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Focus
What were the foundations upon which the Age of Exploration
was built?
What discoveries were made by explorers from Portugal and
Spain?
What drove explorers from the rest of Europe?
Main Idea
During the 1400s and 1500s European explorersinspired by
greed, curiosity, and the desire for glory, and aided by new
technologiessailed to many previously unknown lands.
Voyages of Discovery
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Renaissance spirit of discovery and innovation in Europe Spirit led Europeans to set sail on voyages of discovery
Period is sometimes called the Age of Exploration
Search for wealth Europeans desired
expensive luxury
goods, did not want
to deal with Muslim
middlemen
Flow of goodscontrolled by Italian
merchants
Charged high prices
for these rare goods
Gold
Hoped to find new,faster routes to Asia
to gain trade foothold
Wealth not only goal
Some set out to find
fame, glory
Hoped making great
discoveries would
bring honor to their
names
Glory
Other explorershoped to spread their
faith into new lands
Another motive
simple curiosity
Writings like Marco
Polos very popular inEurope, intrigued
many with tales of
exotic lands, peoples
God
Foundations of Exploration
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Navigation
Compass brought to Europe from China, let know sailors know which
direction was north at any time
Europeans learned to use astrolabe from Muslims (mechanical star
chart), Navigators could chart location based on sun, stars in relation
to horizon
Advances in Technology
Some advances made in Europe during Renaissance
Others borrowed from people with whom Europeans had contact,
especially Chinese, Muslims
Europeans learned to build ships that rode lower in water than earlier ships
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As a result of their location facing the Atlantic Ocean, Portugal andSpain were well suited to kicking off the Age of Exploration.
Portugal was first country to
launch large-scale voyages of
exploration
Begun largely due to efforts of
Prince Henry, son of King John I
of Portugal
Often called Henry the
Navigator, not himself explorer
Patron, supporter of those who
wished to explore
The Portuguese
Early 1400s, Henry established
court to which he brought
sailors, mapmakers,astronomers, others
Expeditions sent west to islands
in Atlantic, south to explore
western coast of Africa
Portuguese settled Azores,Madeira Islands, learned more
about Africas coast
Navigation Court
Explorers from Portugal and Spain
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Water Route to India Prince Henrys ultimate goalfind water route around Africa to India
Died before goal accomplished; attempts to find such a route not abandoned
1488, Bartolomeu Dias became first to sail around southern tip of Africa
Lucrative Trade
da Gamas trip inspired another expedition to India, led by Pedro Cabral
Sailed west; sighted, claimed land that became known as Brazil
Portugal established trading centers; became rich, powerful European nation
da Gama
1497, Vasco da Gama set out for India, stopped at several African ports
Learned Muslim merchants actively involved in trade
Journey took more than 10 months, eventually reached Calicut in India
Exploration Attempts
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Columbus reached island in
Caribbean after about two
months at sea
Thought he had reached Asian
islands known as Indies; calledpeople living there Indians
1493, returned to Spain with
exotic items, including parrots,
jewels, gold, plants unknown in
Europe Spanish believed Columbus
found new route to Asia, hailed
him as hero
Columbus First Voyage
Spain also eager to seek out
new routes to riches of East
1492, Spanish rulers agreed to
pay for voyage by Italian sailor
Christopher Columbus
Columbus believed he could
sail west from Spain, reach
China
Correct in theory, but figures he
presented about earths sizewrong
Also had no idea the Americas
lay across Atlantic
Italian Sailor
The Spanish
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Explorers and their Routes
Chapter 16, section 1, pages 472-473
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Main IdeaThe countries of Europe established colonies in the lands they
had discovered but, in some cases, only after violently
conquering the native people who lived there.
Conquest and Colonies
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Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas
Eventually conquered native empires, the Aztecs and Incas
First areas settled
by Spanish,
Caribbean islands,
Hispaniola, Cuba
Columbus hoped to
find gold, did not
Spanish introduced
encomienda
system there
Spain in Caribbean
Colonist given land
and Native
Americans to work
the land
Required to teach
native workers
about Christianity
Encomienda
Disastrous system
for Native Americans
Mistreatment,
overwork took toll on
population
Europeans spreadnew diseases
Millions Died
Spain Builds an Empire
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Conquistador Some Spaniards moved from Caribbean to mainland to set up colonies
Hernn Corts led expedition to Mexico, ended with conquest of Aztecs
Corts a conquistador, military leader who fought against Native Americans
Other Advantages
In addition to Native American allies, Corts had metal weapons, heavy
armor, guns, horsesanimals never seen before in Americas
Disease also swept through Aztec Empire, killing thousands of people
Cortes Marches on Capital
Moctezuma II, Aztec emperor at time of Spanish arrival in Mexico
Aztecs powerful, ruled much of Mexico; unpopular with those they conquered
Corts joined by thousands of those who wanted to defeat Aztecs
The Conquest of Mexico
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Beginnings of Slavery
Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population
Some appalled at treatment
One reformer, Bartolom de Las Casas recommended replacing
Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves
Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas
Life in the Spanish Empire
With Mexico, Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas
Spanish king chose officials, viceroys, to govern American holdings
Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming
Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms
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Portuguese built an empire in the AmericasBecause of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one
1494, Treaty of Tordesillas
drew imaginary line through
Atlantic Ocean
Everything west, including
most of then-undiscovered
Americas, would belong to
Spain
Everything to east would bePortuguese
Only Brazil remained as
Portuguese colony
Treaty
Heavy Brazilian jungles made
mining, farming difficult
Portuguese in no hurry to settle
1530s, colonists slowly moved
in, mostly along Atlantic coast
Established huge farming
estates, as in Spanish lands
First used Native American,then African slave, labor to
work on farms
Colonization
The Portuguese in Brazil
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Explain
Why did few colonists originally move to
Brazil?
Answer(s): Heavy jungles made farming and
mining difficult.
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Native American hunters were the French traders main source of furs.
Many traders married Native American women, intermingling the two cultures.
Silver and gold from American colonies began to circulate in Europe;other European countries paid close attention.
Leaders in France, England, and the Netherlands decided that they
needed to establish colonies in the Americas.
French explorers established
colonies in New France, or Canada
Hoped this would be a rich source
for gold, silver
Did not find riches, but found other
potentially valuable trade goods
New France
French, Dutch, and English Colonies in the Americas
Waters of North Atlantic swarming
with fish, staple of European diet
Forests yielded valuable furs
French did not send large numbers
of colonists; small groups of traders
Did not enslave Native Americans
Trade and Colonization
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Trade Interests
Dutch who came to North
America interested in trade
Only large colony, New
Netherland, in Hudson River
valley
SlowGrowth in Americas
New Netherland did not grow
Dutch focused on developingcolonies in other parts of world
Other colonies more profitable
NewAmsterdam
1626, governor bought island of
Manhattan from Wappinger
Founded city of New
Amsterdam, later New York City
More Valuable Goods
Produced goods that could not
be obtained in Europe,
Americas
Caribbean sugar, Asian spices
more valuable
The Dutch of New Netherland
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1607, first English colony established at Jamestown Settlers hoped to find gold, silver, river route to Pacific
Instead found marshy ground, impure water
80 percent of settlers died during first winter in America
Colony still endured
1620, Pilgrims sailed from England
Pilgrims had been persecuted in
England for religious beliefs
Established colony at Plymouth,Massachusetts
Persevered despite difficulties
Colony self-sufficient within 5 years
Pilgrims
English settlers did not share same
relationship with Native Americans
as French, Dutch
Jamestown, Plymouth coloniesreceived aid from local peoples
Still, colonists viewed Native
Americans with distrust, anger
Native Americans
The English Colonies
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Reading Focus
How did exploration result in a new exchange of plants and
animals?
What was mercantilism, and how did it push the drive to
establish colonies?
How did global trade lead to the rise of capitalism in Europe?
Main IdeaThe creation of colonies in the Americas and elsewhere led to
the exchange of new types of goods, the establishment of new
patterns of trade, and new economic systems in Europe.
New Patterns of Trade
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The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant
development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse
provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.
Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas. Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes.
Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of
plants, animals, and diseasethe Columbian Exchange.
Plants, animals developed in verydifferent ways in hemispheres
Europeansno potatoes, corn,
sweet potatoes, turkeys
People in Americasno coffee,
oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle
The Exchange ofGoods
The Columbian Exchange
Arrival of Europeans in Americaschanged all this
Previously unknown foods taken
back to Europe
Familiar foods brought to Americas
by colonists
Sharing Discoveries
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Different Foods Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies
Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans
Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer
Italian FoodWithoutTomatoes?
Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes
Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks
Economics andGastronomics
Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not possible
without Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old World
Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
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Effects Widespread
Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only inEurope, Americas
China
Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped population growtremendously
Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
Africa
Two native crops of Americascorn, peanutsstill among most
widely grown
Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops grownin world are of American origin
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Devastating Impact
Native American population continued to decline for centuries
Inca Empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to 2 million in 1600
North American population fell from 2 million in 1492 to 500,000 in
1900but disease not only factor in decrease of population
Intermittent warfare, other violence also contributed
The Introduction of New Diseases
Native Americans had no natural resistance to European diseases
Smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria killed millions
Population of central Mexico may have decreased by more than 30
percent in the 10 years following first contact with Europeans
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Find the Main Idea
What were two lasting effects of the
Columbian Exchange?
Answer(s): possible answerschanges in
cuisine, changes in crops grown around the world,
epidemics
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Reading Focus
Where did the Atlantic slave trade originate?
How did slavery evolve in the American colonies?
What were the consequences of the slave trade?
Main IdeaBetween the 1500s and the 1800s millions of Africans were
captured, shipped across the Atlantic Ocean, and sold as slaves
in the Americas.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
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Slavery has existed in many parts of the world People forced into slavery came from different walks of life
Farmers, merchants, priests, soldiers, or musicians; fathers and
mothers, sons and daughters.
Shortage of labor inAmericas led to
beginning of Atlantic
slave trade
European planters
needed workers onsugar, tobacco
plantations
Beginnings
Planters first usedNative Americans;
European diseases
killed millions
1600s, used
indentured servants Expensive to
support workers
Native Americans
Millions forciblytaken to Americas
Most from coast of
West Africa
Some exchanged
for firearms, goods
Others kidnapped
on raids by traders
African Slaves
Origins of the Slave Trade
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Trade Network
Captured Africans became part of network called
the triangular trade
First leg of triangle, ships carrying European goods to
Africa to be exchanged for slaves
Second leg, Middle Passage, brought Africans to
Americas to be sold
Third leg carried American products to Europe
Some slave traders from Americas sailed directly to
Africa, not following triangular route
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Olaudah Equiano wrote about
conditions on slave ship:
The stench of the holdwas so
intolerably loathsome, that it wasdangerous to remain there for any
time
The shrieks of the women, and the
groans of the dying, rendered the
whole scene of horror almostinconceivable.
Horrific Conditions
Middle Passage, terrifying ordeal
Captive Africans chained together,
forced into dark, cramped quarters
below ships decks
Could neither sit nor stand
Journey lasted three to six weeks,
ten to twenty percent did not
survive
Ordeal
Middle Passage
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Describe
What was the Middle Passage of the slave
trade like?
Answer(s): a terrifying ordeal; people were
cramped, chained together; as many as one in
four people did not survive the voyage
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Many slaveholders lived in constant fear of rebellion by angry slaves
who could no longer take harsh treatment they faced on plantations.
Slave traders carried captive Africans throughout the Americas SpanishCaribbean sugar plantations; PortugueseBrazil;
EnglishWest Indies but also to colonies in North America.
England dominated the slave trade by end of 1600s
Most slaves worked on plantations
Others worked in mines, in towns,
in the countryside
Skilled craft workerscarpenters,
metalworkers, cooperscontinued
crafts in Americas
Women given domestic duties
Jobs
Slavery in the Colonies
Slaves had to meet own basicneeds at end of workday
Cooking, mending, tending the sick
fitted in around work for slaveholder
Living conditions harsh
Physical, degrading punishmentinflicted for minor offenses
Living Conditions
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Resistance
Slaves coped with inhumane conditions many different ways
Some resisted by trying to keep cultural traditions alive
Others turned to religion for strength, hope
Some fought back by slowing work, destroying equipment, revolting
Some able to flee, establish communities of runaways
Property
Laws in Americas considered enslaved Africans to be property
Slaves had no rights, freedoms
Slaveholders controlled most conditions under which they lived
Often enslaved people endured brutal treatment, abuse
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Summarize
Why did many slaves fight back against their
owners?
Answer(s): to cope with inhumane conditions
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400 years of Atlantic slave trade Devastated West African societies
Estimates of 15 to 20 million
Africans shipped to Americas
against will
Millions more sent to Europe,
Asia, Middle East
Human cost enormous
Countless died in transit Millions deprived of freedom
Descendants doomed to lives
of forced servitude
Cost of Slave Trade
Effects profound in Africa
Slave raiders captured
strongest youngfuture
leaders of societies
Divided Africans one from
anothersome rulers waged
wars to gain captives
Forced labor of millions of
Africans did not enrich Africa
Effect on Africa
Effects of the Slave Trade
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Spread of Culture
As result of slave trade, people of African descent spread throughout
Americas, Western Europe
Spread called African Diaspora
Eventually led to spread of African culturemusic, art, religion,
foodthroughout the Western World
Economies
Forced labor of Africans did enrich other parts of world
Labor of African slaves built economies of many American colonies
Their knowledge of agriculture contributed to growth of rice industry
in southern English colonies
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Explain
What effects did the Atlantic slave trade
have in Africa?
Answer(s): took away future leaders; divided
Africans from one another
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