Final Review
Organ Systems
What is the correct anatomical position?
• Standing erect
• Face forward
• Palms forward
Know your directional terms
• Here are a few:– Superior– Inferior– Dorsal– Ventral– Frontal – Ipsilateral– Keep going…..
Organize the following words from smallest to largest.
• Organs, Systems, Cells, Tissues, Organelles
• Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Systems
What organ system forms the is the outer covering of the body?
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
What organ system is responsible for gas exchange between the blood
and the external environment?• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
Which organ system is responsible for movement, posture, generating heat and
stabilizing joints.• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
Which system is responsible for the production of blood cells?
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
What system provides an internal framework for the body?
• Lymphatic
• Respiratory
• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Integumentary
Which system is pictured?
• Endocrine/ Exocrine
This system is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients,
waste, cell wastes, and hormones via blood.
• Lymphatic• Respiratory• Muscular• Skeletal• Integumentary• Digestive• Cardiovascular
Reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum are found in which
body cavity?• A) Abdominal
• B) Pelvic
• C)Thoracic
• D) Spinal Cavity
Define the following words.• Anterior• Caudal• Inferior• Posterior• Superior• Dorsal• Ventral
The gall bladder, liver, stomach, small and large intestine are found in which body cavity?
• A) Abdominal
• B) Pelvic
• C)Thoracic
• D) Spinal Cavity
The heart, lungs, and diaphragm are found in which body cavity?
• A) Abdominal
• B) Pelvic
• C)Thoracic
• D) Spinal Cavity
This system is responsible for breaking down food to small particles which can be absorbed
by the blood. • Lymphatic• Respiratory• Muscular• Skeletal• Integumentary• Digestive• Cardiovascular• Valence electrons are either transferred or shared in order to obtain 8 electrons in
their outer most shell. (most stable configuration)
Define Metabolism
• The sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body.
This organelle is responsible for breaking down glucose
molecules to make ATP.• A) Lysosome
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Golgi Apparatus
• D) Nucleus
This structure houses the DNA of the cell, which controls cellular activity.
• A) Lysosome
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Golgi Apparatus
• D) Nucleus
• E) Cytoplasmic Reticulum
This organelle is responsible for digesting and breaking down useless cell structures and foreign bodies that enter
the cell.• A) Lysosome
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Golgi Apparatus
• D) Nucleus
• E) Ribosomes
This is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
• A) Lysosome
• B) Mitochondria
• C) Golgi Apparatus
• D) Nucleus
• E) Ribosomes
What are the two forms of cell transport?
• Active Transport: uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient or to move large things.
• Passive Transport: uses NO energy to move molecules with the concentration gradient.
What types of Passive transport does the body use?
• Diffusion:
• Osmosis:
• Facilitated Diffusion
• Filtration
What are the Types of Solutions?
• Isotonic Solution: Same tonicity inside and outside the cell. Cell stays the same size.
• Hypertonic Solution: Higher tonicity outside the cell. Cell shrinks.
• Hypotonic Solution: Lower tonicity outside the cell. Cell swells and “POPS”
Hypo/Hyper/Iso Solutions
Two different Cell Divisions
• Meiosis- produces gametes or sex cells. New cells are different from the original cell.
• Mitosis- produces new body cells-like your toes. New cells are identical to original cell.
The 5 stages of the Cell Cycle
• G1: Cell Growth and Metabolism
• S: DNA is copied
• G2: Cell prepares for division.
• Mitosis: Nucleus divides, cell parts separate.
• Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides
FastVersion
The GermanVersion
Mitosis The Basic Steps:
• Prophase: DNA forms chromosomes. Nuclear envelope disappears. In Animals spindle fibers form.
• Metaphase: Chromosomes move to the center of the cell- pulled by spindle fibers.
• Anaphase: Chromosomes are separated into chromatids. Spindles shorten pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.
• Telophase: Nucleus reforms. Chromatids turn back into Chromatin. Spindles disappear.
What are the three basic bonds?
• Hydrogen Bond: H2O– When hydrogen bonds with another atom. Creates a polar
molecule.
• Covalent bond: CO2 When atoms on the same side of the chart (same size) bond. Share electrons.
• Ionic Bonds: When atoms on different sides of the chart (different size) bond. Steal electrons. Create Ions: NaCl = table salt. Make up teeth and bone– Ion: Charged particle either negative or positive.
– Free Radical: electrically charged ion with an unpaired electron in its outer shell.
Chemical Reactions• Synthesis Reaction: two or more atoms, ions,
or molecules combine to form larger molecules: Anabolism
• Decomposition Reaction: a molecule is split apart: Catabolism (Exp: food broken down into ATP)
• Exchange Reaction: both a synthesis and decomposition reaction.
• Reversible Reaction: can reverse if conditions are correct. Chemical Reaction
Demos and Explanations
AnatomyAnd
Chem Rxn.
What are the Two Classes of Compounds
• Organic: Contain C-H bonds, must have covalent bonds.
• Inorganic: Do not contain C-H bonds, may have covalent or ionic bonds.
Why is Water Important
• Capillary Action: climbs tubes, such as blood vessels.
• Surface tension– Adhesive
– Cohesive
Ph Scale• Measured on grams of Hydrogen (H+)
– pH of 1= 0.1g of H+, pH of 2= .01g of H+
• Acid: form hydronium ions (H+)– pH of less than 7 ( 1 to 6.9)
• Base: form hydroxide ions (OH-)– pH of more than 7 (7.1 to 14)
• Acid + Base: salt & water, the solution is neutral with a pH of 7. – NaOH + HCL = H2O + NaCl with a pH of 7
pH Scale
Acid + Base
Antioxidants, What are they?
• Substances that inactivate oxygen-derived free-radicals
• Slows damage from free-radicals
• Examples: Selenium, Zinc, Beta-carotene, Vitamins C and E
AntioxidantsAcai Berry from a type of Palm
Tree in Brazil
What are the 5 Organic Compounds?
• Lipids: very few oxygen's– Saturated fats: All C bonded to H. Lard, and butter.
– Unsaturated fats: C is double bonded to itself. Oil. Better for you if no trans-fats are present.
• Proteins: 50 or more Amino Acids
• Carboydrates: 1:2:1 Ratio. Mono,Di,&Poly saccaraids
• Neulceic Acids: DNA/ RNA
• ATP: energy unit that donates phosphates
Define Tissue
• A group of SIMILAR cells which specialize to form a specific FUNCTION.
• Includes: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
This type of tissue connects body parts, and is the most widely distributed tissue in the
whole body and include bone, cartilage, and blood.
• A) Epithelial
• B) Connective
• C) Muscle
• D) Nervous
This type of tissue is considered the lining, covering, or glandular tissue
of the body.• A) Epithelial
• B) Connective
• C) Muscle
• D) Nervous
This type of connective tissue is commonly called fat, and is used
as an insulator.• A) Adipose
• B) Loose Connective
• C) Bone
• D) Reticular Connective
This type of connective tissue is highly compressible and forms disks between
vertebrate in the spinal column.
• A) Hyaline cartilage
• B) Elastic Cartilage
• C) Fibrocartilage
• D) Adipose
Contrast simple epithelia and stratified Epithelium
• Simple epithelia- one layer of cells– Includes Simple Squamous , Cubodial,
Columnar
• Stratified epithelia- more than one layer of cell
This type of simple epithelia tissue is found in walls of
capillaries, allowing for gas exchange.
• A) Simple Cubodial
• B) Simple Squamous
• C) Simple Columnar
• D) Stratified Squamous
This type of simple epithelial tissue is a single tall layer of cells
often found in the digestive system.
• A) Simple Cubodial
• B) Simple Squamous
• C) Simple Columnar
• D) Stratified Squamous
Skin Quiz 5
.
Protection, Excretion, Temperature Regulation, and Vitamin D synthesis
are all functions of which organ system?
Integumentary System - Skin
Name some accessory Organs of the Skin
• Hair
• Nails
• Oil glands
• Sweat gland
Is skin the same thing as the integumentary system?
• No.
• Skin is a cutaneous membrane
• Integumentary system includes sweat and oil glands, hair, and nails.
• Integument= covering
What is the jobs of the skin?Pg. 95
• Regulates heat loss.• Excretory functions for urea, salts, and
water. • Water Retention• Manufactures proteins• Synthesizes vitamin D• Integrate with the nervous system for touch
sensation
What are the three layers of the skin?
*
• Used for protection
• The root of the nail is embedded in the skin. Grows from the nail matrix. The cells, heavily Keratinized die.
• Extends along the nail bed.
• Lunula – moon shaped beginning of nail Fig4.7 pg. 102 Lun= moon
What are the parts of the nail?
What do the cutaneous glands do?
• Exocrine glands that secrete onto the surface of the skin. Sebaceous & Sweat
• Sebaceous Glands- Produce oil all over the body. Sebum used for softening, water retention, killing bacteria. Increases when testosterone is produced= Oily skin.
• Sweat Glands- helps maintain homeostasis• Eccrine Glands: Cover Body, Contain H2O, Salt,
Vit. C, Wastes, Lactic Acid• Apocrine glands- auxiliary and genital areas. Ducts
empty into hair follicles.
Diseases of the skin: Name them and their problems….
• Contact Dermatitis
• Psoriasis
• Impetigo
• Cold Sores
• Athletes Foot
• Alopecia
• Vitaligo and others…
Name the 3 levels of burns and describe them.
• First Degree- epidermis is burnt (1st layer of skin)
• Second Degree- epidermis and dermis are burnt
• Third Degree- burn goes down to the subcutaneous level. Skin blackens, and nerves are destroyed
Quiz 6 Skeletal System
• .
A bone cell is also called…
• A) osteoblast
• B) osteoclast
• C) osteocyte
• D) osteoporosis
Classification of Bones on the Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeBasis of Shape
Slide 5.4cCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.1
What are the two types of bone marrow and explain their location
and function.• 1) Red bone marrow- in flat bones in adults
and all bones in babies. Creates red blood cells.
• 2) Yellow bone marrow- in long bones of adults. Stores fats.
Name the different joints of the skeletal system?
• Immovable- sutures of the skull
• Slightly moveable- vertebrae of backbone
• Freely moveable- ball and socket joint of shoulder
Name the foursteps to bone repair.
• 1) Hematoma
• 2) Osteoclast
• 3) Osteoblasts
• 4) Osteocytes
Explain the following bone diseases: Rickets, Osteoporosis,
Rheumatoid Arthritis• Rickets- Vitamin D deficiency leading to the
softening of bone (symptom ex :bow legged ness)• Osteoporosis- Lack of Calcium in the bone,
problems are exaggerated due to lack of vitamins• Rheumatoid Arthritis- Autoimmune disorder,
joints are attacked and bone eventually wears down.
What are the parts of the bone?• Diaphysis
• Epiphysis
• Medullary Cavity
• Periosteum
• PG. 114
Structural Classification of JointsStructural Classification of Joints
Slide 5.45Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Fibrous joints
Generally immovable; bones connected by fibrous tissue: sutures
Cartilaginous joints
Immovable or slightly moveable; bones connected by cartilage: spine
Synovial joints
Freely moveable; have joint cavity with synovial fluid: elbow, wrist
Moving Joints
Muscle Unit- Quiz 7
A lack of ATP to the muscles will cause…
• Muscle Failure and Cramping
Skeletal Muscles do all of the following.
• Moves body- primary function
• Produces Body Heat
• Causes fluids to flow through the lymphatic system
Skeletal Muscle
QuizYourself
Name and Describe the muscle movements.
• Flexion- decreases the angles between bones (contracting your bicep)
• Extension- increasing the angles between bones (straightening the arm)
• Dorsoflexion- foot moves up towards leg
• Plantar- Foot points down like ballerina • Cirrcumduction- circular motion
Name the muscle tissues and describe them.
• Cardiac- involuntary muscle of the heart
• Smooth- involuntary muscle used in the digestive system. Also part of the sympathetic nervous system.
• Skeletal- Voluntary muscle. Striated with actin and myosin fibers.
General Stuff You Must Know
• 1) Be able to ID the Muscles of the body and their location (pg 182-184)
• 2) Name and ID the major cavities of the body
• 3) Name and ID the planes of the body
• 4)Name and ID the bones of the body
What is the job of the nervous system?
• Sensory function: Detect changes in and out of the body.
• Motor function: Effect Muscles & glands.
• Integrative function: To connect the Sensory and Motor function. Produces thought.
What are the two major parts of the nervous system and what are
they composed of?• Central nervous system: Brain
and Spinal chord
• Peripheral nervous system: All other nerves
Vs.
2 Major Sub-Parts of the Nervous System
• Somatic Nervous System
– Called Voluntary Nervous System
• Autonomic Nervous System
– Involuntary Nervous System: Pgs. 225-227
– 2 Major Branches
• Sympathetic
• Parasympathetic Parasympathetic
vs. Sympathetic
Nervous System
What is nervous tissue?
• Neurons: or nerve cells. Conduct the impulses.
• Neuroglial cells: nurse cells to neurons. Protect, feed, speed up the signal. There are many different types for many different functions.
What are the parts of a nerve?
• Axon
• Dendrite
• Cell Body
• Nucleus
• Myelin
• Node of Ranvier
How is an action potential reached?
• Change in nerve membrane permeability. Na+ rushes in the nerve is depolarized (loses its charge).
• K+ then rushes out which repolarizes the nerve cell.
• 1/1000 of a second. Both steps together are the action potential.
• Active transport soon reestablishes the resting potential.
Action Potential
Action Potential Explained
What do muscles and nerves have in common?
• All or none response. The nerve impulse is either conducted or not. The intensity of the signal does not change.
What kind of neurotransmitters cross the synaptic cleft?
• Acetylcholine: Muscles
• Epinephrine/ Adrenaline: Fight or Flight
• Norepinephrine: almost the same as epinephrine but has no effect on the heart.
• Dopamine: brain functions: not working= schizophrenia and Parkinson's
• Seratonin: suppresses pain impulses
Top Related