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VI ET NAM
ADMI NI STRATI ON OF FORESTRY(VNFOREST)
Contents
About Viet Nam The roles of forests Forest resources Forest ecosystems Classification of forests by
functions
Achievements in 2006-2010 Development orientation Organization and institution Challenges and solutions International cooperation
March, 2011
VIET NAM FORESTRYIntroduction of forests and forest sector of Viet Nam
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FOREWORD
Forests play a vital role in the socio-economic development and in ensuring environmental sustainability of the nation.
Besides supplying forest products for economic development, forests also contribute significantly to reducing flood
and storm damages by maintaining and moderating water flows, supplying water for production and livelihood
activities, mitigating erosions, landslides, and siltation of reservoirs, and producing hydroelectricity. Forests also
enhance climate control, conserve biodiversity and genetic resources, and provide opportunities for eco-tourism and
outdoor recreation. Forests play an specially vital role in the earths climate by absorbing and storing carbon thus
reducing global warming. In Viet Nam, as a specific economic technical sector, forestry significantly contributes to
sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas, economic growth, stabilization of society, national securityand defense.
The Booklet on Forestry in Viet Namis developed with the aim of introducing Vietnamese forests and forestry sector
to a wider range of audiences. It is composed jointly by Viet Nam Administration of Forestry (VNFOREST) of the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and the Forest Sector Support Partnership (FSSP) Coordination
Office, with the financial support from JICA.
We would like to express our gratitude for the kind support from various colleagues within the Viet NamAdministration of Forestry, international and national partners to develop and publish this Booklet. Special thankswould be given to Mr. Noriyoshi Kitamura JICA Forestry Programme Advisor for his effective support during the
process of preparing and editing this Booklet.
We have tried our best to collect and synthesize information as well as provide interesting insights to our readers and
colleagues. We look forward to further receiving valuable contributions, comments on this Booklet from readers. Such
feedbacks would be appreciated with thanks to better improve the Booklet in the future.
Kind regards,
H u a D u c N h iVice Minister, MARDDirector General, Viet Nam Administration of Forestry
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Located in the Southeast of Asia, from 2324 to 835Northern latitude and 10208 to 10928 Easternlongitude.
Land area: 33,019 km2 Length: 1,652 km Width: 632 km of the widest, 42 km of the narrowest 2/3 of the mainland territorial area covered by hills
and mountains, the highest mountain Fansipan with3,143 m above sea level.
There are 2,360 rivers and streams Climate: Northern hemisphere tropical monsoon, close
to equatorial climate, impacted by the Northeast and
Southeast Asian monsoon. Population: 85.8 million (in 2009) GDP: $104.6 billion US (in 2010) and estimated $155
billion US in 2011(WB)
ABOUT VI ET NAM
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Forests are a source of food and foodstuff: many of current food and food products originated from
natural forests, such as potato, rice, fruits, coffee,
chocolate, spices and so on. Many foods are still beingharvested from forests such as bamboo shoots,
mushrooms, ground cloves, forest animals, etc.
Forests are the main material sources forbuilding houses, housing equipment and fuels for rural and
mountainous areas and are the major livelihoods of the
forest dependent ethnic minority people.
Forests are a source of medicine for peopleof ethnic minorities and for the pharmaceutical
industry. Currently we only know about 1% of flora
species in tropical forests but 25% of drugs producedoriginating from these plants, including many species
with cancer treatment possibilities.
Harvested from Plantations A nest of honey bees in Song Trem, Ca Mau
Forests protect habitats of human life, wildlifes,agricultural production and mitigate damages caused by
natural disasters such as mitigating negative effects of
floods, watershed protection like reducing water flow
speed during floods, combating soil erosion, landslides
(where close forests are available, the amount of soil
erosion can be reduced 80-90%).
Forests provide raw materials for forestproduct processing industry, such as production of
paper, fiberboard, sawn-timber, pit-props, and NTFPs
like bamboo, rattan, raisin, oils, etc.
Forests provide relaxation andentertainment areas for humans due to the
pollutions of urban and industrial zones cause negative
impacts to their health.
Bird sanctuary in Bac Lieu Bamboo material for processing
ROLES OF FORESTS
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Forests function water regeneration,maintaining water under the vegetation and groundwater
and bringing water back to streams, rivers to supply for
hydropower plants, agricultural production and human lifein dry season. Overseas research showed that the amount
of water kept and regulated by 3,000 ha of primary forests
is equivalent to a reservoir of 1 mil. m3 of water. Thus,
investments in forest protection and planting of watershed
protection forests are considered similar to civil work
investments which bring synthetic effects to the
environment.
Coastal protection forests and mangroveforests are very useful for shielding waves, wind,
storm, sea encroachment, sand-dune and sand
moves According to an IUCN survey, the horribletsunami in December 26th , 2004 caused the death of
hundreds of thousands people in various countries in
Asia and Africa. However, in areas with wide mangrove
line such as in India or in Phukhet Island of Thailand,
villages behind such green walls are nearly untought,
because the tsurinami energy had reduced from 50 to
90%.
Forest in Phong Nha Quang Binh Mangrove forest in Can Gio Ho Chi Minh City Forests play an important role in carbonsequestration and storage, contributing remarkable to
reduce the warming of the earth and living environment.
Worldwide countries and international organizations
assume that forest protection is the most effective solution
for global warming reduction. Attention should be paid on
the fact that carbon volume in natural forests is 5-10 times
higher than that in plantations and agricultural trees.
Forests, especially natural forests, are the lungs of the
planet, also contribute to climate regulation and air
quality improvement (CO2 sequestration, oxygen
release and air filtering), particularly in industrial zones
and urban areas with high pollutions. Each person
needs around 4 tons of oxygen for breathing each
year, equivalent to the oxygen release level of 1,000-
3,000m2 of trees or 0.1 ha of forest. Forest loss could
cause unexpected changes in the atmosphere and
natural disasters at global scale.
Can Gio National Park Ba Vi National Park
ROLES OF FORESTS
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Area of forest and forestry land (to 31/ 12/ 2009)
Type of forest/ forestr y land Area (ha)
Forested area 13,258,843
A. Na tu ra l f o res t 10 ,339 ,3051. Wood forest 8,235,838
2. Bamboo forest 621,454
3. Mix forest 685,631
4. Mangrove forest 60,603
5. Rocky mountain forest 735,779
B. P l an ta t i on 2 ,919 ,5381. With standing volume (> 3 years) 1,464,330
2. Without standing volume (
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1. Tropical closed evergreen moist broadleaf
rainforest ecosystem: Ecosystems belonging to such
vegetation are very rich and diverse, distributed at
height below 700m above the sea level in variousnorthern provinces and below 1000m above the sea
level in some southern provinces. Average annual
temperature is about 20 - 250C while average annual
rainfall is between 2,000 - 2,500mm. Annually, there is
no drought month but a 3-month dry season. This
ecosystem is densed with many closed layers of canopy
together with evergreen broad - leaved large timber
trees species.
2. Evergreen broad-leaved forest ecosystem on
limestone mountains: Rocky forest area (mainly
limestone) is over 1.1 mil. ha, of which forested area was
approximately 0.4 mil. ha (1999) distributed in 24 provincesand cities, such as Cao Bng, Lng Sn, Tuyn Quang, HGiang, Ho Bnh, Ninh Bnh, Thanh Ho in northern Truong
Son mountain ranges and some islands. The vegetation on
limestone mountains basically are indigenous flora of the
North of Viet Nam and the South of China, which distributed
scatteredly at the height belt of 300-1200m above the sea
level, resulting in microclimate areas. The average
temperature is 200C annually.
Closed evergreen forest Evergreen broad leaved forest on limestone mountains
3. Deciduous broadleaf forest ecosystem (open
forest of Dipterocaps): Deciduous broadleaf forests
distribute in provinces of Dac Lac, Dac Nong, Gia Lai,
and some smaller ones as of Lam Dong, Ninh Thuan,
Binh Thuan, Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh and mainly locating
at the height of 400 - 800m. Deciduous broadleaf forest
ecosystem suffers an extremely tough dry season lasting
from November to April. Dipterocaps trees species are
dominant in this ecosystem.
4. Mangrove forest ecosystem: Mangrove ecosystem
distributes along with the coastline of Viet Nam with 28
provinces and cities. The composition of mangrove trees
species varies on the basis of ecological environment.
There are 47 flora families and plenty of fauna species
together with famous bird sancturaries. Coastal area of C
Mau province owns an ecosystem of the most diverse trees
species composition with the best growth.
Deciduous broadleaf forest Mangrove forest
FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
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5. Tropical closed semi-deciduous broadleaf
moist forest ecosystem: Such forest ecosystem
locates in some mountainous provinces of the North,
North Central, Central Highlands, Southeastern regionsetc., and distributes in the North at the height of below
700m above the sea level and in the South below
1000m. The average air temperature is about 20 250C
annually, while average annual rainfall is between 1,200-
2,500 mm. Dry season occurs 1 3 months with the
rainfall less than 50mm, particularly under 25mm in
some months. Tree layer structure consists of 3 layers of
typical timber trees species, such as Liquidambar
formosana, Lagerstroemia tomentosa etc. Average tree
height reaches 40m while some trees species have
buttress. Lower layers and shrubs are scattered andopen.
6. Natural coniferous forest ecosystem includes low
mountain subtropical coniferous ecosystem distributed in
some provinces, such as Son La, Nghe An, Ha Giang, Lam
Dong, etc. In the south, Pinus merkusii distributed at 600-1000m while in the north the distribution is probably at
lower level. Pinus kesiya distributes at the height of over
1000m. Temperate coniferous forest ecosystem at medium
high mountains distributes mainly at Sa Pa, Tuan Giao,
Ha Giang, Tay Con Linh, Chu Giang Sinh, Lam Dong, etc
with the height of over 1600m in the North and over
1800m in the South. In subtropical coniferous forests main
species are Pinus merkusii and Pinus kesiya etc., and in
highly mountainous temperate coniferous forests there
are Fokienia Hodginsii, Cunninghamia Lanceolata,
Dacrycarpus imbricatus etc.
Tropical closed semi-deciduous broadleaf moist forest Coniferous forest
7. Melaleuca forest ecosystem: Locates mainly in 7
provinces of the Mekong river delta, distributes at the
height under 2m above the sea level , which is different
from region to region in terms of inundated regime and
duration (3 to 9 months each year). This ecosystem is
formed at waterlogged conditions, thus only some high
adaptation species can survive, resulting in simple
structure of species composition and layering.
8. Bamboo forest ecosystems: Bamboo ecosystems in
Viet Nam are diverse with more than 133 species. Main
ecosystems are Bambusa procera, Dendrocalamus barbatus,
Indosasa/Acidosasa, Schizostachyum, Bambusa balcoa.
Bamboo distributes thoughout the country, of which the
largest area are Central Highlands, North Central, Northeast,
Southeast and Northwest regions. Bamboo forests are
formed within the secondary succession.
Melaleuca forest Bamboo forest
FOREST ECOSYSTEMS
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Total land area planned for forestry is 16.24 mil ha, divided
into 3 forest categories as following: land planned for
development of special-use forests: 2,199,342 ha,
accounting for 13.5%; for development of protectionforests: 5,552,328 ha, making up 34.2%; and for
development of production forests: 8,495,823 ha,
equivalent to 52.3%.
Forest land distributes mainly in hilly and mountainous
areas of the country, where 25 mil. people, including 12
mil. ethnic minority people, are living together with low
educational level, back-warded farming practices, slow
economic development, and difficult living conditions.
Special-use forest is the forest type established
with the aims at preserving natural resources, forest
ecosystem standards of the country, genetic sources
of forest fauna species, scientific research, protectinghistorical sites, beauty spots served as tourisms in
combination with ecological environment protection.
Special-use forest includes: National Parks; Nature
conservation areas (including Nature Reserves, Species
and Landscape conservation areas); Landscape
protection areas (including historical, cultural sites and
beauty spots) and scientific experimental and research
areas.
Special-use forest in Dau Doi U Minh Ha Ca MauProtection forest is determined primarily to serve the
purpose of protecting and enhancing the capabilities on
regulation of water sources, soil conservation, erosion control
and desertification prevention, contributing to mitigate
natural disasters, climate control, ensuring ecological balance
and environmental security.
Protection forests include: 1) watershed protection forests, 2)
wind- and sand-shielding protection forest; 3) Wave-breaking
protection forest; 4) Environment protection forests. Some
provinces also have boundary protection forests.
Production forests are mainly used for
manufacturing and trading of timber, NTFPs in
combination with some protection and conservation
functions. Production forests include natural production
ones restored by zoning for natural regeneration and
planted forests. Besides, basing on average standing
volume in each hectare of natural forests, they are also
classified as rich, medium, and poor forests; plantation
production forests include plantations (post-harvestingafforestation and reforestation forests) and seed
forests including natural and plantation forests which
are selected, transformed and certified.
Protection forest on Thac Ba Hydro-Power Plant
Forests, especially natural forests, have many functions
such as production, protection, conservation of
biodiversity, gene resources conservation, recreation,
relaxation and creating a better living environment for
humans and wildlife animals. Therefore, forests must
be managed on multi-purpose and multi-function basis
to maximize the utilization of forest benefits.
CLASSI FI CATI ON OF FORESTS BY FUNCTI ONS
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Total forest area increased from 12.87 mil. ha in2006 to 13.26 mil. ha in 2009 and is expected to increase
up to 13.45 mil. ha in 2010;
Harvesting volume increased from 3.2 mil. m3 oftimber in 2006 to 3.8 mil. m3 in 2009 and expected to
increase up to 4.95 mil. m3 in 2010, of which plantation
production occupied 90%.
Annual newly planted forest area increasedfrom 157,080 ha in 2006 to 236,780 ha in 2009 and
replanted and newly planted forest areas of 300.000
ha each year is definitely feasible.
Contract-based allocation of forest forprotection following 661 Project achieved average of
2.6 mil. ha out of nearly 8 mil. ha of protection and
special-use forests in the period of 2006 - 2010,
accounting for 172% as planned.
Zoning for regeneration in Ca Mau National Park
The number of planted scattered trees achievedmore than 200 mil. trees per year, contributing to create
remarkable timber materials and firewood sources for rural
areas (equivalent to 100,000 ha of plantations).
Industrial gross output of timber and NTFPprocessing industry increased from 60,059 bil. VND in 2005
to 116,685 bil. VND in 2009 at current price, accounting for
194% of the output in 2005.
Export value of sectoral products increasedfrom $1.56 mil. US in 2005 to $2.8 bil. US in 2008 and
expected to increase up to $3.4 bil. US in 2010
(average increase of 20% each year) and be
considered as one of top five products with the
highest export value in Viet Nam. The furniture of VietNam has been exported to nearly 100 countries and
regions worldwide, particularly to the markets of
United States, European Union, and Japan.
MAI N ACHI EVEMENTS OF 2006-2010 FI VE-YEAR PLAN
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The sector has developed manybreakthrough policies such as the policy on
payment for forest environmental services (Degree
No.99/2010/ND-CP); policy on supporting plantedproduction forest development (Decision
No.147/2007/QD-TTg); Degree on organization and
management of special-use forest system (Degree No.
117/2010/ND-CP) etc.
The quality of plantation has been improvedgradually, of which many scientific progress and
achievement have been applied, especially in seed
selection, breeding, multiplication on tissue culture basis,contributing to improve the quality of forest plantation, i.e.
some provinces achieved the productivity of 15 20 m3
per ha each year. Disadvantages showed in the limitations
on number of planted tree species, which are mainly Acacia
mangium, Hybrid Acacia, Acacia auriculiformis, Eurcaliptus,
Pine.
Acacia Plantation forest in Thac Ba Lake (Yen Bai Province) Viet Nam has a quite complete system of164 special-use forests with 2 mil. ha, including 30National parks, 58 Nature Reserves, 11 species
conservation areas, 45 historical, cultural and
environmental forests and 20 scientific research and
pilot sites, in which 4 National Parks were recognized
as ASEAN heritages (Hoang Lin, Ba Be, Chu Mom Ray
and Kon Ka Kinh). Some National Parks were
recognized as World Heritage, such as Phong Nha
Ke Bang and Bai Tu Long under the Ha Long Bay
Heritage. Many National Parks are core zones of 7
UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. Viet Nam also has 2
RAMSAR areas, including respectively Xun Thu ofXuan Thuy National Park and Bau Sau of Cat Tien
National Park.
Policy on payment for forest environmentalservices (Degree No. 99/2010/ND-CP) and Decision380/2008/Q-TTg on piloting payment for forestenvironmental services (PFES) have carried out PFES
payments for local communities and households involving in
forest protection. PFES will be implemented in the whole
country from 2011 and to be important revenues for forest
management and protection, increasing sectoral gross output
of environmental services. As of February 2010, after 2 years
of FPES implementation, 7 hydropower plants and clean
water supply companies have committed to address
payments of 234.4 bil. VND in 2009, particularly 300 mil.
VND achieved from tourism companies in Lam Dong
province.
Mangrove forest in Can Gio Ho Chi Minh City
MAI N ACHI EVEMENTS OF 2006- 2010 FI VE-YEAR PLAN
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Development viewpoint s
Integrate the management,protection, and appropriateutilization of resources, starting
from afforestation and reforestation,to the harvesting, processing offorest products, environmentalservices, ecotourism, etc.
Make significant contributions toeconomic growth, poverty reduction
and environmental protection.
Sustainable management, utilizationand development of forests are the
foundation for forestry
development.
Base on speeding up and makingmore profound policies related to
socialization of forestry activities,
and attracting investment resources
for forest protection and
development.
Development orientat ion for 3 forest t ypes and forest land
Protection forest: review and rearrange national protection forestsystem with the area of approximately 5.68 million ha.
Special use forest: maintain existing special-use forest system andimprove forest quality and biodiversity values.
Production forest: focus on establishment of concentrated raw materialareas of forest for industry.
Key development orientations for management, protection,
development & uti l ization of forest
Forest management: establishment of the national permanent forestestate.
Forest protection, nature and biodiversity conservation: focus onimprove awareness on forest protection and development.
Forest development: focus on planning, classifying and havingdevelopment plans for 3 forest categories (special-use, protection andproduction forests).
Forest utilization, processing & trade: focus on products of highcompetitive advantages, environmental services and major markets,such as United States, European Union and Japan.
Viet Nam Forestry Development Strat egy 2006-2 020
This strategy was approved by the Prime Minister on 5th
February 2007. It includes 5 programs which are then
concretize in projects. The strategy is implemented in 3
five-year plans and annual work plans.
Five programs of VFDS 2006-2020
Str ategy implementation and M&E
M&E system has been developed based on the log
frame of the Strategy with 72 indicators. Up to now,
the forest sector has published the Forest Sector
Baseline Report 2005 and Forest Sector Progress
Report 2006-2010.
VFDS 2006-2020 M&E Model
DEVELOPMENT ORI ENTATI ON OF FOREST SECTOR TO 2020
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Objectives
To reforest 5 million hectares of forest (2 million haof protection and special-use forest, 3 million of
production forest); protect existing forest areas to
increase the forest coverage up to 40%, contributing
to ensure environmental security, mitigation of
natural disasters, improving water regeneration,
preservation of genetic sources and biodiversity.
To effectively use the areas of bare land anddenuded hills and create more jobs for laborers,
contributing to poverty reduction, sedentary
cultivation, income generation for rural and
mountainous people, stabilizing politics society,
defense, security, especially in border areas.
To provide material timber for production of paper,artificial board, meeting demands for timber,
firewood, and other forest products for domestic
consumption and export, together with the
development of forest product processing industry, to
make forestry become an important economic sector,
contributing to socio economic development in the
mountainous areas.
Achievements
Phase 1 (1998-2005), after 8 years ofimplementation of the 5 Million Hectares
Reforestation Project, about 1.3 million ha of forests
have been planted in the whole country, contributed
to increase the forest coverage in Viet Nam up to
37% (increased 3.8% as compared to that of 1999).
Viet Nam is recognized with great efforts in
plantation and considered as one of 10 countries in
the world with the largest plantation area. This is an
important progress because the forest area in Viet
Nam reduced continually before the project.
Phase 2 (2006-2010) following the Resolution 73 ofthe Eleventh National Assembly, the project hascarried out: contracting about 2.5 million ha for
protection, achieving 167% of the planned target;
protection and special use forest plantation
achieved 253,264 ha, reaching 101% as planned,
production plantation obtained 887,365 ha,
accounting for 115% against the plan. Zoning for
regeneration achieved 922,768 ha, making up 115%
against the plan, in which new zoning areas reached
519,768 ha while continually zoned areas were
403.000 ha.
Transport of seedlings for plantation in Ninh Thuan Mangrove forest plantation in Soc Trang
More jobs have been created, of which within the project 661, 4.657 million jobs were created with the forest-based income generated at levels of under 25%, 25-50% and over 50% of total household income, equivalent to
2.85 times increase as compared with 2005.
The amount of plantation harvesting provided sufficiently materials for artificial board industry, pit props,firewood, major part for pulp and a minor one for export-based woodchip production. But the sector has not met
demands for large timber for wood processing for export and domestic consumption (currently each yearapproximately 1 billion USD spent for wood material import).
FI VE-MI LLI ON HA REFORESTATI ON PROJECT
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Viet Nam Administration of Forestry (VNFOREST) wasestablished at the Decision 04/2010/Q-TTg, dated 25th ofJanuary 2010, by the Prime Minister. VNFOREST is anagency under the Ministry of Agriculture and RuralDevelopment, performs the function of advising andassisting the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Developmentin state management and implementing tasks of statemanagement on forestry in the country, managing andinstructing public service activities under the VNFORESTmanagement scope.
Forest Protection Department is an agency underVNFOREST, performs the function of advising and assistingVNFOREST Director General in implementing statemanagement on forest protection, ensuring legal enforcementon forest protection, development and forest product
management under the management scope of VNFOREST.
Forest I nventory and Planning In stitut e is apublic service unit under VNFOREST, performsfunctions on basic inventory of forest resources,planning, survey, design of forests and forestry landin the whole country and managing and developing
Viet Nam Forest Resource Museum. FIPI serves onstate administration demands of VNFOREST.
Provincial Sub-Department of Forestry underthe Department of Agriculture and RuralDevelopment, functions state administration taskson forestry development.
Provincial Sub-Department of Forest Protection
under the Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development, functions state administration tasks on
forest protection and biodiversity conservation.
Forest sector organizational structureMilestones in organization of f orest sector
1954 1975: General Dept. of Forestry 1976 1994: Minist ry of Forestry 1995 2009: Dept. of Forestry and Dept. of Forest Protection 2010 to present: Viet Nam Administ ration of Forestry
FOREST PROTECTI ON AND DEVELOPMENT LAW, which was passed by
the XI
National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam at its 6 th
session on December 3, 2004, takes effect on April 1st 2005, replaces the
1991 Law on Forest Protection and Development.
This Law provides for the management, protection, development and use of
forests, and forest owners rights and obligations.
This Law applies to State agencies, domestic organizations, households and
individuals, overseas Vietnamese as well as foreign organizations and
individuals involved in forest protection and development in Viet Nam.
ORGANI ZATI ON AND I NSTI TUTI ON
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LAW ON BI ODI VERSI TY was passed on November 13, 2008,
by the XII National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
at its 4th session, takes effect on July 1, 2009
This Law provides for the biodiversity conservation andsustainable development; rights and obligations of organizations,
households and individuals in the biodiversity conservation and
sustainable development.
This Law applies to organizations, households and individuals in
the country, overseas Vietnamese, foreign organizations and
individuals carrying out activities of or related to the biodiversity
conservation and sustainable development in Viet Nam.
LAND LAW was passed by Legislature XI of the National
Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam at its 4th
session on26th November 2003, takes effect on the 1st of July 2004.
This Law governs the powers and responsibilities of the State as
representative of the ownership of land by the entire people for
uniform administration of land and the regime for administration
and use of land; and the rights and obligations of land users.
This Law shall apply to (1) State bodies exercising rights and
discharging responsibilities as representative of the ownership of
land by the entire people and carrying out the task of uniform
State administration of land; (2) Land users; and (3) Other
entities involved in the administration and use of land.
Among various legal documents on forestry, the DECREE ON
THE POLI CY FOR PAYMENT FOR ENVI RONMENTAL
SERVI CES is a breakthrough. It was issued by Government of
Viet Nam on September 24th, 2010 and takes effects from January
1st, 2011. This decree regulates the policy for payment for forest
environmental services in Viet Nam, including:
1) Types of environmental service that the users pay to thesuppliers subject to this Decree.
2) Suppliers and users of forest environmental services.3) Management and use of the payment from forest
environmental services.
4) Rights and obligations of suppliers and users of forestenvironmental services.
5) Responsibilities of state management agencies at variouslevels and of different sectors in implementing payment for
forest environmental services.
The provisions of this Decree shall apply to state agencies;
organizations, households, individuals, village communities in the
country; Vietnamese residing overseas, foreign organizations andindividuals with operations relating to supply, use, and payment
for forest environmental services and management of the
payment from forest environmental services.
ORGANI ZATI ON AND I NSTI TUTI ON
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Population growth, l imited cultivation land and
inefficient land uses put constant pressures on forests for
expansion of agricultural land and for industrial development
such as food crops, industrial crops, settlements,infrastructure (hydropower, mining, roads etc.);
I ncreasing deman ds for t imber an d NTFPs put
pressure on forest resources and the environment
particularly on natural forests. The current demands
for forest products exceed the sustainable supplyfrom the forests.
In 2010 total timber harvesting is 4.8 mill m3 only and most
is plantation forest timber compared to the timber demand of
14 million m3 and the timber import of 4 - 5 million m3 per
year approximately.
Limited competitiveness of forest production and wood
processing: International integration not only an opportunity,
but also a great challenge for the forest product processing
industry and trade of forest products. The competition will be
more critical in the future in both international and domestic
markets
Projection of demands of timber forViet Nam
Mill. M3
2015 2020
Domestic and export timber 18.62 22.1
Large timber for industry and civilconstruction
10.2 12.0
Small timber used for export woodbased panels and wood chips
2.9 1.7
Small timber for pulp production 5.2 8.2
Pitprops 0.16 0.2
The economic, social and environmental importance
of forests and forest sector have not been
comprehensively, objectively and fairly evaluated ,
which have affected the formulation of investment and
development policies of the sector. Lack of supporting
policies of the Government especially financial policies and
mechanism makes difficult for sector development.
Low quality plantation forests: Small scale at household
level and extensive farming system lead to their low
productivity. Most of planted forest harvests are less than 70
m3/ ha in 6-7 years rotation. Moreover, monoculture (mainlyAcacia and Eucalyptus species) and low investment are main
constraints for big timber production in particular large
timber production.
The inadequacies between the requirements
for fast comprehensive and sustainable
development and the restricted resources of
the forest sector (e.g. human resources,
infrastructure, funding for long forest tree rotation,
management capacity etc.) made slow forest sector
development.
Low quality natural forests caused by over-
harvesting, shifting cultivation and forest fire in recent
decades: Most of natural forest areas are poor and
young regenerated forests and are being targets forconversion to food, industrial crops and industrial
development as well as for illegal logging.
CHALLENGES
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Inst i tut ion
Continuing allocation of planted production forest land tothe poor and landless households;
Scaling up models for community forest managementmainly for natural forests of all three forest categories;
Development of long-term investment policies for specialuse and protection forests and supporting investment
policy for planted production forests especially for big
timber production;
Development of investment policy to support renovationof technologies and equipment for wood processing
companies including supporting industry;
Scaling up the PES mechanism based on Degree 99/ND-CP to national level and piloting REDD+ to support localpeople to protect the forests;
Government should invest to build up forest infrastructurefor the prioritized raw material supply forest areas (forest
roads and forest fire protection);
Capacity building for forestry staff and farmers especiallyat commune and village levels though forestry extension
system.
Forest m anagement
Establishing permanent national forest estate asbasis for meeting sustainable social, economic and
environmental objectives of the sector;
Carrying out a comprehensive and periodical forestinventory to compartment level as basis for
forestry planning and forest land allocation
leases;
Carrying out sustainable and multi-use forestmanagement planning & implementation for forest
management units and feasible forest protection
and development plans for administrative levels;
Establishing provincial or inter-provincial GeneralCorporations of Forestry focusing on big timber
planting, forest products processing and business.
Forest Developm ent
Focusing more on big timber species planting withleading role of state forest companies for meeting
the big timber demands for export industry in two
next decades;
Strengthening the forest production forms ofhousehold, service cooperatives, state forest
companies and joint venture for future sustainable
forest management and timber certification;
Strengthening the research in selecting high yieldspecies for big timber planting including
technology transfer from other countries.
Forest prot ecti on and conservati on
Enhancing collaborative forest management betweenforest management units, CPCs and local communities in
forest management and protection;
Allocating more responsibilities and benefits in forestmanagement & protection to CPCs and local communities;
Strengthening the cooperation of all law enforcementagencies particularly FPD for better supporting local
people and authorities in forest protection & conservation.
Forest Utilizat ion Promoting multi-use forest management and sustainable
harvesting according approved forest management plans;
Encouraging processing companies invest in big timberspecies planting in form of joint venture to reduce timber
import gradually and to enable legal timber/ timber
products for export;
Encouraging development of supporting industry anddomestic timber market;
Promoting building up and broadcasting trademarks oftimber product to international markets;
Encouraging development of NTFP conservation andproduction and processing for diversification of household
economy.
SOLUTI ONS
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I nternational commit ments, treaties, conventions and
organization s relevant t o the for est sector signed by Viet Nam:
Convention on special important wetland as the residence of thewater birds (Ramsar), 1989
Convention on International Trade of Endangered Extinction Species(CITES), 1994
United Nation Frame Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),1994
Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), 1994 United Nation Convention on Combat Desertification (UNCCD), 1998 United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) FAO Committee of Forestry (COFO) FAO Asia Pacific Forestry Commission (APFC) ASEAN Senior Official of Forestry (ASOF), 1995 International Network on Bamboo and Rattan (INBAR), 1999 Asia- Pacific Community Forestry Training Center (RECOFTC), 1999 Asian Forestry Partnership (AFP), 2004 Asian Social Forestry Network (ASFN), 2005 Asia-Pacific Network for Sustainable Forest Management and
Rehabilitation (APFNet), 2008
Multi lateral and Bilateral cooperation
For a long time, Viet Nam has maintained a close relationship and cooperation with many countries anddevelopment partners for forest conservation and sustainable forest management.
Donor community, such as WB, ADB, KfW, GIZ, JICA, Finland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Norway, etc., continuessupport Viet Nams forestry sector in the coming years to implement the Viet Nam Forestry Development Strategy
(2006 2020) and deal with climate change issue.
To further expand bilateral cooperation, MARD signed MoU with Korean Forest Service in 1999 and then StateForestry Administration of P.R. China in 2010.
I NTERNATI ONAL COOPERATI ON I N FORESTRY
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Fores t Sec to r Suppor t P a r tne r sh i p (FSSP)The Forest Sector Support Partnership (FSSP, or the
Forestry Partnership, previously known as the Forest
Sector Support Program and Partnership, FSSP&P) is apartnership among the Government of Viet Nam,
represented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development (MARD), and international partners, such
as donors, multilateral agencies, and international non-
governmental organizations. The FSSP is the platform
for policy dialogue, collaboration and coordination
among the forest sector stakeholders or partners.
FSSP M a i n F unc t ion s Coordination: maximize partners activities and
resources used for VFDS 2006-2020 implementation;
Policy dialogue and advisory: provide MARD,VNFOREST and Partnership Steering Committee with
ideas and recommendations on crucial issues;
Monitoring and evaluation: consolidate and M&Esystem for FSSP and the whole forest sector;
Information and communication: update andshare information on activities of partners and sector;
FSSP Institutional Structure 2011-2015
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Forest Degradation (REDD + ) I nitiati ve
Since the 2007 Climate Change Conference in Bali that
recognized forests contribution to climate change
mitigation the Government of Viet Nam (GoV) has been
moving rapidly to formulate and implement the REDD
Program Framework for the country.
In 2008, Viet Nam is one of nine countries identified for
country programming under UN-REDD programme, and
was also one of the first countries to receive approval for
a Readiness Project Identification Note (R-PIN) under theWorld Banks Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF).
Viet Nam REDD Network and Working Group established
in 2009. Supporting these two institutions, 5 Sub
technical Working Groups established, including:
Measuring-Reporting-Verification (MRV)/ Reference
Emission Level (REL), Benefit sharing, Governance, Local
Implementation, and Capacity Building.
National REDD strategy (under development): The UN-
REDD Viet Nam Programme is currently assisting MARD
in the drafting of the National REDD Strategy. TheStrategy will outline the policies of the Government of
Viet Nam with regards to REDD and specify how it will
be implemented by the government agencies at
national and provincial levels.
Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade
(FLEGT) I nit iati ve
The European Union FLEGT Action Plan provides a number
of measures to exclude illegal timber from markets, to
improve the supply of legal timber and to increase the
demand for responsible wood products.
Viet Nam actively participated in FLEGT Program especially
in FLEGT Asia Program. In May 2010, Viet Nam officially
announced to start formal negotiations for a FLEGT
Voluntary Partnership Agreement between Viet Nam and the
EU, with the hope of concluding the negotiations with asigned VPA by the end of 2012. The aim of these
negotiations between Viet Nam and the EU will be the
conclusion of a cooperative agreement that would create
conditions for Viet Nams timber producers to improve their
position on the EU market and increase their ability to adapt
to EU
market
requirem
ents with
respect
tolegality
of
timber.
I NTERNATI ONAL COOPERATI ON I N FORESTRY
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VIET NAM
ADMINISTRATION
OF FORESTRY
No 2, Ngoc Ha Street, Ba Dinh District, Ha Noi, Viet Nam
Tel: 84.4.38438792
Fax: 84.4.38438793Website:http://dof.mard.gov.vn
This booklet is funded by JICA
Pictures and figures used in this booklet are from colleagues
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