growth ratesPV & Small Wind Market growth rates140
c
60
80
100
t y i n M W
- d
Grid-Tied
Off-Grid
Per AWEA Market Study – 14%small wind growth in 2007
PV Market
0
20
40
C a p a c i
1 9 9
1 9 9
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
2 0 0
Federal InvestmentTax Credit for PV
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16Source: Larry Sherwood of IREC
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Conservative US Market PotentialConservative US Market PotentialPreliminary Domestic Market Assessment
70,000
80,00090,000
t s Wind/Diesel
40,000
50,000
60,000
b e
r o f U n i
"Small-Scale"
Community
Farm/Industrial/Bus
0
10,000
20,000
,
N u m
Residential
Off-grid
2005 2010 2015 2020
Year
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In addition to a very strong international market
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For More InformationFor More Information
- Wind Powering America – www.windpoweringamerica.gov
- Small Wind tab
- American Wind Energy Association – www.awea.org- Small Wind tab
- American Solar Energy Society – small wind division
- www.ases.org
- Incentives – www.dsireusa.org
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