EXTENDED ABSTRACT
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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The International Professional Doctoral Symposium
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 30th November 2019
Extended Abstract
Organized by:
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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In collaboration with:
UTM Postgraduate Student Society (PGSS-UTM)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
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International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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ISBN: 978-967-2171-04-9
Copyright © 2019 by School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. All rights
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First Printing, December 2019.
Printed in Malaysia.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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Editorial Board
Editors:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Astuty Amrin
Assoc. Prof. Dr Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Siti Sophiayati Yuhaniz
Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Saiful Amri Mazlan
Assoc. Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd Khairi Abu Husain
Dr. Roslina Mohammad
Associate Editors:
Dr. Faizir Ramlie
Dr. Haliyana Khalid
Dr. Mohamad Syazli Fathi
Dr. Mohamed Sukri Mat Ali
Dr. Noor Hamizah Hussain
Dr. Noorlizawati Abd Rahim
Dr. Nurhasmiza Abu Hasan Sazalli
Dr. Pritheega Magalingam
Dr. Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff
Dr. Rahimah Muhamad
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About iPDOCs’19
In bridging the gap between academia and industry, UTM School of Graduate Studies (SPS)
and Post Graduate Student Society (PGSS) invite academics, practitioners and students to
share ideas and present findings from industry-driven research that contribute impactful
solutions to the industrial challenges and enhance the industrial performance. iPDOCs’19
aims to highlight the impacts of industry-driven research and professional doctorate in
developing professional practices, outcomes and achievements in the industrial workplaces.
The purpose of the conference is to share knowledge and experience in research as well as
to establish an academic network. Participants of iPDOCs’19 are professional doctorate
candidates from various faculties in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. This conference
encourages them to present and defend their work confidently and improve their research.
This could be a platform for the participants to write high-quality articles in the future. It is also
a venue to expose the participants to establish networking and generate discussions for
potential collaborations. This conference provides opportunities for participants to
communicate and learn from each other not only in terms of academic research but also
the culture.
Articles published in the proceedings can be used for references and will be beneficial to
future researchers. Some of the findings can also be beneficial to some organizations which
can apply the result and conclusions in improving their business operations.
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Contents
PREPARATION OF POROUS-CROSS LINKED ENZYME AGGREGATES USING SUCROSE AS POROUS
AGENT …………………………………………………..………………...…………….……………………. 1
Noor Namirah Nawawi, Boon Cheng Kai, Zanariah Hashim, Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar & Rosli Md Illias
SANITARY LANDFILL IS A SOLUTION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OR A SILENT THREAT TO
ENVIRONMENT: MALAYSIAN SCENARIO ……………………...……………………….…………..…… 4
Imran Ahmad, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Norhayati Abdullah & Mohd Danish Ahmad
A FUZZY RULE-BASED FAILURE MODE, EFFECT AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS (FMECA) FOR CONTROL
VALVE MAINTENANCE …………………………………………………………………….…………..…… 8
Faizal Abdullah & Mohd Khairi Abu Husain
OPTIMIZATION OF SOIL-NAILED WALL DESIGN USING SLOPE/W SOFTWARE ………………….......12
Mohd Sukry Mohamed, Fathiyah Hakim Sagitaningrum & Samira Albati Kamaruddin
MICROSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION BY COMPOSITIONAL MODIFICATION OF Ti-6Al-4V
ALLOY FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS ……………………………………………….…………….... 16
Astuty Amrin, Ayad Omran Abdalla, Meysam Toozandehjani & Noorlizawati Abdul Rahim
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNET OF EDUCATIONAL THINGS (IoET) ……….…….... 20
Salbiah Zainal, Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff & Hafiza Abas
INVESTIGATION THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MOBILE BANKING ADOPTION IN IRAQ …24
Nawar Makttoof, Haliyana Khalid & Ibrahim Abdullah
TOWARDS TRANSFORMING ZAKAT COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION ROLES TO ADOPT DIGITAL
WALLET IN SUPPORT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL FINANCING …………………..……..…… 35
Wan Nur Azira Wan Mohamed Salleh, Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid & Rohaida Basirudin
IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR ON PERCEIVED PERFORMANCE OF BIG 4 AND
NON BIG 4 AUDIT FIRMS IN PAKISTAN ……………………………………………...….…………..…… 39
Sabra Munir, Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid, Farrukh Jamil & Muhammad Aamir
EXPLORING THE CHANGING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ROLE IN THE CONTEXT OF
DIGITAL BANKING TRANSFORMATION ………………….……………………………………………... 43
Kartina Abdul Latif, Nik Hasnaa Nik Mahmood & Nor Raihana Mohd Ali
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EFFECT OF ABSENTEEISM RATE TOWARDS WORK PERFORMANCE AT TELECOMMUNICATION
OPERATION CENTRE IN MALAYSIA ………………….………………………………………………….. 47
Nooramirah Najwa Borhanuddin, Roslina Mohammad & Zuritah A.Kadir
DISTRIBUTED REPRESENTATION OF ENTITY MENTIONS WITHIN AND ACROSS MULTIPLE TEXT
DOCUMENTS …………………………...……………….………………………………………………….. 51
Aliakbar Keshtkaran, Siti Sophiayati Yuhaniz & Mohammad Reza Rostami
KEY WORD INDEX ……………...……………………………………………………...…….……………. 56
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PREPARATION OF POROUS-CROSS LINKED ENZYME AGGREGATES USING SUCROSE AS
POROUS AGENT
Noor Namirah Nawawi1, Boon Cheng Kai1, Zanariah Hashim1, Nardiah Rizwana Jaafar1, Rosli
Md Illias1,2
1School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia 2Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor,
Malaysia
Abstract: The use of maltogenic amylase (MA) for maltooligosaccharides (MOS) synthesis
offers various advantages. However, lack of enzyme stability and high solubility brings major
barriers for its industrial application. The exploitation of cross linked enzyme aggregates
(CLEAs) method for enzyme stabilization has been studied for many years. Though, the
compact structure of CLEAs leads to the substrate diffusion problem. Therefore, to create
porosity and improve substrate accessibility of CLEAs, preparation of porous-CLEAs of MA
(MA-p-CLEAs) was performed with the addition of sucrose as a porous agent. The MA solution
was mix with different concentration of sucrose and the MA-p-CLEAs was incubated at
different incubation time and temperature in order to remove sucrose. The MA-p-CLEAs
prepared at 5% (w/v) sucrose yielded a 1.06-fold increase in activity compared to MA-CLEAs.
In summary, the addition of sucrose for CLEAs preparation of MA improves the activity of
CLEAs by creates porosity for better substrate diffusion.
Keywords: Cross Linked Enzyme Aggregates; Maltogenic Amylase; Porous Agent; Sucrose;
Sucrose
1. Introduction
Maltogenic amylase (EC 3.2.1.133) (MA) is a biocatalyst that able to produce various
lengths of MOS through the process of hydrolysis of various substrates [1]. Nonetheless, the
use of the free enzyme for the synthesis of MOS is hampered due to the lack of its stability
and reusability in which will increase its production cost. Cross linked enzyme aggregates
(CLEAs) method offer various advantages such as involve simple procedures, enhance
storage and operational stability of the enzyme as well as provides good reusability for the
enzyme [2,3]. However, due to some undesired shortcoming of this method which is a
substrate diffusion problem, a further modification of CLEAs needs to be carried out by the
formation of porous-CLEAs (p-CLEAs) [4]. In this study, the development of p-CLEAs of
maltogenic amylase (MA-p-CLEAs) using sucrose as a porous agent was performed to solve
the problem of substrate diffusion limitation. The optimum preparation conditions for MA-p-
CLEAs preparation were investigated. Then, its activity was compared with non-porous CLEAs
of maltogenic amylase (MA-CLEAs).
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2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Preparation of MA-p-CLEAs and MA-CLEAs
In a 50ml falcon tube, MA solution with and without sucrose was added into ammonium
sulphate to generate MA-p-CLEAs and MA-CLEAs, respectively and was incubated at 4°C
under continuous shaking of 200rpm. Next, the cross linking operation was performed for 1.5
hours using chitosan. Then, the mixture was centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded.
The insoluble form of CLEAs were washed 3 times using 50mM potassium phosphate buffer
(pH 7) and were re-suspended with potassium phosphate buffer and stored at 4°C for further
use. As for MA-p-CLEAs, different amount of sucrase was added into MA-p-CLEAs solution.
The different incubation times and incubation temperatures were applied to remove sucrose
from MA-p-CLEAs. Lastly, the insoluble MA-p-CLEAs has washed again for 3 times using 50mM
potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7), re-suspended in the same buffer and stored at 4°C for
further use.
2.2 Enzyme activity
The enzyme activity of MA-CLEAs and MA-p-CLEAs were measured using dinitrosalicylic
acid (DNS) method [5] with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) as a substrate. The assay was
performed for 10 minutes at 40°C. The activity recovery of MA-CLEAs and MA-p-CLEAs was
calculated using Equation 1:
Activity recovery =
[Total activity of CLEAs (U) ̸ MA activity used for CLEAs preparation (U)] X 100 (1)
3. Results and Discussions
The first investigated factor when preparing MA-p-CLEAs is the concentration of sucrose.
It has been noted that the concentration of porous agent will affect the size of pores of p-
CLEAs. Wang [4] found that the activity of papain-p-CLEAs was increased with the addition
of a high concentration of starch (porous agent). However, as mentioned by another
investigator, an excessive amounts of porous agent will leads to the formation of bigger and
irregular pores structure which can cause rupture to the CLEAs structures and consequently
leads to enzyme leakage and affects the activity of CLEAs [6]. Other factors that need to be
considered during p-CLEAs preparation are the incubation time and temperature to remove
sucrose. In fact, these factors can also affect the activity of MA-p-CLEAs. Shorter incubation
time and low temperature can cause incomplete removal of sucrose and can prevent the
accessibility of the substrate to the active site of MA-p-CLEAs. In comparison, at longer
incubation time and higher temperature, the reduction of MA-p-CLEAs activity could be due
to denaturation for MA-p-CLEAs. It has been noted that exposure of the enzyme at a higher
temperature in a longer incubation period could cause changes in the conformation of the
enzyme and leads to enzyme denaturation [7]. Hence, this study suggested that incubation
for 15 minutes at 30°C is the best condition to remove most of the sucrose of MA-p-CLEAs to
form pores and yet least denaturation of MA-p-CLEAs. The optimized conditions for the
preparation of MA-p-CLEAs are presented in Table 1.
Then, the activity recovery of both MA-p-CLEAs and MA-CLEAs was compared. MA-
p-CLEAs exhibited a 1.06-fold increase of activity than MA-CLEAs. Therefore, in this study, the
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enhancement of MA-p-CLEAs activity indicated that sucrose can be used as a porous agent
for the preparation of p-CLEAs. The addition of sucrose during CLEAs preparation and its
removal after the cross linking step leaving a pore structure on the CLEAs particles which
enhances substrate accessibility to the active site of the Mag1 and subsequently increases
the catalytic activity of CLEAs.
Table 1: Optimized conditions for preparation of MA-p-CLEAs
Factors Optimized conditions
Sucrose concentration 5% (w/v)
Incubation time 15 minutes
Incubation
temperature
30 minutes
4. Conclusion
The porous-cross linked enzyme aggregates of maltogenic amylase (MA-p-CLEAs) with
improved activity as compared to MA-CLEAs has been developed in this study. This
developed MA-p-CLEAs is a potential biocatalyst that can use for the production of MOS
which can be applied in various applications such as for prebiotics synthesis.
Acknowledgement
This study was supported by Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS). Grant no:
R.J130000.7846.4F888, Reference no: FRGS/1/2016/STG05/UTM/02/2.
References
[1] N.H.A. Manas, S. Pachelles, N.M. Mahadi, R.M. Illias, The characterisation of an alkali-
stable maltogenic amylase from Bacillus lehensis G1 and improved malto-oligosaccharide
production by hydrolysis suppression, PloS one 9(9) (2014) e106481.
[2] R. Sheldon, R. Schoevaart, L. Van Langen, Cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs): A
novel and versatile method for enzyme immobilization (a review), Biocatalysis and
Biotransformation 23(3-4) (2005) 141-147.
[3] J.D. Cui, S.R. Jia, Optimization protocols and improved strategies of cross-linked enzyme
aggregates technology: current development and future challenges, Critical reviews in
biotechnology 35(1) (2015) 15-28.
[4] M. Wang, C. Jia, W. Qi, Q. Yu, X. Peng, R. Su, Z. He, Porous-CLEAs of papain: application
to enzymatic hydrolysis of macromolecules, Bioresource technology 102(3) (2011) 3541-3545.
[5] G.L. Miller, Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar,
Analytical chemistry 31(3) (1959) 426-428.
[6] J. Cui, S. Jia, L. Liang, Y. Zhao, Y. Feng, Mesoporous CLEAs-silica composite
microparticles with high activity and enhanced stability, Scientific reports 5 (2015) 14203.
[7] R. Vishwakarma, R. Banerjee, Process Optimization for Enhancement of Fermentable
Sugar from Cyperus sp. through Enzymatic Saccharification, Journal of Biofuels 10(1) (2019)
1-11.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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SANITARY LANDFILL IS A SOLUTION IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OR A SILENT
THREAT TO ENVIRONMENT: MALAYSIAN SCENARIO
Imran Ahmad1, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan2, Norhayati Abdullah1 and Mohd Danish
Ahmad3
1Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan
Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan
Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3Student at Department of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim
University, Aligarh (UP) India.
Abstract: In Malaysia, the population is increasing at a rapid rate reaching 32.6 million in 2019.
This has resulted in a tremendous amount of solid wastes being generated which was
estimated as about 38,200 tons per day (1.12 kg/cap/day), in 2018 enough to fill the Twin
Towers every seven days. 82.5% of which is disposed of in landfills. If not managed properly
landfills can cause detrimental effects to environment, humans and aquatic world. Most of
the landfills in Malaysia are lagging with adequate facilities. This paper encompasses the
sections of history of solid waste management in Malaysia from 1970 to present, followed by
some alarming and dreadful cases of pollution due to ill management of landfills and lastly
some of the substantial measures to combat with the acute problem of solid waste focussing
on the responsibilities of government, manufacturer and user. Whether it be creating
awareness among people and implementing laws, 3R strategy or thinking before throwing
all play vial role in solid waste management. Collective and consistent effort is essential to
achieve Malaysia’s targeted recycling rate of 22% by 2020 and hence achieving Malaysian
vision with greater advancement towards a zero-waste nation.
Keywords: Solid Waste; Landfill; Leachate; Pollution; Recycling
1. Introduction
The tremendous trend on the increasing of solid waste generation led to the potential
threat to the environment, society and economic losses as the dependence on the landfill
as the main disposal method which is particularly causing serious environmental problems
such as soil contamination, leachate, gas emission, and air pollution [1]. Proper solid waste
management present an opportunity not only to avoid the detrimental impacts associated
with waste, but it can recover resources, environment, economic, social benefits which
towards to the sustainable future. National development plans and solid waste
management plans in Malaysia are compiled (Figure 1) to provides a timeline of Malaysia’s
solid waste management from the late 1970s to the present.
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Figure 1. Solid Waste Management Policies and Plans Transformation in Malaysia [2]
1.1. Landfills
Landfill is the most common MSW disposal method due to the simple disposal procedure,
low cost, and landscape-restoring effect. The primary objective of the landfill site design is to
provide effective control measures to prevent negative effects on surface water,
groundwater, soil and air. As a final dumping area for solid waste, the landfill is the most
efficient way to settle the collected waste.The classification of landfill sites in Malaysia with
their available facilities are summarised in table 1.In this section we will read about the
number of sanitary and non-sanitary landfills and their location.
Table 1 Classification of landfill sites in Malaysia [2]
Levels Available facilities
I Controlled dumping Minimum infrastructure (fencing and
perimeter drains)
II Sanitary landfill with
daily cover
Class I facilities (with gas removal system,
separate unloading and working area,
daily cover and enclosing bund (divider
constructed as the embankment of
different waste cells)
III Sanitary landfill with
leachate circulation
Class II facilities (with leachate
recirculation system allowing the
collection, recirculation and monitoring of
landfill leachate)
IV Sanitary landfill with
leachate treatment
Class III facilities (with leachate treatment
system)
2. Waste management acts and regulations in Malaysia (historical background)
Malaysia establishes the Action Plan for Beautiful and Clean (ABC Plan) country, a
management system for solid waste that includes every state of Malaysia. This plan brings
perks in enhancing Malaysia’s image as a beautiful and clean country. Moreover, this ABC
Plan is economically and environmentally friendly and should be easily accepted by the
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community [3]. Under the supervision of Tun Dato Seri Dr Mahathir bin Mohamad as the 4th
Prime Minister the Sixth Malaysian Plan was introduced in 1991.
He also structured Malaysia to come out with the Vision 2020, a vision that plans for the
nation by the year of 2020 to be a fully developed country. Respectively, the ABC Plan leads
to the recycling program first in the year 1993 and secondly in the year 2000. Started from
November 11, 2000, the National Recycling Day was proclaimed to be an annual event for
Malaysia. The recycling program encourages households to practice 3Rs habit, that comes
with the tagline “Think before you throw”. Later in this section it is discussed at length about
how privatisation came into existence and about the enforcement of different plans and
acts like NSP and Act 672 were formulated and enforced and the outcome of them.
3. Case studies at distinct locations directly or indirectly related to ill management of solid
waste disposal or landfills
3.1. Landfill pollutants leaching into sea [4]
Fish farmers near Penang’s Pulau Burung sanitary landfill are blaming the facility for
emitting pollution that harms their cage-bred fish. There are about 150 fish farms, forming one
of the largest clusters of floating fish farms in Malaysia, and they are located 2km from
Penang’s only sanitary landfill. The fish farms produce 20,000 tonnes of fish yearly, including
for export to Singapore and Hong Kong. Fishermen are blaming the landfill for recent fish
deaths in their nets and cages and are accusing the landfill which is managed by the
Seberang Prai Municipal Council of illegally discharging leachate into the sea. Blackish water
was found flowing into the sea, believed to be leachate from the landfill. Shortly after that
tonnes of fish floated belly up in their cages. The fishermen want the department of
environment (DoE) and the fisheries department to conduct an urgent investigation into the
effects of the Pulau Burung landfill, which is located 6km northwest of Nibong Tebal, on the
coastal waters. It was reported at least 1,700 to 1,800 tonnes of rubbish is dumped at the
landfill on daily basis and at the time of rainfall, the drains are not able to contain the
leachate and it leaks out to the sea. If the bund was built using concrete, it could have held
back the leachate. This section incorporates many more case studies based on leachate
contamination, burning of solid waste at the landfill site, severe consequences related to
import of plastics, attitude and awareness of Malaysians to deal with solid waste, landfill
capacities and illegal dumping of solid waste in prime cities. We can understand about the
current Malaysian Scenario in solid waste management.
4.0 Substantial measures to be taken to control solid waste ill effects
4.1 Solid Waste Minimization through Recycling
Recycling is one of the fundamental parts of the solid waste minimization plan which the
most desirable approach in reducing the amount of solid waste generation dumped in the
landfill [5]. However, to attain the recycling targets, the solid waste management essentially
requires an involvement from the local community as it largely depends on the household
awareness regarding the solid waste recycling issues rather than focused on the local
authority responsibility services [6]. This was followed by the role of government,
manufacturer and an individual in the recycling and overall solid waste management.
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5.0 Conclusion
This paper provides brief introduction about the Malaysian history of solid waste
management policy and plan strategies to highlight the transformation of its policy and plan
strategies since the late 1970s to the present, followed by some alarming incidents reported
in different Malaysian areas with their detrimental effects to the environment and the people.
Lastly, we have incorporated substantial measures to minimize the solid waste.
References
[1] Agamuthu, P and Fauziah, S, H. 2011. Challenges and Issues In Moving Towards
Sustainable Landfilling In A Transitory Country – Malaysia, Waste Management and Research,
29 (1), 13-19.
[2] Moh, Y.C., and Manaf, L. A. 2017. Solid Waste Management Transformation And Future
Challenges Of Source Separation And Recycling Practice in Malaysia, Resources,
Conservation and Recycling, 116, 1–14.
[3] Ministry of Housing and Local Government. 2006. The Study of National Waste Minimization
in Malaysia Final Report. In cooperation with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
Retrieved from http://jpspn.kpkt.gov.my/
[4] Chern, L.T. 2019. Landfill pollutants leaching into sea, The Star Online, retrieved from
https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/09/16/farmers-landfill-pollutants-leaching-
into-sea
[5] Dinie, M. and Don, M., M. 2013. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Current
Practices, Challenges and Prospect, Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences & Engineering) 62:1, 95–101.
[6] Keramitsoglou, K., M and Tsagarakis, K., P. 2013. Public Participation In Designing A
Recycling Scheme Towards Maximum Public Acceptance. Resources, Conservation and
Recycling, 70, 55-67.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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A FUZZY RULE-BASED FAILURE MODE, EFFECT AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS (FMECA) FOR
CONTROL VALVE MAINTENANCE
Faizal Abdullah and Mohd Khairi Abu Husain
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract: Control valves are one of critical equipment in oil and gas process plant. Control
valve is highly engineered equipment, designed to very specific process parameters to serve
as final control element in a process control loop. Failure of control valve might lead to
catastrophic impact. Proper risk assessment is vital to optimized maintenance. This paper
presents application of failure mode, effect and critical analysis (FMECA) for control valve
using quantitative fuzzy based risks assessment. The main objective is to quantify the
qualitative values of the risk level for each failure modes using pre-determined inference rules.
The traditional FMECA RPN analysis is by multiplying three parameters: severity, probability
and detectability irrespective of the degree of importance of each input which might
produce similar value of RPN even the importance of the risk is different. A new method
called Fuzzy rule-based was proposed to be used in this research for the control valve FMECA.
Fuzzy RPN is utilized in order to identify highly critical failure mode as the focus of
maintenance strategy. The result of Fuzzy-RPN criticality analysis is significantly different
compare to traditional RPN. This due to Fuzzy-RPN utilized pre-defined expert rules, hence,
the RPN number produced is considered more reliable.
Keywords: Risk Assessment; Failure Mode, Effect and Critical Analysis; Fuzzy Rule-Based;
Process Control Valve; Process Plant.
1. Introduction
Comprehensive and proactive maintenance is vital for control valve to prevent any risk
of a process plant. Risk analysis are one of the challenges of each maintenance activity.
There are number of methods available in industry standards and guidelines to analyze risk
in maintenance activities. Among these models, FMECA (Failure Mode Effect and Critical
Analysis) is one of the most common method used to analyze risk [1]. The traditional method
of FMECA determines the critical ranking of failure modes using the risk priority numbers
(RPNs), which is the product of evaluation criteria like the probability (P), severity (S) and
detection (D) of each failure mode. Traditional methods the FMECA have been considerably
criticized for a number of reasons. For example, it is not practical is some applications and
the result of RPN number is not represent the actual risk [2].
The aim of this paper is to applied fuzzy rule-based failure mode, effect and critical
analysis as method of risk quantification for control valve. The idea is to calculate risk level or
RPN values for each identified failure modes and to determine the criticality ranking.
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2. Methodology
The overall step by step process of Fuzzy rule based FMECA process shown in Figure 3. First,
we define the input, which is the three parameters: Severity, Probability and Detectability.
The values of these three parameters are presented in the tables 2, 3 and 4. These tables
represent the crisp values of each parameter with the linguistic terms.
Figure 1. Fuzzy FMECA flow diagram
2.1 Fuzzy FMECA RPN Method
The probability, severity and detectability level determined by a set of crisp. The fuzzy sets
with failure probability ranking and the corresponding membership functions are shown in
Table 1, Table 2 and Table which is adapted from [1][3] and [4]. RPN is the result of the rating
of three parameters (Severity, Probability and Detectability). RPN gives direction to rank the
failure modes base on risk criticality.
Table 1. Probability Level
Probability Level
Rank 1 2-3 4-6 7-8 9-10
Linguist
ic Term
Very
Low
Low Modera
te
High Very High
Criteria Failure
is
Unlikel
y
Relatively
Few
Failures
Occasio
nal
Failures
Repea
ted
Failures
Failure is
almost
inevitable
Table 2. Severity Level
Severity Level
Rank 1 2-3 4-6 7-8 9-10
Linguistic Term Very
Low
Low Medi
um
High Very
High
Criteria (Impact on
Safety, Financial &
Environmental)
Minor Margin
al
Major Catastro
phic
Disastr
ous
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Table 3. Detectability Level
Detectability Level
Rank 1-2 3-5 6-8 9-10
Linguistic Very High High Moderate Very Low
Criteria Very high
chance the
system will
detect a
potential
cause of
failure
High
chance the
system will
detect a
potential
cause of
failure
Moderate
chance the
system will
detect a
potential
cause of
failure
Very low
chance the
system will
detect a
potential
cause of
failure
Table 4. Risk Priority Number Level
Risk Priority Number
Rank 100 200-300 400-600 700-800 900 - 1000
Linguistic
Term
Very
Low
Low Medium High Very High
Criteria Minor
(Non-
Critical)
Acceptable
(Non-
Critical)
Undesirable
(Critical)
Unacceptable
(Critical)
Unacceptable
(Very Critical)
The RPN variable is determined using rules based on others previous research by [1], [5].
[6], and [7] as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Fuzzy RPN Rules
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Result
The risk level (criticality) or RPN is calculated based on the established inference rules in
Table 6, from the three parameters (Probability, Severity, Detection). Table 6 populated the
result with comparison to the traditional RPN.
3.2 Discussion
Based on the criticality analysis of the failure modes, risk priority number was calculated
and the output results from both the traditional RPN and the fuzzy RPN method are presented
in in Table 8. From the table, the risk level calculation of traditional RPN give the result based
on multiplying the probability, severity and detectability numbers whereas the fuzzy RPN
Very
LowLow Medium High
Very
High
Very
LowLow Medium High
Very
High
VL VL VL VL VL VL VL L L L M M
L VL VL VL L L L L L M M M
M VL L M M M M L M M H H
H L M M M H H M M H H H
VH L M M H H VH M H H H VH
Very
LowLow Medium High
Very
High
Very
LowLow Medium High
Very
High
VL VL VL L L L VL L L M M M
L L L M M M L L M M M M
M L M M M H M M M H H H
H M M H H H H M H H VH VH
VH M H H H H VH H H VH VH VH
Severity
Level
Detectibility = Moderate (No Sign)
Rule
Probability
Rule
Probability
Detectibility = Very High (Easily Detectable)
Rule
Probability
Detectibility = High (Little Sign)
Severity
Level
Severity
Level
Detectibility = Very Low (Impossible to Detect)
Rule
Probability
Severity
Level
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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method gives values that are determined in by the inferences rules that was defined. From
the result, the significant risk level different produced by both methods.
Table 6. Fuzzy RPN result compare to traditional RPN
Failure
Mode
P S D Conventional
RPN Number
(PxSxD)
Criticality FRPN Criticality
FM1 7 4 8 224 Low 850 High
FM2 6 3 3 54 Very Low 650 Medium
FM3 1 5 5 25 Very Low 330 Low
FM4 8 8 4 256 Low 820 High
FM5 3 8 4 96 Very Low 620 Medium
FM6 2 10 9 180 Low 820 High
4. Conclusion
The obtained results confirm its applicability of the fuzzy RPN where the result of the
criticality is significantly different with the traditional RPN. This is due to the fuzzy RPN model
incorporates linguistic variables as input values and returns a result that was predetermined
in inference rules. The result of the fuzzy RPN shows better criticality risk level compared to
traditional RPN.
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank my committed supervisor, Dr Mohd Khairi Abu Husain for encouraging
me to start writing my research, for his guidance, advice and motivation.
References
[1] Liu, H.-C., Liu, L., & Liu, N. (2013). Risk evaluation approaches in failure mode and effects
analysis: A literature review. Expert systems with applications, 40(2), 828-838.
[2] Gupta, G., & Mishra, R. (2017). A failure mode effect and criticality analysis of
conventional milling machine using fuzzy logic: Case study of RCM. Quality and
reliability engineering international, 33(2), 347-356.
[3] Bowles, J. B., & Peláez, C. E. (1995). Fuzzy logic prioritization of failures in a system failure
mode, effects and criticality analysis. Reliability engineering & system safety, 50(2), 203-
213.
[4] IEC60812. (2006). IEC 60812: Analysis techniques for system reliability-Procedure for
failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). Geneva, Switzerland: International
Electrotechnical Commission, 1-93.
[5] Gallab, M., Bouloiz, H., Alaoui, Y. L., & Tkiouat, M. (2019). Risk Assessment of Maintenance
activities using Fuzzy Logic. Procedia Computer Science, 148, 226-235.
[6] Balaraju, J., Raj, M. G., & Murthy, C. S. (2019). Fuzzy-FMEA Risk Evaluation Approach for
LHD Machine-A Case Study. Journal of Sustainable Mining.
[7] Jaderi, F., Ibrahim, Z. Z., & Zahiri, M. R. (2019). Criticality analysis of petrochemical assets
using risk-based maintenance and the fuzzy inference system. Process Safety and
Environmental Protection, 121, 312-325.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
12
OPTIMIZATION OF SOIL-NAILED WALL DESIGN USING SLOPE/W SOFTWARE
Mohd Sukry Mohamed, Fathiyah Hakim Sagitaningrum and Samira Albati Kamaruddin
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 UTM
Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract: Optimization of soil-nailed wall design can be done with adjustment on parameters
and the construction elements during the design analysis. As there are many criteria in soil
nailing design that could be optimized, this paper focused on three main parameters: length,
inclination, and spacing of the soil nail. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the three
parameters optimization reanalyses and their cost difference from the original design. The
data were collected from a project in Selangor area and were reanalysed using the
Morgenstern-Price Method analysis from a Limit Equilibrium software (SLOPE/W). The
optimization re-analysis was evaluated with the change of the Factor of Safety (FOS) value
for all cases. Results showed that reducing the soil nail length will reduce the FOS, reducing
the soil nail inclination will increase the FOS, and reducing the soil nail spacing will increase
the FOS. It was also known that the cost reduces from 18% to 53% in the reanalysis which
showed that optimization design should be considered in all consultant firms and can be
used by the clients as verification for future soil-nailed wall design.
Keywords: Cost-Effective Design; Limit Equilibrium Method; Optimization; Soil-nailed Wall;
SLOPE/W.
1. Introduction
There are at least three parameters of soil nailing that would affect the slope stability
design and Factor of Safety (FOS). The parameters taken into consideration are soil nail
inclination, spacing, and length. This finding was supported by Rawat (2018) who observed
that increasing the inclination angle of soil nailing would reduce the FOS. Another study by
Gunawan et al (2017) stated that the FOS of a slope would increase with the increase of the
length of nails in a soil nailing system. Lastly, research by A. Mohamed (2010) stated that the
increase in the ratio of nail length with wall height would eventually increase the FOS. He also
found that nail inclination had a lesser effect on the FOS, whereas the decrease of nail
spacing would eventually increase the FOS. In this study, a project in the Selangor area
constructed a soil-nailed wall system, which was then known that it doesn’t have an
optimized design that led to an ineffective construction cost. From the three parameters
stated earlier, this study will then evaluate the three parameters with optimization reanalyses
and their cost difference from the original design. This optimized design could then be a
benchmark for clients in order to verify future soil-nailed wall designs.
2. Methodology
In order to evaluate the effect of soil nail inclination, spacing, and length for soil-nailed
wall optimized design, a reanalysis was done with various cases from the original design. The
reanalyses were done with evaluating the FOS of both the initial and optimized design slope
using a Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) software, SLOPE/W from Geostudio 2012 with the
general method of slices developed, Morgenstern-Price Method (M-P). The analyses were
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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done according to the JKR guidelines and were assured to not exceed the FOS limits. The
parameters of nails length, nails spacing and nails inclination were modified for each case,
resulting from a trial and error for each case variable until the FOS was found to be near the
limit but not yet exceeded. Once the FOS for the five cases were determined. Cost estimation
for each of the cases was calculated in order to know the cost-effectiveness of each case
compared to the initial design cost. The cost estimation for each case was done with a simple
Microsoft Excel tabulation with the Bill of Quantity (BOQ) of the project modelled as the main
data.
3. Reanalyses and Factor of Safety Results
3.1 Slope Stability Analyses
The modelled design example for one of the cases that include the elevation of the
berms, nail inclination, and nail length of the slope before reanalyses can be seen in Figure
2. From all the cases, it was known at the end that the initial FOS was higher compared to
the results from the reanalyses and adjustments. The FOS for all cases before reanalyses were
known to be 1.997, 1.952, 1.813 1.648 and 1.585 whereas, after the reanalyses, the FOS were
known to be 1.501, 1.512, 1.523, 1.505 and 1.554.
Figure 1. Elevation soil nailing design and FOS 1.523 for Case 3
Factor of Safety vs. Lambda (Case 3)
Facto
r of
Safe
ty
Lambda
1.38
1.4
1.42
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.5
1.52
1.54
-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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3.2 Optimized Parameters and Rate
From all the cases, the selected nail inclination ranges from 100 to 250, nail spacing from
1.0 to 1.8 meters (m) and nail length from 3 to 15 m. Referring to Table 1, the behaviour of
each case differs according to the change of the three selected parameters: soil nail
inclination, the spacing between soil nails, and length of the nail.
Table 1. Parameters and nails rate for all cases Case
No.
Reanalyses Nail
inclination
(degrees)
Nail
Spacing
(m)
Tensile
Capacity
(KN)
Bond
Diameter
(m)
Nail
Length
(m)
Factor
of
Safety
Nails Rate
(RM)
1 Before 15 1.5 322 0.125 6 & 9 1.997 410, 495
After 20 2.0 322 0.125 3, 6 & 9 1.501 205, 410, 495
2 Before 25 1.0 322 0.125 12 1.952 710
After 20 1.5 322 0.125 6 & 12 1.512 410, 710
3 Before 15 1.0 196 0.125 12 1.813 710
After 20 1.5 196 0.125 9 1.523 495
4 Before 10 1.5 322 0.125 12 & 15 1.684 710, 910
After 20 1.2 322 0.125 9 1.505 495
5 Before 10 1.5 & 1.0 322 0.125 12 & 9 1.585 495, 710
After 15 1.8 322 0.125 12 1.554 710
3.3 Cost Reduction
From the reanalyses in the previous section, it can be seen that all of the cases showed
a similar behaviour where the reduced FOS would eventually reduce the cost. Hence, it
could be concluded that optimizing the soil-nailed wall design would result in a more cost-
effective design.
Figure 2. Cost reduction before and after reanalyses
According to Table 2 that described the change of FOS from the optimization of
design, the value of the optimized design was found to be lower than the initial FOS.
RM285,458
RM738,400
RM1,363,200
RM714,960
RM601,313
RM189,533
RM389,760
RM635,580
RM423,720RM491,636
RM0
RM200,000
RM400,000
RM600,000
RM800,000
RM1,000,000
RM1,200,000
RM1,400,000
RM1,600,000
1 2 3 4 5
Cost
Case Number
Before reanalysis After reanalysis
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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Table 2. Cost-saving and percentage saving
4. Conclusion
The optimum factors considered for the three design variables: the length of a soil nailing,
the spacing of soil nailing, and the inclination of the nail. These three design variables were
adjusted through a method of trial and error until the optimized design within the permissible
limits were achieved. The length of soil nailing was the largest affecting factor in optimizing
the design, whereas the inclination of the soil nailing was the least affecting factor. It can be
concluded that reducing the length of soil nailing would reduce the FOS, reducing the nail
inclination would increase the FOS, and reducing the spacing between soil nailing would
increase the FOS.
Acknowledgement
The first author is an Engineering Doctorate student who is partially supported by the Ministry
of Higher Education (Malaysia). The second author is a PhD student who is partially supported
by the International Doctoral Fellowship from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
References
[1] A.Mohamed (2010). Design Charts for Soil Nailing. Master of Science in Civil Engineering,
Shobra Benha University, Cairo Dewedree, S., & Jusoh, S. N. (2019). Slope stability
analysis under different soil nailing parameters using the SLOPE/W software. Journal of
Physics: Conference Series, 1174(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1174/1/012008.
[2] Geoguide 7 (2008), Guide to Soil Nail Design and Construction, Geotechnical of
Engineering Office the Government of Hong Kong vol. 7, pp. 81.
[3] GEO-SLOPE International Ltd (2012). Stability Modelling with SLOPE/W. An Engineering
Methodology, 6th Ave SW Calgary, Alberta, Canada Ghareh, S. (2015). Parametric
assessment of soil-nailing retaining structures in cohesive and cohesionless soils.
Measurement, 73, 341-351. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2015.05.043.
[4] Gunawan, I., Surjandari, N. S., & Purwana, Y. M. (2017). The study on length and
diameter ratio of nail as a preliminary design for slope stabilization. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series, 909(1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/909/1/012073.
[5] Rawat, P., & Chatterjee, K. (2018). Seismic Stability Analysis of Soil Slopes Using Soil Nails.
Geotechnical Special Publication, 2018-June (GSP 293), 79 - 87.
doi:10.1061/9780784481486.009.
Before Reanalyses After Reanalyses
Case
No.
Factor of
Safety
Cost (RM) Factor of
Safety
Cost (RM) Cost Saving
(RM)
Percentage
saving (%) 1 1.997 RM285,458.33 1.501 RM189,532.50 RM95,925.83 33.60
2 1.952 RM738,400.00 1.512 RM389,760.00 RM348,640.00 47.22
3 1.813 RM1,363,200.00 1.523 RM635,580.00 RM727,620.00 53.38
4 1.684 RM714,960.00 1.505 RM423,720.00 RM291,240.00 40.74
5 1.585 RM601,313.33 1.554 RM491,635.56 RM109,677.78 18.24
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
16
MICROSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION BY COMPOSITIONAL MODIFICATION OF Ti-
6Al-4V ALLOY FOR AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS
Astuty Amrin1, Ayad Omran Abdalla2, Meysam Toozandehjani1 and Noorlizawati Abdul
Rahim1
1Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur,
54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2College of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Alrahba Street, Alfwayhat, Benghazi,
Libya
Abstract: Ti-6Al-4V alloy has been extensively used in aircraft for lightweight structural
applications including wings and fuselage. Similar to other Ti alloys, however, its major
drawback is higher cost leading to limitation in its application. In this case, Iron (Fe) has been
introduced to Ti-alloys as a replacement of expensive element like vanadium (V) and
molybdenum (Mo) in order to lower cost. In this work, a new Ti-6Al-Fe alloy was developed
through major composition modifications of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The vanadium element in Ti–6Al–
4V alloy was replaced by 1 to 3 wt.% Fe. It was found that Fe can be effectively act as a β-
stabilizing element. Ti-6Al-Fe system bring a strong advantage over conventional Ti-6Al-4V
alloy in many aerospace applications owing to outstanding mechanical and corrosion
properties.
Keywords: Ti-6Al-4V Alloy; Iron (Fe); Microstructure; Mechanical Response, Aerospace
1. Introduction
Dual phase (α+β) Ti-6Al-4V alloy is definitely one of the most extensively used Ti alloys in
aircraft, where it has been commonly utilised as a structural material, airframes and engine
components [1-3]. The mechanical response of Ti-6Al-4V alloy can be easily modified and
coherently affected by adding alloying elements or altering its composition. However, this
alloy is expensive because of the expensive alloying elements such as vanadium (V). To lower
material cost and improve properties, researchers have introduced the cheaper alloying
elements as an alternative of more expensive elements. Addition of alloying elements has
direct influence on microstructures that would positively reflect on mechanical response of
these alloys leading to significant improvements [4-7]. Of the interest of authors, Fe can be
an attractive alloying element in (α+β) Ti-6Al-4V alloy as a potential β-stabilizers. It can be as
a substitution to expensive β-stabilizing V element in order to lower alloy cost and
simultaneously improve mechanical response [5-7]. Therefore, a new Ti-6Al-xFe alloy (x=1, 2,
and 3 wt.%) was developed in this study by compositional modification of of Ti-6Al-V alloy. In
this regards, V as an expensive alloying element was replaced by Fe as a cost-effective β-
stabilizing alloying element in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Then, the effect of addition of Fe on the
microstructures, mechanical and corrosion response of developed Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloy was
studied.
2. Materials and Methods
Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys containing up to 3 weight percentage (wt.%) were supplied from TIMET
Co. Alloys were initially manufactured by melting in a vacuum arc melting technique using
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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tungsten electrode. The as-received alloys were formed into bar shaped samples. Then,
samples were heated above β-transus temperature at 1038 °C. Finally, samples underwent
rolling process to obtain 35% thickness reduction where final dimensions of 160× 60 × 6 mm
was obtained.
An X–ray Diffractometer (XRD), BRUKER-D8 equipped with a 1-D (LYNXEYE) fast detector
was used to record the XRD pattern of the investigated alloys. The morphological and
microstructural features of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe were observed using optical microscope (NIKON
Eclipse). The micro-hardness of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys were measured using a digital Micro-
Vickers hardness tester (WOLPERT–Model: 401MVD). Three different measurements was
carried out at a load of 1 kgf and a dwell time of 10 seconds on the randomly selected
positions of each specimen and the average value was reported. Tensile tests were carried
out using a 50 KN universal tensile testing machine (SHIMADZU). Electrochemical test
measurements were carried out using standard three-electrode system at room using
AutoLab PGSTAT128N potentiostat supported with Nova 1.11 software programme. Silver
chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl) was used as reference electrode while platinum (Pt) wire was
the counter electrode. A 3.5% NaCl solution was prepared as an electrolyte solution.
3. Results and Discussions
Figure 1 illustrates the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-1Fe alloys. Optical micrographs
reveals the fully equiaxed microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V alloy which is composed of a uniform
structure of α grains and grain boundaries of β (Figue 1a). The microstructures of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe
alloys consist of as a basket weave-like structure which is well known as a typical fully lamellar
microstructure as also reported earlier [7]. For instance, the microstructure of Ti-6Al-1Fe alloy
is illustrated in Figure 1b. By increasing Fe content, the lamellar colony size and the α-lamella
width decreases from 780 µm to 457 µm and from 2.65 µm to less than 1 µm, respectively.
Figure 1. The optical micrograph of a) Ti-6Al-4V and b) Ti-6Al-1Fe alloys
Figure 2 shows XRD pattern of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys. The XRD patterns reveal
that Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys are clearly dual phases that consist of coexistent α and β-phases.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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Figure 2. XRD patterns of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys.
The percentages of α and β phases in Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys are listed in Table 1. Obviously,
the percentage of β-phase increases by increasing Fe content. Fe as a β-phase stabilizing
alloying element effectively reduces the β-transus temperature, then the formation of β-
phase is consequently enhanced [8]. In addition, TiFe intermetallic compounds such as
Ilmenite (FeTiO3) and Rutile (TiO2) did not detected as existing phases in Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys
indicating that Fe is a strong β-stabilizer that can suppress TiFe formation.
Table 1. The percentage of α and β phases in Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys.
Specimen Phase Percentage (%) Increment percentage
of β-Phase (%) α β
Ti-6Al-4V 95.2 4.8 0
Ti-6Al-1Fe 91.9 8.1 68.8
Ti-6Al-2Fe 89.6 10.4 116.67
Ti-6Al-3Fe 86.9 13.1 172.9
The physical and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys is tabulated in Table 2. The
density values in Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys increase as Fe content increases. It can be due to higher
density of Fe element compared to other composing element such as Ti, Al, and V. Ti-6Al-(1-
3)Fe alloys have higher micro-hardness (HV) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) but lower
ductility (%) than Ti-6Al-4V alloy. In addition, HV, UTS and elongation % values increase by
increasing Fe content.
Table 2. The physical, mechanical and corrosion properties of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys.
Specimen Density
(g/cm3) HV
UTS
(MPa)
Elongation
(%)
Corrosion Rate
(mm/year) * 10-5
Ti-6Al-4V 4.374 302 833 12.5 2.10
Ti-6Al-1Fe 4.338 327 897 11.3 1.77
Ti-6Al-2Fe 4.369 338 974 10.4 2.09
Ti-6Al-3Fe 4.386 370 1069 8.1 2.29
The higher mechanical response of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys is attributed to the fine lamellar
microstructure. Ti-6Al-1Fe shows excellent corrosion resistance of 1.77E-5 mm/year, the lowest
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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corrosion rate in 3.5% NaCl solution, while higher corrosion rate of 2.1E-5 mm/y was recorded
by its counterpart, Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
4. Conclusion
The compositional modifications of Ti-6Al-4V alloy through replacement of V element by
Fe was carried out and resulted in the improvement of density, strength, hardness as well as
corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys compared to Ti-6A-4V alloy. These enhancement
in the mechanical and corrosion resistance of Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys is attributed to the
developed bi-modal α+β microstructure which contain a very fine lamellar α+β
microstructure wherein size of lamellar colonies and the lamellae width gradually decrease
by increasing Fe content.
Acknowledgement
Authors would like to acknowledge Assoc. Prof. Dr. Khairur Rijal in providing the furnace for
the experimental work and all UPMU technicians for their technical support.
References
[1] Lütjering, G. and Williams, J. C. 2007. Titanium, Springer.
[2] Whittaker, M. 2015. Titanium Alloys. Metals, 5, 1437-1439.
[3] Wang, S. Q., Liu, J. H. and Chen, D. L. 2013. Strain-controlled fatigue properties of
dissimilar welded joints between Ti-6Al-4V and Ti17 alloys. Materials and Design, 49, 716-
727.
[4] Liang, Z., Miao, J., Brown, T., Sachdev, A. K., Williams, J. C. and Luo, A. A. 2018. Low-cost
and high-strength Ti-Al-Fe-based cast titanium alloy for structural applications. Scripta
Materialia, 157, 124–128.
[5] Kadiri, H., Wang, L., Ozkan Gulsoy, H., Suri, P., Park, S., Hammi, Y. and German. R, 2009.
Development of a Ti-based alloy: design and experiment. The Journal of the Minerals,
Metals and Materials Society (JOM), 61, 60-66.
[6] Hideki, F. and Kazuhiro, T. 2002. Development of high performance Ti-Fe-Al alloy series.
Nippon Steel Technical Report, 113-117.
[7] Abdalla, A. O., Amrin, A., Muhammad, S. and Hanim M. A. A. 2017. Microstructures and
hardness of newly designed Ti-6Al-(1-3)Fe alloys. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 864,
142-146.
[8] Joshi, V. A. 2006. Titanium alloys: An atlas of structures and fracture features, Taylor and
Francis.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
20
A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR INTERNET OF EDUCATIONAL THINGS (IoET)
Salbiah Zainal, Rasimah Che Mohd Yusoff and Hafiza Abas
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract: The paper aims to identify a conceptual framework for Internet of Educational
Things (IoET) system design that facilitates students’ reflective thinking. Literature review has
been used to identify the components of the conceptual framework. This IoET conceptual
framework consists of five essential elements: theoretical model, instructional design model,
development life cycle, implementation and evaluation. The Jigsaw-Based Cooperative
Learning model and Interaction theory, and Mezirow reflective thinking model has been
used as the theoretical foundation to develop the instructional design. For the prototype
development life cycle, ADDIE model will be used. Prototype of IoET will be evaluated using
usability evaluation and enhancement on students’ reflective thinking. With implementation
of IoET system in the teaching and learning of process making will then leads to a deeper
understanding in learning.
Keywords: Internet of Educational Things, Theoretical Model, Reflective Thinking, Students’,
Conceptual Framework.
1. Introduction
The fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) has changed the landscape of educational
innovation. Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the domains enabling technology in IR 4.0.
Gartner, 2016 estimated that 5.5 million new “things” are connected to networks and nearly
21 billion devices will be connected with Internet of Things (IoT) by 2020. IoT is swiftly
expanding beyond devices for schools. The key advantages of IoT technology in such cases
are to make the learning process more “real, local and fun”, allowing students to understand
more complex concepts by making use of relevant information obtained from interaction
with physical objects in the real world.
Internet of Education Things (IoET) can be defined as emerging technology integrated
with smart object and is felt many expect of education such as course presentations, sharing
knowledge and ideas, personalized content and learning activities (Bagheri et al., 2016). IoET
are flexible, allow hyper-connectivity between physical and virtual objects, adaptable,
accessible and scalable which becomes properties of the IoT (Abbasy et al., 2017). There
are many potential of IoET based learning platform to be implemented such as smart
classroom (Veeramanickam et al, 2016), smart attendance system (Chan, 2017), smart
monitoring student (Megalan, 2018; Pushpa, 2014). The characteristic of 21st century learners
indicates that students should be innovators, creators, flexible and critical thinkers. Student-
centred learning is a best practice in provoke to 21st-century learning experiences. For
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) subject, IoET can be used to
enhance teaching and learning especially for digital natives students. 21st century learning
should able to provoke critical thinking, communicating and collaborating using technology
(Higgins, 2014). However there are lack of the design of IoT for teaching and meaning to
provoke reflective thinking as part of critical thinking. This study aims to identify a conceptual
framework for IoET system design that facilitate students’ reflective thinking
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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2. Related Works
A conceptual framework for IoET learning platform basically consists of theoretical model,
system development life cycle and evaluation of the prototype. Jigsaw-based cooperative
learning is proven can increased students’ performance (Nur Hafizah, 2016). The jigsaw
method also proved accommodating in enhancing students’ understanding. Students’ self-
esteem, self-confidence, and enjoyment of the learning experience can be observed using
this method in classroom (LeyvaMoralet al., 2016). Education process is referring to
transformative learning and reflection committed to professional performance (Mezirow,
1978). In education, Mezirow model can be used for creating understanding and reflective
thinking among students. The six levels of Mezirow reflection are (1) Reflection, (2) Emotional
reflection, (3) Evaluative reflection (4) Judgmental reflection, (5) Conceptual reflection and
(6) Psychic reflection. For the development of IoET prototype, iterative ADDIE model
instructional design life cycle can be adopted. The ADDIE model is a systematic instructional
design model consisting of five phases: (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4)
Implementation, and (5) Evaluation (Muruganantham, 2015). The prototype of IoET can be
evaluated from system usability and students’ reflection aspects. Usability is acceptability to
the interface and content of a system. The usability will be evaluated from three
characteristic such as user, task and context of use (Harrison et. al., 2013; Nielsen, 1993). It is
the criteria of ‘user’s satisfaction’ towards IoET content based such as easy to learn, efficient
to use, easy to remember, few errors and subjectively pleasing (Brinck et al., 2002; Nielson,
1993). Students reflective thinking will be evaluate using four dimensions (Mezirow, 1978):
Habitual action at the beginning, middle and end of learning session; students understanding
by investigating the participants’ reflection the object such as self-reflection, artifact and
circumstance; level of reflection towards students’ thought-action; and level of critical
reflection towards students’ ex post facto reflection for content and process happened.
2. Methods
Reviews of the fundamental theories or models related to reflective thinking are
identified from related journals and articles.
3. Results and Discussions
Implementation of IoET will transform traditional classrooms into new styles of learning
and enhance level of student’s reflective thinking. This conceptual framework describes five
essential elements such as theoretical model, design, development, implementation, and
evaluation on IoET. Figure 1 shows the proposed conceptual framework for IoET content to
support reflective thinking
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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Figure 1. Conceptual Framework for IoET Content to support Reflective Thinking
4. Conclusion
This study has conducted literature review to identify IoET conceptual framework which
forms the groundwork of the study. This IoET platform conceptual framework consists of five
essential elements: theoretical model, instructional design model, development life cycle,
implementation and evaluation. This conceptual framework has an impact on the design of
IoET model that facilitates reflective thinking.
Acknowledgement
This research is supported by GUP research grant (No: Q.K130000.2538.15H48) from Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia.
References
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Based Systems (SITIS 2015). IEEE Computer Society, pp. 435-441
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[5] Muruganantham, G. (2015), Developing of E-content package by using ADDIE mode,
International Journal of Applied Research 2015; 1(3): 52-54.
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[6] Gartner (2016) Says a Typical Family Home Could Contain More Than 500 Smart Devices
by 2022. https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2839717
[7] Nielsen, J. Usability engineering. San Francisco, Calif.: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers,
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[8] Megalan, L. Leo,N.Meenakshisundaram, V.Vedanarayanan, (2018), Smart Classroom
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Jossey-Bass
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INVESTIGATION THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE MOBILE BANKING ADOPTION IN
IRAQ
Nawar Makttoof1, Haliyana Khalid2 and Ibrahim Abdullah3
1Department of Business Administration, International Business School, UTM, Malaysia
1Department of Business Administration, University of Sumer, Alrifaee, Iraq. 2Department of Business Administration, International Business School, UTM, Malaysia
3Al-Hikma University College, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract: Over the past one decade, banking business has transformed drastically. The fast
development of technology has affected the industry of banking around the globe. The
technology impact information in banking sector and one of the greatest technologies in
this sector is the mobile banking. In Iraq, there are some antecedents facing the banks
regarding the utilization of mobile banking systems by users. A model was proposed in this
paper using a quantitative research design to verify and develop the relationship between
the factors proposed. The main factors that could affect the mobile banking systems of Iraqi
banks have been identified in three categories: technological organizational and
environmental. In order to ensure that the design of the questionnaire follows up with the two
stages of verification, the first phase of the validation of the questionnaire is checked by a
panel of experts in the field of mobile banking before proceeding to the second phase.
Secondly, the Cronbach alpha reliability of the factors is checked in a pilot study using the
SPSS software. All of the factors were shown to be reliable from the results as there was a gain
of 0.7 and above in the test.
Keywords: Mobile Banking Adoption, Iraqi Banks, Pilot Study, Cronbach's Alpha
1. Introduction
Information and communication technology have significantly revolutionized our daily life.
It has drastically influenced the business sector even more. Business organizations these days
are dependent on electronic platform for their success. Financial organizations are
implementing technological solutions for providing better and quality product and services
to their clients. to compete in the competitive environment, Banks are using technological
platforms. To provide better product and service to enhance user satisfaction and reducing
their operational cost. As mobile communication is one of the major types of technological
platform due to its availability and convenience using, more and more business organizations
are utilizing this platform to run their daily operations. Business organizations including banking
sectors are utilizing this new innovation of mobile-based platform to extend their service and
product to the clients. The advancement of mobile devices and technologies has made
banking users perform their banking services at every place and at any time. Lately, many
banks of the world have offered mobile access to different financial information (1).
Mobile banking (M-banking) is expected to produce benefits for users. Mobile Banking is
defined as the “type of execution of financial services which the customer uses mobile
communication techniques in conjunction with mobile devices” (2). Furthermore, mobile
banking is becoming the delivery of self-service channel that helps banks to present
information and also offer solutions to their own clients with more convenience via the
internet services technology (3). With mobile banking, the focus is no longer on the mangers,
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but both the users and the employees in particular, who benefit from the mobile banking of
the various knowledge resources provided by existing technology. M-banking will certainly
come to be an essential service to the bank along with the spectacular raise in the quantity
of smartphone utilization in Iraq (4). To make sure the success of M-banking, banks have to
supply a strong m-banking structure and also to connect properly the advantage of m-
banking to persuade clients to utilize the system of m-banking as a second option through
internet banking and conventional banking (5). In developing nations, like Iraq, m-banking
has been accepted by the banking business. However, the adoption rate is still low in Iraq. It
is a simple fact that m-banking is even now in its childhood and fairly alien to Iraqis. There is
certainly a requirement, hence, to realize the level of acceptance of m-banking by clients
and to study the aspects influencing intentions to utilize it for financial transactions. The use
of m-banking by users within banks in Iraq needs significant financial investment decision and
studying efforts, but additionally introduces major change to just about every element of
banking work (6). Furthermore, perceptions toward the usage of mobile banking
applications may differ between banking professional’s groups, contributing to the
complexness of using this new innovation in a pluralist banking system (7). Mobile banking
services and tools’ use has become one of the fundamental criteria for creating the things
needed for modern society. Great attention is paid to, including key factors for the
development of an appropriate mobile banking model in different developing countries,
which in turn consists of understanding alongside the proficiency of the use of mobile and
important experiments in order to adopt them as a core component in the core banks, to
bank accounts deposit and withdrawal. As the usage of mobile banking usage levels is
unclear, this poses a further problem in assessing current state of the mobile banking system
in Iraqi banks. Therefore, the aim of this study is to create an adoption model suitable for
mobile banking, including possible interrelations between these factors. To achieve this aim,
a pilot study is conducted to improve the form and questionnaire reliability. Notwithstanding,
given there are many expected benefits from the mobile banking use, it is therefore
important that the system needs to be successfully implemented, is widely accepted, and
adopted by banks and users.
2. Literature Review
Basically, the Technology-organization-environment (TOE) is a framework that (8) developed,
and is also selected and used as this study’s framework. The study conducted by (9) shows
that constant support for the ability of TOE towards the provision of an all-inclusive
perspective regarding innovation adoption, and at the same time easing the flexibility of
identify and classifying distinct factors that can probably arise in specific situations are
essential (10). Moreover, the main reason for selecting this framework is that this approach
has the potential to address issues of this study. On the subject of appropriate framework
selection advocates a framework that has been adapted and adopted and requires further
development and fine-tuning in its application for contextual matching. In addition,
institutional theory, diffusion of innovation theory, TOE adoption framework, and previous
studies are employed to investigate the factors that influence mobile banking adoption in
Iraq. These theories have been applied in electronic information sharing studies (11).
Institutional Theory considers an institution as a social construction with a resilience level that
is considered high Scott (2001). The theory of institution focuses its perspective on the factors
that has an effect in forcing a technology adoption at an inter-organizational level.
Institutional theory brings to surface the different forces that motivates incorporating art
technologies. Such forces can be produced by the appearance of new rivals, governmental
departments, clients or even industries. Organizational isomorphism, as described by (12),
represents the possible new systems and plans employment in different organization to a
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level where they become closer to each other in terms of operations environment similarities.
The other factors were used from researches conducted far in the Middle Eastern nations like
Jordan and Kuwait. Each attribute is composed of lots of influencing factors. The current
study has some influencing factors like relative advantage, privacy and security, ease of use,
compatibility, Connectivity, top management support, IT capability, Technical Support,
social influence, policy and government support. In this study, about 11 hypotheses were
introduced. Every factor has its formulated hypothesis. Figure 1 presents the framework
considered in this study. Also, the factors capable of promoting the engagement to willingly
accept mobile banking were defined. The questionnaire items were assessed with the pilot
study and also to ascertain the suitable questions to be included into the survey. The
employees were given the questionnaires. The section that follows describes the
questionnaire design.
Figure 1: Framework to adopt mobile banking in Iraq
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3. Material and Method
A descriptive, survey research design was chosen for the investigation of the major factors
associated with the technology, organization, environment, individual as well as mobile
banking use in the Iraqi banks. A questionnaire technique was used for data collection in
order to determine bank customer's views. The major reason for making the choice of the
questionnaire back is because of the feasibility in the simplification of the data analysis in a
more objective and ‘scientific’ manner as opposed to other types of studies. Additionally,
researchers are assisted towards the comparison of other studies as well as the probability of
being utilized for the measurement of change believed by positivists in the examination of
the present hypotheses (13).
4. Questionnaire Construction
The instrument tool was designed on the basis of closed-ended questions, whereby the
respondents provided accurate answers for each item or question. The entire items were
adapted from past studies that are based on each factor’s contents. Table 1 shows the
operation of items and factors. The Five likert scale (including the strongly disagree, disagree,
the not sure, agree, and the strongly agree) was used in this study to determine the level of
agreement among the respondents. Five likert scale is one of the widely used scale for
providing a clear view about one’s proposition in certain aspect. Before starting the
questionnaire, a brief description about the research study and its objectives along with a
confidentiality rules have been provided. The questionnaire was composed in English and
an Arabic translation was done, since this is Iraq’s official language.
5. Questionnaire Validation
The questionnaire validity assessed by taken some steps prior to the last distribution so as
to make sure that the entire questions or items are free of errors and correct. These are steps
that involve sending the questionnaire to seven experts in the field. The experts are instructors
in the Iraqi universities that have an experience using mobile banking systems. The
questionnaire evaluated for clarity, duplication, language, or contradiction. Before the
distribution, some recommendations and comments were accompanied by the application
of suitable modifications.
6. Pilot Study
The pilot study is a popular recommendation from many authors (14). Basically, the pilot
study is carried out for the testing of the research instrument. According to (15), all gathered
data need to be piloted in order to verify that all questions and even instructions are very
clear. As a matter of fact, this procedure allows the researchers to eliminate any type of
items unable to yield useful data. Therefore, the pilot study functions to make sure that the
chosen study format is appropriate prior proceeding to apply the major tool. Thus, the
questionnaire was distributed among users of mobile banks services in three private banks in
Iraq (International Development Bank, National Bank of Iraq and Bank of Baghdad) A total
of 36 responses has been received and this is considered appropriate for any pilot study as
suggested by (16), who declared that about 30 different representative participants from
the entire population of interest is considered a reasonable minimum recommendation for
the pilot study.
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Table1: Operationalization of the factors and items
Factor Reference
Relative (21, 22 & 23)
Privacy and (24 & 19)
Ease of use (19 & 17 & 25 & 22)
Compatibility (22 & 26)
Connectivity (3)
Top (27)
IT capability (18 & 30)
Technical (28 & 18)
Social (18)
Policy (29)
Government (28)
MBA (22 & 26, 31)
7. Pilot Study Results
The popularly adopted reliability measurement test of any pilot study type of questionnaire,
as seen in various studies is the Cronbach’s Alpha test (17). As indicated by George & Mallery
(2003), the Cronbach’s Alpha test possesses some values between the range of 0 and 1; a
greater level of range indicates reliability value. 0.9 values and above are considered
excellent, while 0.8 values and above are considered good, then 0.7 values and above are
considered acceptable, then 0.6 values and above are considered questionable, and 0.6
values and below are considered poor. The pilot study provided some data, which were
analyzed with the use of the “Statistical Package for Social Sciences,” generally known as
(SPSS v.24) for the identification of each factor values in Cronbach’s Alpha. Based on the
pilot study, the test result showed that all the items are reliable since it resulted in a value of
about 0.7 and above of the Cronbach’s alpha reliability test.
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Table 2: Cronbach’s alpha and number of items.
8. Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to analyze the influencing factors affecting the mobile
banks service systems in the Iraqi banks. The motivation of this study was due to the dire need
of examining the challenges, requirements, and gaps encountering the complete mobile
bank use systems in many Iraqi banks. A questionnaire was designed based on previous
studies that examined the proposed factors. Meanwhile, a pilot study was carried out for the
analysis of each influencing factor as well as the testing of the reliability of the questionnaire.
This kind of studies was required to verify that all items are reliable and free of errors.
Meanwhile the pilot study considered the Cronbach’s Alpha test, which reveals that the
entire factors are composed of 0.7 values and above, which were considered acceptable.
Questionnaire was used in conducting the pilot study, which was provided to the user’s
mobile banks services in three private banks in Iraq. This study will be accompanied by a
research paper for the illustration of the results provided by the data analysis of the major
survey. The hypotheses have to be tested by future research while also validating the final
model.
9. Limitation of the Research
This study aims to examine the feasibility and acceptance level mobile banking adoption
framework in Iraq. However, a number of limitations should be considered. First, the unstable
political climate and strife in Iraq added challenges to the scope and limitations of this study.
Second, studies regarding mobile banking in Iraq are limited, with few studies conducted by
the central bank of Iraq. This situation caused some difficulties in designing the questionnaire.
Third, the number of respondents was 36 only. Finally, users have limited grasp and
Scale Name Cronbach’s Alpha No. of items
Relative Advantage 0.705 6
Privacy and Security 0.789 6
Ease of use 0.804 5
Compatibility 0.713 5
Connectivity 0.874 7
Top Management 0.827 5
IT capability 0.711 6
Technical Support 0.740 5
Social Influence 0.799 6
Policy 0.828 5
Government Support 0.831 5
MBA 0.721 8
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knowledge of data warehouse because it is viewed and considered as a new tool in mobile
banking.
Appendix
Factors and Items
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge all the participants in this study for giving us a portion of their
time.
References
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Learning Systems in the Iraqi Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Internet of
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extended task-technology fit model: Empirical evidence in Malaysian maritime industry.
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[6] Chaouali, W., Souiden, N., & Ladhari, R. (2017). Explaining adoption of mobile banking
with the theory of trying, general self-confidence, and cynicism. Journal of Retailing and
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[7] Govender, I., & Sihlali, W. (2014). A study of mobile banking adoption among university
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USA, 2003.
[11] DaMaggio, P., & Powell, W. (1983). The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and
collective rationality in organization fields. American Sociological Review, 48, 147-160.
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[12] Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching Internet based populations: Advantages and
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[14] Johanson, George A., and Gordon P. Brooks. "Initial scale development: sample size for
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[15] Cronbach, Lee J. "Response sets and test validity." Educational and psychological
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[16] Akturan, U., & Tezcan, N. (2012). Mobile banking adoption of the youth market:
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Table 4: Technological context
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
RA.1: Mobile banking is a convenient way to manage finances.
RA.2: Mobile banking allows me to manage my finance effectively.
RA.3: Using mobile banking enables me to do banking transactions more quickly.
RA.4: Using mobile banking enables me to do banking transactions more quickly.
RA.5: Using mobile banking gives me greater control over my bank accounts
RA.6: Mobile banking has more advantages as compared to other methods
PaS1: I think that the personal information that I provide on mobile is well protected.
PaS2: Mobile banking system need to be private and confidential
PaS3: I think that the confidentiality and privacy of my personal information is assured when I do mobile banking.
PaS4: Security concern is very essential in order to adopt mobile banking system.
PaS5: I think that online transactions carried out on mobile are secure.
PaS6: You trust the mobile banking system and believe that it is a well-reliable system.
EU1: Learning to operate mobile banking is easy for me.
EU2: Its easily for me to remember how to operate the mobile banking services.
EU3: I find it easy to operate mobile banking.
EU4: It would be easy for me to become skillful in using mobile banking services.
EU5: Overall, I find the mobile banking is easy to use.
CB1: Mobile Banking is compatible with my lifestyle.
CB2: Mobile Banking meets the way I like to manage my finances.
CB3: I feel that mobile banking meets my daily activities well.
CB4: Using mobile banking is completely compatible with my current situation.
CB5: I think that the use of mobile banking fits well with the way I like to do my banking transactions.
Con1: When I come to use mobile banking system, there is always Internet available to use any.
Con2: I regularly use the Internet to find/retrieve information.
Con3: The speed of Internet connection is sufficient to navigate and browse and use the mobile banking system.
Con4: I can easily send information through the internet connection.
Con5: I have instant access to mobile banking services from any location.
Con6: With the current internet services, I can browse multiple websites in half an hour or less.
Con7: I am satisfied with the quality of Internet connectivity provided to use mobile banking system.
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Table 5: Organizational context
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
TMS.1: The mobile baking project will be introduced to me effectively by top management.
TMS.2: Top management has plans to get rid of obstacles that hinder the use of any new technology at the banks
TMS.3: Top management develops plans which are flexible enough to accommodate any changes required by the adoption
of mobile banking systems.
TMS.4: Top management seeks to maintain competitive advantage through the adoption of new technologies, and its uses in
its operations
TMS.5: Top management expects me to use the mobile banking services.
ITC1: The bank has the capability to use information systems for mobile banking services.
ITC2: The bank has the capability to identify innovative uses of information technology.
ITC3: The information and service provided by the mobile banking are extremely credible.
ITC4: Technology infrastructure such as internet, applications, electricity consumption allows fear use of mobile banking.
ITC5: The integrity of IT resources enables easy accessing of mobile banking system.
ITC6: The experience for accessing mobile banking system with current IT support is acceptable.
TS1: I always have online technical support whenever I face problem in the mobile banking services.
TS2: The respond of technical staff is fast and effective.
TS3: I think that mobile banking support is good.
TS4: With the availability of technical support, I do not feel worry using mobile banking services.
TS5: I am satisfied with the technical support.
Table 6: Environment context
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
SI.1: People who are important to me think that I should use mobile banking
SI.2: People who are familiar with me think that I should use mobile banking
SI.3: People who influence my behavior think that I should use mobile banking.
SI.4: Most people around me use mobile banking
SI.5: I use mobile banking because it is very famous
SI.6: The use of mobile banking gives me professional status.
Pol: Banks need to legislation and policies to apply mobile banking system.
Po2: Management shifts policy in all or some of the IT operations towards mobile banking system.
Po3: legislation and policies build good relationship and trust between bank and users.
Po4: There is legal protection in the use of mobile banking system.
Po5: The rules in bank that exist are sufficient to protect the use of mobile banking system.
GS1: Your bank needs the government support in order to adopt the mobile banking system.
GS2: You think the government support is enough to encourage your bank to adopt the mobile banking system.
GS3: The government support will be an important factor that would effect on your decision of adopting the mobile banking
system.
GS4: The laws that exist nowadays are sufficient to protect the use of mobile banking system.
GS5: The cost of using information technology can be reduced by government regulations and support.
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Table 7: Mobile Banking Adoption
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly
MBA.1: Mobile banking system is an attractive technological option to the banks.
MBA.2: Mobile banking system is an attractive banks process option
MBA.3: The bank’s focuses on new IT system projects, which aim to increase user’s satisfaction.
MBA.4: I want to know more about mobile Banking.
MBA.5: M-banking is always available for business
MBA6: I have the intention of managing my accounts using my mobile phone.
MBA7: I have the intention of making a transfer by mobile phone.
MBA8: The adoption of mobile banking system in IT operations will support the bank services process
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TOWARDS TRANSFORMING ZAKAT COLLECTION AND DISTRIBUTION ROLES TO ADOPT
DIGITAL WALLET IN SUPPORT OF SOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL FINANCING
Wan Nur Azira Wan Mohamed Salleh, Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid and Rohaida Basirudin
Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract: Digitalisation is a new phenomenon in the beginning of the twenty first century as
it connects and benefits a wider scope of humanity in a smart and elegant way. As most of
the world’s humanity are in poverty and refugees throughout the world are majority Muslims,
zakat as a tool can play a role in bringing social justice and social financing to them.
According to an expert, it is high time that the adoption of blockchain concept as in digital
wallet would be the solution in dealing with Islamic matters for example zakat collection and
distribution. The objectives of this paper is to study the potential adoption of blockchain as in
digital wallet towards the transformation of zakat collection and distribution roles to those in
need. The methodology is using previous studies by reviewing the literatures and utilising
secondary data to analyze and interpret data. With the dynamic technological
development especially the emergence of blockchain technology, zakat ecosystem could
be further enhanced as blockchain offers an immutable, security, trustworthy, and
transparent. However, before this can be realized, the Ulama (Islamic Scholars) need to
accept and understand the concept of blockchain technology as in digital wallet in the
perspective of Maqasid al-Shari’ah.
Keywords: Zakat Roles; Blockchain Technology; Digital Wallet; Social-Justice; Social
Financing.
1. Introduction
In this twenty first century, the advancement of technology influences our way of life,
even payment method goes digital. Individuals need no longer to dig through their wallet to
pay cash for payment, instead they use their credit and debit cards. Digital wallet helps
individual to use their smartphone application as a payment method thus, addressing the
potential pitfalls of using credit cards. The digital wallet is similar to a payment card except
that it works out of an application. The individual loads funds into the virtual wallet to use it
for payment of goods and services. The working mechanism differs from each types of digital
wallet either by using QR code scanning for establishing connection, or, using internet
transactions. With the advancement of technology, the payment landscape of zakat
changes accordingly which means a payer need no longer pay at the counter but
transaction can be conducted with convenience at home and with compliance to Shari’ah
Law. Every year, each Muslim has a duty to pay zakat, compulsory alms as stipulated in the
five pillars of Islam. The obligation of a Muslim to pay zakat contribution based on their wealth
accordingly to specific conditions as well as requirement.
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2. Background and Method
Muslim population is on the rise, however the “Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)”
places one of contemporary challenges face by Muslims is poverty alleviation (Organization
of Islamic Cooperation, 2016). Pew Research Center (2017) reported the number of refugees
had increased sharply since 2014 who landed in Europe due to conflicts in Syria, Iraq and
Afghanistan. Besides 970,000 Muslim asylum seeker, the number is alarming that the Muslim
world in particular need to help alleviate poverty using zakat as an Islamic tool. Reaching
out to the needy for this group is very challenging due to time, geographical location,
bureaucracy, accessibility and security. With technological advancement, intentions to help
distribute zakat for the alleviation of poverty may be possible with the emergence of
blockchain technology in digital wallet. The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of
zakat in supporting social justice and as an enabler to social financing looks into the potential
use of blockchain technology as in digital wallet to enhance the collection and distribution
of zakat in systematic way that will benefit those in need. The methods to achieve the
objective is by reviewing literatures and using secondary data for analysis.
3. Results and Discussions
Islam encourage socio-economic justice so zakat collection and distribution for the poor and
underprivileged in the society will equally benefit them (Wahab and Abdul Rahman, 2011).
The aim of Islam is to support social justice. The most salient values of the Islamic financial
system are fairness and socio-economic justice”. Clearly the importance of zakat for social
justice is found in the Qur’an and the teachings of it is practice by Muslims all over the world.
In other words, in terms of Islamic financial system, social justice is very important for the
Islamic economy. From such zakat activities, the country benefits in terms of alleviating
poverty for the growth of the economy. Zakat is an enabler to socio-economic prosperity
and equitable distribution of wealth. Through a reduction in wealth concentration, social
cohesion will be improved. Research relating zakat and technology has attracted
researchers to look into the possibility of maximising the technology advancement in zakat
management and dealing with factors arising from it. Quinn (2018) suggests zakat as an
alternative funding solution to address 22.5 million refugees who are in need of assistance. It
was reported the humanitarian funding deficits had reached USD$16.7 billion and globally,
collection of zakat is estimated at USD$200 billion to USD$1 trillion. Quinn (2018) highlights that
zakat as a tool is not well utilised but suggested to take the advantage of innovative
technology, financial governance and humanitarian advocacy in addressing funding of
refugees. But, in terms of zakat distribution, best practice is to bind internationally the overall
collection and distribution of zakat. The report proposed to create a unified zakat collection
and tracking system across countries, religious institutions and non-governmental
organisations.
4. Conclusion
Blockchain offers an immutable, security and transparent thus addressing the stabilisation
of the Islamic non-bank financial system for zakat activities addressing the world’s problem
of alleviating poverty and achieving social-justice. However, the first step is to introduce the
blockchain technology to the Ulama (Islamic Scholars) regarding the concept, knowledge
and characteristics of blockchain technology in the perspective of Maqasid al-Shari’ah for
their acceptance in dealing with Islamic social financing purposes.
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Acknowledgement
Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
References
[1] Abdullah, N., Derus, A. M., & Al-Malkawi, H.-A. N. 2015. The effectiveness of zakat in
alleviating poverty and inequalities: A measurement using a newly developed
technique. Humanomics: The International Journal of Systems and Ethics, 31(3), 314-
329.
[2] Abdullahi Shafiu, I. 2019. Zakah as tool for social cause marketing and corporate
charity: a conceptual study. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(1), 191-207.
doi:10.1108/JIMA-03-2017-0025
[3] Ahmad, I., & Ma'in, M. 2014. The Efficiency of Zakat Collection and Distribution:
Evidence from Two Stage Analysis. Journal of Economic Coorporation and
Development, 35, 133-170.
[4] Al-Zoubi, H., Maghyereh, A., Al-Zu'bi, B., & Bhatti, M. 2008. Does issuing government
debt needed as a Ponzi scheme in Islamic finance: A general equilibrium model.
Managerial Finance, 34(10), 726-736.
[5] Hossain, I., Muhammad, A. D., Jibril, B. T., & Kaitibie, S. 2019. Support for smallholder
farmers through Islamic instruments. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern
Finance and Management, 12(2), 154-168. doi:10.1108/IMEFM-11-2018-0371
[6] Laurence, T. 2019. Introduction to Blockchain Technology: The many faces of
blockchain technology in the 21st century. The Netherlands: Van Haren Publishing.
[7] Mahomed, Z. 2018. Classical Zakat Modelling for the Blockchain age inspiration from
Umar bin Abdul Aziz. Kuala Lumpur: International Centre for Education in Islamic
Finance.
[8] Mohamed Fisol, W. N., Mohd Saufi, M. S. A., Albasri, S., & Alipiah, F. 2018. INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF MAQASID AL-SHARIAH.
[9] Muhammad, S., & Saad, R. A. J. 2016. The Moderating Effect of Subjective Norms on
the Relationship between Peer Influence and Intention to Pay Zakat. IOSR Journal of
Business and Management, 18, 74-76. doi:10.9790/487X-18217476
[10] Mulyadi, Hakim, A. R., Muazid, A. S., Supriyono, & Meira, E. 2018, October 29-30, 2018).
E-Zakat: Redesign the collection and distribution of Zakat. Paper presented at the 2nd
International Conference on Islamic Finance, Economic and Business 2018 (ICIFEB
2018), Jakarta, Indonesia.
[11] Organization of Islamic Cooperation. 2016. Ten-Year-Programme of Action 2016-2025.
Retrieved from Istanbul, Turkey: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/OIC_en.en.mfa
[12] Pew Research Center. 2015. The Future of World Religions: Population Growth
Projections, 2010-2050: Why Muslims are rising fastest and the unaffiliated are shrinking
as a share of the world's population. Retrieved from
https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-
content/uploads/sites/11/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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[13] Pew Research Center. 2017. Europe's Growing Muslim Population: Muslims are
projected to increase as a share of Europe's population - even with no future migration.
Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/2017/11/29/europes-growing-muslim-
population/
[14] Wahab Norazlina, A. 2011. A framework to analyse the efficiency and governance of
zakat institutions. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 2(1), 43-62.
doi:10.1108/17590811111129508
[15] World Population Review. 2019. Muslim population by country by population 2019.
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http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/muslim-population-by-country/
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE SHARING BEHAVIOR ON PERCEIVED PERFORMANCE OF BIG
4 AND NON BIG 4 AUDIT FIRMS IN PAKISTAN
Sabra Munir1,2, Siti Zaleha Abdul Rasid1, Farrukh Jamil3 and Muhammad Aamir4
1Azman Hashim International Business School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
2Department of Management Sciences, FAST National University of Computer and
Emerging Sciences, Department of Research & Development, PAC Group of College,
Pakistan 3Department of Management Sciences, FAST National University of Computer and
Emerging Sciences, Pakistan 4Hailey College of Commerce, University of the Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract: The aim of this study is to find the impact of knowledge sharing behaviors (KSB) on
perceived performance of Big 4 audit firms in Pakistan and comparing it with impact of KSB
on the perceived performance of non big 4 audit firms in Pakistan. Cross sectional survey
method was used to collect data from audit personnel of the big 4 audit firms and “A
category” ranked accountancy firms in Pakistan through purposive sampling. 207 valid
responses were analyzed through SPSS using multiple regression and PROCESS macro (Hayes,
2013) for the Big 4 analyses while 172 valid responses were analyzed for the non Big 4 audit
firms using the same approach of SPSS using multiple regression as mentioned above . The
results revealed KSB and its three dimensions i.e. organizational communication, personal
communication and communities of practice were significantly related to perceived
organizational performance while the facet of written communication was found to have
no direct relationship in big 4. Compared to this, the analyses of non Big 4 showed that
personal communication and communities of practice were significantly related to
perceived organizational performance while organizational communication and written
communication were found to have no direct relationship.
Keywords: Audit Firms; Knowledge Sharing Behavior; Perceived Performance
1. Introduction
The concept of knowledge-based organizations has emphasized the importance of
intellectual resources as a key to sustainable competitive advantage (Teece, 2003). The
main focus of such organizations is effective management of knowledge via creation, usage,
implementation and sharing of knowledge. Knowledge sharing enables problem solving
through combining the employees’ skills, knowledge, and experience (Wang & Wang,
2012).Yin (2009) indicated that knowledge can be shared via written communication,
personal interaction, organizational communication and communities of practice.
Knowledge sharing carries great importance in professional service sector (Hasan, 2011).
Auditing firms are among such service sectors where the skills and knowledge of auditors are
prime elements in satisfactory service delivery (Arel, Brody, & Pany, 2005). Due to the
increased work requirements on the part of the audit firms internationally as well as in Pakistan
(Aldamen, Duncan, Kelly, McNamara, & Nagel, 2012), it has become imperative for them to
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enhance their performance to meet their own increased costs and performance standards
One approach to achieve higher performance is by use of knowledge sharing systematically
within the firms Knowledge sharing among employees can improve the integrity of audit
process and help in formulating the most appropriate audit opinion. This leads towards
increase organizational performance in audit firms (Chow, Ho, & Vera-Munoz, 2008).
This study will contribute theoretically to make effective knowledge sharing strategies and
implementation them to enhance performance.
“To enhance the performance of auditing firm even after new regulations, increased costs,
and with existing employees, the probe can determine how knowledge sharing enhances
the perceived performance of auditing firms of Pakistan and analyses the role of different
dimensions of knowledge sharing on perceived performance of auditing firms.”
1. To find out the impact of knowledge sharing behaviour on perceived performance of
auditing firms in Pakistan.
2. To find the impact of different dimensions of knowledge sharing on perceived
performance in auditing firms of Pakistan.
Figure 1 Research Model
2. Methodology
This is a quantitative and explanatory inquiry in which data is collected at single point
of time. Sampling frame consisted of audit personnel ranging from staff associates to partners
of the Big 4 and non Big 4 audit and accountancy firms. Cronbach’s Alpha of each scale
was measured to establish the reliability of the results As the results are all greater than 0.5,
hence they are all highly reliable (Nunnally, 1967).
Communities of Practices (CP)
Organizational Communication
Personal Interaction (PI)
Knowledge Sharing
Behavior
Written Contribution (WC)
Perceived Organizational
Performance
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Table 1 Cronbach's Alpha
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
Performance .912 12
Knowledge sharing behavior .957 28
Table 2 Regression Results
Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized
Coefficients
Sig.
B Std. Error Beta
Big 4 Non
Big 4
Big 4 Non
Big 4
Big 4 Non
Big 4
Big 4 Non Big
4
KSB .476 .556 .046 .062 .548 .742 .000 .000
WC .047 .131 .047 .092 .075 .158 .317 .160
OC .283 .187 .077 .099 .352 .303 .000 .064
PI .306 .345 .079 .103 .383 .508 .000 .001
CP .088 -.088 .042 .100 .154 -.135 .039 .384
Discussion
For our objectives of KSB and its dimensions with organizational performance an
overall support was received in case of Big 4 & non big 4 Audit firms. It was validated that
KSB in auditing firms are responsible for improvement in perceived performance.
Conclusion and implications
The present study proved that knowledge sharing significant predictors of perceived
performance in Big 4 & non big 4 auditing firms in Pakistan. Three dimensions of KSB i.e.
organizational communication, personal interaction and communities of practice were
found to act as the source of improvement in perceived organizational performance yet
written communication was found to have no significant relation with perceived
organizational performance. The research has contributed to the knowledge management
literature in several ways. The auditors should codify their prior experience and knowledge
so that their peers can take advantage from them and carry out the audit performance in
efficient manner. The auditors should enhance informal interaction to share the issues and
suggest possible solutions. In addition they should share their new knowledge and
experiences with peers so that overall audit assignments can be completed with full
vigilance. Formal communication channels should promote the ideas sharing, solutions of
complex auditing issues, insights on working methods for detecting frauds and errors, learning
from experiences and suggestions for improvement in future audit assignments. In this way
auditors can have improved working when role-related information and decision making is
more knowledge and skill based that will contribute towards the effective performance.
References
Aldamen, H., Duncan, K., Kelly, S., McNamara, R., & Nagel, S. (2012). Audit committee
characteristics and firm performance during the global financial crisis. Accounting &
Finance, 52(4), 971-1000.
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Arel, B., Brody, R. G., & Pany, K. (2005). Audit firm rotation and audit quality. The CPA Journal,
75(1), 36.
Chow, C. W., Ho, J. L., & Vera-Munoz, S. C. (2008). Exploring the extent and determinants of
knowledge sharing in audit engagements. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting &
Economics, 15(2), 141-160.
Hasan, S. (2011). Role of waqf in enhancing Muslim small and medium enterprises (SMES) in
Singapore. Paper presented at the 8th International Conference on Islamic
Economics and Finance, Qatar.
Nunnally, J. C. (1967). Psychometric theory, New York: McGraw-Hill Book company.
Teece, D. J. (2003). Expert talent and the design of (professional services) firms. Industrial and
corporate change, 12(4), 895-916.
Wang, Z., & Wang, N. (2012). Knowledge sharing, innovation and firm performance. Expert
systems with applications, 39(10), 8899-8908.
Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods (applied social research
methods). London and Singapore: Sage.
International Professional Doctoral Symposium 2019
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EXPLORING THE CHANGING HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ROLE IN THE CONTEXT
OF DIGITAL BANKING TRANSFORMATION
Kartina Abdul Latif, Nik Hasnaa Nik Mahmood and Nor Raihana Mohd Ali
Science Management and Design, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur
Abstract: This study aims to explore the changing Human Resources Management (HRM)
function role in the context of digital banking transformation. Exploratory research was
performed through the case study method, focusing on one banking institution undergoing
the digital banking transformation in Malaysia. Respondents are selected HRM personnel,
employees and business leaders across the key business functions. Transcripts were coded
with the aid of NVivo software using a structured thematic analysis, to generate distilled data
summaries and illustrative extracts to search for and interpret patterns of evidence. The
results of interview finding analysis state that HRM function in BankCoA is aligning its practices
with the Bank’s business strategy of transforming the institution into a digital bank. The findings
showed predominantly, the key priorities centred at looking into the culture excellence
programme, significant investments being made on talent capability building programmes
and restructuring of the HRM function to make it more digital ready and efficient. This case
study is relevant for HRM managers in other banking institution undergoing the business
transformation, which can serve as a benchmark of HRM focus to be applied to their own
organizations
Keywords: Human Resource Management; Banking Institution; Human Resource Priorities
1. Introduction
Digital disruption is forcing transformation across all industries, including and especially in
financial services industry (FSI). The reality of this are resulting in banks and insurance
companies being put under pressure to cope with the several shifting forces in the market
place such as challenging macroeconomic conditions, increasing competitive pressures for
market leadership, stringent regulatory environment and changing customer expectations
(Deloitte, 2018). In addition to traditional sources of competition, banks and insurance
companies have to deal with the emergence of financial start-up companies. As customer
preferences are shaped by their digital experiences outside banking, these non-traditional
players such as these financial technology companies (FinTechs) are often able to address
customer expectations of a fast, seamless experience through bespoke services, digital
infrastructure and platform ecosystems (Omarini, 2017). As a result, banking institutions are at
the cusp of a digital revolution. Every facets of the businesses need to adapt to these
disruptive external and internal forces of change.
As such, in response to changing to changing business demands and the evolving role
of HRM, the objective of this study is to explore what does this mean in terms of managing
human capital requirements for the future and how has the HRM function of a banking
institution prioritises its HRM practices in response to the increased competition for digital
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banking transformation. Based on the research objective and current understanding, the
following research questions are formulated for this study:
a) What are the external and internal factors driving changes on BankCoA’s business
imperatives?
b) How does the HRM function in BankCoA prioritises its HRM practices to address the
on-going changes in meeting the needs of the digital banking transformation
agenda?
2. Materials and Methods
The study focused on an islamic banking institution, BankCoA based in Malaysia. In order to
collect the qualitative data, the case-study approach was chosen using interview methods
and field observations. In-depth interviews were conducted and saturation point was
attained with seven HRM professionals, three business heads and four high potential talent
across the different divisions in BankCoA. All of the interviews were conducted in private and
each interview lasted between 45 and 75 minutes and recorded so that the information
shared by informants were looked in-depth. Interviews from the target participants were
conducted, transcribed and analyzed during and after the data collection phase which is
referred to as the back and forth weaving between theory and data by Bryman (2004). Using
NVivo 12, all of the transcribed texts, notes from the observation session as well as meeting
notes were all entered into a database, as per the required appropriate structure of coding.
The open coding technique was first employed (Strauss & Corbin, 1998) which allows for
categorizing of data into narrow themes to enable its systemization before placing it under
the themes emerging from data axial coding. The collected data was also triangulated
between the interviews, observations and through the various document analysis. Based on
the patterns of evidence and analysis, broad themes were generated and used to guide
the discussion on the case study.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 What are the external and internal factors driving changes on BankCoA’s business
imperatives?
From the word cloud visualization analysis, external factors such as adherence to
compliance and customer protection featured prominently from the interviews. Effective
management of on-going regulatory impacts and reducing compliance costs are top-of-
mind of the business leaders in BankCoA. Regulation, particularly for banks, has become
significantly more complex as banks grow in size and sophistication. The growing complexity
in regulation is inevitable due to rapid advancements in the business of banking,
compounded by the process of globalisation and changes in the banks' operating
landscape and interactions with other components of the financial system. Continuous
regulatory changes are necessary and will be the norm as efforts are continuously taken to
reduce financial crime, safeguard customers interest and overall financial stability. BankCoA
is on the journey of digitizing its front and back office activities, while driving business
operations. The bank is on the quest to drive strategic growth while effectively and efficiently
meeting regulatory compliance obligations. As one interviewee puts it:
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“Banks have to deal with forces that shapes the industry – compliance, audit, risk
and legal (CARL) forces as well as cost of technology demand banks’ utmost
attention. There are also challenges from evolving expectations as a result of digital
customer experience, competition from non-banks (fintech companies). This
creates an unlevel regulatory playing field…”
(Participant1)
In relation to the key internal factors impacting on HRM focus areas, according to the
thematic analysis, six broad themes emerged: -.
i) Revenue growth and increase market share
ii) Technological change
iii) Obsolete infrastructure
iv) Increase internal competitive excellence
v) Changing employee expectations at workplace
vi) Focus on being a value-based organization
As such, the above are some of the multidimensional trends and factors from external and
internal environments shared by the interviewees, happening within BankCoA’s ecosystem.
These factors are inducing the bank to strategize and plan for acquiring and retaining assets
from new and existing customers. Success depends on how BankCoA quickly respond to
opportunities for innovation.
3.2 How does the HRM function in BankCoA prioritises its HRM practices to address the on-
going changes in meeting the needs of the digital banking transformation agenda?
To explore how HRM function in BankCoA is responding to the business changes as a result
of the digital banking transformation imperatives, the researcher seeks to understand what
is being prioritised at the HRM function level in order to accelerate the digital banking
transformation readiness. According to the outcomes of the qualitative phase of this
research, there are three main themes arising from the HRM focus areas:
i) Focus on culture excellence programme
ii) Accelerate talent capability programme in building current digital capabilities and
nurturing future leaders
iii) Restructuring the HRM function to deliver greater business impact and drive HRM and
business innovation
As such, the results of the three key themes of HRM prioritization to address the need of
digital banking transformation are in line with Rimon (Rimon, 2017), Jesuthasan (2017) and
Diromualdo et al. (2018), who point out that the transformative impact of digital technology
is radically changing the type of services offered by HRM and how they are delivered. This is
particularly relevant as the digital transformation will require new mindset, new tools and
skillsets in delivering customer expectations. As highlighted by Kumar and Patrick (2018), the
HRM function needs to play the role of a catalyst to make sure the culture and mindset
change is fit for the digital banking business requirements. It is contingent upon the HRM
team as custodians of employee relations and engagement must ensure that change
process is implemented as per the transformation process. As such, talent and capability
development are one of the major business and HRM agenda. This view is supported by Ford
(2017), Tatoglu et al. (2016) and Waheed et al. (2012) who emphasized talent development
is strategically more important in today’s volatile business environment, owing to the fact
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that such focus can aid organizations to achieve strategic business goals and form the
foundation to implement business strategy.
4. Conclusion
The key conclusion of this study is that the HRM function of BankCoA is significantly aware
of the impact of the digital banking transformation on the people and organization
perspective by responding to the HRM practices and initiatives which it thinks is appropriate
for the organization. The focus on culture excellence programme, talent development
initiatives and restructuring of HRM function means HRM is also looking at related processes
on communication management for change, leadership development, performance
management, capability building and HRM improvement activities are being reviewed for
effectiveness and better impact. The research offers an insight on the practical current on-
goings in a banking institution undergoing a business transformation. This will assist future
researchers in the field of HRM to provide a deeper understanding of the HRM phenomena
in an organization setting and develop a theoretical foundation for further studies.
References
Bryman, A. (2004). Social Research Methods. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Deloitte. (2018). 2019 Banking and Capital Markets Outlook. Reimagining transformation.
DiRomualdo, A., El-Khoury, D., & Girimonte, F. (2018). HR in the digital age: how digital
technology will change HR’s organization structure, processes and roles. Strategic HR
Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/shr-08-2018-0074
Ford, D. G. (2017). Talent Management and Its Relationship to Successful Veteran Transition
Into the Civilian Workplace: Practical Integration Strategies for the HRD Professional.
Advances in Developing Human Resources. https://doi.org/10.1177/1523422316682736
Jesuthasan, R. (2017). HR’s new role: rethinking and enabling digital engagement. Strategic
HR Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/shr-01-2017-0009
Omarini, A. (2017). The Digital Transformation in Banking and The Role of FinTechs in the New
Financial Intermediation Scenario The Wave of Digitalization in Banks. International
Journal of Finance, Economics and Trade (IJFET).
Rimon, G. (2017). Six surprising truths about how digital transformation will change HR.
Strategic HR Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/shr-02-2017-0010
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for
developing grounded theory. Carlifornia: Corwin Thousand Oaks.
Sunil Kumar R & Harold Andrew Patrick. (2018). Transforming Role of HRM: Challenges, Policies
and Practice in the Present Context. International Journal of Research in Business
Management (IMPACT: IJRBM).
Tatoglu, E., Glaister, A. J., & Demirbag, M. (2016). Talent management motives and practices
in an emerging market: A comparison between MNEs and local firms. Journal of World
Business. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2015.11.001
Waheed, S., Zaim, A., & Zaim, H. (2012). Talent Management in Four Stages *. The USV Annals
of Economics and Public Administration.
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EFFECT OF ABSENTEEISM RATE TOWARDS WORK PERFORMANCE AT
TELECOMMUNICATION OPERATION CENTRE IN MALAYSIA
Nooramirah Najwa Borhanuddin, Roslina Mohammad and Zuritah A.Kadir
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics
Abstract: Absenteeism in the workplace affect the staff working performance. This paper
aims to study the effect of absenteeism rate towards staff’s working performance at
telecommunication operation centre in Malaysia. Attendance data for twenty staffs was
collection from attendance management system and analysed using R-studio software.
Based on analysis, it can be concluded low absenteeism rates will impact high percentage
of work staff efforts.
Keywords: Absenteeism Rate, Work Performance, Telecommunication
1. Introduction
Absenteeism is an unscheduled absence from work for any reason [1]. Absent employee
compromises the profitability of the employer by decreasing the usual productivity and
performance of the team of workers [2]. The excessive value of misplaced organizational
productivity and the motivational factors of every day working personnel affect the
sustainability of organizational performance. Lost employee productivity, leadership
intimidation and abuse, and worker fitness problems can impact worker absenteeism, which
affects organizational performance. In business, employee absenteeism is the predominant
cause for lost productiveness [3]. The intention for leaders of groups to focus attention on the
economic bottom line growing profits and workplace productivity, whilst lowering
organizational expenses.
Companies in Malaysia have the second easiest number of days lost in term of work
time per employee per year competed to their friends in Singapore, Hong Kong and Australia,
in accordance to the Malaysia’s Healthiest Workplace with the aid of AIA Vitality survey [4,5].
An employer is said to have misplaced sixty-seven days of work time per worker in a 12
months due to absence and presenteeism. This is estimated to have value an organization
RM2.7 million per year on average. Malaysia’s body of workers is commonly unhealthy, where
sixty-four percentages (64%) of those surveyed are bodily inactive, 90 percentages (90%) do
not consume a balanced diet and fifty-three percent (53%) trip work-related stress.
According to researcher, recent estimate put unplanned or unscheduled absence
cost at 8.7 percent (87%) of payroll, and employers are searching for the information to better
understand how multiplied absenteeism costs can have an effect on the company’s bottom
line and what can be performed to battle this issue [4] . While employers assume employees
to miss a certain number of workdays each year, excessive absences can equate to
decreased productiveness and can have a most important effect on employer finance,
morale and other factors.
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2. Methods
In this study, in order to obtain the absenteeism rate, the two years attendance record
for twenty (20) employees from telecommunication operation centre was collected and
abstracted from company internal attendance record system. The data collected was
analysed using R statistics software. R is a statistical computing language and tool
environment friendly to function records analysis. R comes with a range of wide variety of
applications based on its functionality. While installation R software contains the base
package, which is requisite to run R and includes the most quintessential functions. The
different packages contained in the base gadget encompass utils, stats, datasets, graphics,
grid, methods, tools, parallel, compiler, splines. There are also advocate packages: boot,
class, cluster, code tools, foreign, survival, MASS, spatial. Matrix. We have used R Studio which
gives us integrated improvement surroundings for R. Other than the above point out bundle
we have established some extra libraries to R for performing thing analysis and different data
mining task. We covered GPA Rotation, Psych programs to function tasks with higher result
[6].
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 Total Working days and total working hours for 2 years
Table 1 showed the total working days and total working hours for 2 years. Based on the
result compute, the total working days for 20 staffs was 465.65 days and the average working
days was 4446.275 days. The highest working days is 471 days for staff 9 and staff 17.
Meanwhile, figure 3 showed the total working hours for 20 staff in 2 years. It showed that the
highest working hours was recorded by staff 17 with 4499.99. The total working hours for 20
staffs was 88929.98 hours and the average working days was 4446.275 hours.
Table 1. Total Working days and total working hours for each 20 staffs
Staff ID
Total
Working
Days (2
years)
Total
Working
Hours (2
Years)
Staff ID Total
Working
Days (2
years)
Total
Working
Hours (2
Years)
Staff 1 463 4421.45 Staff 10 466 4447.63
Staff 2 464 4432.93 Staff 11 468 4447.37
Staff 3 469 4482.74 Staff 12 467 4471.63
Staff 4 466 4452.46 Staff 13 469 4482.43
Staff 5 463 4419.11 Staff 14 467 4459.42
Staff 6 463 4428.79 Staff 15 466 4448.22
Staff 7 457 4358.4 Staff 16 470 4492.49
Staff 8 468 4463.35 Staff 17 471 4499.99
Staff 9 471 4495.67 Staff 18 458 4369.2
3.2 Absenteeism rate VS Work Effort
Figure 1 below showed the absenteeism rate and percentage of work effort for 20 staffs. The
analysis from R studio computed that the highest absenteeism rate was 6.18 and the lowest
rate was 4.37. The average absenteeism rate was 5.15. The figure also showed that the
highest work effort was staff 10 with 64.47. From the figure, it also showed that the staff that
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had high absenteeism rate recorded low percentage work effort. Meanwhile, the staff that
had lowest absenteeism rate recoded high percentage work effort. It can show that, the
absenteeism rate does affect the staff working performance. Employee absenteeism has a
direct influence staff performance [7]. Excessive levels of absenteeism lead to inferior
satisfactory of service, misplaced productivity, and decreased morale of co-workers.
Figure 1. Absenteeism rate vs Percentage of Work effort
4. Conclusion
This paper study the absenteeism rate at the telecommunication operation centre. Based
on attendance record, the data was analysed and computed using R studio software. From
data analysis, it can be concluded that the absenteeism does affect the staff’s working
performance. For future recommendation, the study can explore the cause of the issue in
verifying and assessing attendance records and measurement of staff KPI in the
Telecommunication Operation Centre.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to express the greatest appreciation and utmost gratitude to the
Ministry of Higher Education, MyBrain15 MyPhD Ministry of Higher Education, UTM Razak
School of Engineering & Advanced Technology and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for
all the support given in making the study a success. VOT UTM : Q.K130000.2656.16J42.
References
[1] Cucchiella, F., Gastaldi, M., & Ranieri, L. (2014). Managing absenteeism in the
workplace: the case of an Italian multiutility company. Procedia-Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 150, 1157-1166.
[2] Johnson-Tate, D. R. 2018. Effective Strategies Used by Restaurant Managers to Reduce
Employee Absenteeism. Walden University.
63.34
63.47
64.15
63.74
63.33
63.2
63.47
62.25
64.0264.75
63.74
64.25
64.15
63.88
63.61
64.29
64.43
62.65
63.61
6…
5.33 5.33
4.655.06
5.47 5.475.19
6.18
5.06
4.51
5.194.92 4.78
5.06 5.004.65
4.37
6.02
5.205.47
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
61
61.5
62
62.5
63
63.5
64
64.5
65
Staff1
Staff2
Staff3
Staff4
Staff5
Staff6
Staff7
Staff8
Staff9
Staff10
Staff11
Staff12
Staff13
Staff14
Staff15
Staff16
Staff17
Staff18
Staff19
Staff20
Ab
sen
teei
sm R
ate
Wo
rk E
ffo
rt (
%)
Staff ID
Absenteeism Rate VS Work Effort(%)
Percentage Work Effort (%) Absenteeism Rate
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[3] Kocakulah, M. C., Kelley, A. G., Mitchell, K. M., & Ruggieri, M. P. (2016). Absenteeism
problems and costs: causes, effects and cures. The International Business & Economics
Research Journal (Online), 15(3), 89.
[4] Gomez, C. M. L. a. S. (2017). Malaysian Companies Record High Productivity Loss From
Employees’ Poor Health and Wellbeing. Retrieved from
https://www.aia.com.my/en/about-aia/media-centre/press-releases/2017/malaysia-
healthiest-workplace.html
[5] Gomez, E. T., Padmanabhan, T., Kamaruddin, N., Bhalla, S., & Fisal, F. (2017). Minister of
finance incorporated: Ownership and control of corporate Malaysia: Springer.
[6] AnanyaChandraker, D. G. V. (2014). Analytics and prediction over student’s record.
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 80-83.
[7] Manitoba, U. O. Attendance Management Program. University of Manitoba. 2018,
page 1-30).
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DISTRIBUTED REPRESENTATION OF ENTITY MENTIONS WITHIN AND ACROSS MULTIPLE
TEXT DOCUMENTS
Aliakbar Keshtkaran, Siti Sophiayati Yuhaniz and Mohammad Reza Rostami
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract: Regarding to the importance of entities as a base of information for several NLP
applications, Cross-Document Coreference Entity Resolution (CDCR) provides techniques for
the identification of textual mentions of entities and clustering co-referent mentions across
multiple documents. In such context, while prior works employ Knowledge Bases (KB) as a
structured information resource to enrich the context of mentions, however these methods
have limitations with KB’s unknown entities, with effects on the accuracy and performance
of the task. Accordingly, this paper presents a new approach to improve the state-of-the-art
by concentration on the knowledge provided by the input text of the mentions, regardless
of any external knowledge resource. For this purpose, we first construct the context of
mentions using the sequence of informative words around the mention (known as content-
words). Furthermore, by abstraction of the mention vector representation to a limited size
using an artificial neural network technique of continuous representation of words (i.e.
Word2Vec), we reduce the computational cost of the co-referring mentions sub-task. By
analyzing the results of experiments with two datasets, significant gains in the accuracy of
CDCR as well as run-time efficiency are achieved, compared to the best prior methods.
Keywords: Coreference Resolution, Cross-Document Coreference Resolution, Distributed
Representation of Words, Information Extraction, Natural Language Processing
1. Introduction
To extract the locked information in unstructured text, Natural Language Processing (NLP)
is used to discover and produce structured information. Among various sub-tasks of NLP
Coreference Resolution (CR) is essential to identify entity mentions in the text and resolve
them into equivalent classes [1-3]. In such context, an entity can be a real-world person,
organization, or place, which is referred to, by a mention, i.e. a word or phrase referring to
such an entity (Figure 2).
Figure 2. An Example of Coreference Resolution
Expanding the scope of CR to process a collection of documents and resolving the
entities across the documents leads to Cross-Document Coreference Resolution (CDCR) [4-
8].
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This research focuses on a new approach to cast entities of documents in an optimized
fixed-length dimension size of vector with considering the sequence of words and phrases in
the document to outperform the accuracy of the task.
2. Approach
In our proposed model we assume that an input set of documents 𝐷 = {𝑑1, 𝑑2,⋯ } with a
set of the entity mentions of all documents 𝑀 = {𝑚11,𝑚12,⋯ ,𝑚11,𝑚11,⋯ }, where 𝑚𝑖𝑗𝜖𝑑𝑖. As
output, the model computes and equivalence relation over M with equivalence classes
𝐶𝑙where 𝐶𝑙 ∩ 𝐶𝑛 = ∅ (for 𝑘 ≠ 𝑛) and ∪𝑘 𝐶𝑙 = 𝑀. The number of desired classes is needed to be
computed by the algorithm, since it is unknown in advance. The model majorly consists of
three operational stages (Figure 3):
Figure 3. The Stages of Cross-Document Coreference Resolution Model
2.1 Pre-Processing
Given an input corpus of text documents, initially text cleaning is run to cast them into plain
text. It then detects the entity mentions in the text and their lexical type such as person,
organization, or location. The input of Intra-Document Coreference Resolution (ICR) is formed
which is a collection of text documents with tagged identified mentions. In this step, Local
chains of coreference mentions are resolved by the state-of-the-art CR tool. The annotated
texts and local chains of co-referent mentions form the in input of the second stage.
2.2 Entity Vectorization
To form the sequence of extracted entities in previous stage surrounding with their context
four steps and their details are defined in six parts: Mention Representation, Content Words
Tagging, Context Window Size, Contextual Word Sequence Based on Document Text,
Contextual Word Sequence Based on Mention Chain and Vectorization of the Entities.
2.3 Clustering
Through the proper distribution of mention chain vectors in the vector space, obtained in the
previous stage, a clustering algorithm is used in the model to group the mentions based on
their similarities. Specifically, a density-based clustering algorithm called DBSCAN (Density-
Based Spatial Clustering for Applications with Noise) is used in the model. The output of this
stage is the cross-document coreference equivalence classes of entity mentions.
3. Evaluation
3.1 Benchmark Datasets
To evaluate and compare the accuracy of our model against state-of-the-art baselines,
we run the experiments with the following two available benchmarking datasets. In our
experiments, only lexical type of person is considered which is the most demanding type of
entities in the datasets. We conducted all of the experiments on a 2 core Intel i7 2.40 GHz
processor with 12 GB RAM running Windows 10.
John Smith Corpus: This dataset [11] is a highly ambiguous dataset which consisted of 197
articles from 1996 and 1997 editions of the New York Times related to 35 different real “John
Smith”s.
Pre-processing Entity Vectorization Clustering
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WePS-2 Collection: This collection is used in the Web People Search 2 competition [12].
Using Yahoo search for 30 different people, the top 150 Web search results create the
collection of 4,500 documents of this dataset.
3.2 Results
Table 3: Results on Datasets
Without
KB
John Smith WePS-2
B3-F1 φ3-
CEAF
B3-F1 φ3-
CEAF
Our Model 85.93% 79.57% 78.28% 72.97%
[15] - - 75.7% -
[5] - - 76.9% -
[8] 69.7% - - -
[7] 66.4% - - -
[5] - 75.21% 69.89% 83.48% (74.02%)
[15] - - - (83.8%) -
4. Conclusion
In this research we have presented our model for cross-document coreference resolution
(CDCR) task. It performs density-based clustering over fixed-length dimension size of entity
vectors obtained from a distributed representation of entities of documents. The effective
sequence of words extracted from mentions and their context achieved by including
content words of the context. The casting approach for single unique word as mention
representative is the key point of this model to process mentions with any number of tokens
effectively. It is encouraging to note that our approach, using only the input documents
regardless of any external knowledge, performs competitively with related works with
improve accuracy and performance of the task. However, due to the small size of the
datasets, we require further experiments for future works.
References
[1] H. Hajishirzi, L. Zilles, D. S. Weld, and L. S. Zettlemoyer, "Joint Coreference Resolution
and Named-Entity Linking with Multi-Pass Sieves," in EMNLP, 2013, pp. 289-299.
[2] L. Màrquez, M. Recasens, and E. Sapena, "Coreference resolution: An empirical study
based on SemEval-2010 shared task 1," Language resources and evaluation, vol. 47, no. 3,
pp. 661-694, 2013.
[3] V. Ng, "Advanced Machine Learning Models for Coreference Resolution," in
Anaphora Resolution: Springer, 2016, pp. 283-313.
[4] S.-M.-R. Beheshti, B. Benatallah, S. Venugopal, S. H. Ryu, H. R. Motahari-Nezhad, and
W. Wang, "A systematic review and comparative analysis of cross-document coreference
resolution methods and tools," (in English), Computing, Review vol. 99, no. 4, pp. 313-349, Apr
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based clustering with knowledge enrichment," Transactions of the Association for
Computational Linguistics, vol. 3, pp. 15-28, 2015.
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[6] A.-C. N. Ngomo, M. Röder, and R. Usbeck, "Cross-document coreference resolution
using latent features," in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Linked Data
for Information Extraction-Volume 1267, 2014, pp. 33-44: CEUR-WS. org.
[7] D. Rao, P. McNamee, and M. Dredze, "Streaming cross document entity coreference
resolution," in Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Computational
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[8] S. Singh, A. Subramanya, F. Pereira, and A. McCallum, "Large-scale cross-document
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[9] S. Dutta and G. Weikum, "C3EL: A joint model for cross-document co-reference
resolution and entity linking," in Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Empirical Methods in
Natural Language Processing, 2015, pp. 846-856.
[10] Y. Goldberg, "Neural network methods for natural language processing," Synthesis
Lectures on Human Language Technologies, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1-309, 2017.
[11] A. Bagga and B. Baldwin, "Entity-based cross-document coreferencing using the
vector space model," in Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for
Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics-
Volume 1, 1998, pp. 79-85: Association for Computational Linguistics.
[12] J. Artiles, J. Gonzalo, and S. Sekine, "Weps 2 evaluation campaign: overview of the
web people search clustering task," in 2nd web people search evaluation workshop (WePS
2009), 18th www conference, 2009, vol. 9.
[13] A. Bagga and B. Baldwin, "Algorithms for scoring coreference chains," in The first
international conference on language resources and evaluation workshop on linguistics
coreference, 1998, vol. 1, pp. 563-566: Citeseer.
[14] X. Luo, "On coreference resolution performance metrics," in Proceedings of the
conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language
Processing, 2005, pp. 25-32: Association for Computational Linguistics.
[15] H. Emami, "A Graph-based Approach to Person Name Disambiguation in Web," ACM
Transactions on Management Information Systems (TMIS), vol. 10, no. 2, p. 4, 2019.
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Key Word Index Absenteeism Rate, 47, 48, 79
Aerospace, 16
Audit Firms, 39, 40, 41
Banking Institution, 43, 44, 45, 46
Blockchain Technology, 35, 36, 37
Conceptual Framework, 20, 21, 22
Coreference Resolution, 51, 52, 53, 54
Cost-Effective Design, 12, 14
Cronbach's Alpha, 24, 28, 29, 40, 41
Cross Linked Enzyme Aggregates, 1, 3
Cross-Document, 51, 52, 53, 54
Digital Wallet, 35, 36
Distributed Representation of Words, 51
Effect and Critical Analysis, 9
Failure Mode, 9, 10, 11, 12
Fuzzy Rule-Based, 9
Human Resource Management, 43
Human Resource Priorities, 43
Information Extraction, 51, 54
Internet of Educational Things, 20
Iraqi Banks, 24, 25, 27, 29
Iron (Fe), 16
Knowledge Sharing Behavior, 39, 40
Landfill, 4, 5, 6, 7
Leachate, 4, 5, 6
Limit Equilibrium Method, 12
Maltogenic Amylase, 1, 3
Mechanical Response, 16, 18
Microstructure, 16, 17, 18, 19
Mobile Banking Adoption, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31
Natural Language Processing, 51, 54
Optimization, 3, 12, 14
Perceived Performance, 39, 40, 41
Pilot Study, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29
Pollution, 4, 6
Porous Agent, 1, 2, 3
Process Control Valve, 9
Process Plant, 8
Recycling, 5, 7, 8
Reflective Thinking, 20, 21, 22
Risk Assessment, 9, 12
SLOPE/W, 12, 15
Social Financing, 35, 36
Social-Justice, 35, 36
Soil-nailed Wall, 12, 14
Solid Waste, 4, 5, 6, 7
Students’, 20, 21
Sucrose, 1, 2, 3
Telecommunication, 47, 48, 79
Theoretical Model, 20, 21, 22
Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, 16, 17, 18, 19
Work Performance, 47
Zakat Roles, 35
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