First AidFirst AidResponsible personsResponsible persons
Assoc. Prof. MUDr. Jiří Málek, CSc. - Assoc. Prof. MUDr. Jiří Málek, CSc. - [email protected]@fnkv.cz
Prim. MUDr. Jan Šturma, CSc. Prim. MUDr. Jan Šturma, CSc. [email protected]@fnkv.cz
Mrs. Ing. Zdena Bednářová, secretary – Mrs. Ing. Zdena Bednářová, secretary – [email protected]@fnkv.cz
Department of Anesthesiology and intensive careDepartment of Anesthesiology and intensive care
Building H, 3rd floor, tel.: 267162461, 726772461Building H, 3rd floor, tel.: 267162461, 726772461
First AidFirst Aid
Lesson 1Lesson 1 History and organisation of the First AidHistory and organisation of the First Aid Activation of Emergency Medical Activation of Emergency Medical
SystémSystém Disaster MedicineDisaster Medicine Disturbances of breathingDisturbances of breathing Chest painChest pain
First AidFirst Aid
DefinitionDefinition
First aid is the immediate and First aid is the immediate and temporary proper aid provided to a temporary proper aid provided to a
sick or injured person or animal until sick or injured person or animal until medical treatment can be provided.medical treatment can be provided.
First AidFirst Aid
Main Aim:Main Aim:
1.1. To preserve lifeTo preserve life
2.2. Avoid or prevent complications and Avoid or prevent complications and condition worseningcondition worsening
3.3. Promote fast recoveryPromote fast recovery
First AidFirst Aid
Integrated Rescue SystemIntegrated Rescue System
Components:Components: Technical (Fire department)Technical (Fire department) Organizational (Police)Organizational (Police) Medical (Medical rescue service)Medical (Medical rescue service)
First AidFirst Aid
What First Aid consist of ?What First Aid consist of ?
First Aid in general consist of simple, First Aid in general consist of simple, life-saving medical techniques that a life-saving medical techniques that a non-doctor or lay person can be non-doctor or lay person can be trained to perform with minimal trained to perform with minimal equipmentequipment
First AidFirst Aid
ProvidersProviders
LaymenLaymen
Educated laymenEducated laymen
Rescue workerRescue worker
General practitioners (GP)General practitioners (GP)
Specially educated physiciansSpecially educated physicians
HistoryHistory
The Knights Hospitaller- The Knights Hospitaller- first order specialized in first order specialized in battlefield care for battlefield care for wounded soldiers wounded soldiers (founded 11th cen.)(founded 11th cen.)
1st Military Hospital in 1st Military Hospital in Europe (Malta 1547)Europe (Malta 1547)
First AidFirst Aid
St. John Ambulance was formed in St. John Ambulance was formed in 1877 to teach first aid (a term 1877 to teach first aid (a term devised by the order) in large railway devised by the order) in large railway centres and mining districtscentres and mining districts
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Henry DunantHenry Dunant
1828 – 19101828 – 1910
Battle of Solferino Battle of Solferino (1859)(1859)
1901 – Nobel Peace 1901 – Nobel Peace PrizePrize
First aidFirst aid
Battle of Solferino (24th June 1859)Battle of Solferino (24th June 1859)
40 000 soldiers on both sides died or 40 000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the fieldwere left wounded on the field
total lack of medical attendance and total lack of medical attendance and basic carebasic care
1862 – A Memory of Solferino1862 – A Memory of Solferino
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9th February 18639th February 1863Committee of the Five Committee of the Five Gustave Moynier – lawyer, Louis Gustave Moynier – lawyer, Louis Appia – physician, Theodore Maunoir Appia – physician, Theodore Maunoir – physician, Guillame-Henri Dufour – – physician, Guillame-Henri Dufour – Swiss Army general, Henry DunantSwiss Army general, Henry Dunantinvestigatory commission of the investigatory commission of the Geneva Society for Public WelfareGeneva Society for Public Welfare
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February 14th 1863 – rename the February 14th 1863 – rename the committee to thecommittee to the
International Committee for relief to International Committee for relief to the Woundedthe Wounded
October 1863 – conference of 36 October 1863 – conference of 36 individuals from 16 countriesindividuals from 16 countries
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Final resolution:Final resolution:The foundation of national relief societies for The foundation of national relief societies for
wounded soldierswounded soldiersNeutrality and protection for wounded soldiersNeutrality and protection for wounded soldiersThe utilization of volunteer forces for relief The utilization of volunteer forces for relief
assistance on the battlefieldassistance on the battlefieldThe introductin of a common distinctive The introductin of a common distinctive
protection symbol for medical personnel in protection symbol for medical personnel in the field, namely a white armlet bearing a the field, namely a white armlet bearing a red crossred cross
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Original Original document of the document of the first Geneva first Geneva ConventionConvention
(1864)(1864)
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1876 -International Committee for relief 1876 -International Committee for relief to the wounded renamed toto the wounded renamed to
International Committee of the Red International Committee of the Red CrossCross
(official designation up to date)(official designation up to date)
1891 – American Red Cross1891 – American Red Cross
1919 – Czechoslovac Red Cross1919 – Czechoslovac Red CrossFirst chairwoman: Alice Masarykova, daughter of first Czechslovac First chairwoman: Alice Masarykova, daughter of first Czechslovac
presidentpresident
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Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale
1820 – 19101820 – 1910
1854 – Scutar – helped 1854 – Scutar – helped british wounded british wounded soldierssoldiers
1859 – Notes on 1859 – Notes on HospitalHospital
1860 – Notes on Nursing1860 – Notes on Nursing
Florance Nightingale - Florance Nightingale - ScutarScutar
Fitst AidFitst Aid
Nikolay IvanovichNikolay Ivanovich
PirogovPirogov
Founder of field Founder of field surgerysurgery
Founder of mobile Founder of mobile ambulances and ambulances and hospitalshospitals
(MASH – Mobile Army (MASH – Mobile Army Surgical Hospital)Surgical Hospital)
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Ernest Hemingway Ernest Hemingway
(1899-1961)(1899-1961)
in uniform as a Red in uniform as a Red Cross ambulance driver Cross ambulance driver
(WWI Italy)(WWI Italy)
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Chain of SurvivalChain of Survival
Early AccessEarly Access
Early CPREarly CPR
Early defibrillationEarly defibrillation
Early advanced careEarly advanced care
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TransportTransport
Ground x AirGround x AirPrimary Primary – place of accident – place of – place of accident – place of
definitive treatmentdefinitive treatmentSecondarySecondary – place of emergency – place of emergency
treatment – place of definitive treatment – place of definitive treatmenttreatment- - Randez vous systemRandez vous system
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Responsibility of the First Aider:Responsibility of the First Aider:- Assess the situation without endangering Assess the situation without endangering
your own life or life of any other personyour own life or life of any other person- Identify the disease od condition from Identify the disease od condition from
which the casualty is suffering (diagnosis)which the casualty is suffering (diagnosis)- Give immediate, appropriate and Give immediate, appropriate and
adequate treatment, bearing in mind that adequate treatment, bearing in mind that a casualty may have more than one injury a casualty may have more than one injury and some casualities will require more and some casualities will require more urgent attention than othersurgent attention than others
First AidFirst Aid
Responsibility of the First Aider:Responsibility of the First Aider:- Arrange, without delay, for disposal a Arrange, without delay, for disposal a
casualty to a doctor hospital or home, casualty to a doctor hospital or home, according to the seriousness of the according to the seriousness of the casualty condition casualty condition - Your resposibility ends when the casualty is Your resposibility ends when the casualty is
handed over to the care of doctor, a nurse or handed over to the care of doctor, a nurse or other appropriate person. You should not leave other appropriate person. You should not leave the incident until you have made your report to the incident until you have made your report to whoever takes charge and have ascertained whoever takes charge and have ascertained whether you could be of any futher helpwhether you could be of any futher help
First AidFirst Aid
Activation of EMSActivation of EMS
112112 - - general emergency callgeneral emergency call
155155 - - Emergency medical serviceEmergency medical service
150150 - - FireFire
158158 - - PolicePolice
FNKV – Emergency Help FNKV – Emergency Help systemsystem
HH (hasiči) - Fire (hasiči) - Fire 150150
EE (Energy – electricity, heating, gas) (Energy – electricity, heating, gas) 25412541
LL (lékař – Medical help) (lékař – Medical help) 53535353
PP (policie – Police) (policie – Police) 158158
!! (Emergency technician and manager (Emergency technician and manager service) service) 606702899606702899
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Vital functionsVital functions
Functions of organism, which serves Functions of organism, which serves to its operation, maintenace and the to its operation, maintenace and the reaction to external enviroment reaction to external enviroment (sense, vegetative, reproductive, (sense, vegetative, reproductive, motoric etc.motoric etc.
First AidFirst Aid
Basic vital function – their failure can Basic vital function – their failure can cause death of organismcause death of organism
BreathingBreathing
Blood circulationBlood circulation
ConsciousnessConsciousness
HomeostasisHomeostasis
? Thermoregulation ?? Thermoregulation ?
The most severe emergency situationsThe most severe emergency situations
Lack of breathing and/or heartbeatLack of breathing and/or heartbeat Severe bleedingSevere bleeding A state of unconsciousnessA state of unconsciousness
Action at an EmergencyAction at an Emergency
Preserve lifePreserve life Prevent deterioration in the casualtyPrevent deterioration in the casualty
´s condition´s condition Promote recoveryPromote recovery
Action at an emergencyAction at an emergency
Rapid but calm approachRapid but calm approach Quick assesmentQuick assesment Correct diagnosis (history, symptoms, Correct diagnosis (history, symptoms,
signs)signs) Immediate and appropriate treatmentImmediate and appropriate treatment Proper disposal of casualty to deffinite Proper disposal of casualty to deffinite
treatmenttreatment
Action at an emergencyAction at an emergency
Road accidentsRoad accidents
Control the trafficControl the traffic Watch out for fire risk (petrol Watch out for fire risk (petrol
spillage, switch of the ignitionspillage, switch of the ignition
Action at an emergencyAction at an emergency
Gas and poisonous fumesGas and poisonous fumes
Cut of the sourceCut of the source Ensure adequate ventilationEnsure adequate ventilation
Action at an emergencyAction at an emergency
Fire and collapsing buildingsFire and collapsing buildings
Move the casualty to safety Move the casualty to safety immediately if you can do so without immediately if you can do so without endangering your own lifeendangering your own life
Multiple casualties Multiple casualties (disaster)(disaster)
Where there is more than one casualty, you Where there is more than one casualty, you must decide by rapid assessment which must decide by rapid assessment which
one needs priority of treatment !!one needs priority of treatment !! REMEMBERREMEMBER
Noisiest casualty is rarely the most severely Noisiest casualty is rarely the most severely injured !!injured !!
Serious accidents rarely produce only a Serious accidents rarely produce only a single injury !!single injury !!
POLYTRAUMATISMPOLYTRAUMATISM
Chest painChest pain
Angina pectorisAngina pectoris Pain is often spreading down the left Pain is often spreading down the left
shoulderto arm and fingersshoulderto arm and fingers Skin may be ashen and lips may be Skin may be ashen and lips may be
blueblue Patient should be short of breathPatient should be short of breath General weaknessGeneral weakness
Chest painChest pain
Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) Sudden crushingSudden crushing Intensive retrosternal pain wihch does not Intensive retrosternal pain wihch does not
subside with restsubside with rest Ashen skin and blue lipsAshen skin and blue lips Profuse sweatingProfuse sweating Fast weak irregular pulseFast weak irregular pulse Dyspnoe (breathlesness)Dyspnoe (breathlesness) Finally unconsciousness, heart and breath Finally unconsciousness, heart and breath
stopstop
Breathing disturbancesBreathing disturbances
Obstructed airways (choking)Obstructed airways (choking) Aspiration (fluid in air passages)Aspiration (fluid in air passages) Compression of trachea (windpipe) (hanging Compression of trachea (windpipe) (hanging
or strangulation)or strangulation) Compression of chest (bury under earth or Compression of chest (bury under earth or
sand)sand) Injury to the lungsInjury to the lungs Injury to the chest wallInjury to the chest wall Fits preventing adequate breathingFits preventing adequate breathing
Breathing disturbancesBreathing disturbances
Condition affecting the brain, spinal Condition affecting the brain, spinal cord or peripheral nervescord or peripheral nerves
Electrical injuryElectrical injury PoisoningPoisoning Paralysis by brain stroke, brain Paralysis by brain stroke, brain
trauma or injury to the spinal cordtrauma or injury to the spinal cord
Breathing disturbancesBreathing disturbances
Air containing insufficient oxygenAir containing insufficient oxygen Fire – gas or smoke fille buildings, Fire – gas or smoke fille buildings,
shafts and tunnelsshafts and tunnels
Change in atmospheric pressureChange in atmospheric pressure High altitudesHigh altitudes Depressurized aircraftsDepressurized aircrafts Deep sea divingDeep sea diving
Breathing disturbancesBreathing disturbances
Conditioning preventing the use of Conditioning preventing the use of oxygen in the bodyoxygen in the body
Carbon monoxide poisoningCarbon monoxide poisoning Cyanide poisoningCyanide poisoning
Breathing disturbancesBreathing disturbancesSymptomsSymptoms
Difficulty in breathing (dyspnea)Difficulty in breathing (dyspnea) Breathinh may become noisy (snoring, Breathinh may become noisy (snoring,
gurgling)gurgling) Possible frothing in the mouthPossible frothing in the mouth Cyanosis (blue colour of skin)Cyanosis (blue colour of skin) ConfusionConfusion Lovering of level of responsivenessLovering of level of responsiveness Possible unconsciousnessPossible unconsciousness Breathing arrest (stop)Breathing arrest (stop)
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