82
FISHERIES RESEARCH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Osamu BabaTokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
Konan 4-5-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
ABSTRACTIn the coastal areas around Indonesia, the local fishers are engaged in various traditional fishing
activities, in unregulated manners, without any consensus of sustainability for fisheries resource management. The living standard of local fi shers’ households is still at low level, due to the long-term trend of the coastal stock decline. In order to stabilize the fi sheries production level and to improve the fi shing activities for coastal communities, it is important to formulate a development model of fi shing communities for the sustainable resource management through the introduction of appropriate fi shing technologies and the organization of local fishers. In Japan, the set-net fishing has been traditionally controlled under the community-based management system; so that, this “community-based set-net” is expected to be effective on the economical empowerment of fi shing community and the environmental conservation of coastal fi shing ground.
Our project aims to introduce the Japanese-type of set-net fi shing system, which effectively maintains the fi sheries resources under the local fi shers’ consensus in coastal areas, to promote the cooperative works among individual fi shers, to reduce the total fi shing effort and to develop the optimal fi shing ground use in coastal communities. In addition, the formulation of group activities among local fi shers will effectively lead the fi shing communities to stabilize their fi shing incomes and revitalize their social and economic activities, through the improvement of marketing system and fi sh processing strategy. This project will be carried out at the designated fi shing communities in Pallette village, Bone District; however, it can be also expected to formulate an effective development model of coastal community for sustainable fi sheries and to disseminate such a “community-based set-net fi shing” into other coastal communities around Indonesia.
Implementing organaization of this project is composed of Japanese side: - Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology - IC Net Limited - Himi Cityand Indonesian side: - Pallette Fishers’ Association - Department of Fisheries & Marine Affairs in Bone District Gov. - National Bone Fisheries High School - Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University - National Steering Committee for Set-net, Ministry of Marine Affairs and FisheriesTechnical staff of Department of Fisheries and Marine Affairs, Bone District Government and teaching staff of National Bone Fisheries High School can take the leading roles to supervise the Pallette Fishers’ Association, and to disseminate the community-based development model by the introduction of set-net fi shing, through their positive participation of this project’s activities, under the academic cooperation given by the Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, and the legislative supervision by the National Steering Committee of Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology focuses on education and research in fi sheries and maritime fi elds and has accomplished many technical and research cooperation with universities or institutes in developing countries.
83
Through this project, the following outcomes are expected to be brought. 1) Local fi shers can establish the group activities to introduce the small-scale set-net at a proper fi shing
ground, for establishing the community-based sustainable fi sheries under the consensus of community.2) Local fi shers’ group can manage the set-net fi shing operation, through their cooperative works for
constructing and maintaining the gear under the co-management manner.3) Local fi shing community can establish the proper marketing channels for set-net catch, fresh or alive,
and can take initiatives for the fi sh processing products, in order to increase its profi tability through the value-adding and preservation.
4) The profi t of set-net can be managed by the local fi sher’s group, through the deposit management to establish the sustainable operation system, with the consideration of the profit sharing in the local community.
KEYWORDSset-net, community-based, cooperative work, sustainablity, fi sheries resource management
84
- JICA Grass-root Partnership Project -Set-net (Teichi-ami) from Japan,
via Thailand, to Bone in South Sulawesi Empowerment of Coastal Fishing Community in South Sulawesi,
through Technology Transfer of Community-based Set-netfor Sustainable Fisheries
T.Arimoto and O.Baba (Tokyo Univ.of Marine Sci.&Tech)in collaborations with Himi City, IC Net, SEAFDEC/TD
and UNHAS, SUPM Neg.Bone
Set-net of the fishers, by the fishers, and for the fishers
Fish Court(Surrounding net)
Entrance
Slope net Trap netFinalTrap netOtoshi-ami
Set-net (Teichi-ami)
Leader Net500-1000m
Depth 15-25m
Length 150-200m
Width40-60m
Nov. 2002
World Set-net Summit in Himi City, on Nov.2002
In Thailand, since 2003, with JICA project on 2005-2007
In Bone, for 2007-2010
85
Process of Technology Transfer in Thailand
• 2002 Nov. World Set-net Summit in Himi City• 2003 April SEAFDEC Project started• 2004 Sep First Technical Support from Himi City
&TUMSAT for Gear Installation• 2005 JICA Grass-root Project (2005-2007)• 2005 April Training Course in Himi City
– Sep. Gear Installation, Dec. JSPS Seminar• 2006 April Training Course in Himi City
– Sep. Gear Installation– Oct. International Seminar, – Dec. 2nd Unit installation
• 2007 April Training Course in Himi City– Sep. Gear Installation– Dec. Evaluation Seminar
First Version Design on 2003
Final version design since 2004
4. 漁具材料の提供
6. 氷見市からの技術支援
1. 技術アドバイザーの訪問
2. 氷見市への技術視察と研修
86
Yearly / Monthly Catch T rends
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Mon
thly
Cat
ch A
mou
nt (
Kg)
2003
2004
2005
2006
Operation can be only from October-April, due to Monsoon Season from May
0
200
400
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
Oct-03 Nov -03 Dec -03 Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 M
ay-
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
Oct-04 Nov -04 Dec-04 Jan-05 Feb-05 Mar-05 Apr-05 M
ay-
0
200
400
600
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2
Oct-05 Nov -05 Dec-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mar-06 Apr-06 M
ay-AprilFebruaryJanuaryOctober November December March
2nd year2004-2005
3rd year2005-2006
1st year2003-2004
Cat
ch a
mou
nt (k
g)Daily Catch
Yea r ly / Month ly Ca tch Se l l
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
Catc
h S
ell (Baht)
2003
2004
2005
2006
Yea r ly / Month ly CPUE
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr
CPUE
2003
2004
2005
2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
15-20 20- 25- 30- 35- 40- 45-
Average Unit Price (Kg)
Fre
quency
y = 25.2 x
R2 = 0.7
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Daily Catch (Kg)
Dai
ly P
rofit
(Bah
t)
y = 30.5 x
R2 = 0.9
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Catch (Kg)
Ba
hts
1st net
2nd Net
線形 (1st net)
2005-2006
2006-2007
87
-1000000
-500000
0
500000
1000000
1500000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Average Daily Catch
Year
ly P
rofit
50 days
100 days
150 days
200 days
Operation 50days
100days
150days
200days
Catch Sell= Average Daily Catch(kg)× Unit Price(25 Baht)× Operation Days
Operation Cost =【No.of Fishers× Daily Salary× Operation Days】 +【Ice】 +【Fuel/Oil】
Prof
it =
Cat
ch S
ale
–O
pera
tion
Cos
t
Purse Seine
Trawl
CONFLICTS
Over-fishing byCommercial Fisheries
Community-based Co-Managementby Coastal Fishers group
Unregulated and intensivesmall-scale Coastal Fisheries
Needs for Resource Conservation & Coastal Management
Processing & Marketing Initiatives
Technical Developmentthrough linkages withResearch Institute & Education/Training Centers
Monitoring of Management & Self-development
Technology Transfer of Japanese-type Set-net
Model Project Promotion for Technology Extension
RENGGE, GAE
TRAWL
KONFLIK
Tangkapan BerlebihOleh Perikanan komersial
Pengelolaan Bersama dlm masy. Lokal o/Klp Nelayan Pesisir
Perikanan Pantai Skala Kecilyg intensif & tdk teratur
Dibutuhkan konservasi sumberdaya dan Pengelolaan Pantai
Inisiatif Pengolahan & Pemasaran
Peningkatan Teknis melalui kerjasama Universitas
& Sekolah Perikanan
Evaluasi pengelolaan &Pengembangan scr Mandiri
TRANSFER TEKNOLOGI SET NET - TIPE JEPANG
Model Promosi Proyek sebagai Perluasan teknologi
2007 April Training Courseboth for
Thailand and Indonesia
Possible project sites in IndonesiaTechnology Transfer ofSET NET (Japanese-type)
at Pallette Waters, Bone Bay-INDONESIA
Sulawesi Island
88
Pallette Area, Bone Regency
Fishermen community
SUPM NEGERI BONE
Why in Bone?• Fisheries High School can supply the
technical supports and space/facilities• Graduates got the Training Course on
Fishing Technology in Japan.• Every year, 3 Ex-Trainees on 3-years Set-net
course will return back to Bone.• Both Local Government and UNHAS is
willing to support the Project.• Less conflicts in local community, due to the
intensive activities on sea weed farming
Needs of Pre-Survey
• Fishing Ground – Depth Contour, Current Speed / Direction– Fish Seasonal Migration
• Fishing Gear / Boat Designing• Setting Site identification• Socio-Economics
– Fishing activities and Income Analysis– Marketing/Processing Analysis
TANJUNG PALLETTE, KABUPATEN BONE, PROPINSI SULAWESI SELATAN
9.7
8.4
10.3
9.7
9.1
8.6
7.69.4
13.0 15.3
8.5
11.112.7
14.3
14.5
12.5
21.85.7
12.0
10.76.5
12.210.6
6.0
12.1
10.5
10.5
10.010.0
10.0
9.4
> 25
HASIL PENGAMATAN PENENTUAN KEDALAMAN PERAIRAN TANJUNG PALLETTE, KAB. BONE
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Pallette Area, Bone RegencyFisheries
High School
Fishermen community
Site Area for Set Net Project
RENCANA LOKASI PENEMPATAN SET NET DI TANJUNG PALLETTE, KAB. BONE
Bamboo stick trap(D:1- 3m)
Stationery Lift Net
(D:6- 9m) Set Net Project area(D:15- 20m) Sand & stone
Pallette Area
0.34 miles1.27 miles
Data collection for Temperature, Depth, t
Speed & Current Direction
by: TD & EM measurement
Floating Lift NetBamboo Stick Trap (Sero)
Local Fishing Community
Hand line
Gill Net
Fishermen Activity in Pallette Waters, Bone Bay - INDONESIA
Purse Seine+ Rumpon
Crab Bottom Gill Net
Stationary Lift Net
Bottom Long line
TEMPAT PENDARATAN IKAN PELABUHAN BAJOE, KAB. BONE
Sea Weed Cultures in Pallette Area
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Counterpart of Technology Transfer of Japanese-type SET NET (Teichi ami)
in Pallette Sea - Bone Bay, INDONESIA
Head of FisheriesHigh School, BONE
Head of fisheriesDepartment,BONE
Dean of Fisheries & Marine sci. Faculty -UNHAS
Leader of LocalFishermenGroup Expert of
FishingTechnology JAPAN
Expert of Set Net Technology THAILAND
Head of Pallette subdistric,BONE
Fieldassistancefor Set Net Project
Tanjung Pallette KETUABENDAHARASEKRETARIS
ANGGOTA KELOMPOK NELAYAN SET NET
Kelompok Nelayan SET NET Needs for Precautionary Consideration
• What is Super Goal for Community Empowerment?• What is the Success of ODA Project?
– End of Project means End of Success…?• Optimum level of Technology and Materials• Initial cost optimization for Local fish price• Negative Impact Analysis• Special aspects for set-net tech.transfer
– Preventing the conflicts, for fishing ground occupation– Any chance for higher price to fresh and live fish
marketing– Big variation of catch amount….needs of marketing and
processing for accidental big-catch cases
Needs for Technology Transfer of Set-net
• Social Acceptance and Fishing Licensing• Acceptance and Willingness of Local Fishers• Capability on Net works and Rope works• Capability of Leadership and Team Working for Group
Operation & Cost-Profit Management• Technical Supports from Set-net Experts/Ex-Trainees• Scientific Supports from Universities/Research
Centers• Extension Services from Local Government
Steps for Technology Transfer
• Fishing Ground Survey• Gear Construction• Gear Installation• Fishing Operation• Daily Gear Maintenance / Cleaning• Periodical Gear Cleaning / Changing• Marketing / Processing• Financing for Profit Sharing & Money saving
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Simulation of Profit Analysis in Bone Set-net 2007-2010
年間操業収益試算
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
百万Rp
日平均漁獲量(Kg)
Minimum Required Profit as 50 Juta Rp.→ 5 years Saving for New 1 Unit
10 fishersFish price; 10000Rp/Kg20 fishersFish price; 10000Rp/Kg
Juta Rp.
Profit = Catch Sale – Operation Cost
10 fishersFish price; 5000Rp/Kg20 fishersFish price; 5000Rp/Kg
Daily Average Catch (Kg)
Best Pilot Model Approachfor Set-net Technology Transfer
• Concentrated On-site Efforts• Operational Cost Analysis• Profit Analysis with Catch/Marketing• Self- or Governmental-Regulation System• Extension Activities in the region and to
other regions• Comparative study among regions with
Profit analysis and Impact Analysis
Risk Analysis and Possible Solution
Gear Installation
Daily Operation
Catch
Marketing
Process
Profit
Community Benefit
Gear Damage
Whole through year?
Not enough Catch
Processing Difficulties
Marketing Difficulties
Not Profitable
Less Benefit
Re-Installation
Profit analysis for seasonal operation
Adjustment for Location / gear design
Direction Adjustment
Direction Adjustment
Adjustment of Profit Sharing System
Adjustment of Profit Sharing System
Research Needsfor Monitoring and Evaluation
• Catch Trends by Current/Temperature• Seasonal Trends of Catch Species/Sizes• Current Speed/Direction and Gear Geometry• Daily Catch Analysis• Catch and Marketing according to Species/Size• Profit Sharing System and Analysis, including
Community Benefit• Regulation System for minimizing conflicts
Sunrise or Sunset…?
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