FILIPINO-AMERICAN WAR
Americans Fooled Aguinaldo
December 10, 1898The Treaty of Paris (SIGNED): Filipinos felt they were
deceived.Emilio Aguinaldo- sought in Singapore and Hongkong.
- Dewey wanted him to raise the standard of revolt to defeat the Spaniards.
General Ricarte- saw trough the façade , warned Aguinaldo.
Behaviour:
Friends- CONQUEROR
Results: Filipino Rebels,
not allowed to
enter Manila.
Threat: immedia
tely SHOT-DOWN.
Aguinaldo gave them a chance.Americans- demanded that he withdraw his forces.
- Aguinaldo was then convinced that he was fooled.
- No intention of leaving the country. - meant to stay and be masters; successors of the Spaniards.
Beginning:Filipino Disillutionment
“Benevolent Assimilation” Proclamation
Before the treaty signing:
President McKinley -did not know what to do with the Philippines.- he fell on his knees and prayed to God, giving
him light on what he would do with the country.- surrounded by men who wanted Philippines as
an American colony.
1. American Business Interests:Not only a market for products– a
stepping stone to Asia’s Market.
2. Military and Naval:
Base for ships and
first line of defence.
3. Religious:
Base for Protestant
Missionaries.
Constituted “Pressure Groups”
After the Treaty Signing:
Officially announced the American Policy regarding Philippines
Ordered the American Military Commanders to extend the sovereignty in the entire archipelago by force.
President McKinley
General Elwell Otis (Successor of Gen. Merritt)
- did not publish the whole text of the proclamation.
FEAR: Arouse the anger of the Filipinos.
- Intead: he made revisions of the former proclamation.
FORCEFUL
SOFT
Not to antago
nize the
Filipinos.
Filipino Reaction to the Proclamation
General Marcus P. Miller (Iloilo) published the original contents of the proclamation. Copies: fell into the hands of the Filipinos.
●Antonio Luna- Author of “La Independencia”, attacked the proclamation severely and said that it was a trick to make the people quiet.- Americans would put into practice what the Spaniards did to Philippines.
January 5
- Aguinaldo issued a strongly worded proclamation:
“My Government is disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempted to take forcible
possession of the Visayan Islands.”
General Otis-realizing the meaning of the proclamation, quietly strengthened the American lines.
The Filipino-American relationship were passing through a very difficult stage.
Attempts to Relax the Tension
Settling by Talk
- Aguinaldo suggested to Gen. Otis:
Their representatives should meet to discuss ways and means to avoid conflict.
Gen. Otis’ Appointees:3 Military officers
Pres. Aguinaldo’s Appointees:3 Military Officers
The Filipinos were serious in solving the question of their relation.
The Shot that Started the War
February 1, 1899
-group of American Engineers were arrested by the Filipino troops.
- Gen. Arthur protested: presence of Filipinos in the American lines.
February 4, 1899Private William W. Grayson-shot a Filipino soldier (Balsahan bridge: San Juan
del Monte)- Filipinos response: rifle fire.
Gen. Otis:Protested
Aguinaldo’s response:
Not arrested, just detained because they were found in the Filipino
lines.
Filipino-American War: ON!
American Units:Deployed and mobilized throughout Manila and the Suburbs
Investigation of the Incident
Captain Fernando Grey
-sent a telegram to Malolos: Americans had commended hostilities.
Pres. Aguinaldo- sent General Otis an emissary:
“The firing on our side the night before had been against my order.”
-ordered an investigation to determine the truth.
Gen. Otis: Haughty and Arrogant“The fighting, having started, must go on to
the brim end.”
Findings:Early days of
February: Filipino
employees in the service of
American ships had
been dismissed.
February 4:Between 200-300 American
soldiers boarded 2 cascos for
CaviteSoldiers were returned to Manila to
rejoin their units.Sudden
attacks in all sectors
showed that they had been preparing for
the attack.
The American Commander did not mke
any ttempt to investigate.
He ordered an all-attack
on the Filipino soldiers.
American Drive to the North
American Troops- easily captured town after town (Rizal Province)-North: won victories in battle of La Loma, near
Chinese Cemetery, when Major Jose Torres Buggalon died: Combat.
Macrthur-procceeded to Kaloocan.-Generl Antonio Luna fought him; Luna was
defeted.- American arms could not be neuralized by
bravery and courage alone.
Luna: planned to recapture
Manila
March 22, Gen Luna led the attcak on
Manila.
2 days after, he reached Azearraga
Street.
Americans: realized the significance
of Luna’s victory.
Gen. Luna: forced to retreat to
Pulo, Bulacan.
Gen. Otis: offensive on the North.Gen. Henry W. Lawton: started the offensive
in South.-Pulo was captured.
March 30- arrived at Malolos.
Pres. Aguinaldo-evaluated and transferred the capital to
San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.
Gen. Otis: ordered
MacArthur to rest in
Malolos
Lawton: to continue
his march against Cavite.
Filipinos won
very few victories;
very
costly to the Americans.
March 25
Filipino troops:
repulsed Gen. Lloyd
Wheaton in the Battle of
Pulo, killed an American Col. In Quinguia, Major James Bell Franklin:
killed in combat;
defeated by “boy” Gen.
Gregorio del Pilar
April 23
Gen. John M. Stotsenburg was killed.
December 18
Gen. Licerio Geronimo,
defeated the Americans under Gen.
Lawton (Battle of San
Mateo)
Gen. Lawton was killed.
The Fall of the Mabini Cabinet
Apolinario Mabini
Cabinet President; Prime Minister;
Secretary of foreign Affairs
He never used his
position to
enrich himself
Very poor when
he entered
Gov. service;
poor when
he died.
Powerful man outside Aguinaldo
Hardworking and honest;
incorruptible
Americans tried to win-over the Filipinos with promises:
Mabini:“This is a trick of the Americans”
Freedom and Autonomy
INDEPENDENCE
Enemies: Pedro A. Paterno, Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Felipe Buencamino (wealthy & powerful) opposed him.
belief: Autonomy will be good for the Filipinos. accepted the offer. persuaded Aguinaldo to remove Mabini.
May 7- Aguinaldo informed Mabini; Paterno formed a new
Cabinet.- Mabini sent a resignation letter of the Cabinet he
was heading.- spent his last years in his arm chair writing articles
against the Americans.
Assassination of Luna
Gen. Antonio Luna
- most brilliant among Filipino Military Officers.- born in Manila, district of San Nicolas.- Manila & Spain: studied Pharmacy.- defect: SHORT TEMPER.- exiled to Spain by the Colonial Government.
*1898
- passed Hongkong.- asked Felipe Agoncillo;
Letter of Recommendation to Gen. Aguinaldo.- given the materials and a revolver.
Luna: appointed (High Position)
- the army had no discipline.- instilled discipline did not like the attitude.- Filipino-American War: chief of Military Zone (Cen.
Luzon)- slapped soldiers when they do not meet his
standards.
Bayambang, Pangasinan- inspecting defenses. received a telegram from Kabanatuan, he was
needed.- his aide: Colonel Francisco Roman & soldiers.
Arrival in Aguinaldo’
s Headquart
ers: Luna; angry
Heard a rifle shot, ran down
and cursed the soldiers.Slapped one of them.
Captain Pedro Kastila (Cavite)Hacked
him.
The soldiers boloed
him, shot him.
Luna drew his
revolver; fell from
the covenant and died saying;
“COWARDS!”
“ASSASSINS!”
More than 40 wounds in his body and head.
Conquest of the Visayas
Marcus P. Miller- instructed by Gen. Otis: invade Iloilo.- Miller’s demand: Filipino troops surrender.
Gen. Martin Delgado- Bisayan patriots under him decided to fight.- to prevent encapturement: burned the city.
Americand landed in force.February 20 Jro, Santa Barbara, Oton and Mandurriao
fell.Sent an expedition force to Cebu.The City surrendered Cebu Patriots: not give up easily.Guerrilla Warfare: led by Arcadio Maxilom & Leandro
Fullom.
Negros- Wealthy Negrenses; symphatized with the
Americans.- arrival: raised the AMERICAN FLAG.- Committee was sent to Manila to ask Gen. Otis to
allow them of arming a battalion to maintain peace & order.- Gen. Otis approved; collaborated with them.
March 1- Gen. Otis issued an order: provide the creation for
Military District composed of Panay, Negros, Cebu.
Bisayan Military District- Negrenses allowed to meet in a convention to frame a constitution.
Negros ConstitutionSubmitted to Pres. McKinley
Did not take it seriously.
Bates Treaty
General John C. Bates
- dealt the Muslims: diplomatic way.- negotiations: bases of Equality.
Muslim Sultan of Sulu
- insisted that Americans should not occupy and Jolo except the Jolo proper.
- collecting customs duties in places not occupied by the Americans.
August 20, 1899- agreement: signed by Gen. Bates and Sultan of Jolo
and datus.
B A T E S T R E A T Y
PROVISIONS:1. Sovereignty of the United States over the whole archipelago f Jolo and it’s dependences should be recognized.
2. The rights of his Highness the Sultan and his datus shall be fully respected.
3. Americans promised not to interfere in religious matters and not to persecute anybody on account of his religious beliefs.
4. Americans agreed to pay the Sultan and his leading datus monthly salaries.
The Retreat of Aguinaldo to Palanan
Death of Gen. Luna
- many Filipino Commanders were demoralized.-led to Gen. Otis’ plan to capture Aguinaldo.
Pres. Aguinaldo
- ordered his troops and the people to conduct Guerrilla Warfare.
- fled to Pangasinan- followed by the Americans.- warned by the people about the trap.- walked town to town with very little rest.- left his family to spare them the hardship.- walked to Teirra Virgen, Cagayan.
September 6, 1900- reached Palanan, Isabella. Headquarters
Establishment.
The Battle of Pasong Tirad
Gregorio del Pilar
- ordered by Aguinaldo to remain behind.- purpose: to intercept the Americans.- chose to delay the enemy at Pasong Tirad, with 60
soldiers.
**Pasong Tirad- narrow pass 4,500 feet high; good view of the
country.
Major Peyton C. March
*December 2, 1899- proceeded against del Pilar.- Filipino troops hit the Americans at will and
were forced to retreat.- an Igorot guided the Americans to the secret
trail.- a fierce battle ensued and del Pilar was shot in
the neck.- Americans looted his body for souvenirs.- Igorots buried it in a shallow grave.
Capture of Aguinaldo
Americans took advantage of the cooperative attitude of the wealthy Filipinos and used them to persuade the people to cooperate with them.
Cruel Methods:a. Water Cure
- forcing water into the stomach and if full, forced to lay on their backs. An American soldier would jump on his stomach.
b. Rope Choke- placing a rope on the neck and twisting it to
choke.
c. Beat the Filipino until he was blue in the face.
Samar
- in order to avenge the death of their comrades who were massacred by the Filipino Guerrillas under Gen. Vicente Lukban, burned down the whole town of Balangiga and killed all men even boys under 10.
Colonel Frederick Funston- planned the capture of Aguinaldo.
Lazaro Segovia- Sapaniard who joined the Filipino forces against
Americans.- led the Macabebes and pretended to have captured
enemies.- walked to Palanan and informed Aguinaldo through a
courier.
Aguinaldo made preparations for the Filipino forces against Americans.
Segovia and his men signalled the men below to start the firing.
Aguinaldo rushed to the window as to what it was.Gen. Funston told him to surrender.
*Aguinaldo was brought to Manila*April 1, 1901
- took the oath of allegiance to the United States Government.
April 19- Aguinaldo appealed to the Filipinos to accept the
Sovereignty of the United States.
End of the Guerrilla Warfare
Gen. Miguel Malvar (Batangas)
- took over the leadership of the Filipino Government and fought the enemy in running battles.
-Americans tried to frighten the civilian population by reconcentrating them in a place and killing anybody found outside the zone.
- called the “Sona System,” during the Japanese Period.
February 27, 1902- Gen. Vicente Lukban was captured in
Samar.-marked the end of the Guerrilla Warfare in
that province.
April 16- Gen. Malvar surrendered: to save his allies
from the brutality of the enemy and of hunger.- systematic opposition to American
Sovereignty ceased.
E N D
Top Related