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Feature Comparison

Windows Server 2008 R2,

Windows Server 2012, and

Windows Server 2012 R2

Published: March 24th, 2014

Feature Comparison: Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, and Windows Server 2012 R2

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Contents Introduction .............................................................................. 3

General Features Overview ................................................... 4

© 2014 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. This document is provided "as-is." Information and views expressed in this

document, including URL and other Internet Web site references, may change without notice. You bear the risk of using it.


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Introduction This feature comparison guide compares the selected features of Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2,

Microsoft Windows Server 2012, and Microsoft Windows Server 2012 R2. The “General Features Overview”

section compares a wider range of features across all three releases. The comparison table in this section

includes comments in regard to each release, as well as notation about how well each feature is

supported. The legend for this notation is given in the table below.

Level of Feature Support

Feature is supported

Feature is only partially supported

Feature is not supported


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General Features Overview This section compares the major features of Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Server 2012, and

Windows Server 2012 R2.


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5

Features Windows Server

2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Identity and Access

DirectAccess

Unified server role that combines three networking services—DirectAccess, routing,

and remote access—into one unified server role with remote access.1

Single point of configuration and management for remote access server deployment

with a new unified server role for DirectAccess, and Routing and Remote Access

service (RRAS).

Dynamic

Access Control

Centralized control and auditing access to file servers with claims-based access and

File Classification.2

Ability to restrict access to sensitive files regardless of user actions through file

security policy at the domain level, which is enforced across virtually all file servers in

Windows Server 2012 R2 with File Classification, access control policies, and audit

policies.

Windows Store

app network

isolation

Ability to set and enforce network boundaries to prevent compromised applications

from accessing restricted networks. TEST

Customizable firewall rules for Windows Store apps in addition to firewall rules that

can be created for programs and services.3

Windows

PowerShell

cmdlets for

Windows

Firewall

Extensive cmdlets for configuring and managing Windows Firewall.

Fully configurable and manageable Windows Firewall, Internet Protocol security

(IPsec), and related features with a more powerful and scriptable Windows

PowerShell.3

Network

Access

Protection

(NAP)

A client health policy creation, enforcement, and remediation technology to help

system administrators establish and automatically enforce health policies, which can

include software requirements, security update requirements, and other settings .4


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Domain Name

System

Security

Extensions

(DNSSEC)

Support for online signing and automated key management as part of the update

process for DNSSEC support in the authoritative functions of Domain Name System

(DNS) servers.5

Extensible

Authentication

Protocol (EAP)

Architectural framework that provides extensibility for the authentication methods

of commonly-used protected network access technologies, such as Institute of

Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.1X-based wireless access, IEEE 802.1X-

based wired access, and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) connections such as VPN.6

802.1X

Authenticated

Wired Access

Updated

IEEE 802.1X Authenticated Wired Service for IEEE 802.3 Ethernet network clients.

EAP-Tunneled Transport Layer Security (EAP-TTLS) added to the list of network

authentication methods included by default.7

Enable users with non-domain joined computers and devices running Windows 8.1

and Windows Server 2012 R2 to bring their own devices to their organization and

enjoy the advantages of password-based credential reuse. This means that users

need to provide their credentials the first time they connect to their organization’s

network, and then they can connect to the resources they want to without being

prompted repeatedly for their credentials because the credentials are stored on the

local computer for reuse.

For security reasons, when the user’s computer or device disconnects from the

network, the stored credentials are discarded.8

Read-only

domain

controller

(RODC)

Domain controller that hosts read-only partitions of a database in Active Directory.

Ability to deploy RODC via Windows PowerShell and to virtual machines.9

Kerberos

constrained

delegation

across domains

Administrative permission needed only for the back-end service account.

Back-end permitted to authorize which front-end service accounts can impersonate

users against their resources.10


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Flexible

Authentication

Secure

Tunneling

(FAST)

Protected channel between domain-joined client and domain controller with FAST.10

Access controls

in Active

Directory

Lightweight

Directory

Services

(AD LDS)

Authentication of users requesting access to the directory.

Use of security descriptors, called access control lists (ACLs), on directory objects to

determine which objects an authenticated user has access to.11

Identity

component

updates

Updated

Updated identity components include:12

Service Principal Name (SPN) and User Principal Name (UPN) uniqueness

Winlogon Automatic Restart Sign-On (ARSO)

Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Key Attestation

Certification authority (CA) Backup and Restore Windows PowerShell cmdlets

Command line process auditing

Credential Protection and Domain Authentication Controls

Directory Services

Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS)

Virtualized

domain

controller

cloning

Ability to create replicas of virtualized domain controllers through cloning of

existing ones.

Virtualization-safe technologies and rapid deployment of virtual domain controllers

through cloning.13


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Virtualization

supported

Virtual domain controllers hosted on hypervisor platforms that expose an identifier

called VM-Generation ID (hypervisor-agnostic mechanism). The identifier can detect

and employ necessary safety measures to protect the sanctity of the AD DS

environment if a virtual machine is rolled back in time by an unsupported

mechanism (such as the application of a virtual machine snapshot).13

Active

Directory

Domain

Services claims

in Active

Directory

Federation

Services (AD

FS)

Ability to populate Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) tokens with user-

and device-claims taken directly from the Kerberos ticket through AD FS (v2.1).14

Off-premises

domain join

Domain-join computers over the Internet for domains enabled for Direct Access.15

Fine-grained

password

policy

Simplified management of password-setting objects (PSOs) through Active Directory

Administrative Center.15

Database

mounting tool

Improved recovery processes with the ability to compare data as it exists in the

snapshots or backups that are taken at different times, enabling better decision-

making about what data to restore after data loss .16

Active

Directory-

Based

Activation

(AD BA)

Simplified configuring of the distribution and management of volume software

licenses, with the Volume Activation Services server role, Key Management Service

(KMS), and activation based in Active Directory.15


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Windows

PowerShell

History Viewer

Ability to view Windows PowerShell cmdlets as they run.

Ability to display the equivalent Windows PowerShell cmdlets in the History Viewer

of Windows PowerShell with Active Directory Administrative Center .15

Active

Directory

Recycle Bin

Recovery of accidentally deleted objects from backups of AD DS taken by

Windows Server Backup with Active Directory domains.15 Active Directory object not

physically removed from the database immediately.

Active

Directory

Domain

Services

integration

Ability to create cluster computer objects in targeted organizational units or by

default in the same organizational unit as the cluster nodes.17

Domain and

Forest

Functional

Levels

New

Provides two new functional levels—Forest Functional Level (FFL) and Domain

Functional Level (DFL). DFL enables support for protected users, authentication

policies, and authentication isolation. FFL and DFL levels are set by default on new

domain and new forest creation but can be lowered using Windows PowerShell .18

Lightweight

Directory

Access Protocol

(LDAP) query

optimizer

changes

Updated

The LDAP query optimizer algorithm was reevaluated and further optimized. The

result is the performance improvement in LDAP search efficiency and LDAP search

time of complex queries.18

Active

Directory

Replication

throughput

improvement

Updated

For Active Directory replication, the remote procedure calls (RPC) transmit buffer has

been increased to a maximum throughput of around 600 Mbps by changing the

RPC send buffer size from 8 KB to 256 KB. This change allows the TCP window size

to grow beyond 8 KB, reducing the number of network round trips.18


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services (AD LDS)

Server Core

installations for

Active

Directory

Lightweight

Directory

Services

Role support for Server Core installations.19

Backup and

restore for

Active

Directory

Lightweight

Directory

Services

Ability to back up and restore databases to an existing AD LDS instance.20

Multiple

directory

service

instances on a

single server

Ability to concurrently run multiple instances of AD LDS on a single computer with

an independently managed schema for each AD LDS instance.21 22

Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS)

Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services as a

server role

Available as a server role with several new features not available in previous

versions.23

Persistent

protection

Protection of content on the go with AD RMS.

Ability to specify who can open, modify, print, or manage content.

Rights stay with content—even when it is transferred outside the organization.

Usage policy

templates

Ability to create a usage policy template and apply it to content, eliminating the

need to recreate usage rights settings for comprehensive file protection.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Software

development

kit for Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services

Compatible with rights-enabled applications.

Self-enrollment

of the Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services cluster

Enrollment via local computer to help eliminate the need to connect to Microsoft

Enrollment Service through a server self-enrollment certificate.24

Integration

with Active

Directory

Federation

Services (AD

FS)

Integration of AD RMS and AD FS to enable the leveraging of existing federated

relationships for collaboration with external partners .2423

Windows

PowerShell for

deploying

Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services

Support for more secure and flexible remote server deployment of AD RMS using

PowerShell.25 26

Enhancements

in Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services and

SQL Server

requirements

Improved support for remote deployment of AD RMS and Microsoft SQL Server .2725

AD RMS installer account must have system administration permissions in the SQL

Server installation.

SQL Server Browser service must be running to locate available SQL instances.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS)

Single Sign-On

(SSO) and

seamless

second factor

authentication

across

company

applications

New

With Workplace Join, information workers can join their personal devices with their

company to access company resources and services.28

Provides seamless second factor authentication and SSO to workplace resources and

applications.

The Device Registration Service (DRS), included with the Active Directory Federation

Role in Windows Server 2012 R2, provisions a device object in Active Directory and

sets a certificate on the consumer device to represent device identity.

Web

Application

Proxy

New

Provides the reverse proxy functionality for web applications inside the corporate

network so that users on virtually any device can access them from outside the

corporate network.

Pre-authenticates access to web applications using AD FS, and also functions as an

AD FS proxy.

Multi-factor

access control

New

Access control in AD FS is implemented with authorization claim rules. Issues permit

or deny claims that will determine whether or not a user or a group of users will be

allowed to access resources secured with AD FS.

Enhances user, device, location, and authentication data using a greater variety of

authorization claim types or rules.

Multi-factor

authentication

New

Requires users to provide more than one form of authentication when connecting to

published applications and services. For example, using one-time passwords or

smart cards.

Integration

with Microsoft

Office

SharePoint

Server

AD FS can be used to facilitate an out-of-the-box SSO solution for Microsoft

SharePoint.29


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Integration

with Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services

AD FS can integrate with AD RMS to support the sharing of rights-protected content

between organizations, helping eliminate the need for AD RMS to be deployed in

both organizations.

Integration

with Dynamic

Access Control

scenarios

AD FS can be used with user and device claims that are issued using Active Directory

Domain Services (AD DS) for various DAC scenarios.14

Ability of AD FS to consume AD DS claims included in Kerberos tickets as a result of

domain authentication.

Improved

installation

experience

with Server

Manager

Installation of AD FS server role with Server Manager.24

Automatic listing and installing of virtually all services that AD FS depends on during

the AD FS server role installation with Server Manager and its configuration wizard

when AD FS server role is installed.

Windows

PowerShell

cmdlet tools

New cmdlets for installing the AD FS server role and for initial configuration of the

federation server and federation server proxy in addition to the management

capabilities based in PowerShell that are provided in AD FS 2.0.24

Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS)

Certification

authorities

(CAs)

Management of CAs, certificate revocation, and certificate enrollment30; root and

subordinate CAs; and enterprise and stand-alone CAs.

Web

enrollment

Enrollment mechanism for organizations that need to issue and renew certificates

for users and computers that are not joined to the domain or not connected directly

to the network, and for users of non-Microsoft operating systems.31 32


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Microsoft

Online

Responder

Service

Ability to configure and manage Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) validation

and revocation checking in networks based on Microsoft Windows.33

Network

Device

Enrollment

Service (NDES)

Microsoft implementation of the Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP), a

communication protocol that makes it possible for the software running on network

devices such as routers and switches, which cannot otherwise be authenticated on

the network to enroll for X.509 certificates from a certification authority.34

Certificate

Enrollment

Policy Web

Service

AD CS role service for obtaining certificate enrollment policy information for

humans and computers.35

Certificate

Enrollment

Web Service

Certificate enrollment with HTTPS protocol for users and computers .35

Integration

with Server

Manager

Integration of AD CS server role and its role services into Server Manager .36

Deployment

and

management

capabilities of

Windows

PowerShell

Ability to configure or remove configurations for virtually all AD CS role services with

the AD CS Deployment PowerShell cmdlets.37

Active

Directory

Certificate

Services role

services on

Server Core

Ability to install and run virtually all AD CS role services on Server Core installations

of Windows Server 2012 or the Minimal Server Interface installation options .36


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Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Automatic

renewal of

certificates for

non-domain

joined

computers

Builds on Certificate Enrollment Web Services by adding the ability to automatically

renew certificates for computers that are part of untrusted Active Directory Domain

Services (AD DS) domains or not joined to a domain.36

Enforcement of

certificate

renewal with

same key

Increased security with AD CS that requires certificate renewal with the same key,

enabling the same assurance level of the original key to be maintained throughout

its life cycle.36

Support for

international-

ized domain

names (IDNs)

Support for IDNs that contain characters that cannot be represented in ASCII with

AD CS.36

Increased

security with

default on

certification

authorities role

service

Enforcement of enhanced security by CA role service in the requests sent to it.

Encryption required for packets requesting a certificate.36

Policy module

support for the

Network

Device

Enrollment

Service

New

Using a policy module with the Network Device Enrollment Service provides

enhanced security so that users and devices can request certificates from the

Internet.38

Trusted

Platform

Module (TPM)

key attestation

New

Allows the CA to verify that the private key is protected by a hardware-based TPM.38

Windows

PowerShell for

Certificate

Services New

New Windows PowerShell cmdlets are available for backup and restore.38


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Virtualization and Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)

Shared virtual

hard disk New

Enables clustering of virtual machines by using shared virtual hard disk (VHDX)

files.39

Ability to host on Cluster Shared Volume (CSV) or on Server Message Block (SMB)-

based Scale-Out File Server file shares.

Resize virtual

hard disk

Updated

Ability to expand or shrink the size of a virtual hard disk while the virtual machine is

still running.39

Ability to perform maintenance on the virtual hard disk without temporarily shutting

down the virtual machine.

Only available for VHDX files that are attached to a SCSI controller .

Storage Quality

of Service

New

Ability to manage storage throughput for virtual hard disks that are accessed by

virtual machines.39

Ability to specify the maximum and minimum I/O loads in terms of I/O operations

per second (IOPS) for each virtual hard disk in a virtual machine.

Ability to ensure that the storage throughput of one virtual hard disk does not

impact the performance of another virtual hard disk on the same host.

Hyper-V Live

Migration over

SMB New

Ability to perform a live migration of virtual machines by using SMB 3.0 as a

transport. This enables taking advantage of key SMB features, such as SMB Direct

and SMB Multichannel, by providing high speed migration with low CPU

utilization.46

Live Migration

with

compression

Updated

Ability to first compress the memory content of the virtual machine that is being

migrated and then copy it to the destination server over a TCP/IP connection. This is

the default setting in Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Live Migration

Remote Direct

Memory Access

(RDMA)

Updated

Ability to perform faster live migration between Hyper-V hosts by establishing an

efficient memory-to-memory transfer of data using RDMA.

Server Message Block Direct (SMB Direct) over RDMA is a technology that, given the

hardware (NICs) supporting it, can establish an efficient memory-to-memory

transfer of data.

In Windows Server 2012, the main advantage of this approach was faster file

services but in Windows Server 2012 R2, it is used to send live migration data

between the Hyper-V hosts.

Cross-version

live migration

Updated

Ability to support migrating Hyper-V virtual machines in Windows Server 2012 to

Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 R2.39

Moving a virtual machine to a down-level server running Hyper-V is not supported.

Virtual

machine

generation

New

Ability to determine the virtual hardware and functionality that is presented to the

virtual machine.

Two supported virtual machine generations include:39

Generation 1: Provides the same virtual hardware to the virtual machine as in

the previous versions of Hyper-V.

Generation 2: Provides the following new functionality on a virtual machine:

– Secure Boot (enabled by default)

– Boot from a SCSI virtual hard disk

– Boot from a SCSI virtual DVD

– Pre-Boot Execution Environment (PXE) boot by using a standard network

adapter

– Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) firmware support

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj134210.aspx

http://aka.ms/server2012


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Integration

services Updated

Ability to copy files to the virtual machine while the virtual machine is running

without using a network connection.39

Export

Updated

Ability to export a virtual machine or a virtual machine checkpoint while the virtual

machine is running without any downtime.39

Failover

Clustering and

Hyper-V

Updated

Helps protect the virtual network adapter and virtual machine storage.39

Ability to detect physical storage failures on storage devices that are not managed

by Windows Failover Clustering (SMB 3.0 file shares).

Enhanced

session mode New

Ability to redirect local resources in a Virtual Machine Connection session.39

Enhances the interactive session experience by providing a functionality that is

similar to a remote desktop connection while interacting with a virtual machine.

Management

Updated

Ability to manage Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012 from a computer running

Windows Server 2012 R2 or Windows 8.1.39

Linux support

Updated

Enables backup support for Linux virtual machine.39

Enables dynamic memory support for Linux guest operating systems.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Automatic

Virtual

Machine

Activation

New

Ability to install virtual machines on a computer where Windows Server 2012 R2 is

properly activated without having to manage product keys for each individual virtual

machine, even in disconnected environments.39

Ability to bind the virtual machine activation to the licensed virtualization server and

activate the virtual machine when it starts.

Enables real-time reporting on usage and historical data on the license state of the

virtual machine.

Shared virtual

hard disk (for

guest clusters) New

Ability to use .vhdx files as shared storage in a guest cluster .40

Virtual

machine drain

on shutdown

New

Enables a Hyper-V host to automatically live migrate running virtual machines if the

computer is shut down.40

Virtual

machine

network health

detection New

Enables a Hyper-V host to automatically live migrate virtual machines if a network

disconnection occurs on a protected virtual network.40

Optimized CSV

placement

policies

Updated

Ability to distribute CSV ownership evenly across the failover cluster nodes.40

Increased CSV

resiliency

Updated

Enables multiple Server service instances per cluster node.40

Enables CSV monitoring of the Server service that provides greater resiliency.

CSV cache

allocation Updated

Ability to increase the amount of RAM that can be allocated as CSV cache.40


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

CSV

diagnosibility Updated

Ability to view the state of a CSV on a per node basis and the reason for I/O

redirection.40

Enables optimizing cluster configuration by easily determining the state of a CSV.

CSV

interoperability Updated

Adds CSV support for the following Windows Server 2012 R2 features:40

Resilient File System (ReFS)

Deduplication

Parity storage spaces

Tiered storage spaces

Storage Spaces write-back caching

Deploy an

Active

Directory-

detached

cluster

New

Ability to deploy a failover cluster with less dependency on Active Directory Domain

Services.40

Uses Kerberos authentication for intra-cluster communication.

Dynamic

witness New

Dynamically adjusts the witness vote based on the number of voting nodes in the

current cluster membership.40

Quorum user

interface

improvements Updated

Ability to easily view the assigned quorum vote and the current quorum vote for

each node in Failover Cluster Manager.40

Force quorum

resiliency

New

Enables automatic recovery in the case of a partitioned failover cluster.40


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Tie breaker for

50% node split New

Enables one side of a cluster to continue to run in the case of a cluster split where

neither side would normally have quorum.40

Configure the

Global Update

Manager mode New

Helps the cluster to continue to function if there is a delay with one or more

nodes.40

Cluster node

health

detection

Updated

Increases the resiliency to temporary network failures for virtual machines that are

running on a Hyper-V cluster.40

Turn off IPsec

encryption for

inter-node

cluster

communication

New

Helps prevent a cluster from being affected by the high latency Group Policy

updates.40

Ability to turn off Internet Protocol security (IPsec) encryption for inter-node cluster

communication such as the cluster heartbeat.

Cluster

dashboard

New

Provides a convenient way to check the health of all managed failover clusters in

Failover Cluster Manager.40

Shared-nothing

live migration

Ability to migrate virtual machines among Hyper-V hosts on different clusters or

servers with no storage sharing using Ethernet connection only—with virtually no

downtime.41


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Live storage

migration

Ability to move virtual hard disks that are attached to a running virtual machine42.

Ability to transfer virtual hard disks to a new location for upgrading or migrating

storage, performing back-end storage maintenance, or redistributing the storage

load.

Ability to add storage to either a stand-alone computer or to a Hyper-V cluster, and

then move virtual machines to the new storage while the virtual machines continue

to run.

A new wizard in Hyper-V Manager or new Hyper-V cmdlets for Windows PowerShell

can be used to perform this task.

Live Snapshot

Merging

Ability to merge snapshots back into the virtual machine while it continues to run

Hyper-V Live Merge.42

Non-Uniform

Memory Access

(NUMA)

support

NUMA support inside virtual machines.42

Ability to project NUMA topology onto virtual machines, guest operating systems,

and applications that can make intelligent NUMA decisions .

Dynamic

Memory Run-

time

Configuration

Ability to make configuration changes to dynamic memory (increasing maximum

memory or decreasing minimum memory) when a virtual machine is running.43

Reduces downtime and increases agility to respond to requirement changes.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

VHDX

Support for VHDX file format with Hyper-V.42

VHDX support for up to 64 terabytes of storage.

Protection from corruption due to power failures by logging updates to the VHDX

metadata structures.

Prevention of performance degradation on large-sector physical disks through

optimizing structure alignment.

Hyper-V

Resource

Metering

Tracks and reports amount of data transferred per IP address or virtual machine.42

Allows customers to create cost-effective and usage-based billing solutions.

Virtual Fibre

Channel

Fibre Channel ports within the guest operating system.42

Ability to connect to Fibre Channel directly from within virtual machines .

Hyper-V

Replica

Updated

Ability to replicate virtual machines among storage systems, clusters, and

datacenters between two sites to provide business continuity and failure recovery.

Ability to configure extended replication in Windows Server 2012 R2. In this case,

the Replica server forwards information about the changes that occur on the

primary virtual machines to a third server (the extended Replica server) . The

frequency of replication, which previously was a fixed value, is now configurable for

30 seconds, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes.

Access to recovery points in Windows Server 2012 R2 has changed from 15 hours to

24 hours.44

Simultaneous

live migrations

Ability to migrate several virtual machines with support for simultaneous live

migrations at the same time.42

Live migrations not limited to a cluster.

Virtual machines can be migrated across cluster boundaries and between stand-

alone servers that are not part of a cluster.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Hyper-V host

and workload

support

Ability to configure up to 320 logical processors on hardware, 4 terabytes of physical

memory, 64 virtual processors, and up to 1 terabyte of memory on a virtual

machine.42

Support for up to 64 nodes and 8,000 virtual machines in a cluster.

Dynamic

memory,

startup

memory, and

minimum

memory

Hyper-V can reclaim the unused memory from virtual machines with a minimum

memory value lower than their startup value.42

Hyper-V Smart

Paging

Bridges the gap between the minimum and startup memory if a virtual machine is

configured with a lower minimum memory than its startup memory (Hyper-V needs

additional memory to restart it.).42

Quality of

Service (QoS)

minimum

bandwidth

Hyper-V uses minimum bandwidth to assign specific bandwidth for each type of

traffic and to ensure fair sharing during congestion.42

Incremental

backup

Hyper-V supports incremental backup (backing up only the differences) of virtual

hard disks while the virtual machine is running.

Windows Server 2008 R2 provides support for full backups only.42

Clustering

New support for guest clustering via Fibre Channel, new live migration

enhancements, massive scale, encrypted cluster volumes, CSV 2.0 CSV, Hyper-V

application monitoring, virtual machine failover prioritization, inbox live migration

queuing, affinity (and anti-affinity) virtual machine rules, and File Server transparent

failover.42


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Application

monitoring

Ability to monitor health of key services provided by virtual machines .

Higher availability for workloads not supporting clustering with automatic correction

(like restarting a virtual machine or moving it to a different server). 42

Storage

Work Folders New

Provides a consistent way for users to access their work files from their PCs and

devices.

Ability to maintain control over corporate data by storing files on centrally managed

file servers, and optionally specifying user device policies such as encryption and

lock-screen passwords.

Ability to deploy Work Folders with the existing deployments of Folder Redirection,

Offline Files, and home folders. Work Folders stores user files in a folder on the

server called a sync share.45

Automatic

rebalancing of

Scale-Out File

Server clients

New

Improves scalability and manageability for Scale-Out File Servers. Server message

block (SMB) client connections are tracked per file share (instead of per server), and

clients are then redirected to the cluster node with the best access to the volume

used by the file share. This improves efficiency by reducing redirection traffic

between file server nodes. Clients are redirected following an initial connection and

when cluster storage is reconfigured.46

Improved

performance of

SMB Direct

(SMB over

RDMA)

Updated

Improves performance for small I/O workloads by increasing efficiency when hosting

workloads with small I/Os, such as an online transaction processing (OLTP) database

in a virtual machine. These improvements are evident when using higher speed

network interfaces, such as 40 Gbps Ethernet and 56 Gbps InfiniBand.46


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Improved SMB

event messages Updated

SMB events now contain more detailed and helpful information. This makes

troubleshooting easier and reduces the need to capture network traces or enable

more detailed diagnostic event logging. By default, the most relevant event

channels are turned on, so as to instantly capture all of the essential information. In

addition, some events now include details on configuration and troubleshooting

solutions.46

Improved SMB

bandwidth

management New

Ability to configure SMB bandwidth limits to control different SMB traffic types.

There are three SMB traffic types: default, live migration, and virtual machine.46

Support for

multiple SMB

instances on a

Scale-Out File

Server

New

Provides an additional instance on each cluster node in Scale-Out File Servers

specifically for Clustered Shared Volume (CSV) traffic. A default instance can handle

incoming traffic from SMB clients that are accessing regular file shares, while

another instance only handles inter-node CSV traffic. This feature improves the

scalability and reliability of the traffic between CSV nodes.46

Storage Spaces

Ability to leverage commodity storage into virtual storage pools, which can then be

provisioned as Storage Spaces.

Virtualized drives that can be formatted and accessed just like a physical drive,

which can also be dynamically resized with the addition of more physical drives to

the storage pool.47

New features in Storage Spaces include storage tiers, write-back cache, parity space

support for failover clusters, dual parity, and the ability to automatically rebuild

storage spaces from storage pool free space.

Storage tiers

New

Automatically moves frequently accessed data to faster (solid-state drive) storage

and infrequently accessed data to slower (hard disk) storage.48


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Write-back

cache New

Buffers small random writes to solid-state drives, reducing the latency of writes.48

Parity space

support for

failover

clusters

New

Ability to create parity spaces on failover clusters.48

Dual parity

New

Stores two copies of the parity information on a parity space, which helps protect

against two simultaneous physical disk failures and optimizes storage efficiency.48

Automatically

rebuild storage

spaces from

storage pool

free space

New

Decreases the time to rebuild a storage space after a physical disk failure by using

the spare capacity in the pool instead of a single hot spare.48

Resilient File

System (ReFS)

Updated

Maximizes data availability and online operations despite errors that would

historically cause data loss or downtime.

In Windows Server 2012 R2, ReFS49 automatically corrects the corruption on parity

spaces. When corruption of ReFS metadata occurs, subfolders and their associated

files are automatically recovered. ReFS is now available to use on Windows 8.1. ReFS

includes a new registry entry, RefsDisableLastAccessUpdate, which is the equivalent

of the previous NtfsDisableLastAccessUpdate registry entry. New storage cmdlets,

Get-FileIntegr ity and Set-FileIntegrity, are available to manage integrity and disk

scrubbing policies.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Data

deduplication Updated

Involves finding and removing duplication within data without compromising its

fidelity or integrity. The goal is to store more data in less space by segmenting files

into small variable-sized chunks (32–128 KB), identifying duplicate chunks, and

maintaining a single copy of each chunk.

In Windows Server 2012 R2, data deduplication can be installed on a scale-out file

share and used to optimize live virtual hard disks for Virtual Desktop Infrastructure

(VDI) workloads.50

Use the new Expand-DedupFile cmdlet in Windows PowerShell to expand optimized

files on a specified path on the original path if needed for compatibility with

applications, performance, or other requirements.

Distributed File

System (DFS)

Replication Updated

A role service in the File and Storage Services role that enables efficient replication

of folders (including those referred to by a DFS namespace path) across multiple

servers and sites.

Uses a compression algorithm known as remote differential compression (RDC).

RDC detects changes to the data in a file and enables DFS Replication to replicate

only the changed file blocks instead of the entire file.

DFS includes many new functionalities:51

DFS Replication using Windows PowerShell module and methods based on

Windows Management Infrastructure (WMI)

Database cloning for initial sync

Rebuilding of corrupt databases

Disabling of cross-file RDC between servers

File staging tuning and preserved file restoration

DFS Replication also includes updated functionalities such as unexpected shutdown

database recovery improvements, and membership disabling.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

iSCSI virtual

disk

enhancements

New

Includes a redesigned data persistence layer that is based on a new version of the

virtual hard disk format called VHDX (VHD 2.0).52

Provides data corruption protection during power failures and optimizes structural

alignments of dynamic and differencing disks to prevent performance degradation

on new, large-sector physical disks.

iSCSI

manageability

enhancements

Updated

Uses the SMI-S provider in Windows Server 2012 R2 with System Center Virtual

Machine Manager (VMM) to manage iSCSI Target Server in a hosted or private

cloud.52

The new Windows PowerShell cmdlets for iSCSI Target Server enable the exporting

and importing of configuration files, and provide the ability to disable remote

management when iSCSI Target Server is deployed in a dedicated Windows-based

appliance scenario (for example, Windows Storage Server).

iSCSI improved

optimization to

allow disk-level

caching Updated

Ability to set the disk cache bypass flag on a hosting disk I/O, through Force Unit

Access (FUA), only when the issuing initiator explicitly requests it. This change can

potentially improve performance.52

iSCSI scalability

limits

Updated

Increases the maximum number of sessions per target server to 544, and increases

the maximum number of logical units per target server to 256.52

iSCSI local

mount

functionality

Updated

Deprecates the local mount functionality for snapshots. As a workaround, it enables

use of the local iSCSI initiator on the target server computer (this is also called the

loopback initiator) to access the exported snapshots .52


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Other File

System

improvements:

thin

provisioning,

trim, and

Chkdsk

Thin Provisioning: Offers just-in-time allocations (also known as thin provisioning).

Identification of thinly provisioned virtual disks.53

Trim: Ability to reclaim storage that is no longer needed (also known as trim).

Chkdsk: Ability to run in seconds to fix corrupted data. No offline time when used

with CSV. Disk scanning process separated from repair process. Online scanning

with volumes and offline repairs.54

Clustered Share

Volume

Updated

Storage system for scale-out file servers, which can provide optimized availability

and scalable file-based (such as SMB) server application storage.

In Windows Server 2012 R2, a disk or storage space for a CSV volume must be a

basic disk that is partitioned with NTFS or ReFS. Offers distributed CSV ownership,

increased resiliency through availability of the Server service, greater flexibility in the

amount of physical memory that you can allocate to CSV cache, better

diagnosibility, and enhanced interoperability that includes support for ReFS and

deduplication.55

SMB Direct

(RDMA) and

SMB

Multichannel

Load balanced failover connections to remote file servers that not only fail over

when connections are lost, but also evaluate the condition of available connections

to route traffic away from congested links.

Support for network adapters that have Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) and

can function at full speed with low latency, while using very little CPU.56

Offloaded Data

Transfer (ODX)

Used with offload-capable SAN storage hardware to enable a storage device to

perform a file copy operation without the main processor of the host actually

reading the content from one storage place and writing it to another.57

SMB for

workloads

Ability of remote file server shares to be used as storage for workloads such as

Hyper-V and SQL Server 2012.56


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31


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Network File

System (NFS)

support

File-sharing solution for enterprises with a mixed Windows and UNIX environment.

Ability to reliably store and run VMware ESX virtual infrastructures with file system

support on Windows Server 2012, while using the advanced high availability of

Windows.58

Management

(Server

Manager and

PowerShell)

Single point of access to management snap-ins for virtually all the installed roles.

Snap-in for managing Storage Spaces along with storage that can be managed

through PowerShell.

Web and App Plat

Internet Information Services (IIS) enhancements

Multitenant

high-density

websites

Hosting-friendly web server platform with FTP Logon Attempt Restriction and

improved site density, centralized SSL certificate support, and server name

indication.

Increased Internet Information Services (IIS) scalability with SSL scalability,

centralized SSL certificate support, and NUMA-aware scalability.

Server Name

Indicator (SNI)

Binding a more secure site required a unique network endpoint using an IP address

and a port in the previous versions of Windows Server, which often meant having a

dedicated IP address for each secure site because site owners wanted their secure

sites to be running on a standard SSL port.

Support for increased density of secure sites for greater scalability of sites.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Centralized SSL

certificate

management

Central storage of SSL certificates on a file share to simplify certificate management

and lower the total cost of ownership.

Rapid addition of servers to the web farm to help eliminate the need to individually

configure SSL.

NUMA-aware

scalability

Ability to scale up web servers beyond 32 processors and use next-generation

hardware.

IIS CPU

Throttling

Ability to set maximum CPU consumption for individual IIS 8.0 application pools,

helping every application get ample processor time.

Ability to create sandbox for each tenant and ensure that no single tenant consumes

virtually all of a web server’s processing power .

FTP Service

FTP publishing on a web server.

FTP Logon

Attempt

Restrictions

Protection against brute force attacks with automatic detection of attacks in-

progress and blocking of future requests from the same address .

Ability to modify the number of times FTP will allow users to attempt unsuccessfully

to log in within a specified time period before denying access to the IP address.


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33


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Application

initialization

Ability to proactively start ASP.NET applications with IIS 8.0.

Applications available virtually all of the time.

Initialization of ASP.NET applications before users need it.

Returns static pages to users instead of making users wait on a blank browser page.

Dynamic IP

restrictions

Dynamic filters to automatically block potentially harmful IP addresses with IIS 8.0.

WebSocket

Protocol

Encrypted, real-time, bidirectional communications between client and server .

ASP.NET

Support (2.0,

3.0, 3.5, and

4.5)

Multiple ASP.NET applications with different .NET Framework versions to run

simultaneously with Windows Server 2012 R2 with IIS 8.0.

ASP.NET 3.5

and 4.5

Application

Management

Graphical and command-line management tools to manage both ASP.NET 3.5 and

ASP.NET 4.5 applications with IIS 8.0 in Windows Server 2012 R2.

Multiple

language

support

Support for programming languages, such as .NET, PHP, Node.js, and Python.

Enhanced support for PHP and MySQL through IIS extensions .

ASP.NET 4.5 integration and support for latest HTML5 standards .

Hybrid applications platform (on-premises and cloud)

Cross-premises

application

platform

Integration of applications between on-premises environments and the cloud

(including Windows Azure).


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34


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Application

and

programming

symmetry

Shared development model with Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Azure.

Common

development

platform and

tools

Common development environment for .NET developers to build cloud and on-

premises applications.

Application-

layer

connectivity

and messaging

Access to on-premises applications through a cloud-based application.

Networking

Windows

Server Gateway

New

A virtual machine-based software router that allows cloud service providers (CSPs)

and enterprises to enable datacenter and cloud network traffic routing between

virtual and physical networks, including the Internet.59

Routes network traffic between the physical network and virtual machine network

resources, regardless of where the resources are located.

Virtual

Receive-side

scaling

New

Enables network adapter to distribute its network processing load across multiple

virtual processors in multicore virtual machines.60


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35


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Multitenant

site-to-site

VPN gateway

New

Enables hosters to deploy multitenant site-to-site gateways to provide cross-

premises connectivity from networks at tenant sites to virtual networks dedicated

per tenant in the hoster’s network.61

A single gateway instance is capable of serving multiple tenants with overlapping IP

address spaces, maximizing efficiency for the hoster as compared to deploying a

separate gateway instance per tenant.

Multitenant

Remote Access

VPN Gateway New

Enables hosters to allow transparent VPN access to virtual machines replicated in

the cloud even after a failure when the entire site of the tenant goes down.61

Border

Gateway

Protocol (BGP)

New

Enables dynamic distribution and learning of routes by site-to-site (S2S) interfaces

of Routing and Remote Access (RRAS).61

Role-based

access control New

Ability to customize the types of operations and access permissions for users and

groups of users on specific objects.62

Virtual address

space

management New

IP Address Management (IPAM) streamlines the management of physical and virtual

IP address space in System Center Virtual Machine Manager .62

Enhanced

Dynamic Host

Configuration

Protocol

(DHCP) server

management

Updated

DHCP server management with IPAM is greatly enhanced in Windows Server 2012

R2, including multiple new operations for DHCP scope and DHCP servers, and views

for the following objects:62 DHCP failover, DHCP policies, DHCP superscopes, DHCP

filters, and DHCP reservations.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

External

database

support

New

In addition to Windows Internal Database (WID), IPAM also optionally supports the

use of a Microsoft SQL database that enables additional scalability, disaster

recovery, and reporting scenarios.62

Upgrade and

migration

support New

If IPAM is installed on Windows Server 2012, then data can be maintained and

migrated when one needs to upgrade to Windows Server 2012 R2.62

Enhanced

Windows

PowerShell

support for

IPAM

Updated

Windows PowerShell support for IPAM is greatly enhanced to provide extensibility,

integration, and automation support.62

Hyper-V Virtual

Switch

Extended Port

Access Control

Lists (ACLs) Updated

Allows enterprises and CSPs to configure the Hyper-V Virtual Switch Extended Port

ACLs to provide firewall protection and enforce security policies for the tenant

virtual machines in their datacenters.63

ACLs now include the socket port number.

Ability to configure stateful rules that are unidirectional and provide a timeout

parameter.

Dynamic Load

Balancing of

Network

Traffic

New

Ability to continuously and automatically move traffic streams from network adapter

to network adapter within the NIC team to share the traffic load as equitably as

possible.63


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37


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Hyper-V

Network

Virtualization

(HNV) coexists

with third-

party

forwarding

extensions for

the Hyper-V

Virtual Switch New

Ability to forward packets for either the virtual machine customer address space or

the physical address space because switch extensions now coexist seamlessly with

Network Virtualization, which uses Network Virtualization Generic Routing

Encapsulation (NVGRE).

Ability to perform hybrid forwarding where the network traffic, which is NVGRE

encapsulated, is forwarded by the HNV module within the switch, while all non-

NVGRE network traffic is forwarded by the third-party forwarding extensions that

the user has installed.63

Traffic

bottlenecks to

virtual

machines are

reduced with

vRSS

New

Virtual RSS (vRSS) is supported on the virtual machine network path that allows

virtual machines to sustain a greater networking traffic load by distributing the

processing across multiple cores on the host and multiple cores on the virtual

machine.63

Network

tracing is

streamlined

and provides

more detail

Updated

Network traces contains switch and port configuration information that tracks

packets through the Hyper-V Virtual Switch, and any forwarding extensions the user

has installed are easier to use and read.63

Inbox HNV

Gateway

New

A multitenant gateway that performs site-to-site (VPN), NAT, and forwarding

functions.64

System Center 2012 R2 Virtual Machine Manager can be used to fully manage the

HNV gateway.

Supports guest clustering for high availability.

Includes BGP for dynamic routes update.


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38


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

HNV

interoperability

with Hyper-V

Virtual Switch

Extensions

Updated

The HNV module was moved inside the virtual switch so that extensions can see

both the provider (physical address) and virtual (customer address) IP address

spaces.64

Implements hybrid forwarding.

HNV VM

Network

Diagnostics

Updated

Enhanced ping.exe (ping –p) to allow pinging to and from provider addresses .64

Two new Windows PowerShell cmdlets (Test-VMNetworkAdapter and Select-

NetVirtualizationNextHop) that enable diagnostics of HNV policy and the Customer

Address space.

Added the ability for Message Analyzer to decode NVGRE packets.

HNV

Architecture Updated

Improved interoperability with switch extensions.64

The HNV filter moved from being an NDIS lightweight filter (LWF) to being part of

the Hyper-V virtual switch.

Dynamic IP

Address

Learning

New

Enables high availability scenarios for both virtual machines on a virtual machine

network and the HNV gateway.64

Ability to run DHCP, DNS, and Active Directory in virtual machine networks.

HNV and

Windows NIC

Teaming

Updated

Integrates HNV and Windows NIC Teaming to allow multiple network adapters to be

placed into a team for the purposes of bandwidth aggregation and/or traffic failover

to maintain connectivity in the event of a network component failure.64

NVGRE

Encapsulated

Task Offload Updated

Ability to offload tasks to a network adapter that has the appropriate task offload

capabilities.64


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39


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Enhanced zone

level statistics Updated

Zone level statistics are available for different resource record types, zone transfers,

and dynamic updates.65

Enhanced

DNSSEC

support Updated

DNSSSEC key management and support for signed file-backed zones is improved.65

Enhanced

Windows

PowerShell

support for

DNS

Updated

New Windows PowerShell parameters are available for DNS Server .65

DNS

registration

enhancements New

Ability to use DHCP policies to configure conditions based on the fully qualified

domain name (FQDN) of DHCP clients, and to register workgroup computers using a

guest DNS suffix.66

DNS PTR

registration

options New

Enables DNS registration of address (A) and pointer (PTR) records, or just enables

registration of A records.66

Windows

PowerShell for

DHCP server

Updated

New Windows PowerShell cmdlets are available to perform tasks such as creating

DHCP security groups, setting DNS credentials, managing superscopes, and

managing multicast scopes.66

DHCP server

failover

New

Ability to deploy two DHCP servers for the high availability of DHCP services to

clients, including replicating lease information between them.

DHCP servers can be deployed in a non-clustered failover configuration that

includes multi-subnet support.67


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40


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Dynamic

Virtual

Machine Queue

(VMQ)

Enables a host’s network adapter to pass Direct Memory Access (DMA) packets

directly into individual virtual machine memory stacks.

VMQ assigned to each virtual machine device buffer to avoid needless packet copies

and route lookups in the virtual switch.68

Quality of

Service (QoS)

QoS for Hyper-V and other enhancements.

Hyper-V uses the minimum bandwidth to assign specific bandwidth for each type of

traffic and to help ensure fair sharing during congestion.

Support for hardware compatible with Data Center Bridging (DCB), which makes it

possible to use a single ultra-high bandwidth NIC, and provides QoS and isolation

services to support multitenant workloads expected on private cloud deployments .69

BranchCache

Improved performance, availability, and scalability.

New features include:

Support for offices of nearly any size

Single Group Policy object (GPO) object for nearly all offices

Automatic configuration of client computers through Group Policy

Integration with Windows file server

Use of highly optimized file chunking system for intelligent splitting of files so

that users can download only the changed part of the content

Cache encryption

Cache preloading

PowerShell support

New Group Policies70


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41

41


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Internet

Protocol

version 6 (IPv6)

Improved management of IPv6 addresses, better connectivity to Internet using IPv6

addresses, and NAT64/DNS64 protocol translation for DirectAccess clients .71

Low latency

workload

technologies

New capabilities and features for managing latency, such as NIC Teaming.72

Network Load

Balancing

Distributes traffic across several servers by using the TCP/IP networking protocol.

Additional features for failover clustering in comparison to Windows Server 2008 R2,

including support for scale-out file servers, CAU, virtual machine application

monitoring, and iSCSI Software Target integration.73

Multitenant

security and

isolation

Fully isolated network layer of the datacenter with server virtualization through

programmatically managed and extensible capabilities that help users connect

virtual machines to physical networks with policy enforcement for enhanced security

and isolation.74

Private virtual

local area

network

(PVLAN)

Ability to isolate virtual machines from each other—for example, virtual machines

cannot contact other virtual machines over the network—while still maintaining

external network connectivity for nearly all virtual machines.


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42


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Management and Automation

Graphic User

Interface as

Server Role

Ability to deploy the GUI as a role in Windows Server 2012 using PowerShell 3.0.

Enables servers to easily remove the full GUI and more to either Server Core or

Minimal Installation Shell (PowerShell, Server Manager, and MMC support).

Servers can move among Server Core, Minimal Installation Shell, and full GUI using

PowerShell commands when required.

Server

Manager

Single point of access to manage snap-ins for virtually all installed roles.

Ability to manage a server's identity and system information, display server status,

identify problems with server role configuration, and manage virtually all roles

installed on the server.

Multi-server

management

Management of multiple servers via roles, services, or customized management

groups.

Single view for administrators to view events, roles, services, and other important

information for virtually all managed servers.75

Role and

feature

deployment to

remote servers

and offline

hard disks

The Server Manager console and Windows PowerShell cmdlets for Server Manager

allow the installation of roles and features to local or remote servers, or offline

virtual hard disks.

Ability to install multiple roles and features on a single remote server or offline VHD

in a single Add Roles and Features Wizard or Windows PowerShell session.


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43


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Integrated

console

Integrated console for IT departments to manage multiple server platforms—

whether physical or virtual—more effectively, helping lower IT operational costs

(such as file storage management, Remote Desktop Services, and IP address

management).

Windows

PowerShell 4.0 New

Windows PowerShell 4.0 includes several significant features that extend its use,

improve its usability, and enable easier and more comprehensive control and

management of Windows-based environments.

Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC) enables the deployment and

management of configuration data for software services and the environment in

which these services run.

Windows PowerShell 4.0 features include:

Backward-compatible

Includes simplified, consistent syntax across all cmdlets

Simplified scripting through Windows PowerShell ISE

Comprehensive management with more than 3000 cmdlets in over 100

modules

Windows

PowerShell

Disconnected

Sessions

Ability to create a session on a remote computer, start a command or job,

disconnect from the session, shut down a computer, and then reconnect to the

session from a different computer later to check job status or get results.76


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44


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Windows

PowerShell

Workflow

Updated

Support has been added for a new PipelineVariable common parameter in the

context of iterative pipelines.76

Parameter binding has been significantly enhanced to work outside of tab

completion scenarios, such as with commands that do not exist in the current

runspace.

Support for custom container activities has been added to Windows PowerShell

Workflow.

After a crash, Windows PowerShell Workflow automatically reconnects to managed

nodes.

Ability to throttle Foreach -Parallel activity statements by using the ThrottleLimit

property.

The ErrorAction common parameter has a new valid value, Suspend, which is

exclusively for workflows.

A workflow endpoint now automatically closes if there are no active sessions, no in-

progress jobs, and no pending jobs.

Windows

PowerShell

Web Access Updated

Ability to disconnect from and reconnect to existing sessions in the web-based

Windows PowerShell Web Access console.76

Default parameters can be displayed on the sign-in page.

Ability to remotely manage authorization rules for Windows PowerShell Web Access .

Ability to have multiple Windows PowerShell Web Access sessions in a single

browser session by using a new browser tab for each session.

Windows

PowerShell

Web Services

(Management

OData IIS

Extension)

Updated

Easily exposes Windows PowerShell cmdlets through an OData-based web service

that is running in Web Server (IIS).76

Ability to define the API version in an endpoint, as well as enforce the usage of a

specific API version.


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45


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Windows

PowerShell

Integrated

Scripting

Environment

(ISE) Updated

Supports both Windows PowerShell Workflow debugging and remote script

debugging.76

IntelliSense support has been added for Windows PowerShell Desired State

Configuration providers and configurations.

Windows

PowerShell

Script Sharing

Access to a community-generated library of PowerShell code snippets called

Integrated Script Snippets within PowerShell ISE for IT pros with PowerShell 3.0.

Windows

PowerShell

Scheduled Jobs

Enables administrators to schedule run jobs via Windows Task Scheduler.

Windows

PowerShell

Syntax

Simplification

Simplified, consistent syntax across virtually all cmdlets with PowerShell 3.0.

Support for intuitive command structure more closely modeled on natural language.

Windows

PowerShell

cmdlet

discovery and

module auto

loading

Get-Command cmdlet gets nearly all cmdlets and functions from virtually all

modules installed on a computer, even if the module is not imported into the

current session.

Cmdlets ready for immediate use to help eliminate the need to import modules.

Windows PowerShell modules are imported automatically when any cmdlet in the

module is used; no longer need to search for the module and import it to use its

cmdlets.

Device

Management

and Installation

(DMI)

Central management and configuration of hardware and device driver

configurations for computers on networks.


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46


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Initial

Configuration

Tasks

Helps administrators to configure a server and shorten the amount of time between

operating system installation and deployment of the server in an enterprise .

Best Practices

Analyzer (BPA)

for Server Role

Core set of guidance to configure roles and features for Windows Server, including

configuration, management, and security.

BPA now fully integrated into Server Manager.77

Group Policy

Ability to specify managed configurations for users and computers through Group

Policy settings and Group Policy preferences.78

Remote Group

Policy Update

Ability to schedule remote Group Policy updates (gpupdate.exe) for one or many

computers.

Windows Azure

Online Backup

(cloud-based

backup service)

Offsite protection against data loss from failure with a cloud-based backup solution,

which allows files and folders to be backed up and recovered from the cloud .79

Group Policy

Infrastructure

Status

Ability to display the status of Active Directory and SYSVOL replication as it relates

to Group Policy.


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47


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Server Roles

Active

Directory

Certificate

Services (AD

CS)

Updated

Provides customizable services for issuing and managing public key infrastructure

(PKI) certificates used in software security systems that employ public key

technologies. New functionalities in AD CS for Windows Server 2012 R2 include the

following:

Policy Module support for the Network Device Enrollment Service :

Provides enhanced security to users and devices for requesting certificates

from the Internet.

TPM key attestation: Enables the certification authority (CA) to verify that the

private key is protected by a hardware-based TPM.

Windows PowerShell for Certificate Services: New Windows PowerShell

cmdlets are available for backup and restore.

Active

Directory

Domain

Services (AD

DS)

Enhancements in Windows Server 2012 include:

Virtualized domain controller cloning

Virtualization-safe technology

AD DS integration with Server Manager

Relative ID (RID) improvements

Deferred index creation

Off-premises domain join

Recycle Bin UI

DAC

AD DS claims in Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS)

History Viewer in PowerShell

Fine-grained password policy UI

AD Replication and Topology Windows PowerShell cmdlets

Active Directory-Based Activation (AD BA)

Kerberos enhancements

Group Managed Service Accounts (gMSA)80


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48


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Active

Directory

Federation

Services

Updated

Enables users to access resources on their personal devices from virtually anywhere

using Workplace Join.

Enhanced access control risk management tools include flexible controls and

policies, AD FS Extranet Lockout, and access revocation. Simplified deployment

experience.

Enhanced sign-in with AD FS experience. Enable developers to build modern

applications.

Other improvements include reduction of SSO cookie size with dynamic group SID

hydration, access to claims that are encoded within user certificates when using

certificate authentication, easier troubleshooting, and password expiry notification.

Active

Directory

Lightweight

Directory

Service (AD

LDS)

Inclusion of AD LDS as a new server role.

Integration of AD LDS with AD DS.81

Active

Directory

Rights

Management

Services (AD

RMS)

Simple delegation and strong cryptography (also made in Windows Server 2008 R2

through recent updates).

Changed requirements for installation and deployment:

System administrator account permissions instead of local administrator

accounts in SQL Server installation

SQL Server Browser service must be running

Firewall exceptions for port numbers used by AD RMS

Remote deployment

Use of Server Manager and Windows PowerShell to deploy AD RMS25

Application

Server

Updated to support .Net Framework 4.5.82


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49


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

DHCP Server

Updated

New enhancements in DHCP include DNS registration enhancements, DNS PTR

registration options, and Windows PowerShell for DHCP Server.

DNS Server Updated

New enhancements in Domain Name System Server include enhanced zone-level

statistics, enhanced DNSSEC support, and enhanced windows PowerShell support.

Fax Server Updated

Print and fax service logging now includes user name and computer name logging

in addition to IP address logging.

File and

Storage

Services Updated

The File and Storage Services server role in Windows Server 2012 R2 includes the

following new and updated features:

Work Folders: Provides a consistent way for users to access their work files

from their personal computers and devices.

Server Message Block: Enhancements include automatic rebalancing of

Scale-Out File Server clients, improved performance of SMB Direct, and

improved SMB event messages.

Storage Spaces: Enhancements include SSD and HDD storage tiers, an SSD-

based write-back cache, parity space support for failover clusters, dual parity

support, and greatly decreased storage space rebuild times.

DFS Replication: Enhancements include database cloning for large

performance gains during initial sync, a Windows PowerShell module for DFS

Replication, a new DFS Replication WMI provider, faster replication on high

bandwidth connections, conflict and preexisting data recovery, and support for

rebuilding corrupt databases without unexpected data loss.

iSCSI Target Server: Updates include virtual disk enhancements,

manageability enhancements in a hosted or private cloud, and improved

optimization to allow disk-level caching.


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50


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Hyper-V

Updated

The Hyper-V role enables you to create and manage a virtualized computing

environment by using virtualization technology that is built into Windows Server

2012 R2.

New and updated features include:

Shared virtual hard disk

Resize virtual hard disk

Storage Quality of Service

Live migrations

Virtual machine generation

Integration services

Export

Failover Clustering and Hyper-V

Enhanced session mode

Hyper-V Replica

Linux support

Management

Automatic Virtual Machine Activation

Hyper-V Networking

Network Policy

and Access

Services

Includes Print and Document Services role; Type 4 drivers; Branch Office Direct

Printing; Print Management Windows PowerShell module; WSD Secure printing; and

High Availability Printing.


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51


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Print and

Document

Services

Updated

Enables centralization of print server and network printer management tasks. Ability

to receive scanned documents from network scanners and route the documents to a

shared network resource, Windows SharePoint Services site, or email addresses.

New and updated features include Event Logging for Branch Office Direct Printing

and Printer Migration for Web Services for Devices (WSD) print devices

Roaming Settings include Printer Connections; Easier Printing in Windows RT; Near

Field Communication (NFC) Connections to Printers; and a Common framework for

PIN-protected printing support by IHVs.

Print and Fax services now include user access logging.

Remote Access

Updated

The new server features in Windows Server 2012 R2 include:

Multitenant site-to-site VPN gateway

Multitenant remote access VPN gateway

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Web Application Proxy

Remote

Desktop

Services

Updated

In Windows Server 2012 R2, Remote Desktop Services offers enhanced support in

the following areas:

Session Shadowing

Online Storage Deduplication

Improved RemoteApp behavior

Quick reconnect for remote desktop clients

RestrictedAdmin Mode Remote Desktop

Improved compression and bandwidth usage

Dynamic display handling

RemoteFX virtualized GPU supports DX11.1


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52


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Volume

Activation

Services

Additional volume activation technologies not available in the previous versions of

Windows Server are Volume Activation Services server role, in-built support for KMS,

Active Directory-based Activation, and the Volume Activation Tools console.83

Web Server

(IIS)

IIS 8.0 with a unified web platform that integrates IIS, ASP.NET, FTP services, PHP,

and Windows Communication Foundation (WCF).

New features include Centralized Certificates, Dynamic IP Restrictions, FTP Logon

Attempt Restrictions, Server Name Indication (SNI), Application Initialization, and

NUMA-aware scalability.84

Windows

Deployment

Services

Updated

Server role that enables user to remotely (network based) deploy Windows

operating systems.

The .vhdx format supports a sparse, dynamic representation of a disk, which

produces a relatively small disk image file (compared to directly storing the full

contents of the disk). The .vhdx format is supported for VDH boot scenarios in

addition to direct application to system volumes (similar to .wim deployments).

Windows PowerShell cmdlets added in Windows Server 2012 R2.

Provides support for TFTP and multicasting over IPv6 and DHCPv6. Improved

multicast deployment by eliminating the need for making a local copy of the

install.wim file.


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53


2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Windows

Server Update

Services

(WSUS)

Windows Server Update Services is a built-in server role that includes the following

enhancements:85

Can be added and removed by using the Server Manager

Includes Windows PowerShell cmdlets to manage the ten most important

administrative tasks in WSUS

Adds SHA256 hash capability for additional security

Provides client and server separation

Versions of the Windows Update Agent (WUA) can ship independently of

WSUS

Windows

Server

Essentials

Experience

New

Available in Windows Server 2012 R2 Standard and Windows Server 2012 R2

Datacenter.86

Protects server and client data by backing up the server and all the client computers

within a network.

Manages users and groups through the simplified server Dashboard.

Stores company’s data in a centralized location.

Integrates with Microsoft online services, such as Office 365, Exchange Online,

SharePoint Online, and Windows Intune.

Ability to use Anywhere Access and Remote Web Access functionalities on server.

Manages mobile devices that access company email by using Office 365 through

Active Sync from the Dashboard.

Monitors network health and obtains customized health reports.

Windows

System

Resource

Manager

Ability to manage server processor and memory usage with standard or custom

resource policies.87

Manages resources and helps ensure that all the services provided by a single server

are available on an equal basis or that resources will always be available to high-

priority applications, services, or users.


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2008 R2

Windows Server

2012

Windows Server

2012 R2

Windows

Server Backup

Provides a set of wizards and other tools to perform basic backup and recovery

tasks for the server it is installed on.

Windows Server Backup role in Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2

has the following enhanced features:88

Ability to backup and restore individual virtual machines from a Hyper-V host

server

Improvements to managing backup versions and backup retention

Ability to backup volumes greater than 2 terabytes and with 4-KB sector sizes

Support for backup of Cluster Shared Volumes (CSVs)

Ability to report system state components


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55

1 Remote Access Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831416

2 Dynamic Access Control Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn408191.aspx

3 What's New in Security Auditing: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh849638

4 Network Policy and Access Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/library/hh831683

5 Step-by-Step: Demonstrate DNSSEC in a Test Lab: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/hh831411.aspx

6 Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) for Network Access Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/hh945105

7 802.1X Authenticated Wired Access Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831831

8 What's New in 802.1X Authenticated Wired Access in Windows Server 2012 R2:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn452432.aspx

9 Active Directory Domain Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/cc731053%28WS.10%29.aspx

10 What's New in Kerberos Authentication: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831747

11 Working with Authentication and Access Control: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/cc732857.aspx

12 Identity component updates: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535780.aspx

13 Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) Virtualization: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


14 Active Directory Federation Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831502

15 What's New in Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS): http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


16 AD DS: Database Mounting Tool (Snapshot Viewer or Snapshot Browser) :

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc753246(v=ws.10).aspx

17 What's New in Failover Clustering: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831414

18 Directory Services Component Updates: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/dn535775.aspx#BKMK_FL

19 Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/bb897400.aspx

20 Backing Up and Restoring Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM): http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/cc757294%28v=ws.10%29.aspx

21 Active Directory Application Mode: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


22 Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


23 Active Directory Rights Management Services Role: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831416



http://technet.microsoft.com/library/hh831683

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831411.aspx






http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc731053%28WS.10%29.aspx

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc731053%28WS.10%29.aspx








http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc753246(v=ws.10).aspx


http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535775.aspx#BKMK_FL

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn535775.aspx#BKMK_FL

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb897400.aspx

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb897400.aspx

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc757294%28v=ws.10%29.aspx









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56

24 Active Directory Rights Management Services Role: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


25 What's New in Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS)?:


26 AD RMS Cmdlets in Windows PowerShell: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee617271.aspx

27 What's New in Active Directory Rights Management Services (AD RMS)?:


28 What's New in Active Directory in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/dn268294.aspx

29 Windows Server 2008 R2 Active Directory Features: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-

cloud/windows-server/active-directory-features.aspx

30 Active Directory Certificate Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc755071

31 Set Up Certification Authority Web Enrollment Support: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/cc732895.aspx

32 AD CS: Web Enrollment: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc732517(v=WS.10).aspx

33 Set Up an Online Responder: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc725937.aspx

34 AD CS: Network Device Enrollment Service: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


35 Setting Up Certificate Enrollment Web Services: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/dd759243.aspx

36 What's New in Certificate Services in Windows Server 2012:

http://technet.microsoft.com/library/hh831373.aspx

37 Installing ADCS via PowerShell: http://social.technet.microsoft.com/Forums/en-

US/winserversecurity/thread/9ce2901b-4fe6-4294-87f8-638594e1b1a8

38 What's New in Certificate Services in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


39 What’s New in Hyper-V for Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


40 What's New in Failover Clustering in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


41 Why Hyper-V? Competitive Advantages of Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate Hyper-V over

VMware vSphere 5.0: http://computertrainingcenters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Competitive-

Advantages-of-Windows-Server-2012-RC-Hyper-V-over-VMware-vSphere-5-0-V1-0.pdf

42 Features Comparison: Windows Server 2008 R2 Hyper-V and Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate

Hyper-V: http://download.microsoft.com/download/2/C/A/2CA38362-37ED-4112-86A8-

FDF14D5D4C9B/WS%202012%20Feature%20Comparison_Hyper-V.pdf

43 Hyper-V Dynamic Memory Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831766.aspx

44 Hyper-V Replica Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj134172.aspx

45 Work Folders Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn265974.aspx










http://computertrainingcenters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Competitive-Advantages-of-Windows-Server-2012-RC-Hyper-V-over-VMware-vSphere-5-0-V1-0.pdf

http://computertrainingcenters.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Competitive-Advantages-of-Windows-Server-2012-RC-Hyper-V-over-VMware-vSphere-5-0-V1-0.pdf

http://download.microsoft.com/download/2/C/A/2CA38362-37ED-4112-86A8-FDF14D5D4C9B/WS%202012%20Feature%20Comparison_Hyper-V.pdf






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57

46 What's New in SMB in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


47 Windows Server 2012 Storage Data Sheet: http://download.microsoft.com/download/3/8/F/38F07CCB-

B752-45DE-9747-247BAE5E2974/WS%202012%20Data%20Sheet_Storage.pdf

48 What's New in Storage Spaces in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


49 Resilient File System Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831724.aspx

50 Data Deduplication Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831602.aspx

51 What's New in DFS Replication in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


52 What's New in iSCSI Target Server in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


53 Thin Provisioning and Trim Storage Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


54 File and Storage Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831487

55 Use Cluster Shared Volumes in a Failover Cluster : http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/jj612868.aspx

56 Server Message Block overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831795.aspx

57 Offloaded Data Transfer (ODX) with Intelligent Storage Arrays :

http://download.microsoft.com/download/A/7/D/A7D44657-70AE-46AE-883B-E6BD686E6481/windows-

offloaded-data-transfer.docx

58 Windows Server 8 Developer Preview Release Product Overview:

https://www.techdays.fi/portals/0/liitetiedostot/15..docx

59 Windows Server Gateway: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn313101.aspx

60 Virtual Receive-side Scaling in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


61 What's New in Remote Access in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


62 What's New in IPAM in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/dn268500.aspx#DB

63 What's New in Hyper-V Virtual Switch in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


64 What's New in Hyper-V Network Virtualization in Windows Server 2012 R2 :


65 What's New in DNS Server in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


66 What's New in DHCP in Windows Server 2012 R2: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-




http://download.microsoft.com/download/3/8/F/38F07CCB-B752-45DE-9747-247BAE5E2974/WS%202012%20Data%20Sheet_Storage.pdf

http://download.microsoft.com/download/3/8/F/38F07CCB-B752-45DE-9747-247BAE5E2974/WS%202012%20Data%20Sheet_Storage.pdf


















http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn268500.aspx#DB

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn268500.aspx#DB









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58

67 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Overview:


68 Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate: Networking:

http://download.microsoft.com/download/7/E/6/7E63DE77-EBA9-4F2E-81D3-

9FC328CD93C4/WS%202012%20White%20Paper_Networking.pdf

69 Quality of Service (QoS) Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831679

70 Enable the Modern Workstyle with Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate BranchCache:

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=enable%20the%20modern%20workstyle%20with%20windows

%20server%202012%20release%20candidate%20branchcache%20&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CF8QFjAA

&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2FF%2F5%2FA%2FF5A51866-0A19-40B5-

99E9-11D78C5E5133%2FWS%25202012%2520Data%2520Sheet_BranchCache.pdf&ei=_jnjT5-

VHIfL2QWz5_2oCw&usg=AFQjCNHmMmNFe2S9rrS6R0gicuThR-A2Nw

71 IPv6 - Technology Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831730

72 Low Latency Workloads Technologies: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831415

73 Network Load Balancing Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831698

74 Feature Comparison: Windows Server 2008 R2 Hyper-V and Windows Server 2012 Hyper-V:

http://download.microsoft.com/download/2/C/A/2CA38362-37ED-4112-86A8-

FDF14D5D4C9B/WS%202012%20Feature%20Comparison_Hyper-V.pdf

75 Windows Server 2012 Release Candidate: Server Management:

http://download.microsoft.com/download/2/E/C/2EC3EA6D-4EE8-4A0F-9CB2-

704C9B60305C/WS%202012%20White%20Paper_Server%20Management.pdf

76 What's New in Windows PowerShell: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh857339.aspx

77 What's New in Server Manager: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd378896(v=ws.10).aspx

78 Group Policy Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831791

79 Windows Azure Backup Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831419.aspx%20

80 Active Directory Domain Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831484

81 Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-

us/library/hh831593

82 Application Server Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831530

83 Volume Activation Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831612.aspx

84 Web Server (IIS) Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh831725

85 Windows Server Update Services Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh852345.aspx

86 Windows Server Essentials Experience Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


87 Windows System Resource Manager Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-


88 Windows Server Backup Feature Overview: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/jj614621.aspx

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=enable%20the%20modern%20workstyle%20with%20windows%20server%202012%20release%20candidate%20branchcache%20&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CF8QFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2FF%2F5%2FA%2FF5A51866-0A19-40B5-99E9-11D78C5E5133%2FWS%25202012%2520Data%2520Sheet_BranchCache.pdf&ei=_jnjT5-VHIfL2QWz5_2oCw&usg=AFQjCNHmMmNFe2S9rrS6R0gicuThR-A2Nw













